Academic literature on the topic 'Chlorine Meter'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chlorine Meter"
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Totaro, Michele, Federica Badalucco, Francesca Papini, Niccolò Grassi, Marina Mannocci, Matteo Baggiani, Benedetta Tuvo, Beatrice Casini, Giovanni Battista Menchini Fabris, and Angelo Baggiani. "Effectiveness of a Water Disinfection Method Based on Osmosis and Chlorine Dioxide for the Prevention of Microbial Contamination in Dental Practices." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 10562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710562.
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In dental clinics, the infections may be acquired through contaminated devices, air, and water. Aerosolized water may contain bacteria, grown into the biofilm of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs). We evaluated a disinfection method based on water osmosis and chlorination with chlorine dioxide (O-CD), applied to DUWL of five dental clinics. Municipal water was chlorinated with O-CD device before feeding all DUWLs. Samplings were performed on water/air samples in order to research total microbial counts at 22–37 °C, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella spp., and chlorine values. Water was collected from the taps, spittoons, and air/water syringes. Air was sampled before, during, and after 15 min of aerosolizing procedure. Legionella and P. aeruginosa resulted as absent in all water samples, which presented total microbial counts almost always at 0 CFU/mL. Mean values of total chlorine ranged from 0.18–0.23 mg/L. Air samples resulted as free from Legionella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Total microbial counts decreased from the pre-aerosolizing (mean 2.1 × 102 CFU/m3) to the post-aerosolizing samples (mean 1.5 × 10 CFU/m3), while chlorine values increased from 0 to 0.06 mg/L. O-CD resulted as effective against the biofilm formation in DUWLs. The presence of residual activity of chlorine dioxide also allowed the bacteria reduction from air, at least at one meter from the aerosolizing source.
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Xie, Xian Song, Yue Zhai Zheng, and Fang Tian. "Multi-Objective Optimized Design of High-Performance Concrete Based on Matlab." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.202.
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Based on the Compressive strength, workability and raw material consumption of concrete, a mathematical model is established for mix proportion design of high performance concrete (hereinafter referred to as HPC) with chlorine ion’s diffusion coefficient and per cubic meter cost as its optimized objectives. Matlab’s Sequential Quadratic Programming method is used for the solution of constrained nonlinear problems, with which the calculation and optimization of mix proportion of concrete are solved satisfactorily. HPC with optimized design can meet all requirements for its type and has obvious economic benefit.
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Calente, Thander Jacson Nunes, Grazieli Nunes Calente Santos, and Wesclen Vilar Nogueira. "Physical-chemical and microbiological quality of water used for public supply in the municipality of Alvorada D’Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 11 (August 29, 2021): e198101119357. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.19357.
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The study analyzed the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters carried out by the Autonomous Water and Sewage Service (AWSS) of the Municipality of Alvorada D’Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil. The parameters analyzed were: pH, turbidity, free residual chlorine, total coliforms (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) and heterotrophic bacteria. The values of hydrogen potential (pH) were obtained with a digital pH meter. The analyzes were carried out the 2013 to 2019. The turbidity and free residual chlorine values were obtained according to the method of the Practical Manual of Water Analysis of the National Health Foundation (FUNASA). To determine the microbiological parameters, PetrifilmTM plates (3MTM do Brasil Ltda) were used, following the manufacturer's guidelines. The analyzed values were compared with reference values described in Consolidation Ordinance nº. 5, of September 28, 2017, of the Ministry of Health (MS) which sets the standards for potability of water intended for human consumption. The results varied for all parameters evaluated: pH (3.11 to 8.24), turbidez (0.02 to 3,01), TC (0 to 100%), TTC (0 to 100%) and heterotrophic bacteria (85 to 100%). The values obtained for free residual chlorine were the only parameter to follow the reference values. The highest contamination for TC and heterotrophic bacteria were reported in 2019, higher the limits established in Brazilian legislation. Thus, the water was characterized as unfit for consumption and requires severe control for TC and heterotrophic bacteria.
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Yadav, Shatrughna Prasad, Sai Kumar, Boddu Devika, and Kolluri Rahul. "Robot-Assisted Ultraviolet Disinfector with Dispenser for Healthcare Related Services." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2022.6.1.383.
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Recently healthcare sector has attracted service robots to prevent the spread of infection. During COVID-19 pandemic, service robots have been able to reduce direct contact of front-line healthcare workers by separating them from direct exposure to infection. Robots have been used for delivery systems, disinfection of the exposed area, remote monitoring of patients, etc. In the present work, we have designed a disinfection robot that radiates ultraviolet C rays for UV sterilization of hospitals that kills 95.0% of bacteria within 20 second of exposure from a distance of 0.5 meter. UVC disinfection is more effective than disinfection by hydrogen peroxide, and with other chemical-based disinfectants like chlorine, chloramine, etc. Our designed robot can also be used as a dispenser in hospital delivery system for transporting medicine, laboratory samples, etc. Its use will not only increase logistics efficiency but will also avoid spread of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), healthcare associated infections, eliminate human error, and allow health workers to engage themselves in their higher priority works.
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Jawami, Afiq Azizi, Eason Soo, Dalia Abdullah, Amy Kia Cheen Liew, and Mariati Abd Rahman. "Metal Contamination and Stability of Household Bleach and Specially-Formulated Sodium Hypochlorite for Endodontic Use." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5101-25.
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The aims of this in vitro study were to investigate metal contamination and short-term stability of two types of household bleach and a specially-formulated sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for endodontic use. The first part of the study was to compare traces of metal elements (Cu, Fe and Ni) between the two types of household bleach (Clorox and Milton) and a specially-formulated NaOCl (CanalProTM 3% NaOCl, Coltene, Whaledent)) using UV spectrophotometer. The second part of the study was to compare the available chlorine and pH of these different NaOCl formulations at different temperatures. Chemical stability of the NaOCl was assessed by measuring the amount of free available chlorine (FAC) using the iodometric titration assay at the temperature of 15, 30, 45, and 60 °C. The pH of the solutions was measured using calibrated pH meter. The results showed that Milton contained significantly higher concentration of Cu, Fe and Ni compared with the other formulations (P < 0.001). Concentrations of Fe detected in Clorox and CanalPro were higher than in the control, distilled water (P < 0.05). In all NaOCl samples, the concentration of available chlorine increased with temperature. Concomitantly, there was a significant decrease in pH with increasing temperature (P < 0.001) with all the NaOCl formulations. In conclusion, traces of metal remnants could be observed in all the NaOCl formulations, especially in Milton. Heating the NaOCl increases the FAC and decreases its pH.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "The study of some physical and chemical characteristics in drinking water treatment plant of Jurf Al- Sakar subdestric in Babylon governorate, Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 3 (September 2, 2007): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.3.338-343.
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Some physical and chemical characteristics of Jurf Al- Sakar drinking water plant in Babylon governorate have been studied. Seven locations for this plant were selected. These were the drinking water treatment plant source on Euphrates River before entering the plant, precipitation, filtration and collection tanks, and also after leaving the plant at distances of one meter, 4 and 8 km. The samples were collected bimonthly from October, 2002 to August, 2003. Some results match with the national and international standard characters while the other characters (Turbidity, total hardness, calcium, nitrate, phosphate and the biological oxygen demand values) were not match. The present study showed that drinking water treatment plant is undrinkable, as well as, the chlorine is not used in the plant, during study period
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Abdrakhmanov, R. F., A. V. Komissarov, L. M. Khasanova, and Yu A. Kovshov. "INFLUENCE OF LIVESTOCK COMPLEXES WASTEWATER IRRIGATION ON THE SALT MODE OF SOILS." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 54, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2019-52-4-6-14.
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Increasing crop yields involves the introduction of not only mineral, but also organic fertilizers into the soil. The disposal of manure of large livestock complexes in adjacent fields in combination with irrigation is of particular relevance at present. This allows, on the one hand, to reduce the load on treatment facilities, and, on the other hand, to improve the soil fertility of adjacent farmland. The article presents the results of monitoring the hydrogeological and reclamation state of the lands in the state farm «Roschinsky» in the Sterlitamak district of the Republic of Bashkortostan irrigated with wastewater from the livestock complex. It is revealed that for the periods from 1987 to 1997 irrigation with wastewater caused an increase in the mineralization of soil solutions from 0,007–0,096 to 0,34–0,45 %. The accumulation of sodium, magnesium, calcium, sulfate and chlorine ions in soils took place. The capacity of the soil-absorbed complex decreased from 49,8 to 12,8 mEq/100 g. Under the influence of irrigation with sewage, the chemical composition and salinity of the groundwater underwent significant changes. The content of sulfates (from 20–40 to 150–350 mg/l), chlorine (from 10–20 to 100–200 mg/l), sodium (from 10–50 to 70–100 mg/l) increased. The mineralization increased from 0,6–0,7 to 1,4–2,7 g/l. The deterioration of soil properties was also observed in the subsequent observation period from 2006 to 2010. Exceeding the boundary value of the dry residue for non-saline soil (0,25 %) in the meter soil layer was noted in 2010 at 9 out of 10 observation points, while in 2006 – only at 1 observation point. The total amount of water-soluble salts in a meter layer of soil from 2006 to 2010 increased by 14,2 t/ha, including toxic salts by 9,57 t/ha. To prevent the further development of salinization processes, the disposal of livestock stocks must be alternated with seasonal preventive leaching of the soil against a background of closed horizontal drainage, as well as increasing the area of the irrigated area and including salt-resistant crops in the rotation.
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Susilawati and Aris Doyan. "Effects of Gamma Radiation on Electrical Conductivity of PVA-CH Composites." Materials Science Forum 827 (August 2015): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.180.
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Keywords: Gamma radiation, electrical conductivity, PVA-CH compositesAbstract.The effects of radiation on polymer composite PVA-based organic blends containing chlorine have been studied for their potential applications in electrochemical devices. The polymer composite PVA-Chloral Hydrate (CH) were blended separately with 23, 34, 45 and 57% CH. The composite films were prepared by solvent-casting method and each film has been irradiated with g-rays at different doses up to 12 kGy. The electrical properties have been studied using an impedance analyzer of LCR meter in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The conductivity-dose relation study revealed that increase in conductivity of the irradiated PVA-CH blends with increasing dose up to 12 kGy. The increase in the conductivity with dose is attributed to the increase of ionic carriers in the composites induced by radiation scission of CH molecules and also due to hydrolysis of water.
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GREENE, ANNEL K., THOMAS G. REYNOLDS, and EMILY M. SOUTHERLAND. "Sanitary Evaluation of Target Flowmeter Used in a Dairy Processing Plant." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 966–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.12.966.
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A target flowmeter, used to measure raw milk flow, was examined for sanitary conditions in a university dairy plant 10 times over a period of eight weeks. The flowmeter connection was swabbed at four different locations along the dairy plant connection at four different times during the work day: i) after chlorine sanitization, before product; ii) after product, before cleaning in place (CIP); iii) after CIP, before acid sanitization; and iv) after acid sanitization, at end of day. Samples were plated in duplicate on standard plate count agar and on violet red bile agar. After routine CIP cleaning and sanitization procedures, bacterial counts were low. Additionally, no finished product contamination problems were detected over the 7 months of flowmeter use as shown by routine quality control tests on pasteurized milk which had flowed past the in-line meter as raw milk. These results indicate that normal cleaning and sanitization procedures were adequate for the in-line flowmeter.
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Attanayake, M. P., and D. H. Waller. "Use of seepage meters in a groundwater – lake interaction study in a fractured rock basin — a case study." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-130.
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Applications of seepage meters in lakes with slight bottom sediments in fractured rock basins have not been reported. A study of the hydrogeology of Long Lake, at Halifax, Nova Scotia, used seepage meters in this situation. Fifteen meters were installed in the 1.7 km2 lake — seven in a line extending from the shore, the remaining eight on the lake periphery. Seepage measurements were made monthly over 1 year. Groundwater levels were measured in boreholes in the fractured granite of the watershed. A positive inflow of groundwater to the lake occurred through the year, seepage flux at the shoreline meters varied from 0.15 to 0.78 mL∙m−2∙s−1, with no consistent seasonal variations. Seepage decreased exponentially with offshore distance. A linear relationship was evident between water levels in a borehole near the shore and rate of seepage at the closest meter. Chloride applied to this borehole was reflected in elevated chloride concentrations in seepage collected by the meter. Key words: seepage meter, groundwater – lake system, fractured rock tracers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chlorine Meter"
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Saunders, Tim G. "The performance evaluation of lithium thionyl chloride batteries for long-life meter applications." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13855.
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A research project has been carried out to provide BG plc with service life predictions of lithium primary batteries capable of supplying a continuous pulsed power supply to two new electronic domestic gas meters over a desired design life of 11.5 years, in UK weather conditions. The paper study includes investigations of the range of suitable lithium technologies and test methods, and detailed reviews of the discharge processes, polarisation and self-discharge failure modes of the lithium thionyl chloride system. A new multi-channel load test rig and a high resolution measurement system, and software analysis tools were designed and constructed, and some 440 accelerated discharge tests were carried out at different stress levels on 4 cell types. The results provide a unique database of the voltage/temperature/load trends through discharge, and generate a ranking order of performance. Basic statistical analyses have been carried out to quantify the variability of performance trends. A hitherto unreported behaviour pattern is characterised. Qualitative models are postulated to account for deviations from normal behaviour exhibited by two cell types. The analysis suggests that catholyte additives could predispose a system to early failure (due to modification of the crystal structure of the reaction products), and that manufacturing tolerances define the degree of failure. Mathematical models of self-discharge rate for both low and medium rate discharge were developed from laboratory measurements. Meter load profiles were also measured, which together with the self-discharge model enabled prediction of operational energy utilisation rates. A sample of 50 batteries was extracted from customers homes, after operating in the field for periods of up to 2 years, and the battery capacity loss rates were measured by the residual capacity method. A comparison of predicted and actual capacity utilisation rates yielded a discrepancy of approximately 1.28. Analysis implied that the source of the discrepancy could be adduced to an under estimate of the impact of self-discharge, but that a factor of up to six times the predicted value was required. Evidence was provided to show that self-discharge rate under operational stresses could be significantly higher than that under the steady-state laboratory measurement conditions, but that that the amplitude and time constant associated with a selfdischarge peak was unknown and not predictable. Mean service lives of 14 and 10 years for the respective battery types in the two types of meter are predicted, the worst case (probability of 0.13% of the population) being failure within approximately 5.9 years.
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Gaikwad, Parikshit S. "Chemically deposited optical fiber humidity sensor." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2003. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-06092003-141607.
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Vu, Huy-Dinh. "Accès à des hétérocycles azotés énantiopurs par cyclisation d’amino-ynones." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S098/document.
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La synthèse d’hétérocycles azotés énantiopurs est un enjeu important dans la chimie du vivant et représente l’un des axes de notre laboratoire depuis quelques années. L’ensemble du travail a bénéficié pour cela du « pool chiral » constitué par les acides aminés naturels. Dans la première partie de notre travail, nous avons utilisé l’acide aspartique à partir duquel des exemples variés de β-amino-ynones ont été construits. Leur cyclisation par catalyse à l’or a donné accès à des pyridones, précurseurs de dérivés pipécoliques énantiopurs. Un travail analogue a été entrepris sur des γ-amino-ynones et a donné un résultat moins prévisible : cyclisation à cinq sommets suivie du réarrangement de Meyer-Schuster. Cette synthèse s’est montrée plus efficace en milieu acide méthane sulfonique qu’en présence d’or et représente un nouveau mode d’accès aux vinylogues d’amides de la pyrrolidine, intermédiaires-clé en synthèse totale. Enfin, l’utilisation d’un acide de Lewis, ZnCl₂, sur des γ- et δ-amino-ynones a fourni des imines cycliques, à cinq ou six sommets et portant un alcyne, que nous avons isolées sous forme libre ou complexée par l’acide de LewisThe synthesis of enantiopure nitrogen heterocycles is an important issue in chemistry and has been part our laboratory work for several years. The entire work took advantage of the chiral pool consisting of natural amino acids. In the first part of our work, we used aspartic acid from which various examples of β-amino-ynones were built. Their catalytic cyclization gave access to pyridones that were used as enantiopure pipecolic acid precursors. A similar work was undertaken on γ-amino-ynones and gave a less predictable result: cyclization to a five members ring followed by Meyer-Schuster rearrangement. This synthesis was more effective in a methane sulfonic acid medium than in the presence of gold and represents a new mode of access to pyrrolidine vinylogous amides that are key-intermediate in total synthesis. Finally, the use of a Lewis acid -ZnCl₂- on γ- and δ-amino-ynones provided five and six members cyclic imines, carrying an alkyne, which we isolated in the free form or complexed with the Lewis acid
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Загородня, Юлія Сергіївна. "Склад протиожеледних засобів та їх вплив на біооб’єкти." Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/2275.
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Загородня Ю. С. Склад протиожеледних засобів та їх вплив на біооб’єкти : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 101 "Екологія" / наук. керівник Ю. Ю. Петруша. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 56 с.UA : В роботі 56 сторінок, 11 таблиць, 9 рисунків, було використано 50 літературних джерел, із них 13 іноземною мовою. Об’єкт дослідження: протиожеледні засоби різної концентрації.Предмет дослідження: показники, що характеризують інтенсивність росту насіння (енергія проростання, відсоток схожості, довжина коріння, довжина гіпокотилю, кількість бічних корінців).Метою даної роботи є вивчення впливу протиожеледних реагентів в залежності від концентрації діючої речовини на інтенсивність росту біооб’єктів.Методи досліджень та апаратура: мірні колби на 1000 мл, аналітичні ваги, ексикатор, чашки Петрі, pH-метр, термостат, мірні стакани 50 мл, 100 мл, піпетка 10 мл, колби, застосовувався метод визначення фітотоксичності.Провели фізико-хімічний аналіз найпоширеніших протиожеледних засобів. Експериментально визначили, що показники інтенсивності росту насіння залежать від концентрації діючої речовини протиожеледних реагентів.З’ясовано, що у концентраціях 5% та 10% всі досліджувані протиожеледні засоби мають інгібуючий вплив на рослини. У концентрації 1% бішофіт діє як добриво та стимулює проростання насіння (більшість показників інтенсивності росту вище контролю).
EN : In the work of 56 pages, 11 tables, 9 figures, was used 50 literary sources, 13 of them in a foreign language. Object of study: anti-icing agents of different concentrations. Subject of study: indicators that characterize the intensity of seed growth (germination energy, percentage of germination, length of roots, length of hypocotyl, number of lateral roots). The purpose of this work is to study the effect of anti-ice reagents, depending on the concentration of the active substance on the growth rate of biological objects. Research methods and apparatus: 1000 ml volumetric flasks, analytical balance, desiccator, petri dishes, pH-meter, thermostat, 50 ml beakers, 100 ml, 10 ml pipette, flasks, phytotoxicity determination method was used. Conducted physico-chemical analysis of the most common anti-icing agents. It has been experimentally determined that the rate of seed growth depends on the concentration of the active substance of anti-icing reagents. It has been found that in the concentrations of 5% and 10%, all the anti-icing agents tested have an inhibitory effect on plants. At a concentration of 1% bischofite acts as a fertilizer and stimulates seed germination (most indicators of growth intensity above control).
Books on the topic "Chlorine Meter"
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Saunders, Tim G. The performance evaluation of lithium thionyl chloride batteries for long-life meter applications. 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Chlorine Meter"
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Hanini, Karima, Sameh Boudiba, and Merzoug Benahmed. "Reducing Emerging Contaminants Ensuing from Rusting of Marine Steel Installations." In Emerging Contaminants. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95493.
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Marine steel installations are usually subject to biocorrosion due to their immersing in seawater. Biocorrosion-causing microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, often form biofilms on materials, inducing chemical changes in these materials and in the surrounding liquid medium. The formed biofilms resulting from this phenomenon are considered as emerging contaminants. In this work, in addition to the realization of the electrodeposition of zinc on a steel in chloride bath with various concentrations of Taxus baccata extracts as additives using a direct courant supply, the study of the corrosion of the obtained substrates was performed in seawater as an aggressive environment. The efficiency against corrosion was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarizations and weight loss measurements. The coated surface morphology was analyzed using brightness meter, thickness meter and adhesion tests. The experimental results showed that all tested extracts performed the quality of the zinc deposits and their efficiency against corrosion indicating that coated samples in the presence of the extracts were more resistant minimizing the emerging contaminants in seawater.
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Ezekeil Bwadi, Benjamin, Mohammed Bakoji Yusuf, Ibrahim Abdullahi, Clement Yakubu Giwa, and Grace Audu. "Analysis of Ground Water from Selected Sources in Jalingo Metropolis, Nigeria." In Water Quality - Factors and Impacts [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99082.
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Water is very significant in the development of a stable community, but many societies are confronted with the challenges of poor wastes management system with indiscriminate waste disposal and bad land practices, which easily pollute water sources and consequently degrade water quality. This study was to analyze the physicochemical properties of ground water from multiple point sources in Jalingo, Taraba state of Nigeria. Water samples were collected from twenty seven (27) sites from the study area during the raining and dry seasons. The analysis was carried out to determining the physico-chemical properties of the ground water and comparing with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. The physicochemical properties of ground water analyzed include; odor, taste, temperature and electrical conductivity were tested in the field using water meter tester. Whereas pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, salinity, iron, manganese, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, sulphate and dissolved oxygen were analyzed in the laboratory using Wagtech potable water testing equipment. The physical properties of water analyzed were temperature, odor, taste, and turbidity. Whereas the chemical properties of water analyzed were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, hardness, salinity, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), fluoride (F−), nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), Chloride (Cl−), sulphate (SO42−), dissolved oxygen (DO).The result shows the range of the mean values of the temperature(26.7–33.1) oC, p H(6.5–8.9), Fe (0.01–0.08 mg/L), NO3−(0.01–38.5 mg/l), NO2−(0.01–0.09 mg/l), Mn (0.01–0.17 mg/l), F(0.01–0.82 mg/l), alkalinity(39-204 mg/l), salinity (42-508 mg/l), SO4(14-93 mg/l), total dissolved solids (6–637) mg/l, turbidity(0.4–10.6 mg/l), hardness(48-187 mg/l), and fecal coliforms(1–4)fcu/100mi, dissolved oxygen(1.1–6.87)mg/l, EC(10.99–1066)ohm/cm, Cl (10-320 mg/l). All except alkalinity and hardness are within the WHO permissible standards of quality drinking water. The highest alkalinity (204 mg/l), hardness (187 mg/l) and low dissolved oxygen (6.87 mg/l) attributed to the high concentration of dissolved salts and basic cations in the water. The methodology applied in the study was effective in analyzing the physicochemical properties of water in the study area. Therefore, it was recommended that there should be frequent water source testing by stakeholder in water resources with the view to treating the water. Policy maker should also enforce the regulation of the use of chemical fertilizers, agro-chemicals and the indiscriminate waste disposal.
Conference papers on the topic "Chlorine Meter"
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Lu, Ping, Jiateng Shi, and Xinyi Yin. "Chlorine Release Characteristics During Biomass Reburning in an Entrained Flow Reactor." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3127.
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Five biomass including cotton stalk (CS), sunflower stalk (SS), wheat stalk (WS), rice husk (RH) and maize stalk (MS) were pyrolyzed in an entrained flow reactor under reburning condition. The chlorine release fraction was determined based on the analysis of each biomass and the relevant bio-coke measured by digital ion meter. The effects of biomass species, reaction temperature (T), residence time (τ), stoichiometric ratio (SR2), and initial oxygen content in the simulated flue gas on chlorine release were analyzed. The obtained results indicated that the chlorine release fraction increases with the increasing of reaction temperature, and all biomass have a higher chlorine release fraction of 94.6%–100% at high reaction temperature. Stoichiometric ratio has little influence on chlorine release. The chlorine release fraction shows a significant increase from 80.3% to 97.1% with increasing initial oxygen content in the simulated flue gas from 0% to 4%.
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Long, Wes. "Advanced Applications for HDPE Pipe With New PE-RT Material." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65224.
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Canfor, a producer of lumber, pulp and paper needed a solution to replace aging 30-inch (760mm) fiberglass reinforced pipe. A new PE-RT product now expands PE into industrial applications requiring resistance to high temperatures and having a Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) of 800psi (55 bar) at 180°F (82.2°C). Through chemical processes, Canfor cooks, washes, and extracts pulp fiber from wood that results in both acidic and caustic effluent with temperatures normally in the 50–60°C range or as high as 70–75°C. Traditional fiberglass pipes have experienced repeated joint failures over time, whereas heat-fused HDPE pipe provides solutions reducing unnecessary maintenance and a longer service life. Standard PE4710 High Density Polyethylene Pipes (HDPE) have pressure ratings limited to 140°F (60°C) and are not normally acceptable for such high temperature acidic and caustic effluent. Additionally, the potential for higher oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) from residual chlorine levels and bleaching also justified turning to a different material based on the potential oxidative attack at high temperatures. The new PE-RT resin protects against oxidative attacks at high temperatures and the flexible heat-fused HDPE pipe provides considerable cost savings during installation. Compared to fiberglass, up to eight 40-foot lengths of HDPE pipe can be joined by heat fusion per day, whereas only two 6-meter (20-foot) lengths of FRP pipe can be wrapped per day. The presentation will highlight photos during the installation process and report the advantages of using the new pipe material. This project provides reference for expanding HDPE pipe into new applications using PE-RT materials.
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Fresco, Anthony N. "Solute Ion Coulomb Force Monopole Motor and Solute Ion Linear Alignment Propulsion." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90396.
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Capacitive deionization relies on carbon aerogel or nanofoam having a surface area of 400 square meters/ gram to attract sodium and chlorine ions to the cathode and anode respectively by applying a voltage of about 1.5 VDC across the anode and cathode. By first physically isolating at least two anodes and two cathodes during charge accumulation, at least two positive monopoles and two negative monopoles are created. Positive/negative monopoles are formed by the enclosure of the cathodes/anodes by an electrically conductive material surrounding the sodium/chlorine ions. At least five or six like charged monopoles are created. At least four of the like charged monopoles (all negative or all positive) can be arranged on a disc. At least one stationary monopole of the same charge is placed adjacent to the disc and positioned so that a repulsive electric field is formed between the stationary monopole and at least one of the monopoles positioned on the disc so that the disc is then forced to rotate a shaft at the center of the disc. The Coulomb force between the monopoles is given by Coulomb’s Law, i.e., F=(k/ε)[(q1)(q2)/(r2)](1) where k = 9E+09 Newtons-meter2/coul2, q1 and q2 are the charge in coulombs, r is the distance between the charges in meters and ε = 75–81 dielectric constant assuming water between the charges (more likely air having ε = 1). Only a very small amount of charge in each monopole is required, i.e., 10 millicoulombs, (less than a milligram) to provide a force of about 44,000 Newtons (almost 10,000 lbs) if monopoles are separated by 0.5 meters (assuming this equation for Coulomb’s Law for this application is directly applicable without modification-this may not be the case). (For air, the force would be multiplied by 75–81). In a related approach, solute ions are accelerated by an electrostatic field from solute ions collected on electrodes +,-. Using an orthogonal electric field, partition electrodes are closed to capture like charged ions. Polarity is reversed via a transverse (longitudinal) electric field. Linear alignment of ions results in vector alignment of Coulomb forces to create an ion jet for propulsion or particle acceleration. The result is ionic marine propulsion and a possible ionic jet engine that obtains propulsion energy from Coulomb repulsion forces of homopolar separated charge. No combustion or jet fuel is required. Details are available in WO 2008/024927 A2 Ref. [1].
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Asmatulu, R., S. Davluri, and W. Khan. "Fabrications of CNT Based Nanocomposite Fibers From the Recycled Plastics." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12338.
Full textAbstract:
Electrospinning is a viable technique that spins fibers at different diameters starting from 3 nm to several micron meters. This technique allows the fabrication of random and aligned fibers of diverse structures, such as ribbon or cylindrical shapes. In this work, the spinning solution is prepared by dissolving recycled polystyrene and the mixture of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride along with carbon nanotubes in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc). The dispersions were then electrospun at various DC voltage, pump speed, concentration and distance. The general morphology of the fibers has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test results confirmed that fiber diameter and surface roughness were increased by increasing the CNTs, which may be because of the viscosity increase of the spinning solution. Addition of carbon nanotubes in the polymer solution also improves the thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as toughness, stiffness and other properties.
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Sibirtsova, Elena, and Elena Sibirtsova. "STORM ICE OIL WIND WAVE WATCH SYSTEM (SIOWS): WEB GIS APPLICATION FOR MONITORING THE ARCTIC THE BLACK SEA AND MICROPLASTICS: SEVASTOPOL BEACHES MONITORING." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b946fe3dc54.76748344.
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Within the framework of the monthly monitoring the study of qualitative and quantitative composition and distribution of micro- and small macroplastic on sandy and pebbly beaches of Sevastopol is initiated. Microplastics and small macroplastic abundance was estimated from surveys on two of the most popular Sevastopol sandy beaches of the Crimea Black Sea Coast (Omega beach and Uchkuyevka beach). The samples were collected during March - April 2016 from the top 5 cm of the numerous square areas (1×1 m) placed on 20 m long transects perpendicularly 100-meter lines along the shore line. Three type of stainless steel sieves were used: mesh sizes 5 mm, 1 mm and 0,3 mm. In the laboratory, the collected sediments were introduced into a glass tank with a high concentration solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) 140 g l-1, the floating plastic particles recovered, sorted and categorized by type, usage and erosion level. The mean microplastics densities on Omega and Uchkuyevka Beach were 4,2 ± 0,95 and 2,6 ± 0,95 items m-2, accordingly. Most of micropastics items were rigid fragments (60%), polystyrene (25%) and polyethylene (15%). Number of macroplastic particles (size of 5-100 mm) by 1 m-2 ranged from 2.35 to 57, the mean abundance on Omega and Uchkuyevka beaches were 10,1 ± 0,95 and 7,3 ± 0,95, accordingly.
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Sibirtsova, Elena, and Elena Sibirtsova. "STORM ICE OIL WIND WAVE WATCH SYSTEM (SIOWS): WEB GIS APPLICATION FOR MONITORING THE ARCTIC THE BLACK SEA AND MICROPLASTICS: SEVASTOPOL BEACHES MONITORING." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b431558bbb6.
Full textAbstract:
Within the framework of the monthly monitoring the study of qualitative and quantitative composition and distribution of micro- and small macroplastic on sandy and pebbly beaches of Sevastopol is initiated. Microplastics and small macroplastic abundance was estimated from surveys on two of the most popular Sevastopol sandy beaches of the Crimea Black Sea Coast (Omega beach and Uchkuyevka beach). The samples were collected during March - April 2016 from the top 5 cm of the numerous square areas (1×1 m) placed on 20 m long transects perpendicularly 100-meter lines along the shore line. Three type of stainless steel sieves were used: mesh sizes 5 mm, 1 mm and 0,3 mm. In the laboratory, the collected sediments were introduced into a glass tank with a high concentration solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) 140 g l-1, the floating plastic particles recovered, sorted and categorized by type, usage and erosion level. The mean microplastics densities on Omega and Uchkuyevka Beach were 4,2 ± 0,95 and 2,6 ± 0,95 items m-2, accordingly. Most of micropastics items were rigid fragments (60%), polystyrene (25%) and polyethylene (15%). Number of macroplastic particles (size of 5-100 mm) by 1 m-2 ranged from 2.35 to 57, the mean abundance on Omega and Uchkuyevka beaches were 10,1 ± 0,95 and 7,3 ± 0,95, accordingly.
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Wong, Kau-Fui, and Tarun Bhshkar. "Transport Properties of Alumina Nanofluids." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13282.
Full textAbstract:
Recent studies have showed that nanofluids have significantly greater thermal conductivity compared to their base fluids. Large surface area to volume ratio and certain effects of Brownian motion of nanoparticles are believed to be the main factors for the significant increase in the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. In this thesis, all the three transport properties, namely, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and viscosity were studied for Alumina nanofluid (Aluminum oxide nanoparticles in water). Experiments were performed both as a function of volumetric concentration (3 – 8%) and temperature (2°C – 50°C). Alumina nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 36 nm were dispersed in water. Transient hot wire method as described by Nagaska and Nagashima for electrically conducting fluids was used to test the thermal conductivity. In this work, an insulated platinum wire of 0.003 inches diameter was used as the hot wire for the thermal conductivity experiments. Initial calibration was performed using de-ionized water and the resulting data was within 2.5% of standard thermal conductivity values for water. The thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluid increased with both increase in temperature and concentration. A maximum thermal conductivity of 0.7351 W/mK was recorded for an 8.47% volume concentration of alumina nanoparticles at 46.6°C, the effective thermal conductivity at this concentration and temperature was observed to be 1.1501, which translates to an increase in thermal conductivity by 22% when compared to water at room temperature. Alumina being a good conductor of electricity, alumina nanofluid displays an increasing trend in electrical conductivity as volumetric concentration increases. A microprocessor based conductivity/TDS meter was used to perform the electrical conductivity experiments. After carefully calibrating the conductivity meters glass probe with platinum tip, using a standard potassium chloride solution, readings were taken at various volumetric concentrations. A 3457.1% increase in the electrical conductivity was measured for a meager 1.44% volumetric concentration of alumina nanoparticles in water. The highest value of electrical conductivity: 314 μS/cm was recorded for a volumetric concentration of 8.47%. For measuring the kinematic viscosity of alumina nanofluid, a standard kinematic viscometer with constant temperature bath was used. Calibrated capillary viscometers were used to measure flow under gravity at precisely controlled temperatures. The capillary viscometers were calibrated with de-ionized water at different temperatures, and the resulting kinematic viscosity values were found to be within 3% of the standard published values. An increase of 35.5% in the kinematic viscosity was observed for an 8.47% volumetric concentration of alumina nanoparticles in water. The maximum kinematic viscosity of alumina nanofluid: 2.90142 mm2/s, was obtained at 0°C for an 8.47% volumetric concentration of alumina nanoparticles.
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Abelha Rocha, Camila Aparecida, Cristina Aiex Simão, Guilherme Chagas Cordeiro, and Romildo Dias Toledo Filho. "Effect of the Sodium and Potassium Chloride on the Mechanical and Plastic Properties on the Oil Well Cement Slurries." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84209.
Full textAbstract:
In recent times, a large reserve of oil and gas in a Pre-Salt zone has been identified in Brazil. In this reserve it is necessary to drill and cement a layer of approximately 2.000 meters of salt rock. In salt rocks, the contact of cement with the rock during the cementing operation can cause the dissolution of the rock and salt can migrate to the cement slurry. Cementitious systems containing salt in their composition have been proposed to minimize the transport of rock salt to the slurry. Considering that the presence of salt can cause changes in the properties of the slurry and compromises the cementing quality. Studies are necessary to understand how the type and concentration of salt can affect the short and long term behavior of the slurry. In this work, the effect of the amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) on the properties of the oil well cement slurry was studied. For this, slurries containing 5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20% and 36% NaCl by the weight of water (BWOW), and 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 34% KCl (BWOW) were designed. The effect of salt type and content on the rheology, free-fluid and mechanical properties such as compression strength, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s rate and splitting tension strength was investigated. The mechanical properties were evaluated at an age of 8 hours of curing in water at 38°C (100° F) and 60° C (140° F) and 7 days of curing in water at 60° C. The addition of NaCl and KCl resulted in similar behavior in almost all the properties studied. The properties of freshly and early-age, as free-fluid and compression strength, of saline slurry differed in two different mechanisms depending by the salt concentration. For other side, in most cases, the rheological and long-age properties were reduced with an increase in salt content.
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Zheng, Yi, Zhi-Zhu He, Jun Yang, and Jing Liu. "Liquid Metal Printing for Manufacturing Large-Scale Flexible Electronic Circuits." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37763.
Full textAbstract:
The advancement of printed electronics technology has significantly facilitated the development of electronic engineering. However, so far there still remain big barriers to impede the currently available printing technologies from being extensively used. Many of the difficulties came from the factors like: complicated ink-configurations, high post-treatment temperature, poor conductivity in room temperature and extremely high cost and time consuming fabrication process. From an alternative strategy, our recently invented desktop liquid metal printer offered a flexible way to better address the above deficiencies. Through modifying the system developed in the authors’ lab, here we demonstrated the feasibility of the method in quickly and reliably printing out various large area electronic circuits. Particularly, the liquid metal ink made of GaIn24.5 alloy, with a high electrical resistivity of 2.98×10−7 Ω·m, can be rapidly printed on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrate with maximum sizes spanning from centimeter size to meter large. Most important of all, all these manufactures were achieved at an extremely low cost level which clearly shows the ubiquitous value of the liquid metal printer. To evaluate the working performance of the present electronics fabrication method, the electrical resistance and wire width of the printed circuits were investigated under multiple overprinting cycles. For practical illustration purpose, LED lighting conductive patterns which can serve as a functional electronic decoration art were fabricated on the flexible plastic substrate. The present work sets up an example for directly making large-scale ending consumer electronics via a high-efficiency and low-cost way.
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Kang, Sungwook, Jaewoong Kim, Dongjoo Kim, Youngjae Jang, and Jaeyoung Cho. "Thermal Elasto-Plastic Analysis of Welding Sequence for Least Distortion of Overlay Welded Structure." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77546.
Full textAbstract:
Generally, equipment or mechanical parts are worn out by abrasion, impact, erosion, and environmental corrosion. To reduce these losses, the welding that wears the surface of the material with abrasion or corrosion resistance is called overlay welding. Corrosion and high temperature oxidation are very important factors in overlay welding material selection because they have a great effect on wear rate. Typical equipment is made of carbon steel, stainless steel or a material that is not wear resistant. Therefore, overlay welding is applied to parts where the parts themselves are subject to severe wear or corrosion. The diffusion of chlorine and alkaline ash during the combustion process causes foiling, corrosion, and erosion in the water wall panel & tube which is a heat transfer device. In order to protect the water wall panel & tube from various chemical and physical phenomena occurring during the combustion process, heat-resistant alloy steel such as Inconel is overlay welded on the outer surface of carbon steel pipe. However, since the length of the water wall panel & tube is more than 7 meters, the deformation after overlay welding is very large and the straightening work requires a lot of time and money. Also, since cooling water flows through the pipe during welding, the temperature of the cooling water also affects the welding deformation. In this study, welding process sequence and coolant temperature are optimized to minimize welding deformation during overlay welding.