Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chlorination'
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Ali, Omar Feroze. "Dynamic chlorination of kraft pulp." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75877.
Full textChlorine-lignin and methanol-lignin stoichiometries were determined as a function of operating conditions. The chlorine-lignin stoichiometry is a function of mean residence time and temperature, but not of chlorine feed concentration. The values of the chlorine-lignin stoichiometry are lower than found for corresponding batch chlorination of softwood pulps. The methanol-lignin stoichiometry is not influenced by any of the operating variables. The methanol concentration in the effluent can be used as an indicator for the completion of the chlorine-lignin reaction. Pulp properties such as lignin content, kappa number and viscosity were measured at the end of an experiment. Maximum delignification in any channel is obtained at chlorine breakthrough. Recycling of reconcentrated spent filtrate did not hinder delignification rates. The reciprocal intrinsic viscosity is proportional to the chlorine charge on pulp. Higher pulp viscosities are obtained at lower temperatures and mean residence times and at higher chlorine feed concentrations for the same chlorine charge on pulp. Viscosity protection agents like chlorine dioxide are effective in dynamic chlorination.
ZOCATELLI, TAIANE FRACALOSSI. "TANTALUM PENTOXIDE CHLORINATION WITH TETRACHLORETHYLENE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36926@1.
Full textCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Processos de ustulação cloretante podem ser realizados de forma direta, utilizando o Cl2 como agente cloretante, ou através de agentes cloretantes alternativos. Neste contexto, compostos organoclorados são promissores, pois além de serem facilmente volatizados, já apresentam na mesma molécula o agente cloretante e redutor. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo a avaliação quantitativa da cinética de cloração do pentóxido de tântalo com tetracloroetileno através dos modelos do núcleo não reagido (SC) e auto catalítico (AC). Tanto o material inicial, quanto o mesmo após o processo, bem como o produto sólido depositado na saída do reator foram caracterizados via DRX e MEV/EDS. Através de simulações termodinâmicas foi possível verificar a viabilidade de cloração de amostras puras de Ta2O5 com C2Cl4 diluído em atmosfera de N2 na faixa de temperatura entre 800 a 950 graus Celsius, sendo os principais cloretos gasosos formados, TaOCl3 e TaCl5. Verificou-se ainda a possível decomposição térmica do agente cloretante no caminho entre a entrada do reator e a amostra. Os resultados provenientes das caracterizações comprovaram as tendências apontadas pelas simulações termodinâmicas, comprovando a formação exclusiva de cloretos voláteis. No que diz respeito à modelagem cinética ambos os modelos permitiram o ajuste dos dados em nível quantitativo, sendo os valores de energia de ativação global iguais a 93,8 kJ/mol (SC) e 32 kJ/mol (AC). A comparação dos valores obtidos com dados da literatura sugere que o controle é de natureza química, sendo a decomposição do C2Cl4 na superfície das nanopartículas de Ta2O5, possivelmente, a etapa controladora.
Chlorination roasting can be carried out directly, using Cl2 as a chlorinating agent, or through alternative reagents. In this context, organochlorine compounds are promising, since besides being easily volatilized, they already present in the same molecule the chlorinating and reducing agents. The present study had as main objective the quantitative evaluation of the chlorination kinetics of tantalum pentoxide with tetrachlorethylene through the shrinking core (SC) and auto catalytic (AC) models. The initial material, as well as post-processed materials, and also the solid product deposited at the reactor s exit were characterized through DRX and MEV/EDS. By means of thermodynamic simulations, it was possible to verify the viability of pure Ta2O5 samples chlorination with C2Cl4 diluted in N2 in the temperature range of interest (800 - 950 Celsius Degree), thereby producing only gaseous chlorides, TaOCl3 and TaCl5. The possible C2Cl4 thermal decomposition in the path between the reactor inlet and sample was also identified. The characterization results were in accordance with the tendencies indicated by the thermodynamic simulations, proving the exclusive formation of volatile chlorides. With regard to the kinetic study, both tested models allowed quantitative adjustment of the conversion data, with overall activation energies equal to 93.8 kJ/mol (SC) and 32 kJ/mol (AC). The comparison of the values obtained with literature data suggests that the control is of chemical nature, the decomposition of C2Cl4 on the surface of the Ta2O5 nanoparticles being, possibly, the main control reaction step.
Gao, Chengzhe. "Regioselective chlorination of cellulose esters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96548.
Full textMS
Hwang, Bing-Fang. "Water chlorination and birth defects." Available to US Hopkins community, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3068171.
Full textHassinger, Elaine. "Shock-Chlorination of Domestic Wells." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/156938.
Full textShock-chlorination is an effective way to disinfect your well and household plumbing. You should shock-chlorinate your well after repairing it, or, if a lab test shows there are coliform bacteria in the water. This publication explains how shock-chlorination works and the steps needed to use this treatment.
Adipuri, Andrew Materials Science & Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Chlorination of Titanium Oxycarbide and Oxycarbonitride." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44405.
Full textIzimas, M. "Selective control of chlorination of phenols." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637380.
Full textDavis, Gareth Michael. "Mathematical modelling of swimming pool chlorination." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402341.
Full textEarls, Dru. "Alternative to chlorination of cake flour /." Search for this dissertation online, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
Full textD'Cunha, Cassian. "Theoretical Study of Chloroperoxidase Catalyzed Chlorination of beta-Cyclopentanedione and Role of Water in the Chlorination Mechanism." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/515.
Full textVali, nia Salar. "Chlorination of Organic Material in Agricultural Soil." Thesis, The Tema Institute, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19649.
Full textChlorine is an essential building block in the environment and can be found in most places. Chlorine participates in a complex biogeochemical cycle and has been discussed for many years and it is well documented that natural chlorination of organic compound takes place in many parts of the ecosystem. Chlorine can be inorganic (Clin) and organically bound (Clorg). Previous studies have shown that the transformation of Clin to Clorg is connected with the amount of organic matter and the microbial activity in the soil. So far, studies have been focused on forest soil and there is a need for analysing the natural chlorination in other soil types. The aim of this study was to provide chlorination rates in agricultural soil which does not weem to have been done previously. Three common agricultural soils experiencing different agricultural practice and different cropping systems were incubated with Na36Cl at 20o C in a 56 days radiotracer experiment. The results show that a chlorination of 36Clin to 36Clorg in agricultural soil occurred and the Clorg levels increased over time. The chlorination rates ranged from 0,040 to 0,063 μg Cl g dry weight soil-1 d1. This was 10-fold lower than rates previously measured in coniferous forest soil. However, when expressed as μg Cl g dry weight organic carbon-1 d-1, rates in the agricultural soil was only slightly (at the most 2-fold) lower than in coniferous forest. This study contributes with new knowledge of natural chlorination rates in agricultural soil and gives further evidence that the natural chlorination can be connected to the amount of organic matter in the soil.
Burns, Barbara J. "A kinetic study of medium consistency chlorination." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5803.
Full textFarr, Gary Derek. "Chlorination effluent recycle in kraft pulp bleaching." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29938.
Full textApplied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
Broers, Teresa. "Abruptio placentae and chlorination disinfection by-products." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63274.pdf.
Full textSoleiman, Moe Karbal. "Catalytic chlorination of alpha-alumina with Cl." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/15501.
Full textGilmore, Laurie Ann. "Chlorination of synthetic dyes and synthetic brighteners." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20794.
Full textMisra, Girish. "Biotransformation of monoterpenes and their chlorination products." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20842.
Full textMelhuish, M. W. "Nitration and chlorination of deactivated aromatic compounds." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379462.
Full textEbbett, Virginia Rose. "The Chlorination of Triclosan: A Kinetic Study." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43524.
Full textMaster of Science
Ndula, Bungu Peter. "Fluidised-bed chlorination of oxidised titania slag." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29501.
Full textDissertation (MSc (Metallurgy))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
MSc
unrestricted
Dungeni, M., der Merwe RR van, and MNB Momba. "Abundance of pathogenic bacteria and viral indicators in chlorinated effluents produced by four wastewater treatment plants in the Gauteng Province, South Africa." Water SA, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001209.
Full textGustavsson, Malin. "Chlorination of organic material in different soil types." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77786.
Full textPalmer, Fiona Lorraine. "Photocatalysis of aquatic humic substances prior to chlorination." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263245.
Full textForsyth, S. R. "Chlorination of aromatic compounds by two phase electrolysis." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377797.
Full textHow, Zuo Tong. "Reaction pathways in the chlorination of amino acids." Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1036.
Full textNi, Yonghao. "Mechanism and kinetics of demethylation during kraft pulp chlorination." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61967.
Full textKennedy, Mark William. "Chlorination of magnesium carbonate in a stirred tank reactor." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24061.
Full textThe chlorinaton rate was effected by both temperature and CO/Cl$ sb2$ ratio and estimates of the optimum conditions were obtained: temperature $(856.6 sp circ$C) and ratio of CO/Cl$ sb2$ (1.24). The addition of an inert gas (N$ sb2)$ to the reagent mixture was found to decrease the reaction rate. Iron was found to have a negligible effect on reaction rate at the levels tested (up to 560 P.P.M.).
For those experiments conducted at $ rm 820 sp circ C pm 5 sp circ C,$ an overall correlation was obtained which related the MgO reaction rate, with impeller power (kW/m$ sp3),$ superficial gas velocity (cm/s) and the partial pressure of CO (atm.): rm Rate = 0.609 (P sb{g}/V sb1) sp{0.35} (v sb{s}) sp{0.64} (P sb{CO}) sp{1.14}, (kgmol/m sp3/h) eqno lbrack 55 rbrack. ixing and gas dispersion characteristics were defined for the specific impeller/tank geometry used in these experiments.
Using the results presented here, it would be possible to estimate the size and number of commercial stirred tank chlorination reactors, which would be required to produce any specified quantity of magnesium, starting from magnesite, with an accuracy of $ pm$44%, with 95% confidence.
Peringer, Elvira Theresia. "Oxidative chlorination of methane over LaCl 3 -based catalysts." kostenfrei, 2008. http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/doc/657141/657141.pdf.
Full textOliveira, Luciana C. "Gas-phase surface oxidation and chlorination of carbon nanotubes /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10931.
Full textThompson, Ina Sharon. "Optimisation of sodium hypochlorite dosing at Wylfa Power Station : an experimental study with Mytilus edulis." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263175.
Full textБудьоний, Олександр Петрович, Александр Петрович Буденный, Oleksandr Petrovych Budonyi, and В. С. Кохана. "Ультрафіолетове знезараження як альтернатива використанню хлорування." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/25605.
Full textJansson, Stina. "Thermal formation and chlorination of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1881.
Full textDenna avhandling fokuserar på olika aspekter som kan bidra till en ökad förståelse av bildning av dioxiner och dioxin-lika föreningar i förbränningsprocesser. Även om utsläppen till luft från sopförbränningsanläggningar har minskat kraftigt tack vare effektiva rökgasreningsmetoder, så återstår problemet med mycket giftiga rökgasreningsprodukter (askor och filter), vilka klassificeras som farligt avfall. Det huvudsakliga syftet med arbetet bakom denna avhandling var att klarlägga bildnings- och kloreringsvägarna för dioxiner och dioxin-lika föreningar i temperaturintervallet 640-200°C i rökgaser från sopförbränning. Detta kan möjliggöra lösningar för ytterligare emissionsminskningar och en avgiftning av biprodukterna från avfallsförbränning, vilket minskar eller till och med eliminerar behovet av kostsam och riskfylld efterbehandling. Realistiska och välkontrollerade försök har utförts i en lab-skalereaktor där en artificiell hushållssopa har förbränts. En jämförelse av fyra olika temperatur- och uppehållstidsprofiler visade att bildning av polyklorerade dibenso-p-dioxiner (PCDD) och dibensofuraner (PCDF) sker snabbt och huvudsakligen inom temperaturintervallet 640-400°C. Bildningen var starkt beroende av en tillräckligt lång uppehållstid inom ett visst temperaturområde. En förlängd uppehållstid vid höga temperaturer (>450°C) resulterade i minskade halter av PCDD, vilka förhöll sig låga även senare i efterförbränningszonen. Isomermönstren av PCDD, PCDF och PCN (polyklorerade naftalener) visade alla tecken på att härröra från både klorfenolkondensation och kloreringsreaktioner. PCDD-mönstret visade tydliga indikationer på bildning från klorfenoler, och till mindre grad bildning via klorering. För PCDF var klorsubstitution i positioner angränsande till syrebryggan missgynnad, vilket bekräftades av multivariat modellering (O2PLS). Den variabel som starkast påverkade bildningen av PCDD var relativa fria energin (RΔGf). Modellerna visade på en distinkt gruppering av PCDD- och PCDF-kongenerna i två eller tre grupper för varje kloreringsgrad, och föreslås vara relaterad till sannolikheten för respektive kongen att bildas via klorfenolkondensation. Injektion av aromatiska kolstrukturer i rökgaskanalen gav upphov till skilda effekter. Injektion av naftalen ökade bildningen av monoklorerad naftalen medan resterande homologer inte verkade påverkas, sannolikt på grund av för kort uppehållstid för ytterligare klorering. Dibenso-p-dioxin spjälkades sannolikt till fenoliska fragment som klorerades och sedan återkondenserades till PCDD och PCDF, medan dibensofuran och fluoren kraftigt reducerade PCDD-koncentrationerna.
Iszatt, Nina. "Exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products and adverse reproductive outcomes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538676.
Full textTee, Kim Siong James. "Separation of zinc and copper from steel by oxy-chlorination." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624482.
Full textCLINTON, CAROL. "Kinetics of Chlorination of the Pesticide Aldicarb in Drinking Water." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1218732380.
Full textSayers, Rachel Marie. "THE SYNTHESIS, REDUCTION, AND CHLORINATION OF 5-ALKOXY-2,3-DIPHENYLTEREPHTHALATES." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1309375974.
Full textWilliams, Des. "The selective chlorination of phenols using novel thiapolymers as catalysts." Thesis, Swansea University, 2006. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42654.
Full textPiety, Charles Andrew. "Kinetic and mechanistic studies of reactions of atomic chlorine with haloalkanes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/27057.
Full textTaylor, J. M. "A study of the reaction of N-chloroamines with electron-rich aromatic compounds." Thesis, University of York, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379028.
Full textPugliese, Sebastian C. "Kinetics and mass transfer in the chlorination of draft pulp fibers." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 1988. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/ipstetd-1040/.
Full textPugliese, Sebastian C. III. "Kinetics and mass transfer in the chlorination of draft pulp fibers." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7046.
Full textNoack, Holger. "Biomimetic Iron Complexes involved in Oxygenation and Chlorination : A Theoretical Study." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38197.
Full textAt the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Accepted. Paper 3: Submitted.
Lu, Junhe. "Fundamental studies of the halogenation of phenolic compounds during water chlorination /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10197.
Full textMcKeer, L. C. "A study of the chlorination of aromatic compounds with N-chloroamines." Thesis, University of York, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370740.
Full textMontoya-Pachongo, Carolina. "Disinfection by-product formation from biofilm chlorination in drinking water pipes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19697/.
Full textATGIN, REFET SINEM. "Modeling Vulnerability and Effectiveness of Chlorination in Drinking Water Distribution Systems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1218826412.
Full textMarra, John Edward. "The behavior of silicon-based ceramics in mixed oxidation/chlorination environments /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487327695624238.
Full textGang, Dianchen. "Modeling of THM and HAA formation in Missouri waters upon chlorination /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025619.
Full textHassan, Ghanim. "Minimizing bacterial biofilm in water using froth flotation and shock chlorination." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9723/.
Full textShah, Amisha D. "Antibiotics in water treatment the role of water quality conditions on their fate and removal during chlorination and nanofiltration /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26658.
Full textCommittee Co-Chair: Huang, Ching-Hua; Committee Co-Chair: Kim, Jae-Hong; Committee Member: Li, Qilin; Committee Member: Mulholland, James; Committee Member: Wine, Paul; Committee Member: Yiacoumi, Sotira. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.