Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chlorination

Academic literature on the topic 'Chlorination'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Chlorination"

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Liu, Shiyuan, Weihua Xue, and Lijun Wang. "Extraction of the Rare Element Vanadium from Vanadium-Containing Materials by Chlorination Method: A Critical Review." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081301.

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Vanadium as a rare element has a wide range of applications in iron and steel production, vanadium flow batteries, catalysts, etc. In 2018, the world’s total vanadium output calculated in the form of metal vanadium was 91,844 t. The raw materials for the production of vanadium products mainly include vanadium-titanium magnetite, vanadium slag, stone coal, petroleum coke, fly ash, and spent catalysts, etc. Chlorinated metallurgy has a wide range of applications in the treatment of ore, slag, solid wastes, etc. Chlorinating agent plays an important role in chlorination metallurgy, which is divided into solid (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, AlCl3, FeCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2, NH4Cl, NaClO, and NaClO3) and gas (Cl2, HCl, and CCl4). The chlorination of vanadium oxides (V2O3 and V2O5) by different chlorinating agents was investigated from the thermodynamics. Meanwhile, this paper summarizes the research progress of chlorination in the treatment of vanadium-containing materials. This paper has important reference significance for further adopting the chlorination method to treat vanadium-containing raw materials.
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Guthrie, J. Peter, and John Cossar. "The chlorination of isobutyrophenone: determination of its pKa value and of the course of the reaction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-061.

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Chlorination of isobutyrophenone in alkaline aqueous solution leads to formation of α-hydroxyisobutyrophenone as the first detectable intermediate; a slow subsequent oxidation gives benzoate. From the rates of the initial chlorinations we have been able to determine the pKa value for the ketone as 18.18 ± 0.50. α-Chloroisobutyrophenone undergoes surprisingly rapid alkaline hydrolysis, kOH = 71.9 ± 1.5 M−1 s−1. Keywords: isobutyrophenone, chlorination, enolization, pKa, hydrolysis.
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Geremew, Abraham, Bezatu Mengistie, Esayas Alemayehu, Daniele Susan Lantagne, Jonathan Mellor, and Geremew Sahilu. "Point-of-use water chlorination among urban and rural households with under-five-year children: a comparative study in Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Eastern Ethiopia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 3 (May 11, 2018): 468–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.173.

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Abstract Point-of-use water chlorination is one of the most effective means to prevent diarrhea in under-five children although challenges remain in its adoption and effective use. In Ethiopia, evidence of point-of-use water chlorination among households with under-five children in rural and urban settings that is verified with water testing is scarce. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among urban and rural households with under-five child in Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Eastern Ethiopia from June to August, 2016. Data were collected from a caregiver of systematically selected households and analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. A total of 1,912 households were included in the analysis with a 96.5% response rate. In rural areas, 4.6% of caregivers were reportedly chlorinating water at point-of-use and 1.2% were confirmed with free residual chlorine. In urban areas, 17.1% of caregivers were reportedly chlorinating water and 6.6% were confirmed to have free residual chlorine. In two settings, caregivers' point-of-use water chlorination was associated with chlorine taste and water quality perception. Inaccessibility to treatment products in rural areas and use of bottled water in urban areas were among the reasons to discontinue point-of-use water chlorination. Behavior changing interventions with proper distribution and marketing is needed for sustainable point-of-use chlorination.
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Han, Peiwei, Jingmin Yan, Lunliang Zhang, Zhengchen Li, and Shufeng Ye. "High-Temperature Chlorination of Nickel Oxide Using Calcium Chloride." Materials 16, no. 21 (October 27, 2023): 6888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16216888.

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Attempts have been made to extract nickel from ores and nickel-containing wastes using the chlorination method. However, the use of gaseous chlorinating agents is limited due to their toxicity. High-temperature chlorination of nickel oxide using calcium chloride is analyzed in this study. The volatilization percentage is positively correlated to temperature and CaCl2 dosage and negatively correlated to oxygen partial pressure. The apparent activation energy is calculated to be 142.91 kJ/mol, between 1173 K and 1323 K, which suggests that the high-temperature chlorination of nickel oxide using calcium chloride is controlled by a chemical reaction.
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Drabik, G., and J. W. Naskalski. "Chlorination of N-acetyltyrosine with HOCl, chloramines, and myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system." Acta Biochimica Polonica 48, no. 1 (March 31, 2001): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2001_5135.

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N-acetyl-L-tyrosine (N-acTyr), with the alpha amine residue blocked by acetylation, can mimic the reactivity of exposed tyrosyl residues incorporated into polypeptides. In this study chlorination of N-acTyr residue at positions 3 and 5 in reactions with NaOCl, chloramines and the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-Cl- chlorinating system were invesigated. The reaction of N-acTyr with HOCl/OCl- depends on the reactant concentration ratio employed. At the OCl-/N-acTyr (molar) ratio 1:4 and pH 5.0 the chlorination reaction yield is about 96% and 3-chlorotyrosine is the predominant reaction product. At the OCl-/N-acTyr molar ratio 1:1.1 both 3-chlorotyrosine and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine are formed. The yield of tyrosine chlorination depends also on pH, amounting to 100% at pH 5.5, 91% at pH 4.5 and 66% at pH 3.0. Replacing HOCl/OCl- by leucine/chloramine or alanine/chloramine in the reaction system, at pH 4.5 and 7.4, produces trace amount of 3-chlorotyrosine with the reaction yield of about 2% only. Employing the MPO-H2O2-Cl- chlorinating system at pH 5.4, production of a small amount of N-acTyr 3-chloroderivative was observed, but the reaction yield was low due to the rapid inactivation of MPO in the reaction system. The study results indicate that direct chlorination of tyrosyl residues which are not incorporated into the polypeptide structure occurs with excess HOCl/OCl- in acidic media. Due to the inability of the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl- system to produce high enough HOCl concentrations, the MPO-mediated tyrosyl residue chlorination is not effective. Semistable amino-acid chloramines also appeared not effective as chlorine donors in direct tyrosyl chlorination.
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Zhang, Qian, Fan Yang, and Yangjie Wu. "DDQ: the chlorinating reagent and oxidant for the ligand-directed ortho-chlorination of 2-arylpyridines." Org. Chem. Front. 1, no. 6 (2014): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4qo00076e.

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Zhu, Yanshuo, and Wei Yu. "Photoinduced C(sp3)–H chlorination of amides with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 19, no. 46 (2021): 10228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ob02081a.

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Tabolin, Andrey A., Anastasia A. Fadeeva, and Sema L. Ioffe. "Chlorination of Conjugated Nitroalkenes with PhICl2 and SO2Cl2 for the Synthesis of α-Chloronitroalkenes." Synthesis 52, no. 18 (May 14, 2020): 2679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707396.

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Chlorination of conjugated nitroalkenes with iodobenzene dichloride or sulfuryl chloride to give target α-chloronitroalkenes in good yields is described. Details of the procedure depend on the donating ability of the nitroalkene substituents. The activity of the described chlorinating agents increases in order ‘PhICl2/Py’ < ‘SO2Cl2’ < ‘SO2Cl2/HCl’ with the former producing the best yields for highly donating substrates and the latter for non-activated groups. An autocatalytic role of hydrogen chloride and the chemoselectivity of chlorination were also demonstrated.
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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro, Agnieszka, Karolina Starzak, Katarzyna Sutor, Boris Nemzer, Zbigniew Pietrzkowski, Łukasz Popenda, and Sławomir Wybraniec. "Structural Study on Hypochlorous Acid-Mediated Chlorination of Betanin and Its Decarboxylated Derivatives from an Anti-Inflammatory Beta vulgaris L. Extract." Molecules 25, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020378.

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Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) produced by neutrophils is a part of the natural innate immune response system in the human body, but excessive levels of HOCl can ultimately be detrimental to health. Recent reports suggest that betacyanin plant pigments can act as potent scavengers of inflammatory factors and are notably effective against HOCl. In this contribution, chlorination mechanism and position of the electrophilic substitution in betacyanins was studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry and further structural analyses by NMR techniques, which completed the identification of the chlorinated betacyanins. For the study on the influence of the position of decarboxylation on the chlorination mechanism, a comparison of the chlorination position between betanin as well as 17-, and 2,17-decarboxylated betanins was performed. The structural study confirmed that the chlorination position in betanin occurs within the dihydropyridinic moiety at carbon C-18. Therefore, out of the aqueous free chlorine equilibrium species: HOCl, OCl−, Cl2, and Cl2O, the most potent chlorinating agents are HOCl and Cl2O postulated previously and the attack of the Cl⁺ ion on the carbon C-18 with a cyclic intermediate version is considered.
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Xu, Changming, Zhaobin Zhu, Yongchang Wang, and Li Zhao. "Copper(II)-Promoted Mono-Selective ortho C–H Chlorination of Arenes by Using Trimethyl(trichloromethyl)silane." Synlett 29, no. 08 (February 15, 2018): 1122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591542.

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The first example of a Cu-promoted ortho-chlorination of aryl C–H bonds by using TMSCCl3 as chlorinating agent is reported. This reaction features a high selectivity toward monochlorination over dichlorination, compatibility with a variety of functional groups, and gram-scale synthesis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chlorination"

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Ali, Omar Feroze. "Dynamic chlorination of kraft pulp." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75877.

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Chlorination of kraft black spruce pulp was studied in a fixed bed reactor. Breakthrough curves of the reactant chlorine and the products TOC, chloride and methanol were measured. The flow residence time distribution was determined by performing a stimulus response tracer experiment preceding chlorination of each pulp pad. The chlorine and methanol break-through curves were well described by a parallel plug flow model and instantaneous chlorine-lignin and first order chlorine-carbohydrates reactions. The representation of the residence time distribution by plug flow through segregated channels rather than by axial dispersed plug flow was confirmed by the effect of operating variables on the residence time distribution and by comparison with theory and numerical predictions. The good representation of the actual flow by the parallel plug flow model can be explained by poor radial mixing and a relatively large scale of variation in radial velocity. The latter is a direct consequence of the large aspect ratio of pulp fibers and their associated tendency to flocculate. This also explains why the dispersion in pulp pads is larger than in beds of regular shaped particles which have the same equivalent diameter as pulp fibers.
Chlorine-lignin and methanol-lignin stoichiometries were determined as a function of operating conditions. The chlorine-lignin stoichiometry is a function of mean residence time and temperature, but not of chlorine feed concentration. The values of the chlorine-lignin stoichiometry are lower than found for corresponding batch chlorination of softwood pulps. The methanol-lignin stoichiometry is not influenced by any of the operating variables. The methanol concentration in the effluent can be used as an indicator for the completion of the chlorine-lignin reaction. Pulp properties such as lignin content, kappa number and viscosity were measured at the end of an experiment. Maximum delignification in any channel is obtained at chlorine breakthrough. Recycling of reconcentrated spent filtrate did not hinder delignification rates. The reciprocal intrinsic viscosity is proportional to the chlorine charge on pulp. Higher pulp viscosities are obtained at lower temperatures and mean residence times and at higher chlorine feed concentrations for the same chlorine charge on pulp. Viscosity protection agents like chlorine dioxide are effective in dynamic chlorination.
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ZOCATELLI, TAIANE FRACALOSSI. "TANTALUM PENTOXIDE CHLORINATION WITH TETRACHLORETHYLENE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36926@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Processos de ustulação cloretante podem ser realizados de forma direta, utilizando o Cl2 como agente cloretante, ou através de agentes cloretantes alternativos. Neste contexto, compostos organoclorados são promissores, pois além de serem facilmente volatizados, já apresentam na mesma molécula o agente cloretante e redutor. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo a avaliação quantitativa da cinética de cloração do pentóxido de tântalo com tetracloroetileno através dos modelos do núcleo não reagido (SC) e auto catalítico (AC). Tanto o material inicial, quanto o mesmo após o processo, bem como o produto sólido depositado na saída do reator foram caracterizados via DRX e MEV/EDS. Através de simulações termodinâmicas foi possível verificar a viabilidade de cloração de amostras puras de Ta2O5 com C2Cl4 diluído em atmosfera de N2 na faixa de temperatura entre 800 a 950 graus Celsius, sendo os principais cloretos gasosos formados, TaOCl3 e TaCl5. Verificou-se ainda a possível decomposição térmica do agente cloretante no caminho entre a entrada do reator e a amostra. Os resultados provenientes das caracterizações comprovaram as tendências apontadas pelas simulações termodinâmicas, comprovando a formação exclusiva de cloretos voláteis. No que diz respeito à modelagem cinética ambos os modelos permitiram o ajuste dos dados em nível quantitativo, sendo os valores de energia de ativação global iguais a 93,8 kJ/mol (SC) e 32 kJ/mol (AC). A comparação dos valores obtidos com dados da literatura sugere que o controle é de natureza química, sendo a decomposição do C2Cl4 na superfície das nanopartículas de Ta2O5, possivelmente, a etapa controladora.
Chlorination roasting can be carried out directly, using Cl2 as a chlorinating agent, or through alternative reagents. In this context, organochlorine compounds are promising, since besides being easily volatilized, they already present in the same molecule the chlorinating and reducing agents. The present study had as main objective the quantitative evaluation of the chlorination kinetics of tantalum pentoxide with tetrachlorethylene through the shrinking core (SC) and auto catalytic (AC) models. The initial material, as well as post-processed materials, and also the solid product deposited at the reactor s exit were characterized through DRX and MEV/EDS. By means of thermodynamic simulations, it was possible to verify the viability of pure Ta2O5 samples chlorination with C2Cl4 diluted in N2 in the temperature range of interest (800 - 950 Celsius Degree), thereby producing only gaseous chlorides, TaOCl3 and TaCl5. The possible C2Cl4 thermal decomposition in the path between the reactor inlet and sample was also identified. The characterization results were in accordance with the tendencies indicated by the thermodynamic simulations, proving the exclusive formation of volatile chlorides. With regard to the kinetic study, both tested models allowed quantitative adjustment of the conversion data, with overall activation energies equal to 93.8 kJ/mol (SC) and 32 kJ/mol (AC). The comparison of the values obtained with literature data suggests that the control is of chemical nature, the decomposition of C2Cl4 on the surface of the Ta2O5 nanoparticles being, possibly, the main control reaction step.
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Gao, Chengzhe. "Regioselective chlorination of cellulose esters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96548.

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Chemical modification of cellulose has been of growing interest, owing to the abundance and processing challenges of natural cellulose. To date, etherification and esterification are the most effective strategies to modify physicochemical properties of cellulose and append new functionalities. However, they typically require relatively harsh conditions, thus limiting introduction of new functional groups. An alternative strategy to synthesize novel cellulose derivatives is to append a good leaving group to cellulose backbone, followed by nucleophilic substitution reaction. Though tosylation and bromination of cellulose are frequently used, they have drawbacks such as chemo- and regioselectivity issues, high cost, and difficulty in purification. We have successfully developed a method to chemo- and regioselectively chlorinate cellulose esters using MsCl. Compared to bromination of cellulose typically used, this chlorination method has many advantages, including low cost of reagents and ease of separation. The chlorinated cellulose esters are useful intermediates for appending new functionalities by displacement reactions. We have synthesized a library of cellulose ester derivatives by this chlorination/nucleophilic substitution strategy, including cationic and anionic cellulose ester derivatives. These cellulose ester derivatives possess great potentialiii for various applications, including amorphous solid dispersion, tight junction opening, anionic drug delivery, and gas separation membranes.
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Hwang, Bing-Fang. "Water chlorination and birth defects." Available to US Hopkins community, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3068171.

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Hassinger, Elaine. "Shock-Chlorination of Domestic Wells." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/156938.

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Shock-chlorination is an effective way to disinfect your well and household plumbing. You should shock-chlorinate your well after repairing it, or, if a lab test shows there are coliform bacteria in the water. This publication explains how shock-chlorination works and the steps needed to use this treatment.
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Adipuri, Andrew Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Chlorination of Titanium Oxycarbide and Oxycarbonitride." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44405.

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The project undertook a systematic study of chlorination of titanium oxycarbide and oxycarbonitride with the aim to develop further understanding of kinetics and mechanisms of the chlorination reactions. The project studied titania, ilmenite ores, and synthetic rutile reduced by carbon in argon and nitrogen and chlorinated at different temperatures, gas flow rates and compositions. Chlorination of titanium suboxides, iron and impurities in ilmenite was also examined. Chlorination of titanium oxycarbide Ti(O,C) or oxycarbonitride Ti(O,C,N) can be implemented at 200 to 400 deg.C, while the commercial chlorination process in the production of titanium metal or titania pigment requires 800 to 1100 deg.C. This makes chlorination of Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) an attractive technology in processing of titanium minerals. Chlorination reaction is strongly exothermal, which increased the sample temperature up to 200 deg.C above the furnace temperature. The chlorination of Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) was ignited at 150 deg.C to 200 deg.C depending on the sample composition. Their chlorination at 235 deg.C to 400 deg.C was close to completion in less than 30 min. The chlorination rate of titanium oxycarbide or oxycarbonitride increased with increasing gas flow rate. Sample composition had a significant effect on the extent of chlorination. The optimum results were obtained for titanium oxycarbide or oxycarbonitride produced with carbon to titania molar ratio of 2.5; these samples contained no detectable excess of carbon or unreduced titanium suboxides. In chlorination of reduced ilmenite ores and synthetic rutile, Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N), metallic iron and Ti2O3 were chlorinated. The rate and extent of chlorination of titanium increased with increasing carbon to TiO2 ratio. Chlorination of Ti2O3 was slow relative to Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) and iron; chlorination of impurity oxides such as MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3 was not observed. The project also examined chlorination of Ti(O,C) or Ti(O,C,N) in ilmenite ore and synthetic rutile after removal of iron, which was achieved by aerated leaching of reduced samples in heated flask containing 0.37 M of ammonium chloride solution. Iron removal from the ilmenite ore or synthetic rutile resulted in higher rate and extent of chlorination of titanium oxycarbide or oxycarbonitride.
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Izimas, M. "Selective control of chlorination of phenols." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637380.

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The chlorination of meta-cresol by sulfuryl chloride in the presence of different sulfur containing catalysts was studied. In homogeneous conditions, the chlorination of meta-cresol was catalysed by dialkyl sulfides and dithia-alkenes. The influence of various reaction parameters was investigated. The dithia-alkanes were not commercially available and needed to be synthesised prior to their use. A new method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical dithia-alkanes was developed. The chlorination of meta-cresol using di-iso-propyl sulfide and di-n-butyl sulfide was scaled up and the reaction mixture separated by fractional distillation. The catalyst was recovered and reused. 5,18-Dithiadocosane, a successful catalyst for the chlorination of meta-cresol, was also tested as catalyst for the chlorination of phenol, anisole, meta-xylenol, toluene and naphthalene. In heterogeneous conditions, the chlorination of meta-cresol was catalysed by polymers containing thia-alkyl groups. The synthesis of the polymers by modification of bromopolystyrene and Merrifield resin was studied and a new method was developed to avoid crosslinking. A polythia-alkane was also synthesised from 1,6-hexanedithiol and 1,8-dibromo-octane.
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Davis, Gareth Michael. "Mathematical modelling of swimming pool chlorination." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402341.

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Earls, Dru. "Alternative to chlorination of cake flour /." Search for this dissertation online, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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D'Cunha, Cassian. "Theoretical Study of Chloroperoxidase Catalyzed Chlorination of beta-Cyclopentanedione and Role of Water in the Chlorination Mechanism." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/515.

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Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is a potential biocatalyst for use in asymmetric synthesis. The mechanisms of CPO catalysis are therefore of interest. The halogenation reaction, one of several chemical reactions that CPO catalyzes, is not fully understood and is the subject of this dissertation. The mechanism by which CPO catalyzes halogenation is disputed. It has been postulated that halogenation of substrates occurs at the active site. Alternatively, it has been proposed that hypochlorous acid, produced at the active site via oxidation of chloride, is released prior to reaction, so that halogenation occurs in solution. The free-solution mechanism is supported by the observation that halogenation of most substrates often occurs non-stereospecifically. On the other hand, the enzyme-bound mechanism is supported by the observation that some large substrates undergo halogenation stereospecifically. The major purpose of this research is to compare chlorination of the substrate beta-cyclopentanedione in the two environments. One study was of the reaction with limited hydration because such a level of hydration is typical of the active site. For this work, a purely quantum mechanical approach was used. To model the aqueous environment, the limited hydration environment approach is not appropriate. Instead, reaction precursor conformations were obtained from a solvated molecular dynamics simulation, and reaction of potentially reactive molecular encounters was modeled with a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical approach. Extensive work developing parameters for small molecules was pre-requisite for the molecular dynamics simulation. It is observed that a limited and optimized (active-site-like) hydration environment leads to a lower energetic barrier than the fully solvated model representative of the aqueous environment at room temperature, suggesting that the stable water network near the active site is likely to facilitate the chlorination mechanism. The influence of the solvent environment on the reaction barrier is critical. It is observed that stabilization of the catalytic water by other solvent molecules lowers the barrier for keto-enol tautomerization. Placement of water molecules is more important than the number of water molecules in such studies. The fully-solvated model demonstrates that reaction proceeds when the instantaneous dynamical water environment is close to optimal for stabilizing the transition state.
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Books on the topic "Chlorination"

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Washington (State). Division of Drinking Water., ed. Chlorination of drinking water. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Health, Environmental Health Programs, Division of Drinking Water, 2004.

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Connell, Gerald F. The chlorination/dechlorination handbook. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation, 2003.

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Connell, Gerald F. The chlorination/chloramination handbook. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 1996.

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Atasoy, Ahmet. Chlorination roasting of red mud. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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Section, Ontario Drinking Water, ed. Chlorination of potable water supplies. [Toronto]: Drinking Water Section, Water Resources Branch, 1987.

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Section, Ontario Drinking Water, ed. Chlorination of potable water supplies. [Toronto]: Drinking Water Section, Water Resources Branch, 1987.

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Association, American Water Works, ed. Water chlorination/chloramination practices and principles. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2006.

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Washington (State). Division of Drinking Water., ed. Disinfection byproducts: Chlorination of drinking water. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Health, Environmental Health Programs, Division of Drinking Water, 2004.

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G, Uber James, and AWWA Research Foundation, eds. Feedback control of booster chlorination systems. Denver, CO: Awwa Research Foundation, 2003.

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Clifford, White George, and Black & Veatch., eds. White's handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chlorination"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Chlorination." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 882. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_13383.

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Wang, Zhi. "Chlorination Process." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 400–401. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_1812.

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Wang, Zhi. "Chlorination Process." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1812-1.

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Page, E. M. "By Phosgene Chlorination." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 193. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145180.ch120.

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Spellman, Frank R. "Water Chlorination Calculations." In Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Water Treatment Operations, 109–24. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354307-6.

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Moodley, Samantha, Rauf Hurman Eric, Cevat Kucukkaragoz, and Aditya Kale. "Chlorination of Titania Feedstocks." In 3rd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 93–104. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118364987.ch12.

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Wang, Lawrence K. "Waste Chlorination and Stabilization." In Biosolids Engineering and Management, 151–92. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-174-1_4.

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Wang, Lawrence K. "Water Chlorination and Chloramination." In Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes, 367–401. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4_11.

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Wang, Lawrence K. "Waste Chlorination and Stabilization." In Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes, 403–40. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4_12.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. "Cyanide Amenable to Chlorination." In Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 149–50. Third edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151946-23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chlorination"

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Tsang, Wing, and Valeri Babushok. "Chlorination in Combustion Systems." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1655.

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Abstract This paper is concerned with the formation of polychorinated organics in the gas phase in combustion systems. The results are derived from simulation studies with inputs from the fundamental kinetics of single step thermal gas phase reactions. Attention is focussed on the case where initial chlorine loading is low. It is shown that in a well mixed system high degrees of chlorination are difficult to attain due to the decrease in thermal stability with chlorination. A hypothesis for their formation as a consequence of chlorine formation during lean combustion followed by chlorination of organics as a result of the mixing and quenching of the products from rich combustion is tested. Under such conditions the competition between oxidation and chlorination of intermediates governs the final product distribution. The stability of propargyl radicals (C3H3) to oxidation makes chlorination of its products a preferred mode and results have been obtained where more highly chlorinated compounds are found in the products. Since this radical is a known precursor to benzene formation, this provides a direct route for the formation of polychlorinated benzenes. The scenario presented here extends regions for possible gas phase chlorination into the exhaust system of combustors.
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Azeredo, Sirlene Oliveira Francisco de, and José Daniel Figueroa-Villar. "Phenanthrenequinone chlorination with trichloroisocyanuric acid." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_201310219246.

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Gray, Devin. "In-situ Chlorination for Molten-Salt Extraction." In PLUTONIUM FUTURES - THE SCIENCE: Third Topical Conference on Plutonium and Actinides. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1594636.

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Yasuike, Y., S. Iwasa, K. Suzuki, H. Kobayashi, O. Amano, and Nobuaki Sato. "Recycle of Zr Metal From Hull Wastes by Treatment of Chlorination and Metalization." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4626.

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This research evaluated the applicability of chlorination reaction treatment as processing technology to recover Zr metal which becomes reusable resources from radioactive Zr metal wastes. The typical waste generates from reprocessing facilities, and the main component of waste is a zirconium alloy containing 90–95% of Zr. At first, the volatility of ZrCl4 produced by the chlorination reaction of Zircaloy-2 was theoretically calculated with thermodynamic simulation code. The estimation showed that Zr could be effectively separated and recovered from this alloy by the difference of volatility in each element chloride. The chlorination reaction of metal proceeds as an exothermic reaction and the control of the reaction temperature is an important condition in order to perform optimal Zr separation recovery. The chlorination reaction of Zircaloy-2 was carried out in the low-temperature ranges of 220°C–320°C, and Zr separation performance was experimentally obtained. Zr and Sn (1.5wt% content in Zircaloy-2) volatilize 100% as chlorides at 270°C or higher temperature. The amounts of volatilization of Cr and Ni are 5% and 0.1% or less, respectively. Such volatile ability is well in agreement with the result of thermodynamic calculation quantitatively. The volatile behavior of Fe (0.2wt% or less content) in Zircaloy-2 is influenced by the product of FeCl2 which is due to the heat decomposition of FeCl3 with larger volatility, and the experimental volatility is smaller than the theoretical one. 60Co produced in the radioactivated Co by neutron radiation is a highest radioactivity source in the hull waste and it should be completely separated and removed from the recovered Zr chloride. In this study, the metal powder of Co was used to measure the volatility, because the content of Co in Zircaloy-2 is very small quantity (20 ppm or less), The obtained volatility was a hundredth of the volatility of thermodynamics calculation. U and Cs also intermingle in the hull wastes by the solid solution or the adhesion of uranium fuel. The volatility of Cs and U in the chlorination reaction at 270°C was measured by using CsCl, and UO2 in the coexistence of Zircaloy-2. The volatility of UO2 and CsCl was 4times and thousand times higher than that without the alloy, respectively. The exothermic reaction in the chlorination of metal was inferred. However, the volatility did not influence the effective ability of decontamination for the recovered Zr chloride. In order to recover the high-level decontaminated Zr chloride from radioactive nuclides, it is necessary to efficiently remove radioactive nuclides, which are the sources of high radioactivity due to 60Co, 63Ni and 137Cs. It was evaluated that a chemical addition treatment in which the amounts of radioactive nuclides relatively decreases by the amounts of radioactive nuclides relatively decreases by the amount of added stable isotopes of chemical compound was a effective treatment, on basis of the calculation of volatility of each element. The addition treatment of chemical compound performs in the distillation of Zr chloride obtained by the chlorination of hull waste. This study showed that a basic process of the high-level decontaminated Zr recovery consists of the two-step process of both chlorination reaction of the hull waste and distillation treatment of Zr chloride in addition of chemical compound.
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Chu, Chien-Wei, Min-Der Lin, and Kang-Ting Tsai. "Optimal Scheduling of Booster Chlorination with Immune Algorithm." In 2008 Third International Conference on Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology (ICCIT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccit.2008.411.

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Liang, Yong-mei, Chao-bin Liu, Zheng-bo Ma, Jun He, Ya-Liang Zhou, Jin-Chan Chen, and Wei Liu. "UV Enhanced Chlorination of Sewage against "Tailing" Phenomenon." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5514943.

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Kingham, T. J. "Chlorination control in a large water treatment works." In IEE Colloquium on `Application of Advanced PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) Systems with Specific Experiences from Water Treatment'. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950738.

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Li, An, Zhonglin Chen, Jimin Shen, Xu Zhai, Lei Yang, and Shuqing Zhao. "THMs and HAAs Fotmation by Tryptophan during Chlorination Disinfection." In 2009 International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology (ICEET 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceet.2009.453.

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yong, Peng Guang, and Xu Jia jiong. "Research on Chlorination Characteristic of Phenol in Disinfection Process." In 2009 International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceet.2009.586.

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Ramakrishnan, Sivakumar, Teong Chen Kwok, and Sheikh Abdul Rezan Sheikh Abdul Hamid. "Kinetic modelling of chlorination of nitrided ilmenite using MATLAB." In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND METALLURGY (ICoFM 2016). Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4958773.

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Reports on the topic "Chlorination"

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Bruffey, Stephanie, Breanna Vestal, Craig Barnes, and Rodney Hunt. Advanced Low Temperature Chlorination of Zirconium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1841491.

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Sukh Sidhu and Patanjali Varanasi. Fly Ash and Mercury Oxidation/Chlorination Reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1009958.

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Mcfarlane, Joanna, Emory Collins, Jake Hirschhorn, Craig Barnes, and Breanna Vestal. Quantify Contaminant Partitioning in Advanced Chlorination Process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1905400.

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Collins, Emory D., Jared A. Johnson, Tom D. Hylton, Ronald Ray Brunson, Rodney Dale Hunt, Guillermo Daniel DelCul, Eric Craig Bradley, and Barry B. Spencer. Complete Non-Radioactive Operability Tests for Cladding Hull Chlorination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1256825.

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Mcfarlane, Joanna, Emory Collins, Allison Greaney, Breanna Vestal, and Craig Barnes. Off-gas design and testing from advanced chlorination process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1922300.

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Parkinson, David Allen. Metal Chlorination, Coalescence, and Direct Oxide Reduction Progress Report: July 2019. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1558019.

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Nelson, L. O. Separation of non-hazardous, non-radioactive components from ICPP calcine via chlorination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/124970.

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Mcfarlane, Joanna, Breanna Vestal, Richard Mayes, Chase Cobble, Matt Vick, Kyoung Lee, Greg Westphal, and Wesley Williams. Behavior of contaminants and simulant fission products in the advanced chlorination process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2404622.

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Bogen, K. T., T. Slone, L. S. Gold, N. Manley, and K. Revzan. New perspectives on the cancer risks of trichloroethylene, its metabolites, and chlorination by-products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/110809.

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Behrani, Vikas. Oxidation Behavior and Chlorination Treatment to Improve Oxidation Resistance of Nb-Mo-Si-B Alloys. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/835300.

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