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Journal articles on the topic 'Chlorinated hydrocarbons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Huang, Li Kun, and Guang Zhi Wang. "Study on Species and Distribution of Volatile Organic Compounds in WWTP." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2035.

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This study carried on a qualitative analysis on emission and distribution of VOCs and quantitative analysis on BTEX and chlorinated hydrocarbon emitted from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). At the same time, the variations of BETX and chlorinated hydrocarbon in three-phases in the biological treatment process in lab-scale were investigated. Results revealed that the low molecular weight hydrocarbon, BTEX (benzene, toluene, xylene) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorylene, tetrachloroethylene) were the main components of VOCs. Primary clarifier volatilized thirty-three species of VOCs, which was most in the WWTP. The remaining organic compounds in this unit belonged to refractory organics that was hardly decomposed by microbe. The more complex aromatic compounds in VOCs were detected.

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2

Doong, R. A., and S. C. Wu. "The Effect of Oxidation-Reduction Potential on the Biotransformations of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0396.

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Two batch experiments with acetate as the primary substrate and different combinations of chlorinated hydrocarbons as the secondary substrate were carried out to evaluate the effect of the redox potential of the environment on the biotransformations of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In both single and mixed contaminant(s) systems, biotransformations of 100 µg/L of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and carbon tetrachloride (CT) were observed, but that of 1,1,1-trichloroethane(1,1,1-TCA) was not observed within 108 days. Chlorinated hydrocarbons acted as electron traps and scavenged the electrons when they underwent reductive dechlorination. Adequate activity of free available electrons is necessary for chlorinated hydrocarbons to undergo reductive dechlorination. The environment with low redox potential has relatively strong electron activity and therefore facilitates the biotransformation of the chlorinated hydrocarbons more readily. Disappearance of 17 to 62 % and 22 to 99.9 % of the original concentration of PCE and CT were observed when the redox potentials of the microcosms were ranged from 225 to -263 mV and 188 to -263 mV, respectively. The viable count of microorganisms determined by the epifluorescence technique showed that higher concentration of primary substrate produced more biomass than lower concentration of primary substrate did, but the DNA content of the microbes was not a good biochemical indicator for the biotransformability of the chlorinated hydrocarbons. It is concluded that oxidation-reduction potential is the major factor controlling the biotransformation efficiencies of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In the case of in-situ biorestoration, proper control of redox potential of the environment will give a good result of remediation of the groundwater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons.

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3

Fan, Yanling, Zengjun Liu, Hefeng Xu, and Hongqi Wang. "Structure and Assembly Mechanism of Archaeal Communities in Deep Soil Contaminated by Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (July 25, 2023): 11511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151511511.

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Chlorinated hydrocarbons are typical organic pollutants in contaminated sites, and microbial remediation technology has attracted more and more attention. To study the structural characteristics and assembly mechanism of the archaeal community in chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, unsaturated-zone soil within 2~10 m was collected. Based on high-throughput sequencing technology, the archaeal community was analyzed, and the main drivers, environmental influencing factors, and assembly mechanisms were revealed. The results showed that chlorinated hydrocarbon pollution altered archaeal community structure. The archaeal community composition was significantly correlated with trichloroethylene (r = 0.49, p = 0.001), chloroform (r = 0.60, p = 0.001), pH (r = 0.27, p = 0.036), sulfate (r = 0.21, p = 0.032), and total carbon (r = 0.23, p = 0.041). Under pollution stress, the relative abundance of Thermoplasmatota increased to 25.61%. Deterministic processes increased in the heavily polluted soil, resulting in reduced species richness, while positive collaboration among surviving species increased to 100%. These results provide new insights into the organization of archaeal communities in chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated sites and provide a basis for remediation activities.

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4

Sallmén, Markku, Sanni Uuksulainen, Christer Hublin, Aki Koskinen, and Markku Sainio. "O2D.5 Risk of parkinson disease in solvent exposed workers in finland." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A19.2—A19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.51.

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Epidemiologic studies indicate that occupational exposure to solvents may increase risk of Parkinson disease (PD).We constructed a population-based case-control study of incident PD using a register of Reimbursement of medicine costs of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, along with the Population Information System, including census records for all Finnish residents. PD cases were diagnosed between 1995–2014. Controls were randomly selected from the population while matching on diagnosis year, birth year (1930–1950), and sex. A total of 11,757 PD cases and 23 236 controls had data from the occupational census in 1990, ensuring ≥4 years exposure lagging and 21 years of occupational history data (5 censuses from 1970–1990). We used the Finnish Job Exposure Matrix to assess cumulative exposure (CE) to four groups of solvents (aliphatic/alicyclic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, chlorinated hydrocarbon, other). We estimated PD-solvent odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using unconditional logistic regression, while adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status and smoking (a_OR), or additionally for CE to chromium and one of the other solvent groups (ab_OR).In total, 3758 cases (30.4%) and 7445 controls (32.0%) were potentially exposed to solvents (a_OR 0.99; CI: 0.94–1.05). Exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons was associated with PD (a_OR 1.20; CI: 1.05–1.36; ab_OR 1.21 CI: 1.04–1.40) at the highest CE group (20–145 ppm-years, n=409 cases and 728 controls) but not at lower CE levels. Overall, CE to chlorinated hydrocarbons (n=1840 cases and 3693 controls) was associated with increased risk of PD (p-for-trend=0.01). There was no evidence of a positive association for any of the other solvent groups.We observed a positive association between occupational exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons and risk of PD. This was especially true for greatest duration and/or level of exposure.

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5

GUPTA, A. K. "COMBUSTION OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS." Chemical Engineering Communications 41, no. 1-6 (April 1986): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448608911709.

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6

Huber, L. J. "Waste Water Treatment at the WACKER CHEMIE Chemical-Petrochemical Plant, Burghausen, F.R.G." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0119.

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Waste water treatment in larger chemical and petrochemical plants affords the application of all available technologies for pollution abatement. Elimination of conventional and priority pollutants down to low concentrations in the effluent is necessary in the F.R.G. for the protection of surface waters. Special care is directed at chlorinated hydrocarbons. The WACKER-CHEMIE plant at Burghausen which produces especially chlorinated and organic silicon compounds uses a great number of in-plant measures, pretreatment steps and finally a two-stage biological purification to attain a high effluent quality. Important in-plant measures comprise the perchlorination of all significant chloro-hydrocarbon residues and the conversion to tetrachloroethylene and the reclamation of hydrogenchloride in the production of vinylchloride. Waste waters from the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons are pre-treated by steam stripping or adsorbtion to macromolecular resins. Final treatment is effected by purification in a high rate activated sludge plant followed by an aerated lagoon.

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7

McCarty, Leslie P., Donal C. Flannagan, Scot A. Randall, and Keith A. Johnson. "Acute Toxicity in Rats of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Given via the Intratracheal Route." Human & Experimental Toxicology 11, no. 3 (May 1992): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719201100305.

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1 The approximate lethal dose (ALD) of six chlorinated hydrocarbons via the intratracheal route has been determined in rats and compared with published oral LD50 values. 2 The compounds tested in this study were dichloromethane, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and ethylene dichloride. 3 A method of administering the materials intratracheally to unanaesthetized animals was developed. 4 The intratracheal ALD of the chlorinated hydrocarbons ranged from 3.1 to 17.5% of the oral LD 50 and death was peracute. 5 Aspiration of chlorinated hydrocarbons may present more of a hazard than oral toxicity and should be considered when rendering first aid or emergency medical treatment.

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8

Li, Hui, Zhantao Han, Yong Qian, Xiangke Kong, and Ping Wang. "In Situ Persulfate Oxidation of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in Groundwater of North China Plain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152752.

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In situ injection of Fe(II)-activated persulfate was carried out to oxidize chlorinated hydrocarbons and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in groundwater in a contaminated site in North China Plain. To confirm the degradation of contaminants, an oxidant mixture of persulfate, ferrous sulfate, and citric acid was mixed with the main contaminants including 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) and benzene before field demonstration. Then the mixed oxidant solution of 6 m3 was injected into an aquifer with two different depths of 8 and 15 m to oxidize a high concentration of TCP, other kinds of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and BTEX. In laboratory tests, the removal efficiency of TCP reached 61.4% in 24 h without other contaminants but the removal rate was decreased by the presence of benzene. Organic matter also reduced the TCP degradation rate and the removal efficiency was only 8.3% in 24 h. In the field test, as the solution was injected, the oxidation reaction occurred immediately, accompanied by a sharp increase of oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and a decrease in pH. Though the concentration of pollutants increased due to the dissolution of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) at the initial stage, BTEX could still be effectively degraded in subsequent time by persulfate in both aquifers, and their removal efficiency approached 100%. However, chlorinated hydrocarbon was relatively difficult to degrade, especially TCP, which had a relatively higher initial concentration, only had a removal efficiency of 30%–45% at different aquifers and monitoring wells. These finding are important for the development of injection technology for chlorinated hydrocarbon and BTEX contaminated site remediation.

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9

MORI, Takaaki. "Toxicity of chlorinated cyclic hydrocarbons." Okayama Igakkai Zasshi (Journal of Okayama Medical Association) 98, no. 9-10 (1986): 809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4044/joma1947.98.9-10_809.

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10

MISHIMA, Satoko. "Separation Membrane for Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." Kobunshi 47, no. 12 (1998): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.47.892.

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11

Green, Alex E. S., John C. Wagner, and Ken J. Lin. "Phenomenological models of chlorinated hydrocarbons." Chemosphere 22, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(91)90270-n.

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12

Niewiadowska, A., J. Zmudzki, and S. Semeniuk. "Chlorinated hydrocarbons residues in poultry." Toxicology Letters 74 (August 1994): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(94)90362-x.

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13

Safe, S., and V. Krishnan. "Chlorinated hydrocarbons: estrogens and antiestrogens." Toxicology Letters 82-83 (December 1995): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03591-5.

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14

Gerhard, Ingrid, Bondo Monga, Joachim Krähe, and Benno Runnebaum. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Infertile Women." Environmental Research 80, no. 4 (May 1999): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1998.3890.

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15

Bond, Geoffrey C., and Nasser Sadeghi. "Catalysed destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons." Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 25, no. 4 (April 25, 2007): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5020250402.

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16

Luekittisup, Prapaporn, Visanu Tanboonchauy, Jitlada Chumee, Somrudee Predapitakkun, Rattanawan W. Kiatkomol, and Nurak Grisdanurak. "Removal of Chlorinated Chemicals in H2Feedstock Using Modified Activated Carbon." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/959012.

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Activated carbon (GAC) was impregnated by sodium and used as adsorbent to remove chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC) gases contaminated in H2feedstock. The adsorption was carried out in a continuous packed-bed column under the weight hourly space velocity range of 0.8–1.0 hr−1. The adsorption capacity was evaluated via the breakthrough curves. This modified GAC potentially adsorbed HCl and VCM of 0.0681 gHCl/gadsorbentand 0.0026 gVCM/gadsorbent, respectively. It showed higher adsorption capacity than SiO2and Al2O3balls for both organic and inorganic CHCs removal. In addition, the kinetic adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons on modified GAC fit well with Yoon-Nelson model.

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17

Sowieja, D., and M. Schaub. "Hydrochloric Acid Recycling from Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0401.

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Chlorinated hydrocarbons present a major ecological hazard since most of them are only poorly biodegradable. Incineration is an economical process for their destruction, however the usually recovered sodium or calcium chlorides do not present a value and their disposal may even be very costly. Recovery of hydrochloric acid may therefore present an economical solution, mainly where large quantities of highly chlorinated compounds can be processed.

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18

Setti, H. "Incinerator of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0365.

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Fifteen years ago our Company bought an old factory of chlorinated products. Later our Company found that solid chlorinated residues had been thrown in to a completely inadequate soil. After having determined the sites contaminated several solutions were thought through: artificial deposits, old granite mines, etc., none of them adequate. Finally the incineration process was chosen and approved by authorities. Today the installation is built and operates according to requirements.

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19

Ohura, Takeshi, Maki Morita, Masakazu Makino, Takashi Amagai, and Kayoko Shimoi. "Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Effects of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Chemical Research in Toxicology 20, no. 9 (September 2007): 1237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx700148b.

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20

Haas, Bettina S., and Reimer Herrmann. "Transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons between sewage and sewer atmosphere." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0476.

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Sewage containing volatile contaminants is a potential VOC-source in cities. Thus we tried to evaluate volatilization out of the sewerage system by measurements of contaminants in sewer gas and sewage. Our results from a medium sized town with little industry showed that sewer gas is mainly contaminated with alkanes, small aromatic compounds and chlorinated hydrocarbons. For three chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene) we determined mass transfer coefficients out of sewage and used these data to estimate mass fluxes from sewage and emissions out of the sewerage system for two sewer stretches. Considerable emission of chlorinated hydrocarbons from sewage, i.e. fluxes of some 10 to 100 g per m2·d, occurred only when the contaminant input via sewage was between some g and mg per litre for a single compound. For concentrations that were about 3 orders of magnitude less, emissions were negligible.

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21

Langenhoff, Alette A. M. "Bioremediation of areas polluted with chlorinated and non-chlorinated hydrocarbons." Land Contamination & Reclamation 17, no. 3 (November 1, 2009): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2462/09670513.962.

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22

Schröder, H. Fr. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Biological Sewage Purification – Fate and Difficulties in Balancing." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0223.

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The fate of some chosen chlorinated hydrocarbons in the biological sewage purification was determined. Fixed quantities (250 µg/l waste water) of the different volatile compounds such as chloroform, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, hexachloro-1, 3-butadiene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2, 3-trichlorobenzene, hexach lorobenzene, 2,4-dichlorophenol and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane were dosed into the aeration tanks of the pilot plants. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the inflow, waste air, effluent and excess sludge were extracted and tested for by GC/ECD. The results of these experiments were adapted with the results of recovery experiments. The balances of the low volatile and volatile compounds also had to be adapted by the means of correction factors because of condensation effects. For example more than 50 % of 250 µg/l water of chloroform or 1,2-dichlorobenzene escaped out of the open sampling bottles which were kept in a refrigerator during the sampling period of 24 hours. The balances of the non-volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons were reaching about 100%. The very hydrophilic and low volatile chloroform was found up to 16% in the waste air, 63% in the effluent and 21% adsorbed on sludge. The very lipophilic and non-volatile hexachlorobenzene was found up to 16% in the effluent and 74% adsorbed on sludge. No hexachlorobenzene was found in the waste air. Biochemical degradation was observed for some of these compounds. The behavior of the chlorinated hydrocarbons in biological sewage purification depended on their volatility and lipophilic property, and also the intensity of aeration and sludge loading has been of great importance. Balancing of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons should be done by spot sampling. Bottles for composite samples should be stored in the refrigerator during the sampling period and should be sealed.

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23

El-Sebae, A. H., F. E. Macklad, A. S. El-Bakary, K. S. El-Gendy, N. S. Ahmed, and S. A. Soliman. "Effect of Water Treatment on the Levels of Chlorinated Organics at Different Water Stations in the Vicinity of Alexandria, Egypt." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0015.

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The effect of water treatment processes on the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons(α, β, γ-HCH, DDE and P,P'-DDT) and chlorophenols(2,4-D; 2,3-D; 2,3,4-T; 2,4,5-T; 2,3,4,6-Tet. and PCP) collected from Bab-Shark and Abo-Hormos were analysed by GLC. The results showed that water treatment steps did not significantly reduce or remove HCH from the treated water. This was shown by the high HCH content in the treated water when compared with the raw water. However, other compounds, like DDE and P,P'-DET, were undetected after water treatment. The data of chlorophenols content showed that 2,4-D was slightly reduced by water purification, while the other chlorinated phenolic compounds were increased. Generally the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons and chlorinated phenolic compounds were within the permissible levels in the drinking water, according to WHO guidelines.

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24

Li, Hui, Zhantao Han, Xiangke Kong, Yanyan Wang, and Le Song. "Adsorption Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Chlorinated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Aquifer Medium." Water 15, no. 8 (April 14, 2023): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15081539.

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To determine the competitive adsorption characteristics and influencing factors of chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons on the aquifer medium, toluene, benzene, 1,2−dichloropropane, and 1,2,3−trichloropropane (TCP) were selected as typical pollutants for adsorption tests. The results showed that the adsorption process of pollutants on the aquifer medium conformed to the first−order kinetic and Henry linear model equation, and the adsorption capacity decreased in the order of toluene, benzene, 1,2−dichloropropane, and TCP. Benzene promoted the adsorption of toluene on the aquifer medium, while toluene reduced the adsorption of benzene conversely. 1,2−dichloropropane restrained the adsorption of TCP, and TCP had no significant effect on the adsorption of 1,2−dichloropropane. The adsorption capacity of TCP on the aquifer increased with the concentration of toluene. TCP acted as a stimulus for the adsorption of toluene when the initial concentration of toluene was lower than 2 mg/L. In contrast, TCP served as an inhibitor for the adsorption of toluene on the aquifer medium. Furthermore, the adsorption of all pollutants increased with decreasing medium size. The promotion rates for aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons were 7.2~41.1% and 2.7~27.1%, suggesting that the promotion effect on aromatic hydrocarbons was stronger than that on chlorinated hydrocarbons. Natural organic matter (NOM) inhibited the adsorption of pollutants on the aquifer medium (especially for high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons), and the adsorption rate increased by more than 60% when OM decreased from 0.25% to 0.08%. Clay minerals improved the adsorption of organic pollutants in different compound pollution systems, and montmorillonite exhibited a stronger promoting effect than kaolin.

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25

Pietrzak-Fiećko, Renata, Michalina Gałgowska, Sylwia Bakuła, and Barbara Felkner-Poźniakowska. "Chlorinated hydrocarbons residues in milk fat of selected farm animals from the north-eastern part of Poland." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0011.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine and compare the concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons residues (DDT, DDE, DDD, γ-HCH) in the milk fat of selected species of farm animals. The experiment was carried out on cow’s, sheep’s, goat’s, and mare’s milk samples originating from different parts of north-eastern Poland. The samples were prepared using Röse-Gottlieb’s and Ludwicki’s methods. The determination of the compounds was conducted with gas chromatography. All tested samples contained the residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons. The results varied depending on the animal species as well as the places of sample collections. The highest content of γ-HCH and ΣDDT was determined in cow’s milk (22.75; 53.12 μg/kg of fat, respectively). The lowest level of γ-HCH and ΣDDT was observed in sheep’s milk (0.25; 5.94 μg/kg of fat, respectively). The content of chlorinated hydrocarbons did not exceed the maximum acceptable levels of these compounds.

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26

Ghelfi, G. "Disposal of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons through Incineration." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0376.

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27

Dunstan, R. Hugh, Mark Donohoe, Warren Taylor, Timothy K. Roberts, Raymond N. Murdoch, Jennifer A. Watkins, and Neil R. McGregor. "Chlorinated hydrocarbons and chronic fatigue syndrome." Medical Journal of Australia 164, no. 4 (February 1996): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb94161.x.

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28

NOGUCHI, Nobuyuki. "Studies on chlorinated hydrocarbons as pollutants." Okayama Igakkai Zasshi (Journal of Okayama Medical Association) 97, no. 3-4 (1985): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4044/joma1947.97.3-4_191.

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29

Fischer, B. "Receptor-mediated effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons." Andrologia 32, no. 4-5 (September 2000): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0272.2000.00397.x.

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30

Eder, Erwin. "Toxicology of C1–C3 chlorinated hydrocarbons." Chemosphere 23, no. 11-12 (January 1991): 1783–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(91)90026-a.

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31

Matthews, S. M., A. J. Boegel, S. F. Eccles, S. G. Homann, D. W. Rice, J. A. Loftis, M. C. Jovanovich, et al. "High-energy irradiation of chlorinated hydrocarbons." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 161, no. 1 (August 1992): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02034899.

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32

Autenrieth, Robin L., and Joseph V. Depinto. "Desorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons from phytoplankton." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10, no. 7 (July 1991): 857–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620100702.

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33

Scully, John. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons—Chloroethanes and Phosphoric Acid." Corrosion Science 36, no. 6 (June 1994): 1111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(94)90207-0.

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34

UREK, Gregor, Ana GREGORČIČ, and Andrej GARTNER. "An overview of arable soil contamination with residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons, copper and triazines for the period 1987 - 1996." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 75, no. 1 (March 15, 2000): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2000.75.1.15825.

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In order to determine the contamination of agricultural soil with residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons, copper and triazines, samples were taken in the years 1987 – 1996 from intensively cultivated arable soil (vineyards, orchards, potato fields, maize fields, vegetable fields) situated in the area of Gorenjska, Dolenjska, Štajerska, Prekmurje, Koroška and Primorska. In 1991, in order to establish the content of residues of some phytopharmaceutical products in lower soil layers, depth drilling was used to take samples from 50 cm thick layers situated in intensively cultivated areas (Groblje, Jablje) and extensively cultivated areas lying directly in the underground water area used as a source of drinking water in Primorska (the surroundings of Rižana). It was found out that the quantity of residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons in soil (arable soil) was constantly decreasing or that it was mostly negligible, that the problem of soil contamination with triazine residues was not manifested and that in all treated samples a rather large quantity of copper residues was found. In the drill holes from intensive production areas it became evident that the concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons were very low throughout the entire cross-section. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the subsoil of extensive production areas were negligible, however, on some places their residues were washed off all the way to the solid ground (rock). The quantities of triazine residues were negligible or hardly determinable and they were frequently found only in higher layers.

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35

Liu, Jialu, Xijun Gong, Shijun Song, Fengjun Zhang, and Cong Lu. "Heat-Activated Persulfate Oxidation of Chlorinated Solvents in Sandy Soil." Journal of Spectroscopy 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/578638.

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Heat-activated persulfate oxidative treatment of chlorinated organic solvents containing chlorinated ethenes and ethanes in soil was investigated with different persulfate dosages (20 g/L, 40 g/L, and 60 g/L) and different temperatures (30°C, 40°C, and 50°C). Chlorinated organic solvents removal was increased as persulfate concentration increase. The persulfate dosage of 20 g/L with the highest OE (oxidant efficiency) value was economically suitable for chlorinated organic solvents removal. The increasing temperature contributed to the increasing depletion of chlorinated organic solvents. Chlorinated ethenes were more easily removed than chlorinated ethanes. Moreover, the persulfate depletion followed the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics (kps=0.0292 [PS]0+0.0008,R2=0.9771). Heat-activated persulfate appeared to be an effective oxidant for treatment of chlorinated hydrocarbons.

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36

Zuas, Oman. "WHIM-3D-QSPR APPROACH FOR PREDICTING AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (June 17, 2010): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21650.

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The weighted holistic invariant molecular-three dimensional-quantitative structure property relationship (WHIM-3D-QSPR) approach has been applied to the study of the aqueous solubility (- log Sw) of chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds (CHC's). The obtained QSPR model is predictive and only requires four WHIM-3D descriptors in the calculation. The correlation equation of the model that is based on a training set of 50 CHC's compound has statistical parameters: standard coefficient correlation (R2) = 0.948; cross-validated correlation coefficients (Q2) = 0.935; Standard Error of Validation (SEV) = 0.35; and average absolute error (AAE) = 0.31. The application of the best model to a testing set of 50 CHC's demonstrates a reliable result with good predictability. Besides, it was possible to construct new model by applying WHIM-3D-QSPR approach without require any experimental physicochemical properties in the calculation of aqueous solubility. Keywords: WHIM-3D; QSPR; aqueous solubility; - Log Sw, chlorinated hydrocarbons, CHC's

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37

Wang, Xianli, Junfeng Wu, and Biao Liu. "Pressurized liquid extraction of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil samples using aqueous solutions." RSC Advances 6, no. 83 (2016): 80017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra13973f.

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38

Dang, Juan, Xiangli Shi, Qingzhu Zhang, Jingtian Hu, and Wenxing Wang. "Insights into the mechanism and kinetics of the gas-phase atmospheric reaction of 9-chloroanthracene with NO3 radical in the presence of NOx." RSC Advances 5, no. 102 (2015): 84066–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11918a.

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Ohura, Takeshi. "Environmental Behavior, Sources, and Effects of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.75.

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The environmental sources and behaviors of chlorinated 2- to 5-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs). ClPAHs are ubiquitous contaminants found in urban air, vehicle exhaust gas, snow, tap water, and sediments. The concentrations of ClPAHs in each of these environments are generally higher than those of dioxins but markedly lower than the concentrations of the parent compounds, PAHs. Environmental data and emission sources analysis for ClPAHs reveal that the dominant process of generation is by reaction of PAHs with chlorine in pyrosynthesis. This secondary reaction process also occurs in aquatic environments. Certain ClPAHs show greater toxicity, such as mutagenicity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity, than their corresponding parent PAHs. Investigation of the sources and environmental behavior of ClPAHs is of great importance in the assessment of human health risks.

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40

Fan, Yun, Haijun Zhang, Dan Wang, Meihui Ren, Xueping Zhang, Longxing Wang, and Jiping Chen. "Simultaneous determination of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in fly ashes discharged from industrial thermal processes." Analytical Methods 9, no. 35 (2017): 5198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay01545c.

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Zanini, Andrea, Marco Ghirardi, and Renata Emiliani. "A Multidisciplinary Approach to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Natural Attenuation at a Contaminated Site." Hydrology 8, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030101.

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This study evaluates the natural attenuation of chlorinated hydrocarbons as remediation action in a contaminated site downtown the city of Parma (Italy). To achieve this goal, a combination of new investigation methods (bio-molecular analysis, compound specific isotope analysis, phytoscreening) has been proposed. The approach (named circular multi step) allows to: fully understand the phenomena that occur at the study site, design new investigation activities, and manage best practices. Consequently, each step of the approach improves the conceptual and numerical models with new knowledge. The activities carried out at the study site allowed to detect a contamination of perchloroethylene in a large part of the city of Parma and, of main importance, underneath a kindergarten. The results of the study did not show significant natural attenuation of chlorinated hydrocarbons and that the detected contamination could refer to the same unknown contaminant source. Furthermore, the innovative phytoscreening technique was applied to assess the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons at the ground level. The plume spread was estimated through numerical modeling starting from potential contaminant sources. This study enhances the knowledge of groundwater flow and contamination in Parma and allows authorities to design new investigation/reclamation activities through management actions.

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de Duffard, Anna Maria Evangelista, and Ricardo Duffard. "Behavioral Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." Environmental Health Perspectives 104 (April 1996): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3432655.

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43

OHKUBO, Tadamichi, Sumio GOTO, Osamu ENDO, Tetsuhito HAYASHI, Etsuo WATANABE, and Hideaki ENDO. "Mutagenicity of Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons containing Oxygen." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 4 (1996): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.6.533.

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Evangelista de Duffard, A. M., and R. Duffard. "Behavioral toxicology, risk assessment, and chlorinated hydrocarbons." Environmental Health Perspectives 104, suppl 2 (April 1996): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.96104s2353.

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45

Gerhard, I., V. Daniel, S. Link, B. Monga, and B. Runnebaum. "Chlorinated hydrocarbons in women with repeated miscarriages." Environmental Health Perspectives 106, no. 10 (October 1998): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106675.

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Zhao, Tiantao, Zhilin Xing, Lijie Zhang, Yunru Zhang, and Yanhui Gao. "Biodegradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by Facultative Methanotrophs." Asian Journal of Chemistry 27, no. 1 (2015): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2015.18022.

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Taylor, P. H., and B. Dellinger. "Pyrolysis and molecular growth of chlorinated hydrocarbons." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 49, no. 1-2 (February 1999): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(98)00098-9.

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Crittenden, John C., Junbiao Liu, David W. Hand, and David L. Perram. "Photocatalytic oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water." Water Research 31, no. 3 (March 1997): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00267-9.

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Lahaniatis, E. S., W. Bergheim, D. Kotzias, and G. Pilidis. "Formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by water chlorination." Chemosphere 28, no. 2 (January 1994): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90119-8.

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Not Available, D. Wang, M. Piao, S. Chu, and X. Xu. "Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Polyvinylchloride Combustion." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001280009.

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