Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chlorinated compound

Academic literature on the topic 'Chlorinated compound'

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Published: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Chlorinated compound"

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Melo, Ricardo, Verónica Armstrong, Freddy Navarro, Paulo Castro, Leonora Mendoza, and Milena Cotoras. "Characterization of the Fungitoxic Activity on Botrytis cinerea of N-phenyl-driman-9-carboxamides." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7110902.

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A total of 12 compounds were synthesized from the natural sesquiterpene (-) drimenol (compounds 4 to 15). The synthesized compounds corresponded to N-phenyl-driman-9-carboxamide derivatives, similar to some fungicides that inhibit the electron-transport chain. Their structures were characterized and confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Compounds 5 to 15 corresponded to novel compounds. The effect of the compounds on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea was evaluated. Methoxylated and chlorinated compounds in the aromatic ring (compounds 6, 7, 12, and 13) exhibited the highest antifungal activity with IC50 values between 0.20 and 0.26 mM. On the other hand, the effect on conidial germination of B. cinerea of one methoxylated compound (6) and one chlorinated compound (7) was analyzed, and no inhibition was observed. Additionally, compound 7 decreased 36% the rate of oxygen consumption by germinating conidia.
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Xing, Bing-Han, Xuan-Xuan Zhao, Yu-Jun Qin, Pu Zhang, and Zhi-Xin Guo. "Ferric chloride–catalyzed deoxygenative chlorination of carbonyl compounds: A comparison of chlorodimethylsilane and dichloromethylsilane system." Journal of Chemical Research 44, no. 11-12 (May 14, 2020): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747519820910959.

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Deoxygenative chlorination of carbonyl compounds using the HMe2SiCl/FeCl3/EtOAc and HMeSiCl2/FeCl3/EtOAc systems has been systemically investigated. The HMe2SiCl-FeCl3 system showed the advantages of good substrate applicability, mild reaction conditions, simple operation, low cost, and easy availability of raw materials. Also, it provided a simple and efficient synthesis route for carbonyl deoxychlorination via a one-pot method. Using the HMeSiCl2/FeCl3/EtOAc system, the β-methylchalcone derivative could be obtained in good yields in addition to obtaining the chlorinated compound. Finally, two plausible reaction routes were proposed to describe the formation of the chlorinated compound and the β-methylchalcone derivative.
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Droste, Ronald L., Kevin J. Kennedy, Jingua Lu, and Mercedes Lentz. "Removal of chlorinated phenols in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1998): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0826.

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The dechlorination of chlorophenol (CP) compounds was investigated using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. A total of five trichlorophenols (TCPs) and a single dichlorophenol (DCP) were individually treated: 2,3,4-TCP; 2,3,5-TCP; 2,3,6-TCP; 2,4,5-TCP; 2,4,6-TCP; and 3,5-DCP. Synthetic wastewater composed of sucrose and acetic acid provided an alternate, readily biodegradable carbon source. Each chlorinated compound was concurrently fed to separate reactors. The parameters that were quantified include biogas composition, acetic acid concentration, COD, and VSS. The degree to which CPs were sorbed to the granular biomass in actively dechlorinating UASB reactors was found to be insignificant. CP compounds were able to be metabolized to mineral end products to a large extent at loadings where reactor performance was not impaired. Ortho chlorine atoms were most readily removed from CPs. CPs containing chlorine atoms in the para position were the most toxic agents with 2,4,5-TCP being the most toxic compound. Toxicity was reversible.
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Smith, Terrence J., Ross H. Wearne, and Adrian F. A. Wallis. "Characteristics of the Chlorinated Organic Substances in Filtrates from Bleaching of Oxygen-Delignified Eucalypt Kraft Pulp." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1994): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0702.

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Oxygen-delignified kraft pulps from mature and young eucalypt woods were bleached with sequences involving chlorine (C), chlorine dioxide (D) and alkali-oxygen (EO). The bleaching filtrates were analysed for chlorinated organic compounds by gas chromatography with the use of a mass selective detector. Chlorinated compounds found included a range of chlorinated phenols, neutral compounds, aliphatic acids and phenolic acids. A total of 41 chlorinated phenols were identified, mostly in the filtrates following chlorination {(EO)[C]} and only few in the (EO)[D] filtrates. 2-Chlorosyringaldehyde was the only significant chlorinated phenol obtained after D-prebleaching. There was no indication of differences in the types of chlorinated phenols obtained from the mature and young eucalypt samples, although there were higher levels of phenols in filtrates from the younger wood sample. The dominant chlorinated neutral compounds found in the filtrates were chloroform, chloroacetones and chlorodimethylsulfones. Most chloroform and chloroacetones were found in the C-stage filtrates, while chlorodimethylsulfones were found in both C and D-stage filtrates to the same extent. An abundant compound with probable molecular formula C5H3ClO3 was also in the neutral fraction. The chloroacetic acids were the only aliphatic acids detected and were found in all filtrates examined. A method for the analysis of chlorinated phenolic acids involving sequential acetylation and methylation of the extracts was devised. Three chlorinated phenolic acids were identified in the filtrates as their methyl ester acetates. The total amount of chlorinated compounds analysed was consistently higher in the young eucalypt sample than in the mature sample, and correlated well with the generic parameters AOX and EOX. High molar mass (HMM) solids prepared from the C(EO) bleaching filtrates by ultrafiltration had higher chlorine contents than those from the D(EO) bleaching filtrates. Apparent molecular mass distributions of the HMM solids determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography were dependent on the method of detection.
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Koo, Man H., Min J. Kim, Jae E. Seo, Ji H. Kim, Se J. Han, Il C. Kim, Jun H. Lee, and Ui J. Youn. "A New Chlorinated Phenolic Compound From the Antarctic Lichen, Pertusaria dactylina." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 3 (March 2020): 1934578X2090288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20902886.

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A new chlorinated phenolic compound, methyl-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-pentylbenzoate (1) and 4 known compounds (2-5) were isolated from the Antarctic lichen, Pertusaria dactylina ( Pertusariaceae). The structure of the new compound was determined by means of One-dimensional and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR) and high-resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (HRFABMS) experiments. The antimicrobial activities of compounds 1 to 5 against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were evaluated. The results showed that compound 1 exhibited a weak inhibitory effect against C. albicans with an IC50 value of 67 ± 7 μg/mL.
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Lu, C. J., and Y. H. Tsai. "The Effects of a Secondary Carbon Source on the Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Compounds." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 7 (October 1, 1993): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0148.

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The effects of the addition of a secondary carbon source on the biodegradation of a chlorinated phenol were studied with a series of batch reactors. The biodegradability of chlorinated phenols was shown to follow the decreasing order: phenol > 2,4-DCP > 4CP > 2,4,6-TCP > 2CP > 3CP by the unacclimated microorganisms. The addition of a secondary carbon source may enhance or retard the biodegradation of a recalcitrant compound. The presence of a relatively easily biodegraded compound, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol, enhanced the biodegradation of a less chlorinated but recalcitrant compound, such as 2-chlorophenol. The enhancement of the removal efficiency of 2-chlorophenol was proportional to the concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Monochlorophenols, such as 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol or 4-chlorophenol generally retarded the biodegradation of the relatively more highly chlorinated phenols, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol or 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
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Konstantinov, Alexandre D., Andrea N. Johnston, and Nigel J. Bunce. "Successive photocyanation of highly chlorinated aromatic compounds." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 1366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-127.

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Successive photocyanation was found to be a general reaction when chlorinated aromatic compounds were photolyzed with sodium cyanide. The products were polycyanated hydroxychloro compounds with various degrees of chlorine replacement. Although the products from some substrates could be isolated, identified, and characterized, most reactions proceeded with low regioselectivity, which limits their synthetic potential. Quantum yields of substrate disappearance increased with the number of chlorine substituents on a substrate, and followed the expected relationship ϕ-1 is proportional to [CN-]-1. In some cases, ϕ depended also on the concentration of the chloro compound, indicating the involvement of excimers, although the major reaction channel appears to be SN2Ar*. Sensitization and quenching experiments established the triplet excited state to be reactive for all substrates tested.Key words: photocyanation, chlorinated aromatic compounds.
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Wagner, John C., and Alex E. S. Green. "Correlation of chlorinated organic compound emissions from incineration with chlorinated organic input." Chemosphere 26, no. 11 (June 1993): 2039–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90030-9.

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Lu, C. J., and S. J. Chen. "The Effects of the Secondary Carbon Source on the Biodegradation of Chlorinated Phenols in Biofilm Reactors." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0674.

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The effects of the presence of a secondary carbon source on the biodegradation of chlorinated phenols were studied with column biofilm reactors. The biodegradability of chlorinated phenols was studied with a series of batch reactors. The biodegradability of chlorinated phenols was to follow the order of phenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 4-chIorophenol > 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2-chlorophenol > 3-chloro-phenol. The presence of a relatively more biodegradable but higher chlorinated phenol, such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, enhanced the biodégradation of a less chlorinated butrecalcitrantphenol, such as 2-chlorophenol. The addition of phenol, an easily biodegradable compound, generally decreased the biodegradation of chlorinated phenols.
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Wacławek, Stanisław, Jaroslav Nosek, Lucie Cádrová, Vojtech Antoš, and Miroslav Černík. "Use of Various Zero Valent Irons for Degradation of Chlorinated Ethenes and Ethanes." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2015-0034.

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Abstract Amongst all of the reducing agents that can be used in environmental remediation, zero valent iron (ZVI) is one of the most common due to its environmental acceptance, high reaction rate, good availability, and long-term stability. Moreover, ZVI mobility, stability and reactivity can be enhanced by the application of a DC electric current, ie electrokinetics (EK). In the study, six various slurries containing different ZVI were tested for their efficacy for chlorinated ethenes and ethanes degradation. Chlorinated compound concentrations, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and conductivity were determined during the long-term kinetic test. Kinetic rate constants calculated for the degradation of three chlorinated ethenes (PCE, TCE and cis-DCE) concluded that EK brings substantial contribution to chlorinated compounds degradation. Nano-scale zero valent iron STAR had the highest reaction rates compare to the other ZVI tested. The performed study could serve as a preliminary assessment of various available ZVI before in-situ application.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chlorinated compound"

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Aeppli, Christoph. "Assessing the natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes in groundwater using compound-specific stable isotope analysis /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17829.

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Cichocka, Danuta. "Assessment of microbial transformation of chlorinated ethenes by compound specific isotope analysis and cultivation techniques /." Leipzig : UFZ, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017048800&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Slater, Gregory Franklin. "Constraining the fate of chlorinated ethenes in groundwater systems using stable carbon compound specific isotope analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58983.pdf.

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Brooks, George Patrick 1955. "Forced ventilation removal of chlorinated hydrocarbons in layered, unsaturated soil material: A laboratory evaluation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276975.

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Helium tracer experiments were conducted to characterize conservative tracer behavior in a wedge-shaped lysimeter containing alternating layers of unsaturated silty sand, and clay loam. Experiments were conducted with trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane to determine if air stripping in unsaturated soil could be characterized by mass transfer from the sorbed to the liquid to the vapor phase. Batch experiments were conducted to measure liquid--vapor mass transfer. Solid-liquid-vapor mass transfer was characterized by measuring the vapor phase re-equilibration after the air stripping experiment. The Discrete State Compartment model was used to simulate a conservative gas tracer. The results were compared to the helium tracer. Liquid-vapor, and solid-liquid-vapor mass transfer were modeled by fitting simulated data to experimental data. The conservative tracer, and mass transfer models were combined to simulate air stripping in unsaturated soil.
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Heckel, Benjamin Matthäus [Verfasser], and Elsner [Akademischer Betreuer]. "Investigating Mechanisms of Reductive Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Degradation with Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis / Benjamin Matthäus Heckel ; Betreuer: Elsner." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1198972688/34.

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BERTOLINI, MARTINA. "GROUNDWATER BIOREMEDIATION: MICROBIAL POPULATIONS INVOLVED IN CHLOROETHENES AND BTEX CONTAMINATED AQUIFER PROCESSING." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/809422.

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Groundwater plays an important role in water supply around the world. 2 billion of people use aquifers as drinking water. Consequently, contamination of groundwater has a great social and economic impacts. The use of organisms (microorganisms and plants) to remediate contaminated matrices, called bioremediation, is becoming more and more frequent. These techniques are cheaper than chemical and physical remediation techniques. Chloroethenes, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons are widely contaminant compounds because of their intensive use in industrial activity. It is possible to lower their concentration in the environment by means of microbial biodegradation in anaerobic and aerobic conditions. In this study, an aquifer (located near Porto Marghera, Venice, Italy) contaminated by a leaching from a former landfill was analyzed. The contamination comprised chlorinated solvents, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) and aliphatic hydrocarbons. In 1995, an intervention with a pump and treat reactor was installed. Due to low efficiency and high maintenance costs of the physic-chemical treatment, the installation of a biological treatment, based on two permeable reactive biobarriers, was planned. After preliminary characterization of the microbial community at the site in order to evidence the presence of natural microbial populations involved in decontamination processes, in February 2016 a first biobarrier was installed to stimulate bacterial anaerobic organohalide respiration to dechlorinate chloroethenes. The injection of a reducing substrate was set up to create strong reducing conditions to improve the activity of anaerobic bacteria. A second biobarrier was meant to stimulate bacterial aerobic biodegradation of BTEX and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Urea, ammonium phosphate and O2 were planned to be injected in the aquifer. Moreover, this treatment was also forecasted to be used for complete vinyl chloride aerobic biodegradation. In order to define the presence of organo-halide respiring bacteria at the aquifer, laboratory-based anaerobic microcosm study was set up. The effect of the biostimulation intervention (i.e., the addition of a reducing substrate) was also monitored in comparison with natural attenuation processes. Chlorinated ethenes were analyzed through gas-chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). At microcosms scale, the natural organohalide respiration activity was influenced by the presence of reducing substrate, showing an increase of dechlorination of highly chlorinated ethenes, with a concomitant accumulation of vinyl chloride. Landfill active microbial community composition was determined through Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing of cDNA from RNA extracted from groundwater samples. Active organo-halide bacteria were quantified by quantitative Real Time PCR (q-PCR). Phylogenetic bacterial biomarkers for Dehalococcoides, Geobacteriaceae, and functional biomarkers tceA and vcrA, coding for chlorinated ethenes reductases, were applied. The ability of aerobic biodegradation of vinyl chloride, BTEX, aliphatic hydrocarbons and chlorobenzene was studied by the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique and q-PCR of etnC and tbmD genes, coding for alkene and toluene-benzene monooxygenases, respectively. Once established the presence of bacterial natural attenuation activities for all the compounds, chemical and microbiological analyses were performed at field scale in order to monitor the efficacy of the bioremediation treatments. Moreover, the microbial community composition of anaerobic biobarrier was analyzed before and after 22 months of treatment, by 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing. Reducing substrate addition affected the microbial community composition at the site, causing an increase of fermentative bacteria, mainly belonging to Archaea domain, whereas typically recognized bacteria involved in organohalide respiration were not displayed. These data, along with a decrease in chlorinated solvents measured at the site, suggest a possible presence of a still unexplored biodiversity of OHR bacteria and further culturomics efforts will help to elucidate this. At the plume fringe in the aerobic part of aquifer, BTEX, chlorobenzene and aliphatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were characterized. Moreover, microbial consortia able to use vinyl chloride as sole carbon and energy form were selected, demonstrating the feasibility to remediate the site from the carcinogenic intermediate of organohalide respiration. The microbiological work carried out during this Doctorate, along with hydrogeochemical data, demonstrated that a bioremediation intervention could successfully decontaminate this historical and naturalistically important site. Since the beginning of 2020, a full-scale biobarrier plant has been established and it is expected to run for 30 years in order to completely remediate the aquifer.
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Audí, Miró Carme. "Compound Specific Isotope Analysis ((13)C, (37)Cl,( 2)H) to trace induced attenuation of chlorinated organic contaminants in groundwater." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145921.

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Chloroform (CF), tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are dense chloro-aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAH) extensively used as industrial solvents. These compounds have been largely released to the environment due to poor waste management. In this thesis, the effect of a ZVI-PRB installed at a field site contaminated mainly with PCE, TCE and cis-DCE was evaluated. Moreover, a novel strategy to degrade the recalcitrant CF -alkaline hydrolysis induced by concrete-based recycled construction wastes- was proposed and developed in order to test its efficiency in degrading this pollutant. Compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a valuable tool for monitoring an environmental treatment in the field, based on the isotope fractionation of an element during transformation reactions. Therefore, the general aim of this thesis is to use compound specific isotope analysis of 13C, 37Cl and 2H as a tool to assess both induced attenuation processes 1) chlorinated ethenes degradation by a ZVI-PRB installed at the field sited; and, 2) the proposed new remediation technique based on the use of concrete-based recycled construction wastes to degrade chloroform (CF) by alkaline hydrolysis applied at a site contaminated by this pollutant. First, laboratory experiments were conducted to study both ZVI and concrete effects on the chlorinated ethenes and the chloroform, respectively. ZVI experiments yielded carbon isotope fractionation values of the chlorinated ethenes degradation by the specific ZVI used in the field application, as well as, the first chlorine isotope fractionation values of TCE and cis-DCE associated to this reaction. Two promising approaches to discriminate the abiotic ZVI degradation versus biotic degradation present at the field site were brought forward 1) the dual isotope C-Cl approach, which distinguished slopes 4 times lower than for biodegradation of cis-DCE by the commercially available Dehalococcoides-containing culture mixed culture KB-1; and 2) the product-specific carbon isotope fractionation that showed a 10‰ difference between those products coming from β-dichloroelimination and hydrogenolysis reactions. Concrete experiments with CF achieved a 95% CF degradation after 28 d, accompanied by a significant carbon isotope fractionation. The carbon isotopic fractionation associated with alkaline hydrolysis of CF was -53±3‰. The obtained laboratory data permitted the assessment of the respective induced degradation treatments applied at the field site. At the site with the ZVI-PRB treatment, both, occurrence of biodegradation and degradation by ZVI-PRB were evidenced by means of detected metabolites and 13C data, with quantitative estimates of ZVI-PRB efficiency of less than 10% and 2% for PCE and cis-DCE, respectively. Dual element 13C-37Cl isotope plots confirmed that the effect of the ZVI-PRB was masked by biodegradation. Based on carbon isotopes data, 49% and almost 100% of PCE and TCE, respectively, were estimated to be removed by biodegradation. Finally the combination of 2H with 13C and 37Cl discriminated two different sources of contamination spilled from the same industry. This indicates the potential of δ2H to discriminate if a compound is of industrial origin, or whether it is formed as a daughter product during degradation. Regarding CF hydrolysis, field-scale pilot experiments were used to test the efficiency of the concrete-base recycled construction wastes to induce alkaline hydrolysis. The carbon isotopic fractionation obtained at the lab scale allowed the calculation of the percentage of chloroform degradation in the field-scale pilot experiments where alkaline conditions were induced in two recharge water interception trenches filled with concrete-based construction wastes. A maximum of approximately 30-40% of chloroform degradation was achieved. Although further research is required, the treatment of chloroform in groundwater through the use of concrete-based construction wastes is proposed. This strategy would also imply the recycling of construction and demolition wastes for use in value-added applications to increase economic and environmental benefits.
El chloroform (CF), el tetracloroetè (PCE) i el tricloretè (TCE) són hidrocarburs clor-alifàtics densos usats extensament com a solvents industrials. Aquests compostos s’han alliberat al medi degut a un tractament inadequat dels seus residus. En aquesta tesi, l’efecte d’una barrera permeable reactiva de ferro zero valent (BPR-FZV) instal•lada en un emplaçament contaminat majoritàriament amb PCE, TCE i cis-dicloretè (cis-DCE, subproducte de TCE) ha estat avaluada. A més a més, s’ha proposat i desenvolupat una nova estratègia per a degradar el CF, el qual és un compost recalcitrant, consistent en la inducció de la hidròlisi alcalina del CF mitjançant residus de construcció basats en formigó. L’ànàlisi isotòpic de compost específic (AICE) és una eina valuosa per al monitoreig d’un sistema de tractament medi ambiental, basant-se en el fraccionament isotòpic d’un element durant les reaccions de transformació. L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi és l’ús de l’anàlisi isotòpic de compost específic de 13C, 37Cl i 2H com una eina per a controlar els dos processos d’atenuació 1) la degradació dels eten-clorats mitjançant una BPR-FZV instal•lada en el camp; i, 2) la nova tècnica de remediació de CF proposada basada en l’ús de residus reciclats de la construcció per tal d’induir la hidròlisi alcalina del CF. En general, mitjançant la combinació dels isòtops de C, Cl i H, aquesta tesi aporta noves eines per discriminar la degradació dels compostos organoclorats d’estudi mitjançant FZV, respecte la biodegradació en el camp, així com també per a identificar fonts de contaminació d’origen industrial o de productes formats, entre d’altres aportacions. A més a més, el nou mètode proposat per a degradar el CF basat en la seva hidròlisi alcalina mitjançant l’ús de residus de construcció reciclats ha demostrat ser eficient en la degradació d’aquest contaminant, així com també, mitjançant l’ús de isòtops de carboni, ha demostrat funcionar en experiments pilot monitorejats a escala de camp.
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Pitkäaho, S. (Satu). "Catalytic oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds, dichloromethane and perchloroethylene:new knowledge for the industrial CVOC emission abatement." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2013. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526201672.

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Abstract The releases of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are controlled by strict regulations setting high demands for the abatement systems. Low temperature catalytic oxidation is a viable technology to economically destroy these often refractory emissions. Catalysts applied in the oxidation of CVOCs should be highly active and selective but also maintain a high resistance towards deactivation. In this study, a total of 33 different γ-Al2O3 containing metallic monoliths were studied in dichloromethane (DCM) and 25 of them in perchloroethylene (PCE) oxidation. The active compounds used were Pt, Pd, Rh or V2O5 alone or as mixtures. The catalysts were divided into three different testing sets: industrial, CVOC and research catalysts. ICP-OES, physisorption, chemisorption, XRD, UV-vis DRS, isotopic oxygen exchange, IC, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR and FESEM-EDS were used to characterise the catalysts. Screening of the industrial catalysts revealed that the addition of V2O5 improved the performance of the catalyst. DCM abatement was easily affected by the addition of VOC or water, but the effect on the PCE oxidation was only minor. Based on these screening tests, a set of CVOC catalysts were developed and installed into an industrial incinerator. The comparison between the laboratory and industrial scale studies showed that DCM oxidation in an industrial incinerator could be predicted relatively well. Instead, PCE was always seen to be oxidised far better in an industrial unit indicating that the transient oxidation conditions are beneficial for the PCE oxidation. Before starting the experiments with research catalysts, the water feed was optimised to 1.5 wt.%. Besides enhancing the HCl yields, water improved the DCM and PCE conversions. In the absence of oxygen, i.e. during destructive adsorption, the presence of water was seen to have an even more pronounced effect on the HCl formation and on the catalysts’ stability. In the DCM oxidation, the addition of the active compound on the catalyst support improved the selectivity, while the enhancing effect on the DCM conversion was only small. The high acidity together with the increased reducibility was seen to lead to an active catalyst. Among the research catalysts Pt/Al2O3 was the most active in the DCM oxidation. With PCE the addition of the active compound proved to be very beneficial also for the PCE conversion. Now Pt and Pd supported on Al2O3-CeO2 were the most active. The enhanced reducibility was seen to be the key feature of the catalyst in PCE oxidation
Tiivistelmä Klooratuille orgaanisille hiilivedyille (CVOC) on asetettu tiukat päästörajoitukset niiden haitallisten vaikutusten takia. Tästä johtuen myös puhdistusmenetelmien tulee olla tehokkaita. Katalyyttinen puhdistus on teknologia, jolla nämä usein vaikeasti käsiteltävät yhdisteet voidaan taloudellisesti tuhota. Käytettävien katalyyttien tulee olla aktiivisia ja selektiivisiä sekä hyvin kestäviä. Tässä työssä tutkittiin yhteensä 33 erilaista γ-Al2O3-pohjaista hapetuskatalyyttiä metyleenikloridin (DCM) käsittelyssä, niistä 25 testattiin myös perkloorietyleenin (PCE) hapetuksessa. Aktiivisina metalleina katalyyteissä käytettiin platinaa, palladiumia, rhodiumia ja vanadiinia yksin tai seoksina. Katalyytit jaettiin kolmeen ryhmään: teolliset-, CVOC- ja tutkimuskatalyytit. Aktiivisuuskokeiden lisäksi katalyyttejä karakterisoitiin ICP-OES-, fysiorptio-, kemisorptio-, XRD-, UV-vis DRS-, isotooppivaihto-, IC-, NH3-TPD-, H2-TPR- ja FESEM-EDS-pintatutkimusmenetelmillä. Koetulokset osoittivat, että vanadiini paransi teollisuuskatalyyttien aktiivisuutta ja selektiivisyyttä. VOC-yhdisteen tai veden lisäys paransi DCM:n hapettumista, mutta PCE:n hapettumiseen niillä ei ollut vaikutusta. Testien perusteella kehitettiin CVOC-katalyytit, jotka asennettiin teolliseen polttolaitokseen. Laboratoriossa ja teollisuudessa tehdyissä testeissä havaittiin, että DCM:n hapettuminen oli laboratoriokokeiden perusteella ennustettavissa. Sen sijaan PCE hapettui teollisuudessa aina paljon paremmin kuin laboratorio-olosuhteissa. Tämä osoittaa, että muuttuvat hapettumisolosuhteet vaikuttivat positiivisesti PCE:n hapettumiseen. Veden määrä syöttövirrassa optimoitiin 1,5 %:iin ennen tutkimuskatalyyttien testausta. Selektiivisyyden lisäksi vesi paransi DCM:n ja PCE:n konversiota. Hapettomissa olosuhteissa, ts. tuhoavien adsorptiokokeiden aikana, vesi paransi reaktion selektiivisyyttä HCl:ksi ja CO2:ksi vielä entisestään. Tämän lisäksi vesi lisäsi katalyytin stabiilisuutta. DCM:n hapetuksessa aktiivisen metallin lisäys paransi selektiivisyyttä, mutta sen sijaan vaikutus DCM:n konversioon oli hyvin pieni. Tulokset osoittivat, että aktiivisella DCM:n hapetuskatalyytillä tulee olla korkea happamuus ja hyvä pelkistyvyys. Pt/Al2O3 oli testatuista tutkimuskatalyyteistä aktiivisin. PCE:n hapetuksessa aktiivisen metallin lisäys paransi selektiivisyyden lisäksi huomattavasti myös konversiota. Katalyytin lisääntyneen pelkistymiskyvyn todettiin olevan keskeisin ominaisuus PCE:n hapettumisessa. Pt/Al2O3-CeO2 ja Pd/Al2O3-CeO2 olivat tutkimuskatalyyteistä aktiivisimpia
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Wiegert, Charline. "Application of two dimensional compound specific carbon-chlorine isotope analyses for degradation monitoring and assessment of organic pollutants in contaminated soil and groundwater." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad miljövetenskap (ITM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93923.

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Nearly 250,000 sites with past and present potentially polluting activities need urgent remediation within Europe. Major pollutants include organochlorines (OCls), e.g. chlorinated ethenes (CEs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), mainly used as industrial solvents and pesticides, respectively. Due to improper handling and disposal, OCls contaminants are present in the soil or groundwater surrounding sites, where they have been produced or used. CEs and HCHs can undergo degradation by microorganisms indigenous to the soil or groundwater. Therefore natural attenuation (NA), relying on the in situ biodegradation of pollutants, is considered as a cost effective remediation strategy, yet it requires accurate monitoring methods. Compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a powerful tool to provide information on the extent of degradation and, when combining two isotope systems (2D-CSIA), such as carbon (δ13C) and chlorine (δ37Cl), on reaction mechanisms. The diagnostic reaction-specific isotope enrichment factors (εC and εCl) were determined in laboratory experiments for the anaerobic degradation of PCE, TCE (Paper II) and α-HCH (Paper III) by mixed bacterial cultures enriched from CEs and HCHs contaminated sites, respectively. The related mechanism-specific εCl/εC ratios were calculated as 0.35 ± 0.11 (PCE), 0.37 ± 0.11 (TCE) and 0.52 ± 0.23 (α-HCH). These values are smaller than previously reported values for pure cultures. This is explained by the microbial community composition changes observed during degradation of PCE and α-HCH, which also reflect the variability of the microbial community at the field level. Furthermore, εCl/εC ratio might be bacteria specific. These values allowed the estimation of the extent of contaminant degradation at the respective study sites (Paper III and IV). Application of both isotope systems (δ13C and δ37Cl) led to comparable estimates. However the choice of representative ε values is crucial for an accurate assessment. These studies show that CSIA is useful to quantify in situ degradation of OCls contaminants and identify reaction pathways, by combining δ13C and δ37Cl.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Smith, Madelyn M. "Cometabolic Degradation of Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Aerobic Microorganisms Naturally Associated with Wetland Plant Roots." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1341854406.

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Books on the topic "Chlorinated compound"

1

Nunn, Arthur B. Gaseous HC1 and chlorinated organic compound emissions from refuse fired waste-to-energy systems. [Springfield, Va.]: NTIS, 1986.

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Nunn, A. B. Gaseous HCl and chlorinated organic compound emissions from refuse fired waste-to-energy systems. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Nunn, A. B. Gaseous HCl and chlorinated organic compound emissions from refuse fired waste-to-energy systems. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, 1986.

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IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Chlorinated drinking-water, chlorination by-products: Some other halogenated compounds, cobalt and cobalt compounds. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1991.

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Rochkind-Dubinsky, Melissa L. Microbial decomposition of chlorinated aromatic compunds. Cincinnati, Ohio: Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986.

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1953-, Wickramanayake Godage B., and Hinchee Robert E, eds. Natural attenuation: Chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press, 1998.

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1949-, Sayler Gary S., and Blackburn James W. 1950-, eds. Microbiological decomposition of chlorinated aromatic compounds. New York: M. Dekker, 1987.

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E, Hinchee Robert, Leeson Andrea 1962-, and Semprini Lewis, eds. Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents. Columbus: Battelle Press, 1995.

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Canada, Canada Environment Canada, and Canada. Health and Welfare Canada., eds. Chlorinated wastewater effluents. Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1993.

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Wolf, Kathleen A. Chlorinated solvents: The regulatory dilemma. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp., 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chlorinated compound"

1

Hunkeler, Daniel. "Use of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) to Assess the Origin and Fate of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." In Organohalide-Respiring Bacteria, 587–617. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49875-0_25.

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Agteren, Martin H., Sytze Keuning, and Dick B. Janssen. "Chlorinated aromatic compounds." In Environment & Chemistry, 351–471. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9062-4_6.

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Stringer, Ruth, and Paul Johnston. "Effects of chlorinated compounds." In Chlorine and the Environment, 187–216. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9813-2_8.

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Schraa, Gosse, and Alexander J. B. Zehnder. "Biodegradation of Chlorinated Compounds." In Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment, 278–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4660-6_30.

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Wischnak, Catrin, and Rudolf Müller. "Degradation of Chlorinated Compounds." In Biotechnology, 241–71. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527620951.ch10.

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Holmbom, Bjarne, and Leif Kronberg. "Mutagenic Compounds in Chlorinated Waters." In Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment, 278–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2989-0_36.

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Stringer, Ruth, and Paul Johnston. "Environmental behaviour of chlorinated compounds." In Chlorine and the Environment, 163–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9813-2_7.

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Sibi, G. "Microbial Degradation of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds." In Environmental Biotechnology, 219–39. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003272618-13.

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Reineke, Walter, Astrid E. Mars, Stefan R. Kaschabek, and Dick B. Janssen. "Microbial Degradation of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds." In Biotechnology for the Environment: Strategy and Fundamentals, 157–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0357-5_10.

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Hoekstra, Eddo J., and Ed W. B. Leer. "Natural Production of Chlorinated Organic Compounds in Soil." In Soil & Environment, 96–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2008-1_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chlorinated compound"

1

Chen, Weibin, Ariel Nunez Garcia, Elodie Passeport, Denis O’CARROLL, and Barbara Sherwood Lollar. "Compound Specific Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis Evaluation of Remediation of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds at a Sulfidated Nanozerovalent Injection Field Site." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.397.

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Sukhareva, Ksenia, Elena Mastalygina, Igor Mikhailov, Yurik Andriasyan, and Anatoly Popov. "Novel technology of butyl rubber chlorination and investigation of chlorinated modifier content influence on vulcanizing characteristics of pure-gum compound." In THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (THE 6th ICTAP). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4973031.

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NOBBS, DENIS, and GLEN CHIPMAN. "CONTAMINATED SITE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS." In Proceedings of the Third Asia-Pacific Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812791924_0072.

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Luekittisup, Prapaporn, Tharaporn Yangyaim, Jitlada Chumee, Pongtanawat Khemthong, and Nurak Grisdanurak. "Breakthrough Study of Chlorinated Compounds Contaminated H2 over Modified-GAC." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_466.

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Zambotti, Giulia, Matteo Falasconi, Andrea Ponzoni, Dario Zappa, and Veronica Sberveglieri. "Detection of chlorinated compounds in ground water by a novel electronic nose." In 2015 XVIII AISEM Annual Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aisem.2015.7066847.

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Griffin, Jeffrey W., Bradley S. Matson, Khris B. Olsen, Thomas C. Kiefer, and Connor J. Flynn. "Fiber Optic Spectrochemical Emission Sensors: A Detector For Chlorinated And Fluorinated Compounds." In OE/FIBERS '89, edited by Robert A. Lieberman and Marek T. Wlodarczyk. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.963178.

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Masho, R., and C. Tohyama. "Risk analysis of persistent chlorinated organic compounds, dioxins and PCBs in Japan." In Environmental Health Risk 2003. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ehr030181.

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Ishimori, Yoshio, Koichiro Kawano, Tsutomu Shinozaki, Mitsuo Mouri, Takao Kase, Eiichi Tamiya, and Masaru Ishizuka. "Development of ecosensor for the continuous monitoring of environmental volatile organic chlorinated compounds." In Environmental and Industrial Sensing, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh and Stephanus Buettgenbach. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.456968.

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Zaitseva, N. V., T. S. Ulanova, T. V. Nurislamova, O. A. Maltseva, and T. V. Chinko. "BIOMARKERS OF ORAL EXPOSURE THROUGH DRINKING WATER N-NITROSAMINES, ALIPHATIC CHLORINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS." In 21st SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings 2021. STEF92 Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2021v/6.2/s25.03.

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Jiang, Nannan, Jun Yan, and Frank E. Löffler. "CRITICAL IMPACTS OF VITAMINS ON THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING AND FATE OF CHLORINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS." In 67th Annual Southeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018se-312665.

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Reports on the topic "Chlorinated compound"

1

Rossabi, J., and J. S. Haselow. Technology status report: Off-gas treatment technologies for chlorinated volatile organic compound air emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6996298.

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Rossabi, J., and J. S. Haselow. Technology status report: Off-gas treatment technologies for chlorinated volatile organic compound air emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10178038.

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Gu, B., and R. L. Siegrist. Alkaline dechlorination of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/419269.

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Chambers, Janice E. Structure-Activity Relationships of Chlorinated Alicyclic Compounds in Catfish. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada280927.

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Rossabi, J., B. B. Looney, C. A. E. Dilek, B. Riha, and V. J. Rohay. Passive remediation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds using barometric pumping. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10121169.

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Buttner, W. J., and R. D. Williams. Field-usable portable analyzer for chlorinated organic compounds. Topical report, September 1992--May 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/155160.

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Davis, William M., Jeff F. Powell, S. P. Miller, and Stanley M. Swartzel. SCAPS Investigation of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds in Groundwater at Building 525, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330050.

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Nichols, R. L., T. R. Jarosch, and K. M. Jerome. Characterization of Residual Chlorinated Organic Compounds in the Soil and Sediment at the Wilson`s Corner Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/630879.

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Jarosch, T. R., J. S. Haselow, J. Rossabi, S. A. Burdick, R. Raymond, J. E. Young, and K. H. Lombard. Final Report on Testing of Off-Gas Treatment Technologies for Abatement of Atmospheric Emissions of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/67669.

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Haselow, J. S., T. R. Jarosch, J. Rossabi, S. Burdick, and K. Lombard. Interim report on testing of off-gas treatment technologies for abatement of atmospheric emissions of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10132259.

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