Journal articles: 'Chloride induced corrosion'

1

Дронов and Andrey Dronov. "THE PROPERTIES OF PITTING CORROSION OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 2, no. 3 (April 4, 2017): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24678.

Full text

Abstract:

Two types of steel reinforcement depassivation process: carbonation of concrete and chloride penetration are considered in the article. The comparison between the corrosion due to carbonation of concrete and the chloride-induced corrosion was carried out. It was found out, that chlorides induced corrosion is potentially more dangerous than that resulting from carbonation. Method of durable tests of reinforced concrete structures under the action of the gravitational load and the corrosive chloride environment is described in the article. The results of experimental research on reinforced concrete structures with corrosive damages to steel reinforcement are given in the article. The properties of corrosion cracking in the case of the pitting corrosion were determined. The character of corrosive damage distribution along the reinforcement bars and its effect on the strength of reinforced concrete beams were determined.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Li, Weiwen, Yi Liu, Zhilu Jiang, Yiqin Fang, Nianrong Zhan, Wujian Long, and Feng Xing. "Chloride-induced corrosion behavior of reinforced cement mortar with MWCNTs." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 27, no. 1 (September 12, 2020): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2020-0029.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWC-NTs), as excellent mechanical and conductive fibers, for making self-sensing cementitious composites has attracted great interest. However, few researches have focused on the durability of mortar with MWCNTs. This paper attempts to explore the corrosion of embedded steel rebar in cement mortar with different contents of MWC-NTs. Tests for compressive strength, chloride migration coefficient, conductivity, and corrosion behaviors of MWCNT-cement mortar were carried out. The results show that the addition of MWCNTs to the cement mortar accelerated the development of the steel corrosion under chloride environment. The migration behavior of chlorine ions and steel corrosion rate were related to the carbon nanotube content. The increase in carbon nanotube content resulted in higher steel corrosion intensities. Moreover, the rates of chloride transport into the mortar increased with the nanotube content under both accelerated and natural chloride conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Dhir, R. K., M. R. Jones, and M. J. McCarthy. "PFA concrete: chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion." Magazine of Concrete Research 46, no. 169 (December 1994): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.1994.46.169.269.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Chalhoub, Chantal, Raoul François, and Myriam Carcassés. "A new approach to determine the chloride threshold initiating corrosion: Preliminary results." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819904003.

Full text

Abstract:

The initiation of corrosion by chlorides is traditionally based on the existence of a threshold that would lead to corrosion. Almost all existing approaches considered implicitly that corrosion induced by chlorides is uniform and take not into account the intrinsic localized character of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. This work aims to implement a new test protocol that takes explicitly into account the localized nature of chlorides-induced corrosion by inducing physical separation between anode and cathode thus permitting to measure the corrosion current. The anodic part allows to test different levels of chlorides and the cathodic part to highlight the ohmic (limiting ionic current by low porosity) and cathodic (restricting access to oxygen due to saturation of porosity, low porosity, dioxygen consumption by additions) control of corrosion. The chloride threshold is set on the basis of a threshold corrosion current that is considered acceptable with respect to the structure’s life. The first results provide a preliminary idea of the variation of corrosion rate in function of chlorides content. This method also highlights the influence of surface condition of the steel-concrete interface on the corrosion current.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Laoufi, Laïd, Mohamed Mouli, and Yassine Senhadji. "A Study of Natural Pozzolan Mortars Exposed to Chlorides as a Sustainable Building Material." Key Engineering Materials 650 (July 2015): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.650.105.

Full text

Abstract:

Reinforcement corrosion is caused either by chloride ions or carbonation, although chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion is the most widespread and serious problem. Moreover, the use of supplementary cementitious materials has been proposed in order to mitigate the durability problem, reduce the production costs and control the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This paper reports the results of a study conducted to investigate the influence of Algerian natural pozzolan on reinforcement corrosion in blended cement mortars exposed to chlorides. Compositions, with replacement levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30% of normal Portland cement by mass of cement by natural pozzolan, were investigated. The exposure solution contained a fixed concentration of 5% sodium chloride. The compressive strength, corrosion potential, corrosion current density, sorptivity, rapid chloride ion penetration, in accordance with the standard ASTM C1202-12, were determined in order to characterize the mechanical and electrochemical behavior of the mortars. It was found that the use of natural pozzolan had resulted in a significant decrease in the corrosion rate of rebars, better mechanical performances and also a resistance to penetration of chlorides ions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Cao, Zhong Lu, Makoto Hibino, and Hiroki Goda. "Effect of Nitrite Concentration and pH on Steel Corrosion Induced by Sulfate in Simulated Concrete Pore Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.911.

Full text

Abstract:

The effect of nitrite on steel corrosion induced by sulfate in three simulated concrete pore environments has been investigated by means of half-cell potential, linear polarization resistance and visual examination, as well as sulfate-induced corrosion is compared with chloride-induced corrosion. The results indicate that with the presence of nitrite, sulfate-induced corrosion can be inhibited effectively. Sulfate threshold level increases with the increasing of nitrite concentration and highly alkaline environment plays an important role in assisting nitrite to inhibit sulfate-induced corrosion. Chloride-induced corrosion is more prone to initiate than sulfate-induced corrosion in highly alkaline environment but in neutral environment, when nitrite content is equal to or less than 0.053mol/L, sulfate-induced corrosion is more likely to occur than chloride-induced corrosion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Truschner, Mathias, Jacqueline Deutsch, Gregor Mori, and Andreas Keplinger. "Cathodic and Anodic Stress Corrosion Cracking of a New High-Strength CrNiMnMoN Austenitic Stainless Steel." Metals 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10111541.

Full text

Abstract:

A new high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel with excellent mechanical properties was tested for its resistance to stress corrosion cracking. The new conventional produced hybrid CrNiMnMoN stainless steel combines the excellent mechanical properties of CrMnN stainless steels with the good corrosion properties of CrNiMo stainless steels. Possible applications of such a high-strength material are wires in maritime environments. In principle, the material can come into direct contact with high chloride solutions as well as low pH containing media. The resistance against chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking was determined by slow strain rate tests and constant load tests in different chloride-containing solutions at elevated temperatures. Resistance to hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking was investigated by precharging and ongoing in-situ hydrogen charging in both slow strain rate test and constant load test. The hydrogen charging was carried out by cathodic charging in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution with addition of 1 g/L thiourea as corrosion inhibitor and recombination inhibitor to ensure hydrogen absorption with negligible corrosive attack. Slow strain rate tests only lead to hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking by in-situ charging, which leads to total hydrogen contents of more than 10 wt.-ppm and not by precharging alone. Excellent resistance to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking in 43 wt.% CaCl2 at 120 °C and in 5 wt.% NaCl buffered pH 3.5 solution at 80 °C is obtained for the investigated austenitic stainless steel.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Østnor, T. A., and H. Justnes. "Anodic corrosion inhibitors against chloride induced corrosion of concrete rebars." Advances in Applied Ceramics 110, no. 3 (April 2011): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743676110y.0000000017.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Glass, G. K., and N. R. Buenfeld. "Chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 2, no. 4 (October 2000): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.54.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Park, Joon Woo, Ki Yong Ann, and Chang-Geun Cho. "Resistance of Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete to Chloride-Induced Corrosion." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/273101.

Full text

Abstract:

The corrosion resistance of steel in alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortar was evaluated by a monitoring of the galvanic current and half-cell potential with time against a chloride-contaminated environment. For chloride transport, rapid chloride penetration test was performed, and chloride binding capacity of AAS was evaluated at a given chloride. The mortar/paste specimens were manufactured with ground granulated blast-furnace slag, instead of Portland cement, and alkali activators were added in mixing water, including Ca(OH)2, KOH and NaOH, to activate hydration process. As a result, it was found that the corrosion behavior was strongly dependent on the type of alkali activator: the AAS containing the Ca(OH)2activator was the most passive in monitoring of the galvanic corrosion and half-cell potential, while KOH, and NaOH activators indicated a similar level of corrosion to Portland cement mortar (control). Despite a lower binding of chloride ions in the paste, the AAS had quite a higher resistance to chloride transport in rapid chloride penetration, presumably due to the lower level of capillary pores, which was ensured by the pore distribution of AAS mortar in mercury intrusion porosimetry.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Jaśniok, Mariusz, Maria Sozańska, Jacek Kołodziej, and Bartosz Chmiela. "A Two-Year Evaluation of Corrosion-Induced Damage to Hot Galvanized Reinforcing Steel B500SP in Chloride Contaminated Concrete." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 25, 2020): 3315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153315.

Full text

Abstract:

Corrosion-induced damage to concrete reinforced with bars is a serious problem regarding technical and economic aspects and strongly depends on used materials, corrosion environment, and service life. Tests described in this paper refer to a two-year evaluation of the effectiveness of protection provided by zinc-coated low-carbon reinforcing steel of grade B500SP in concrete against chloride corrosion. Performed tests were comparative and included measurements conducted on four groups of concrete test elements with dimensions of 40 mm × 40 mm × 140 mm reinforced with a bar having a diameter of ϕ8 mm. Particular groups were a combination of different types of concrete with or without chloride additives, with galvanized or black steel. Chlorides as CaCl2 were added to the concrete mix in the amount of 3% of cement weight in concrete. Reinforced concrete specimens were periodically monitored within two years using the following techniques: linear polarization resistance (LPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Polarization measurements were conducted in a three-electrode arrangement, in which a rebar in concrete served as a working electrode, stainless steel sheet was used as an auxiliary electrode, and Cl−/AgCl,Ag was a reference electrode. Comparative tests of changes in the density of corrosion current in concrete specimens without chloride additives basically demonstrated no development of corrosion, and possible passivation was expected in case of black steel. Higher densities of corrosion current were observed for galvanized steel during first days of testing. The reason was the dissolution of zinc after the contact with initially high pH of concrete pore solution. Six-month measurements demonstrated a higher density of corrosion current in concrete specimens with high concentration of chlorides, which unambiguously indicated corrosion in concrete reinforced with galvanized or black steel. Densities of corrosion current determined for selected specimens dramatically decreased after an 18-month interval in measurements. Corrosion was even inhibited on black steel as an insulating barrier of corrosion products was formed. The above observations were confirmed with structural studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Results obtained from corrosion (LPR, EIS) and structural (SEM, EDS) tests on specimens of concrete reinforced with steel B500SP demonstrated a very favorable impact of zinc coating on steel by providing two-year protection against corrosion in the environment with very high chloride content.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Liu, Xiao Chun, Jun Wei, and Zhen Yu Wang. "Use of Vibrating Wire Strain Gauges to Monitor Corrosion-Induced Deterioration of Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.357.

Full text

Abstract:

Steel reinforcement corrosion is always one of the most significant incentives of concrete structure deterioration, especially under severe chloride erosion environment. In order to describe the whole process of concrete deterioration induced by reinforcement corrosion, the mechanism of rust expansion and crack propagation in concrete was analyzed from the perspective of elastoplastic mechanics and fracture mechanics firstly, and experimental study was carried out to use vibrating wire strain gauges for monitoring corrosion-induced concrete deterioration process. The mechanism analysis of corrosion-induced concrete deterioration indicates that the degradation process of cover concrete can be divided into aggressive medium transmission process, free corrosive expansion process, corrosive expansion stress development process, corrosive expansion crack generation and propagation process, and vibrating wire strain gauges can be used to monitor corrosion-induced cover concrete stress development, crack initiation and propagation process along with the procedure of reinforcement corrosion. The test curve seems to be generally consistent with that of the theoretic analysis, and the signals captured by vibrating wire strain gauges can successfully reflect the durability degradation process of reinforced concrete structure under severe erosion environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Xu, Yunze, Limin He, Lujia Yang, Xiaona Wang, and Yi Huang. "Electrochemical Study of Steel Corrosion in Saturated Calcium Hydroxide Solution with Chloride Ions and Sulfate Ions." Corrosion 74, no. 10 (June 16, 2018): 1063–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2634.

Full text

Abstract:

The corrosion of Q235 carbon steel in the saturated calcium hydroxide solution containing chloride ions and sulfate ions are studied using electrochemical methods and wire beam electrode (WBE) sensor. The cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that localized corrosion was mainly induced by the adsorption of chloride ions on the passive film. When the passive film is intact, sulfate ions are not corrosive to the passive film and it can inhibit the pitting initiation caused by the chloride ions. However, the WBE test results indicate that once a stable pit has already formed, sulfate ions cannot mitigate the pitting corrosion, and it can further promote the propagation of the major anodic area. Through the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, it can be found that the addition of sulfate ions in the solution containing chloride ions will not result in the rise of the general corrosion rate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Zhang, Xiao Gang, and Jiao Wang. "Probabilistic Model of Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures Considering Coupling Effects of Influence Factors." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.740.

Full text

Abstract:

A probabilistic model of the chloride-induced corrosion process is provided in this paper. Based on the Third-moment method, the uncertainty of various influence factors and the coupling effects of them are concerned. Considering the corrosion process as a statistic process, the probability of corrosion initiation at certain time can be obtained. Moreover, the effect of micro-crack in chloride ingress is taken into account, too. Due to the results of stochastic analysis, the surface chloride concentration is the most important factor that affects the corrosion probability, while the thickness of concrete cover, chloride diffusion coefficient, environmental relative humidity, critical threshold chloride concentration, micro-crack rate, water-to-cement ratio and temperature are also important factors. And the Third-moment method is proved to be reasonable in the durability assessment of corrosion-induced concrete structure. The results in this paper can be used to predict the rest life of corrosion-induced concrete structures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Li, Weiwei, Weiqing Liu, and Shuguang Wang. "The Effect of Crack Width on Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3968578.

Full text

Abstract:

When subjected to loading or thermal shrinkage, reinforced concrete structures usually behave in a cracking state, which raises the risk of bar corrosion from the working environment. The influence of cover cracking on chloride-induced corrosion was experimentally investigated through a 654-day laboratory test on cracked reinforced concrete specimens exposed to chloride solution. The concrete specimens have a dimension of 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm and a single prefabricated crack at the midspan. When the percentage concentration of chloride ion (0.6%, 1.2%, 2.1%, 3.0%, and 6.0%) and crack width (uncracked, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mm) are taken as variables, the experimental results showed that the corrosion rates for cracked specimens increased with increasing percentage concentration of chloride and increasing crack width. This study also showed the interrelationship between crack width and percentage concentration of chloride on the corrosion rate. In addition, an empirical model, incorporating the influence of the cover cracking and chloride concentration, was developed to predict the corrosion rate. This model allows the prediction of the maximum allowable wcr based on the given percentage concentration of chloride in the exposure condition.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Khan, Muhammad Umar, Shamsad Ahmad, and Husain Jubran Al-Gahtani. "Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: An Overview on Chloride Diffusion and Prediction of Corrosion Initiation Time." International Journal of Corrosion 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5819202.

Full text

Abstract:

Initiation of corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to chloride exposures mainly depends on coefficient of chloride diffusion, Dc, of concrete. Therefore, Dc is one of the key parameters needed for prediction of initiation of reinforcement corrosion. Fick’s second law of diffusion has been used for long time to derive the models for chloride diffusion in concrete. However, such models do not include the effects of various significant factors such as chloride binding by the cement, multidirectional ingress of chloride, and variation of Dc with time due to change in the microstructure of concrete during early period of cement hydration. In this paper, a review is presented on the development of chloride diffusion models by incorporating the effects of the key factors into basic Fick’s second law of diffusion. Determination of corrosion initiation time using chloride diffusion models is also explained. The information presented in this paper would be useful for accurate prediction of corrosion initiation time of RC structures subjected to chloride exposure, considering the effects of chloride binding, effect of time and space on Dc, and interaction effect of multidirectional chloride ingress.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Li, Chao, Hong Hao, Hongnan Li, and Kaiming Bi. "Seismic Fragility Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Bridges with Chloride Induced Corrosion Subjected to Spatially Varying Ground Motions." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 16, no. 05 (April 27, 2016): 1550010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455415500108.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper studies the time-dependent seismic fragility of reinforced concrete bridges with chloride induced corrosion under spatially varying ground motions. The time-varying characteristic of the chloride corrosion current density and the uncertainties related to the structural, material and corrosion parameters are both considered in the probabilistic finite element modeling of the example RC bridge at different time steps during its life-cycle. Spatially varying ground motions at different bridge supports are stochastically simulated and used as inputs in the fragility analysis. Seismic fragility curves of the corroded RC bridge at different time steps are generated using the probabilistic seismic demand analysis (PSDA) method. Numerical results indicate that both chloride induced corrosion and ground motion spatial variations have a significant effect on the bridge structural seismic fragility. As compared to the intact bridge, the mean peak ground accelerations (PGAs) of the fragility curves of the RC bridge decrease by approximately 40% after 90 years since the initiation of corrosion. Moreover, the effect of ground motion spatial variations changes along with the process of chloride induced corrosion owing to the structural stiffness degradation. Neglecting seismic ground motion spatial variations may not lead to an accurate estimation of the lifetime seismic fragility of RC bridges with chloride induced corrosion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Angst, Ueli, Bernhard Elsener, Claus K. Larsen, and Øystein Vennesland. "Chloride induced reinforcement corrosion: Rate limiting step of early pitting corrosion." Electrochimica Acta 56, no. 17 (July 2011): 5877–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.124.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Li, Wei Hua, Xiang Zhuang Gao, Cong Tao Sun, and Hai Bing Zheng. "Research on Life Prediction for One Gravity Piered Wharf Based on the Regulated Reliability Index." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 1101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.1101.

Full text

Abstract:

The long-term behavior of concrete structure shows that the main cause of deterioration is reinforcement corrosion. One of the most aggressive exposure conditions for concrete is marine environment. What is worse, the structure mixed with sea sand. Under these conditions, chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion rate could be very high, often leading to reduction of the service life. This paper investigates long-term corrosive beams in the above-mentioned cases. Chloride distribution is analyzed. From Fick’s second law, the parameters for chloride diffusion can be obtained. Then, the service life of the concrete structure is predicted via empolying probability analysis. The characteristics of randomness (concrete cover, diffusion coefficient, surface chloride concentration and so on) have been taken into consideration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Zhang, Yue, Fangyan Lan, Mi Zhou, and Ke Wang. "Time Scale of Chloride-Induced Corrosion on Circular Section RC Linked Accelerated Test to Natural Corrosion." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 22, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6643650.

Full text

Abstract:

The time scale in accelerated decay is essential for studying the durability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures exposed to the chloride corrosion environment. An accelerated corrosion test (ACT) was carried out on RC specimens were conducted under different chloride concentrations and applied voltages, with the information of steel measured. A novel prediction model of the complete corrosion process is proposed to evaluate the time correlation between accelerated decay and natural corrosion. The corrosion process of RC is divided into two stages: corrosion initial stage and corrosion stage of reinforcement. For the first stage, the coefficient of circular section members is presented. For the second stage, the accelerated factor of the test for the natural environment is proposed based on the Arrhenius-type and Faraday’s law. It is calculated by making regressions among some values of parameters, while moving to natural corrosion are extrapolating. The accelerating effect of applied voltages increases in the low-chloride environment, which is better than that in the high-chloride environment. This study provides calibration of the time scale for laboratory tests to analyze the performance of RC structures after corrosion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Tofeti Lima, Thamara, and Ki Yong Ann. "Efficiency of Different Electrolytes on Electrochemical Chloride Extraction to Recover Concrete Structures under Chloride-Induced Corrosion." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (July 15, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6715283.

Full text

Abstract:

Chloride-induced corrosion is one of the main causes of concrete deterioration and imposes a challenge to sustainability. Traditional techniques to repair corroded structures consisted of basically removing the damaged area, which was either economical or sustainable. Therefore, electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) gained popularity for being an efficient nondestructive treatment applied temporarily to structures. On this line, this manuscript aims to raise the efficiency of ECE by an optimal decision of the treatment setup concerning the electrolyte choice. Three different electrolytes were tested, namely, tap water, calcium hydroxide, and lithium borate. Experimental results pointed to lithium borate as the most efficient electrolyte for extracting chlorides while calcium hydroxide was a better choice to repassivate the structure and even heal cracks, due to a possible electrodeposition of the electrolyte ions on the cement matrix. Thus, depending on the main goal of the treatment, different electrolytes achieve a better performance, which highlights the importance of pretreatment evaluation to see in which stage of corrosion damage is the structure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Zhou, Y., B. Gencturk, K. Willam, and A. Attar. "Carbonation-Induced and Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 27, no. 9 (September 2015): 04014245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001209.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Cramer, S. D., B. S. Covino, Jr., S. J. Bullard, G. R. Holcomb, J. H. Russell, M. Ziomek-Moroz, Y. P. Virmani, J. T. Butler, F. J. Nelson, and N. G. Thompson. "Prevention of Chloride-induced Corrosion Damage to Bridges." ISIJ International 42, no. 12 (2002): 1376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.42.1376.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Otsuki, Nobuaki, Marish S. Madlangbayan, Takahiro Nishida, Tsuyoshi Saito, and Melito A. Baccay. "Temperature Dependency of Chloride Induced Corrosion in Concrete." Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 7, no. 1 (February 26, 2009): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/jact.7.41.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Kassir, Mumtaz K., and Michel Ghosn. "Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforced concrete bridge decks." Cement and Concrete Research 32, no. 1 (January 2002): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00644-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Lan, Chengming, Muhuiti Tuerhan, Caiping Liu, Hui Li, and B. F. Spencer. "Monitoring of chloride-induced corrosion in steel rebars." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 53, no. 8 (August 30, 2018): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478422x.2018.1516539.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Chen, Dong, and Sankaran Mahadevan. "Chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion and concrete cracking simulation." Cement and Concrete Composites 30, no. 3 (March 2008): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.10.007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Dhir, R. K., M. R. Jones, and M. J. McCarthy. "Quantifying chloride-induced corrosion from half-cell potential." Cement and Concrete Research 23, no. 6 (November 1993): 1443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(93)90081-j.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Paul, Suvash C., and Gideon P. A. G. van Zijl. "Chloride-induced corrosion modelling of cracked reinforced SHCC." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 4 (September 2016): 734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2016.04.016.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Williams, Geraint, and Richard Grace. "Chloride-induced filiform corrosion of organic-coated magnesium." Electrochimica Acta 56, no. 4 (January 2011): 1894–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.09.005.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Choe, Byung Hak, Sang Woo Lee, Jong Kee Ahn, Jinhee Lee, and Tae Woon Lim. "Hydrogen Induced Cracks in Stainless Steel 304 in Hydrogen Pressure and Stress Corrosive Atmosphere." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.10.653.

Full text

Abstract:

The phenomena of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in 304 stainless steels was considered in a hydrogen pressure and stress corrosive atmosphere. Microstructures with chloride pits and stress corrosion cracks around the HIC were analyzed by SEM/EDS. Abnormal phase transformations induced by the hydrogen were analyzed using TEM and diffraction. In the hydrogen pressure atmosphere, pits and pores were observed on the surface of the 304 stainless steels. In addition, it was determined that Cl, an etchant component, was concentrated at a high concentration in the pits. SCC (stress corrosion cracking) was induced in the Cl atmosphere by stress caused by the abrasive embedded in the pits. It was assumed that the SCC mechanism is similar to HIC in that it occurs in the surface tensile stress and Cl atmosphere and is accompanied by grain boundary cracks similar to IGSCC (inter-granular SCC). The deformation induced phase transformation accompanied by planar slip should be related to the main cause of HIC in the hydrogen pressured atmosphere. Abnormal forbidden spots between the main diffraction spots were induced by the HIC in the hydrogen attacked area, where the microstructure was hardened. Understanding the HIC mechanism related to chloride corrosion can be used to assess the fitness of austenitic stainless steels for uses where there is a possibility of various susceptible cracking in hydrogen and chloride atmospheres.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Marano, Giuseppe Carlo, and Rita Greco. "Axial-Bending Interaction Diagrams of Reinforced Concrete Columns Exposed to Chloride Attack." Applied Mechanics and Materials 847 (July 2016): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.847.415.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper focuses on reinforced concrete columns load carrying capacity degradation over time due to chloride induced steel pitting corrosion. The structural element is exposed to marine environment and the effects of corrosion are described by the time degradation of the axial-bending interaction diagram. Because chlorides ingress and consequent pitting corrosion propagation are both time-dependent mechanisms, the study adopts a time-variant predictive approach to evaluate residual strength of corroded reinforced concrete columns at different lifetimes. Corrosion initiation and propagation process is modelled by taking into account all the parameters, such as external environmental conditions, concrete mix proportion, concrete cover and so on, which influence the time evolution of the corrosion phenomenon and its effects on the residual strength of RC columns.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Al-Bahar, Suad Khalid, Safaa M. Abdul Salam, and Adel M. Husain. "Diffusivity Resistance of Concrete Systems in Chloride Rich Environment for Corrosion Protection of Embedded Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.3.

Full text

Abstract:

Improving concrete performance and minimizing corrosion-induced deterioration of reinforced concrete structures are mandated Building Codes Practices and Specifications in arid regions such as the Arabian Gulf. Concrete structures resist corrosion due to the passivating properties of the hydrated cement around the steel reinforcement created by the high alkaline environment within the composite structure (pH > 12). However, the presence of chloride ions in the pore structure of the concrete destroys this passivating layer, which makes the steel reinforcement vulnerable to chloride-induced corrosion attack that accelerates degradation and deterioration of concrete structures. Corrosion activities-related tests such as Time-to-Corrosion Initiation (Modified ASTM G-109)6, and Corrosion Rate Test (Lollipop Test), can be effectively used to monitor the behavior of corrosion development, while chloride ingress characteristics tests such as Electrical Indication of Concretes Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration ASTM C-1202-91)7, and the Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration (AASHTO T 259-80)8, are applied to evaluate the rate at which chloride ions can diffuse through concrete to onset the time-to-corrosion initiation, which will impact the structure service life and compromise its sustainability. Efforts have been made by scientists to develop mathematical simulation models that predict the service life of the structure based on Ficks Second Law for semi-finite diffusion of chloride ions, concentrated at different concrete depths. The study concluded that mineral admixtures have contributed to the enhancement of concrete performance and its resistance to chloride diffusivity, as well when in combination with corrosion-inhibiting admixture such as calcium nitrite.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Hu, Sicong, Zheyan Wang, Yu Guo, and Gui Xiao. "Life-Cycle Seismic Fragility Assessment of Existing RC Bridges Subject to Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Marine Environment." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 12, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9640521.

Full text

Abstract:

Bridges in a marine environment have been suffering from the chloride attack for a long period of time. Due to the fact that different sections of piers may be exposed to different conditionals, the chloride-induced corrosion not only affects the scale of the deterioration process but also significantly modifies over time the damage propagation mechanisms and the seismic damage distribution. In order to investigate the seismic damage of existing RC bridges subject to spatial chloride-induced corrosion in a marine environment, Duracrete model is applied to determine the corrosion initiation time of reinforcing steels under different exposure conditionals and the degradation models of reinforcing steels, confined concrete, and unconfined concrete are obtained based on the previous investigation. According to the seismic fragility assessment method, the damage assessment approach for the existing RC bridges subject to spatial chloride-induced corrosion in a marine environment is present. Moreover, a case study of a bridge under two kinds of water regions investigated the influence of spatial chloride-induced corrosion on the seismic damage of piers and other components. The results show that the spatial chloride-induced corrosion may result in the section at the low water level becoming more vulnerable than the adjacent sections and the alteration of seismic damage distribution of piers. The corrosion of pier will increase the seismic damage probability of itself, whereas it will result in a reduction of seismic damage probability of other components. Moreover, the alteration of seismic damage distribution of piers will amplify the effect. Due to the fact that the spatial chloride-induced corrosion of piers may alter the yield sequence of cross section, it then affects the seismic performance assessment of piers. A method to determine the evolution probability of yield sequence of corroded piers is proposed at last. From the result, the evolution probability of yield sequence of piers in longitudinal direction depends on the relationship between the height of piers and submerged zone. Moreover, the height of piers, submerged zone, and tidal zone have a common influence on the evolution of yield sequence of piers in transversal direction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Osmolska, Magdalena J., Karla Hornbostel, Terje Kanstad, Max A. N. Hendriks, and Gro Markeset. "Inspection and Assessment of Corrosion in Pretensioned Concrete Bridge Girders Exposed to Coastal Climate." Infrastructures 5, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5090076.

Full text

Abstract:

The most common methods for detecting chloride-induced corrosion in concrete bridges are half-cell potential (HCP) mapping, electrical resistivity (ER) measurements, and chloride concentration testing, combined with visual inspection and cover measurements. However, studies on corrosion detection in pretensioned structures are rare. To investigate the applicability and accuracy of the above methods for corrosion detection in pretensioned bridge girders, we measured pretensioned I-shaped girders exposed to the Norwegian coastal climate for 33 years. We found that, even combined, the above methods can only reliably identify general areas with various probabilities of corrosion. Despite severe concrete cracking and high chloride content, only small corrosion spots were found in strands. Because HCP cannot distinguish corrosion probability in the closely spaced strands from other electrically connected bars, the actual condition of individual strands can be found only when concrete cover is locally removed. Wet concrete with high chloride content and accordingly low HCP and low ER was found only in or near the girder support zones, which can therefore be considered the areas most susceptible to chloride-induced corrosion. We conclude by proposing a procedure for the inspection and assessment of pretensioned girders in a marine environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Hollý, Ivan, and Juraj Bilčík. "Effect of Chloride-Induced Steel Corrosion on Working Life of Concrete Structures." Solid State Phenomena 272 (February 2018): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.272.226.

Full text

Abstract:

The reinforcing steel embedded in concrete is generally protected against corrosion by the high alkalinity (pH = 12.5 to 13.5) of the concrete pore solution. The structural degradation of concrete structures due to reinforcement’s corrosion has an impact on the safety, serviceability and durability of the structure. The corrosion of reinforcements in the construction of a transport infrastructure (especially bridges), parking areas, etc., is primarily initiated by chlorides from de-icing salts. When corrosion is initiated, active corrosion results in a volumetric expansion of the corrosion products around the reinforcing bars against the surrounding concrete. Reinforcement corrosion causes a volume increase due to the oxidation of metallic iron, which is mainly responsible for exerting the expansive radial pressure at the steel–concrete interface and development of hoop tensile stresses in the surrounding concrete. When this tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete, cracks are generated. Higher corrosion rates can lead to the cracking and spalling of the concrete cover. Continued corrosion of reinforcement causes a reduction of total loss of bond between concrete and reinforcement.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

AL-Ameeri, Abbas S., M. Imran Rafiq, and Ourania Tsioulou. "Influence of carbonation on the resistance of concrete structures to chloride penetration and corrosion." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928908001.

Full text

Abstract:

Chloride-induced corrosion of steel rebar embedded in concrete is one of the major concerns influencing the durability of reinforced concrete structures. It is widely recognized that the carbonation in concrete affects the chloride diffusivity and accelerates the chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion. However, only very limited studies have dealt with this issue in the literature. The presence of service load related cracks also affects the reinforcement corrosion. This study aims to investigate the potential impact of concrete carbonation on the chloride penetration resistance, and degree of corrosion, in RC structures subjected to service related microcracks. The experimental programme involves casting of concrete prisms (100 x 100 x 500 mm) with different water-cement ratios (w/c) of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 and with four different crack widths (0, 0.05-0.15 mm, 0.15-0.25 mm and 0.25-0.35 mm). These samples were exposed initially to accelerated carbon dioxide (CO2) environment and then exposed to the accelerated chloride environment. Carbonation depth, chloride penetration, and the degree of corrosion (using half-cell) were experimentally measured. The results indicated that (i): The depth of carbonation increases with the increase in crack width and w/c ratio, (ii) chloride penetration depth in concrete structures increases significantly due to the influence of carbonation and (iii) half-cell corrosion potential increases significantly when carbonated concrete samples are exposed to the chloride environment relative to the uncarbonated concrete samples.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Saravanan, P., S. Srikanth, S. Sisodia, and K. Ravi. "Investigation into the Incidence of Severe Rusting and Pitting Corrosion in Imported Hot-Rolled AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel Coils." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.618.

Full text

Abstract:

Metallurgical investigations were directed to probe into the incidence of inordinate rusting and pitting in imported AISI 430 grade hot-rolled ferritic stainless steel sheet coils. Visual examination, electron microprobe analyses (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) were concomitantly employed to investigate the problem. Studies revealed that the unprecedented degree of corrosion in ferritic stainless steel coils, during the short span of shipment time, was attributable to the ingress of sea water and its retention within the tight folds/ wraps of the steel coils during their shipment. The abundance of moisture and chloride (from the entrapped saline electrolyte) on the steel surface together with depleted O2 supply within the tight folds are presumed to have created conditions akin to an actively-corroding crevice, by way of passive film instability and its eventual breakdown on the stainless steel surface. As a consequence, the coils are believed to have suffered an accelerated and intensified chloride-induced corrosion attack and damage within the short span of shipment time. The investigations also revealed that the corrosive conditions were further exacerbated by the vulnerability and susceptibility of ferritic stainless steel to intergranular corrosion (IGC) due to its inherent sensitized condition. The paper thus throws light on an unusual precedent of chloride-induced corrosion in ferritic stainless steel and highlights the investigative metallographic work and corrosion failure analysis that led to above revelations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Du, Fengyin, Zuquan Jin, Chuansheng Xiong, Yong Yu, and Junfeng Fan. "Effects of Transverse Crack on Chloride Ions Diffusion and Steel Bars Corrosion Behavior in Concrete under Electric Acceleration." Materials 12, no. 15 (August 5, 2019): 2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152481.

Full text

Abstract:

Cracks greatly impact the durability of concrete structures due to their influence on the migration of chloride ions and the corrosion process of steel bars. This study investigates the effects of transverse cracks on chloride diffusion and the corrosion behavior of two types of steel bars (low carbon steel and corrosion resistant steel) in fly ash concrete with 1 kg/m3 solution-polymerized super absorbent polymer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to monitor the chloride-induced corrosion behavior of steel bars in concrete. The chloride profile around cracks was tested via chemical titration. The corrosion products diffusion area was photographed and measured to evaluate the influences of cracks on the corrosion degree of steel bars. Transverse cracks greatly influence the chloride ion transport. When their width is less than 0.15 mm, cracks exert little influence on both chloride diffusion and steel corrosion. When the crack width exceeds 0.15 mm, the chloride ion transmission coefficient is significantly improved and steel corrosion is accelerated. However, when the crack width exceeds 0.20 mm, this effect is gradually weakened. Based on the experimental data, a quantitative relationship between the crack width and the chloride ion transmission coefficient in electric acceleration was established.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Melchers, Robert E. "Long-Term Durability of Marine Reinforced Concrete Structures." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040290.

Full text

Abstract:

The sustainability of reinforced concrete is critical, particularly for structures exposed to marine environments. Chlorides are implicated in causing or accelerating reinforcement corrosion and potentially earlier expensive repairs, yet there are many older reinforced concrete structures in good condition for many decades despite very high chloride levels at the reinforcement. The reasons for this are reviewed briefly, together with recent experimental work that better defines the role of chlorides. One is initiation of reinforcement corrosion but only through localized pitting at air-voids in concrete at the interface with the steel reinforcement. These tend to be small or negligible for high quality well-compacted concretes. The other role for chlorides has been shown, in experimental work, to accelerate the long-term loss of concrete alkali material. On the other hand, a review of practical experience shows that what has been termed chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion often is not that at all, but is the end-product of factors that impair the protective nature of the concrete. As reviewed herein, these include poor compaction, physical damage to concrete cover, concrete shrinkage, and alkali-aggregate reactions. The various observations presented are important for the proper understanding, analysis, and design of durable reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride-rich environments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Valcuende, Manuel, Rafael Calabuig, Ana Martínez-Ibernón, and Juan Soto. "Influence of Hydrated Lime on the Chloride-Induced Reinforcement Corrosion in Eco-Efficient Concretes Made with High-Volume Fly Ash." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 5135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225135.

Full text

Abstract:

The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence that the addition of finely ground hydrated lime has on chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in eco-efficient concrete made with 50% cement replacement by fly ash. Six tests were carried out: mercury intrusion porosimetry, chloride migration, accelerated chloride penetration, electrical resistivity, and corrosion rate. The results show that the addition of 10–20% of lime to fly ash concrete did not affect its resistance to chloride penetration. However, the cementitious matrix density is increased by the pozzolanic reaction between the fly ash and added lime. As a result, the porosity and the electrical resistivity improved (of the order of 10% and 40%, respectively), giving rise to a lower corrosion rate (iCORR) of the rebars and, therefore, an increase in durability. In fact, after subjecting specimens to wetting–drying cycles in a 0.5 M sodium chloride solution for 630 days, corrosion is considered negligible in fly ash concrete with 10% or 20% lime (iCORR less than 0.2 µA/cm2), while in fly ash concrete without lime, corrosion was low (iCORR of the order of 0.3 µA/cm2) and in the reference concrete made with Portland cement, only the corrosion was high (iCORR between 2 and 3 µA/cm2).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Menéndez, Esperanza, Cristina Argiz, and Miguel Ángel Sanjuán. "Chloride Induced Reinforcement Corrosion in Mortars Containing Coal Bottom Ash and Coal Fly Ash." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121933.

Full text

Abstract:

Coal bottom ash is normally used as aggregate in mortars and concretes. When it is ground, its characteristics are modified. Therefore, the assessment of its long-term durability must be realized in depth. In this sense, an accelerated chloride ingress test has been performed on reinforced mortars made of Portland cement with different amounts of coal bottom ash (CBA) and/or coal fly ash (CFA). Corrosion potential and corrosion rate were continuously monitored. Cement replacement with bottom and fly ash had beneficial long-term effects regarding chloride penetration resistance. Concerning corrosion performance, by far the most dominant influencing parameter was the ash content. Chloride diffusion coefficient in natural test conditions decreased from 23 × 10−12 m2/s in cements without coal ashes to 4.5 × 10−12 m2/s in cements with 35% by weight of coal ashes. Moreover, the time to steel corrosion initiation went from 102 h to about 500 h, respectively. Therefore, this work presents experimental evidence that confirms the positive effect of both types of coal ashes (CBA and CFA) with regard to the concrete steel corrosion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Val, Dimitri V., and Pavel A. Trapper. "Probabilistic evaluation of initiation time of chloride-induced corrosion." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 93, no. 3 (March 2008): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2006.12.010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Kupwade-Patil, Kunal, and Erez N. Allouche. "Examination of Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Reinforced Geopolymer Concretes." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 25, no. 10 (October 2013): 1465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000672.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Minh, Ha, Hiroshi Mutsuyoshi, Hirotsugu Taniguchi, and Kyoji Niitani. "Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Insufficiently Grouted Posttensioned Concrete Beams." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 20, no. 1 (January 2008): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2008)20:1(85).

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Zhang, Juhui, and Moe M. S. Cheung. "Modeling of chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures." Materials and Structures 46, no. 4 (July 25, 2012): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9914-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Yin, R. C., A. H. Al-Shawaf, and W. Al-Harbi. "Chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking of furnace burner tubes." Engineering Failure Analysis 14, no. 1 (January 2007): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.01.002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Basheer, L., D. J. Cleland, and A. E. Long. "Protection provided by surface treatments against chloride induced corrosion." Materials and Structures 31, no. 7 (August 1998): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02480469.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Mangat, P. S., and B. T. Molloy. "Factors influencing chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement in concrete." Materials and Structures 25, no. 7 (August 1992): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02472256.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Dehwah, H. A. F., S. A. Austin, and M. Maslehuddin. "Chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in blended cement concretes exposed to chloride-sulphate environments." Magazine of Concrete Research 54, no. 5 (October 2002): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2002.54.5.355.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Chloride induced corrosion'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles