Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chloride

Academic literature on the topic 'Chloride'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Chloride"

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Lapina, E. A., S. A. Zverev, S. V. Andreev, and K. A. Sakharov. "Determination of chlorine-containing compounds in disinfectants using ion-exchange chromatography." Fine Chemical Technologies 18, no. 3 (August 2, 2023): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2023-18-3-254-264.

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Objectives. To develop a method for the determination of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate ions in solution; to determine the limits of detection and quantitation for ClO−, Cl−, ClO2−, ClO3−, and ClO4− ions; to evaluate the applicability of the developed method and its suitability for disinfectant analysis.Methods. Ionic chromatography using a conductometric detection system in isocratic elution mode.Results. The method developed for chromatographic determination of chlorine-containing ions can be used to quantify the content of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate ions. In isocratic elution mode at 7.5 mM NaOH and a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, the content of chlorine-containing ions can be determined with high sensitivity. The presented method does not require the use of expensive equipment for the ultrasensitive analysis of the studied compounds.Conclusions. A novel method for the simultaneous determination of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate ions in case of their combined presence is proposed. The technique can be used to carry out routine control of the content of these disinfectant components during use, increasing their effectiveness at the same time as managing associated toxicological risks.
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Gambardella, Mario, Santad Kongpricha, James J. Pitts, and Albert W. Jache. "Disproportionation of chlorine in hydrogen fluoride and related media." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 1828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-283.

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Chlorine can be made to disproportionate to chlorine monofluoride and chloride, taking advantage of Le Chatelier's principle in several different ways. It will disproportionate to form insoluble silver chloride and chlorine monofluoride when silver fluoride is present. It will disproportionate in a melt of alkali metal fluorides to form alkali metal chlorides and chlorine monofluoride. The alkali metal chlorides will react with hydrogen fluoride to regenerate the metal fluorides and hydrogen chloride. Chlorine will also disproportionate in hydrogen fluoride containing antimony pentafluoride to yield antimony pentafluoride adducts of chlorine monofluoride and of hydrogen chloride. These adducts are readily decomposed to yield the disproportionation products and the original antimony pentafluoride. Keywords: hydrogen fluoride, disproportionation, chlorine, waterlike, solvent system.
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Svenson, Doug R., Hou-min Chang, Hasan Jameel, and John F. Kadla. "The role of non-phenolic lignin in chlorate-forming reactions during chlorine dioxide bleaching of softwood kraft pulp." Holzforschung 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.017.

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Abstract The affect of phenolic hydroxyl groups on the reaction efficiency during chlorine dioxide pre-bleaching of a softwood kraft pulp was investigated. The removal of phenolic hydroxyl groups via pulp methylation did not adversely affect the chlorine dioxide bleaching efficiency or the amount of chlorate formed during exposure to chlorine dioxide. Ion analysis of the reaction systems revealed that the formation of chloride and chlorite ions during the bleaching process were very similar between the kraft and methylated kraft pulps. These results indicate that the kinetic rates of lignin oxidation by chlorine dioxide and its reduction products, chlorite and hypochlorous acid, are much faster than the rate of inorganic reactions leading to chlorate formation.
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Paun, Iuliana, Florentina Laura Chiriac, Vasile Ion Iancu, Florinela Pirvu, Marcela Niculescu, and Nicoleta Vasilache. "Disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution system of Bucharest City." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2021.102.

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Chlorine is widely used in Romania and all over the world as a disinfectant of drinking water. During the chlorination process, the natural organic matter and inorganic ions react with chlorine forming disinfection by-products (DBPs). The predominant organic disinfection by-products are trihalomethanes (THMs) while the main inorganic disinfection by-products are chlorate and chlorite ions. THMs were detected in all investigated drinking water samples from Bucharest distribution system with values from 27.8 µg/L up to 75.1 µg/L, which are below the maximum concentration value admitted by Romanian drinking water legislation of 100 µg/L. Chloroform constitutes the major component in total THMs concentration found in all tested drinking water. Chlorate and chlorite anions were not detected in any of the investigated drinking water samples. THMs concentration was correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), residual chlorine and chloride.
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Moore, Nathan, Shelir Ebrahimi, Yanping Zhu, Chengjin Wang, Ron Hofmann, and Susan Andrews. "A comparison of sodium sulfite, ammonium chloride, and ascorbic acid for quenching chlorine prior to disinfection byproduct analysis." Water Supply 21, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.059.

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Abstract This study compared 3 commonly used quenching agents for dechlorinating samples prior to disinfection byproduct (DBP) analysis under typical drinking water sampling conditions for a representative suite of chlorination byproducts. Ascorbic acid and sodium sulfite quenched the residual free chlorine to below detection within 5 seconds. Ammonium chloride did not quench the chlorine to below detection with up to a 70% molar excess, which agrees with published ammonium chloride-chlorine chemistry. With respect to the DBPs, ascorbic acid worked well for the trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, except for dibromoiodomethane, which exhibited 2.6–28% error when using ascorbic acid compared to non-quenched control samples. Sodium sulfite also worked well for the trihalomethanes (and performed similarly to ascorbic acid for dibromoiodomethane) and was the best performing quenching agent for MX and the inorganic DBPs, but contributed to the decay of several emerging DBPs, including several halonitromethanes and haloacetamides. Ammonium chloride led to considerable errors for many DBPs, including 27–31% errors in chloroform concentrations after 24 hours of storage. This work shows that ascorbic acid is suitable for many of the organic DBPs analyzed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection and that sodium sulfite may be used for simultaneous chlorite, chlorate, and bromate analysis.
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Kolmakov, Kirill A. "Reactions of aniline in acetic acid solutions containing cyanuric chloride and hydrogen chloride acceptors." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 85, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-129.

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Two reaction pathways in acetic acid solution containing cyanuric chloride, aniline, and some hydrogen chloride acceptors (triethylamine, sodium acetate, pyridine) were studied. Both aryl amination and acylation can be performed with high yields under proper reaction conditions. Contrary to the only known literature report on the reactions between carbonic acids and cyanuric chloride in the presence of a hydrogen chloride acceptor (triethylamine), it was established that acid chlorides are not formed. A scheme involving the replacement of chlorine atoms by acetate ion in the initial stage was proposed for the acylation of aniline promoted by cyanuric chloride.Key words: acetic acid, acylation, aniline, cyanuric chloride, aryl amination.
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Kang, Linda, Genevieve Lynch, Will Lynch, and Clifford Padgett. "Manganese(II) chloride complexes with pyridineN-oxide (PNO) derivatives and their solid-state structures." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 73, no. 10 (September 12, 2017): 1434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989017012038.

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Three manganese(II)N-oxide complexes have been synthesized from the reaction of manganese(II) chloride with either pyridineN-oxide (PNO), 2-methylpyridineN-oxide (2MePNO) or 3-methylpyridineN-oxide (3MePNO). The compounds were synthesized from methanolic solutions of MnCl2·4H2O and the respectiveN-oxide, and subsequently characterized structurally by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds arecatena-poly[[aquachloridomanganese(II)]-di-μ-chlorido-[aquachloridomanganese(II)]-bis(μ-pyridineN-oxide)], [MnCl2(C5H5NO)(H2O)]nor [MnCl2(PNO)(H2O)]n(I),catena-poly[[aquachloridomanganese(II)]-di-μ-chlorido-[aquachloridomanganese(II)]-bis(μ-2-methylpyridineN-oxide)], [MnCl2(C6H7NO)(H2O)]nor [MnCl2(2MePNO)(H2O)]n(II), and bis(μ-3-methylpyridineN-oxide)bis[diaquadichloridomanganese(II)], [Mn2Cl4(C6H7NO)2(H2O)4] or [MnCl2(3MePNO)(H2O)2]2(III). The MnIIatoms are found in pseudo-octahedral environments for each of the three complexes. CompoundIforms a coordination polymer with alternating pairs of bridgingN-oxide and chloride ligands. The coordination environment is defined by two PNO bridging O atoms, two chloride bridging atoms, a terminal chloride, and a terminal water. CompoundIIalso forms a coordination polymer with a similar metal cation; however, the coordination polymer is bridged between MnIIatoms by both a single chloride and 2MePNO. The distorted octahedrally coordinated metal cation is defined by two bridging 2MePNOtransto each other, two chlorides, alsotransto one another in the equatorial (polymeric) plane, and a terminal chloride and terminal water. Finally, complexIIIforms a dimer with two bridging 3MePNOs, two terminal chlorides and two terminal waters forming the six-coordinate metal environment. All three compounds exhibit hydrogen bonding between the coordinating water(s) and terminal chlorides.
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Strėlkutė, Asta, and Jolita Bradulienė. "CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE SOIL POLLUTED WITH BISHOPHIT USED IN WINTER AND ITS EFFECT ON HERBACEOUS PLANTS / CHLORIDŲ KONCENTRACIJA DIRVOŽEMYJE, UŽTERŠTAME ŽIEMOS METU NAUDOJAMU BIŠOFITU, IR POVEIKIS ŽOLINIAMS AUGALAMS." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 6, no. 4 (October 24, 2014): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2014.53.

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For road maintenance in winter, various chemical reagents, considering their physical and chemical properties, are chosen taking into account economic indicators. After a long winter season, large amounts of chemical reagents are used. During the winter season, dusting chlorides, first of all, fall on the roadway and a part of those reach roadsides where directly pollute the soil of the buffer zone and affect vegetation during the growing season. Chloride content in soil reduces the absorption of nutrients, which hinders the development of plants. It also has an effect on the metabolism of soil organisms, and therefore the loss of soil fertility. Due to high chloride content, land becomes unsuitable for plant growth. Studies used different concentrations (9 ml, 12 ml and 46 ml) of bishophit. Chloride concentration in soil extract has been determined applying the volumetric method and employing silver nitrate titration. It has been determined that the amount of chloride in the soil contaminated with 9 ml makes 89.21 mg/kg, 12 ml – 94, 25 mg/kg and 164.32 mg/kg. Kelių priežiūrai žiemą naudojami įvairūs cheminiai reagentai, kurie parenkami atsižvelgiant į ekonominius rodiklius, svarbios yra jų fizinės bei cheminės savybės. Esant ilgam ir snieguotam žiemos sezonui, naudojami dideli kiekiai cheminių reagentų, kurie, atšilus orams, pasklinda aplinkoje ir daro neigiamą įtaką. Žiemą barstomi chloridai pirmiausia patenka ant važiuojamosios kelio dalies, dalis chloridų patenka ant kelkraščių, kur tiesiogiai teršia pakelėse esantį apsauginės zonos dirvožemį bei vegetacijos periodo augaliją. Chloridų kaupimasis dirvožemyje – viena svarbiausių ekosistemoms kylančių fiziologinių grėsmių. Chloridų kiekis dirvožemyje sumažina maistingųjų medžiagų pasisavinimą ir tai trukdo vystytis augalams. Taip pat tai turi poveikį dirvožemio organizmų medžiagų apykaitai, ir dėl to mažėja dirvožemio derlingumas. Dėl didelio chloridų kiekio žemė tampa netinkama augalams augti. Tyrimams naudojama skirtingų koncentracijų (9 ml, 12 ml, 46 ml) bišofitas. Chloridų koncentracija dirvožemio ekstrakte nustatoma tūriniu metodu, titruoti naudojant sidabro nitratą. Nustatyta, kad chloridų kiekis 9 ml užterštame dirvožemyje yra 8,388 mg/kg, 12 ml – 10,197 mg/kg, 28,19 mg/kg.
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Novoselova, Alena, Vladimir Shishkin, and Vladimir Khokhlov. "Redox Potentials of Samarium and Europium in Molten Lithium Chloride." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 56, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 754–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2001-1110.

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Abstract The samarium (III)/(II) and europium (III)/(II) redox potentials in molten lithium chloride were measured using the direct potentiometric method in the temperature range from 923 to 1094 K. Glassy carbon was used as the indifferent working electrode, and the standard chlorine electrode as a reference. The total concentration of rare-earth chlorides dissolved in molten lithium chloride did not exceed 4.5 mol%.
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Chandrasekara Pillai, K., Tae Ok Kwon, Bo Bae Park, and Il Shik Moon. "Using RuO2 anode for chlorine dioxide production in an un-divided electrochemical cell." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 8 (April 1, 2010): 2151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.131.

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Chlorine dioxide is a well known powerful disinfectant. Although there are several chemical and electrochemical methods developed for on-line chlorine dioxide generation, the details are mostly confined as patents. We studied in this work the electrochemical generation of dissolved chlorine dioxide from an un-buffered solution of sodium chlorite and sodium chloride mixture in an un-divided electrochemical cell set-up with RuO2-coated-Ti anode and Pt-coated-Ti cathode under constant current mode. Various process parameters including feed flow rate (10 to 150 ml/min), feed solution pH (2.3 to 9.4), concentration of sodium chloride (0 to 170 mM), concentration of sodium chlorite (0 to 7.7 mM), and the applied current (100 to 1,200 mA) were optimized. Experiments were conducted by performing single pass experiments, with no circulation. The current efficiency and the power consumption were calculated for the optimized conditions, and compared with IrO2 electrode of our previous investigation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chloride"

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Johansson, Emma. "Organic chlorine and chloride in soil /." Linköping : Univ, 2000. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2000/arts210s.htm.

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Moldrzyk, Jan. "Využití vedlejších energetických produktů a dalších druhotných surovin pro výrobu alfa sádry." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226735.

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Thesis focus on the longterm research in an area of alpha gypsum production by non pressure method in chloride salt solutions production, which is researched by Institute od technology of building materials and components, Faculty of civil engineering for many years. The result of given research is non pressure equipment for alpha gypsum production. The scope of this research was to make a production of alpha gypsum more efficient through modification of the facility itself and through an optimalization of dehydration process. The scientific aim of this process was to compare an influence of dehydratation solutions of CaCl2, NaCl and KCl on the final product provided that molarity of solutions was at the same level.
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Obijeski, Todd James. "The effect of silver catalyst on the chloride-chlorate reaction." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10193.

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Hamilton, Hugh Gavin Charles. "Hydrolytic and associated reactions in molten zinc chloride-sodium chloride." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47462.

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Gardner, Thomas J. "Chloride transport through concrete and implications for rapid chloride testing." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5045.

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Johnson, Jessica Mary. "Chlorine production from anhydrous hydrogen chloride in a molten salt electrolyte membrane cell." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11246.

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Watari, Raku. "Electrochemical behavior of a liquid tin electrode in molten ternary salt electrolyte containing sodium chloride, aluminum chloride, and tin chloride." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104316.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 33-34).
One of the key limitations in the wide-scale adoption of mature renewable energy technologies is the lack of grid-level energy storage solutions. One important figure of merit in these battery systems is a high rate capability to match fluctuating demands for electricity. Molten salt batteries are an attractive option for stationary storage due to fast kinetics and good cycling capability, but high temperatures (>300 °C) limit available materials. In this thesis, the molten NaCl-AlCl3-SnCl2 electrolyte and liquid Sn electrode couple at 250 °C is investigated as part of the potential cell Na I NaCl-AlCl 3-SnCl2 I Sn for a lower temperature molten salt battery. An electrochemical study of the kinetics in the molten salt electrolyte and at the liquid Sn electrode-electrolyte interface is conducted using cyclic voltammetry and the galvanostatic pulse method. The liquid metal electrode is found to have suitably fast kinetics with an exchange current density of 92 mA/cm2. Parameters for a new Na+ conducting membrane are proposed, requiring an ionic conductivity of 0.056 S/cm, which would allow for a hypothetical Na I NaCl-AlC 3-SnCl2 I Sn battery to operate with an energy efficiency of 70%.
by Raku Watari.
S.B.
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Abdurrahim, Ali A. "Corrosion behaviour of welded joints within chloride and chloride/CO[2] environments." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2004. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19190/.

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Electrochemical measurements and metallographic studies were performed on welded carbon steel pipeline materials. Corrosion tests were performed within naturally chloride solution with and without CO[2] additions at ambient temperature. The pH within different environments, chloride solution alone and buffered chloride solution with CO[2] additions was measured at 6.3 +/- 0.3 and 6.2 +/-0.1 respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the corrosion behaviour (rates) of carbon steel welds using both traditional and novel electrochemical scanning techniques within two different chloride environments. Corrosion tests were conducted using DC steady state and scanning electrochemical techniques. These tests consisted of linear polarisation resistance (LPR), corrosion potential (Ecorr)} zero resistance ammetry (ZRA), cathodic polarisation (CP) and the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), which were used to semi-quantitatively assess the corrosion activity of the different microstructures, i.e., weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and parent plate (PP) respectively. Samples were freshly ground before exposure to the different aqueous chloride solutions. SVET was used during these investigations to evaluate preferential corrosion susceptibilities of weldments. SVET results were compared with results from (long term-immersion) DC-based electrochemical corrosion tests. SVET was found to be a sensitive technique with good resolution allowing differences in corrosion response to be determined within hours as compared to other corrosion tests that require several hours to days.
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Nyholm, Bethany Paige. "Resonance Raman intensity analysis of chlorine dioxide, nitrosyl chloride, and isopropyl nitrate in solution /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8496.

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Low, Wendy. "Chloride channels in epithelia." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68206.

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The outwardly rectifying chloride channel is found in most vertebrate cells however its physiological role is uncertain. Patch clamp, short-circuit current, and electronic cell sizing techniques were used to investigate the role of the outward rectifier in transepithelial chloride secretion and cell volume regulation, the two main functions that have been proposed for this channel in epithelia. Patch clamp studies of the human cell lines PANC-1 and T$ sb{84}$ showed that the chloride channel blockers IAA-94 and NPPB decrease the open probability of the outward rectifier, with half-maximal inhibition at 15 $ mu$M and 23 $ mu$M, respectively. At these concentrations the blockers did not affect cAMP-induced short-circuit current. They did inhibit the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) which occurs after hypotonic cell swelling, but only at much higher concentrations. Moreover, the commonly-used inhibitor DIDS, which blocks the outward rectifier in the 10-20 $ mu$M range, had no effect on the RVD when tested at 100 $ mu$M. The results indicate that the outwardly rectifying Cl channel does not mediate a significant fraction of transepithelial Cl secretion across T$ sb{84}$ cells. Although the data do not exclude a role for the outward rectifier in cell volume regulation, the selectivity and pharmacological properties of the swelling-induced anion conductance in T$ sb{84}$ cells is more similar to the ClC-2 channel than to the outward rectifier.
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Books on the topic "Chloride"

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Canada. Environmental Protection Programs Directorate. Technical Services Branch., ed. Vinyl chloride. Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service, 1985.

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., ed. Methylene chloride. [Cincinnati, Ohio]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1986.

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International Program on Chemical Safety., ed. Methylene chloride. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO, 1996.

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Fielder, R. J. Vinylidene chloride. London: HMSO, 1985.

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United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration., ed. Methylene chloride. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2003.

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Roland, Kozlowski, ed. Chloride channels. Oxford: Isis Medical Media, 1999.

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United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, ed. Methylene chloride. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2003.

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Organization, World Health, United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, and International Program on Chemical Safety., eds. Vinylidene chloride. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990.

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L, Henshaw John, and United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, eds. Methylene Chloride. Washington, D.C.]: United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2003.

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Davies, C. Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride. Sudbury: HSE Books, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chloride"

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Herber, R. H., and Floyd B. Baker. "Chlorine(Cl36 )-Labeled Thionyl Chloride, Silicon Tetrachloride, Boron Chloride, Germanium(IV) Chloride, and Phosphorus(III) Chloride." In Inorganic Syntheses, 160–62. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132388.ch44.

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Herber, R. H., and B. J. Masters. "Chlorine(Cl36 )-Labeled Deuterium Chloride: [Hydrogen-D Chloride (Cl36 )]." In Inorganic Syntheses, 155–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132388.ch43.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. "Chloride." In Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 131–34. Third edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151946-19.

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Keller, R. N., Therald Moeller, and J. V. Quagliano. "Tetrammineplatinum(II) Chloride: (Tetrammineplatinous Chloride)." In Inorganic Syntheses, 250–53. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132333.ch80.

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Xue, C., and V. Sirivivatnanon. "Chloride Penetration in Low-Carbon Concrete with High Volume of SCM: A Review Study." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 141–49. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_16.

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AbstractLow-carbon concrete (LCC) uses supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to partially replace cement as a method for reducing its carbon footprint. Previous laboratory and field studies had provided substantial support and experience for using LCC in marine structures, which are the most susceptible to chloride-induced corrosion. Some short-term test methods have provided reliable assessment of the ability of LCC to resist chloride penetration, but the long-term chloride penetration depends on a great many factors and thus could differ from the results obtained from laboratory tests. However, the lack of a correlation between the data from short-term and long-term tests has limited the use of abundant laboratory results for service life design of LCC. This study presents an overview of results obtained when LCCs were exposed to chlorides. The key outcome of this study is a broader synthesis of the available data regarding the relationship between the mix design and the performance of LCCs in various chloride environments, which helps find the possible correlation and fully appreciate the value of the short-term tests.
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Parshall, G. W., R. C. Stocks, and L. D. Quin. "Dimethylphosphinothioic Chloride and Dimethylphosphinous Chloride: (Chlorodimethylphosphine )." In Inorganic Syntheses, 191–93. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132463.ch42.

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Burg, Anton B., Ralph C. Young, and Chauncy Starr. "Anhydrous Chromium(II) Chloride (Chromous Chloride)." In Inorganic Syntheses, 150–53. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132340.ch40.

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Tarr, Betty Rapp, Harold S. Booth, and Albert Dolance. "Anhydrous Iron(III) Chloride (Ferric Chloride)." In Inorganic Syntheses, 191–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132340.ch51.

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Holmes, R. R., and H. Majewski. "Phosphorus(V) Chloride-Boron Chloride Complex." In Inorganic Syntheses, 79–81. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132388.ch24.

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Fischer, Torkel. "Cobalt Chloride." In Management of Positive Patch Test Reactions, 3–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55706-4_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chloride"

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Marshall, Mark, Joseph Messinger, and Helen Leung. "CHLORINE NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE HYPERFINE STRUCTURE IN THE VINYL CHLORIDE-HYDROGEN CHLORIDE COMPLEX." In 70th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2015.wj06.

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El Sayed, Mohamed, Michel Khammo, Mohamed Al Amri, Mona Al Hebshi, Hisham Mousa, Mahmoud Elwan, and Mahmoud Koriesh. "Comprehensive Approach for Tracing Back Potential Sources of Organic Chloride in Crude Oil." In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214188-ms.

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Abstract Organic Chloride is organic compound that have chlorine atoms as part of its chemical composition. Over the last four years, there has been continuous increase of number of research papers addressing the corrosion impact of organic chlorides in processes that includes high temperature like distillation towers. Where chlorine atoms start to detach and form free radicals in moisture wetting metal surfaces and result in severe corrosion of distillation towers. The Fact that led regulatory agencies to set a threshold number for maximum allowable content of organic chloride in crude beyond which crude is either not accepted or depreciated. That puts pressure on oil producers to maintain acceptable levels of organic chloride content. Companies working in Refineries are more familiar with organic chlorides than upstream operators are. Having the regulatory agencies pushing on setting limits on maximum allowable content of organic chlorides in crude. Now many operators are looking for a way to keep monitoring OC within limits and to define potential sources. Organic Chlorides rarely naturally exist in crude oil. That means there should be external source to contaminate crude such as chemicals used during the extensive operations in the oil field from drilling chemicals, stimulation, production, process, ETC. A leading example from Gulf of Suez, late 2021 a concern was raised on organic chlorides levels in crude of one of the prolific fields and the risk was to have negative impact on crude oil pricing. The risk would be dramatic on the large scale since all crude from different fields gather at the processing facilities then goes to same storage tank. An integrated Multidisciplinary in house task force team was formed to investigate the root causes for OC levels. The team reviewed MSDS of all chemicals consumed in all operations, qualified a Lab from Local Market for testing OC in crude Following ASTM D4929. Developed a comprehensive sampling and tracing strategy to be able to trace back to root causes. Over 5 Months of Monitoring, tracing and correlation between ongoing daily operations and OC levels. In addition to testing chemicals for OC. It was concluded that batches of organic solvent from one supplier are contaminated by OC. Contaminated Batches were quarantined and not used for daily operations. Another supplier was qualified for temporary supply of this type of solvent. As a result of the deep investigation a set of lessons learnt and recommended practices were generated and communicated with different disciplines for awareness and compliance to maintain OC levels manageable. Which in return saved operator company from the risk of depreciation of Crude oil price. Testing Chemicals with organic components are key for eliminating OC in crude and this should be done in Batch basis.
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Kupwade-Patil, K., T. J. John, B. Mathew, H. Cardenas, and H. Hegab. "Diffusion Analysis of Chloride in Concrete Following Electrokinetic Nanoparticle Treatment." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31153.

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Concrete is a highly porous material which is susceptible to the migration of highly deleterious species such as chlorides and sulfates. Various external sources including sea salt spray, direct sea water wetting, deicing salts and brine tanks harbor chlorides that can enter reinforced concrete. Chlorides diffuse into the capillary pores of concrete and come into contact with the rebar. When chloride concentration at the rebar exceeds a threshold level it breaks down the passive layer of oxide, leading to chloride induced corrosion. Application of electrokinetics using positively charged nanoparticles for corrosion protection in reinforced concrete structures is an emerging technology. This technique involves the principle of electrophoretic migration of nanoparticles to hinder chloride diffusion in the concrete. The re-entry of the chlorides is inhibited by the electrodeposited assembly of the nanoparticles at the rebar interface. In this work electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with equivalent circuit analysis was used to predict chloride diffusion coefficients as influenced by nanoparticle treatments. Untreated controls exhibited a diffusion coefficient of 3.59 × 10−12 m2/s which is slightly higher than the corrosion initiation benchmark value of 1.63 × 10−12 m2/s that is noted in the literature for mature concrete with a 0.5 water/cement mass ratio. The electrokinetic nanoparticle (EN) treated specimens exhibited a diffusion coefficient of 1.41 × 10−13m2/s which was 25 times lower than the untreated controls. Following an exposure period of three years the mature EN treated specimens exhibited lower chloride content by a factor of 27. These findings indicate that the EN treatment can significantly lower diffusion coefficients thereby delaying the initiation of corrosion.
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Melwani Daswani, Mohit, and Edwin S. Kite. "CHLORIDE DEPOSITS ON MARS: CHLORINE FROM THE SKY, OR CHLORINE FROM THE ROCKS?" In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285235.

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Themelis, Nickolas J. "Chlorine Sources, Sinks, and Impacts in WTE Power Plants." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3577.

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The principal sources of chlorine in the MSW feed to WTE power plants are food wastes (e.g., wheat, green vegetables, melon, pineapple), yard wastes (leaves, grass, etc.), salt (NaCl), and chlorinated plastics (mostly polyvinyl chloride). Chlorine has important impacts on the WTE operation in terms of higher corrosion rate than in coal-fired power plants, formation of hydrochloric gas that must be controlled in the stack gas to less than the U.S. EPA standard (29 ppm by volume), and potential for formation of dioxins and furans. Past Columbia studies have shown that the chlorine content in MSW is in the order of 0.5%. In comparison, chlorine concentration in coal is about 0.1%; this results in much lower HCl concentration in the combustion gases and allows coal-fired power plants to be operated at higher superheater tube temperatures and thus higher thermal efficiencies. Most of the chlorine output from a WTE is in the fly ash collected in the fabric filter baghouse of the Air Pollution Control system. This study examined in detail the sources and sinks of chlorine in a WTE unit. It is concluded that on the average MSW contains about 0.5% chlorine, which results in hydrogen chloride concentration in the WTE combustion gases of up to 600 parts per million by volume. About 45% of the chlorine content in MSW derives from chlorinated plastics, mainly polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and 55% from salt (NaCl) and chlorine-containing food and yard wastes. An estimated 97–98% of the chlorine input is converted to calcium chloride in the dry scrubber of the Air Pollution Control (APC) system and captured in the fly ash collected in the baghouse; the remainder is in the stack gas at a concentration that is one half of the U.S. EPA standard. Reducing the input of PVC in the MSW stream would have no effect on dioxin formation but would reduce the corrosion rate in the WTE boiler.
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Wei, Hai-Zhen, Anthony Williams-Jones, Shao-Yong Jiang, Xi Liu, and Jianjun Lu. "Chlorine isotope fractionation during metal-chloride complexation: Implications for metallogenic processes." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.10685.

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7

"Understanding Chloride Percentages." In "SP-102: Corrosion, Concrete, & Chlorides". American Concrete Institute, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/1608.

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"Chloride-Induced Corrosion." In "SP-102: Corrosion, Concrete, & Chlorides". American Concrete Institute, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/9986.

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9

Yang, Yucheng, Frank Fabian, Janice McKenzie, Kristyna Hyblova, and Qin Ma. "The Size Distribution of Cellulose Nanocrystals in the Variation of Acid-to-Microcellulose Crystals Ratio and Reaction Time Through Catalyzed Acid Hydrolysis." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23653.

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Abstract Literature has shown that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) which are produced through hydrochloric (HCl) acid hydrolysis catalyzed by inorganic chlorides can enhance the mechanical properties of organic polymers further than CNCs by pure HCl acid hydrolysis. The results have shown that the level of reinforcement may be negatively correlated to the dissociation constant of the inorganic chlorides. However, titanium tetrachloride’s dissociation constant is 1.3, lower than that of ferric chloride, 2.2, which is the lowest dissociation constant among the four inorganic chlorides that have been studied. Therefore, for this study, titanium tetrachloride was investigated along with ferric chloride. The only two variables in this study are reaction time and acid-to-microcellulose crystals (MCCs) ratio. The results of laser diffraction spectroscopy (LDS) show that the resultant solutions exhibit binomial size distributions which contain both MCCs and CNCs. At acid-to-MCCs ratio of 40 for ferric chloride, any increase in reaction time above 1.5 hours did not result in size reduction. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results of CNCs showed that the catalyzed hydrolysis did not change the molecular structure of MCCs. The color of CNCs varies with increasing reaction time, but, based on the FTIR and LDS results, the color is not an indication of CNCs’ size nor their chemical composition.
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Jenkins, David M. "THE ROLE OF CHLORIDE TYPE ON THE SYNTHESIS OF CHLORINE-BEARING AMPHIBOLES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-278132.

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Reports on the topic "Chloride"

1

Coughlin, J., D. David Best, and R. Robert Pierce. CHLORIDE WASHER PERFORMACE TESTING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/915111.

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Slaathaug, E. J. Chloride removal from vitrification offgas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95211.

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Suleiman, Ahmad, Marie Pender, and George Guilbault. Passive Piezoelectric Hydrogen Chloride Monitor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada585060.

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Counts, T. Calcium/Thionyl Chloride Battery Technology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada165657.

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LeRoy Whinnery, Steve Goods, George Buffleben, and Tim Sheppodd. Irreversible gettering of thionyl chloride. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/751011.

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Brockmann, J. E., D. A. Lucero, T. Romero, and G. Pentecost. Calibration of the On-Line Aerosol Monitor (OLAM) with ammonium chloride and sodium chloride aerosols. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10119574.

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Pierce, R. CHLORIDE REMOVAL FROM SIMULATED 3013 SOLIDS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895965.

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Naasz, B. Methyl chloride via oxyhydrochlorination of methane. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6305659.

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Naasz, B. Methyl chloride via oxyhydrochlorination of methane. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6666685.

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Lussiez, G., and L. Beckstead. Hydrolysis of ferric chloride in solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/426965.

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