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1

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine/chlorhexidine acetate." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1346 (April 2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113460-00039.

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2

Jafarzadeh, Hamid, Maryam Bidar, Sepideh Hooshiar, Mahboubeh Naderinasab, Mostafa Moazzami, Hossein Orafaee, and Neda Naghavi. "Comparative Study of the Antimicrobial Effect of Three Irrigant Solutions (Chlorhexidine, Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidinated MUMS)." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 13, no. 4 (2012): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1164.

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ABSTRACT Aim To compare the antimicrobial effect of 2% chlorhexidine, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and MUMS containing 2% chlorhexidine. Materials and methods All of the above irrigants were examined on Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Lactobacillus casei and E.coli. A total of 0.5 CC of each solution and 0.5 CC of McFarland solution bacterium were added to each examination tube. After 15, 30 and 45 minutes, colony count was performed for each tube. The difference in the number of bacteria indicated the effect taken by disinfectant material. Results MUMS containing chlorhexidine showed the antimicrobial properties just like chlorhexidine's effect against E.coli, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus casei in preventing these entire microorganisms to incubate. Sodium hypochlorite was not effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans incubated in 15, 30 and 45 minutes and Enterococcus faecalis in 15 minutes. Conclusion MUMS has antimicrobial properties similar to chlorhexidine. Clinical significance As MUMS containing chlorhexidine can transfer chlorhexidine through its own surfactant around apical area and it can open the dentinal tubules by its own chelator for more penetration of chlorhexidine, it may be a choice for canal irrigation. How to cite this article Bidar M, Hooshiar S, Naderinasab M, Moazzami M, Orafaee H, Naghavi N, Jafarzadeh H. Comparative Study of the Antimicrobial Effect of Three Irrigant Solutions (Chlorhexidine, Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidinated MUMS). J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(4): 436-439.
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3

Kunarti, Sri, Sukaton Sukaton, and Nadya Nathania. "The Number Of Lactobacillus acidophilus After Using Chlorhexidine 2%, Laser Diode (405 nm), And Combination Of Chlorhexidine 2% With Laser Diode (405 nm)." Conservative Dentistry Journal 9, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v9i2.2019.77-81.

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Background: Lactobacillus acidophilus is gram-positive bacteria that produces acids from carbohydrates and causing dental caries. Caries treatment is done by the cavitation of teeth which is preceded by cavity disinfection. The purpose of cavity disinfection is to kill microorganisms and reduce the risk of new carious lesions. Bacterial elimination can be done using chlorhexidine and laser. Chlorhexidine is widely used for cleaning cavities but cannot remove biofilms, tissue debris and has limited elimination of bacteria in the dentinal tubules. Another way to eliminate bacteria is using Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) which consists of photosensitizer and laser. Until now there has not been a single ingredient that is considered to cleanse the cavity thoroughly. There has been no research yet that examine the number of Lactobacillus acidophilus after using chlorhexidine 2%, laser diode (405 nm), and combination of 2% chlorhexidine with laser diode (405 nm). Objective: To compare the decreasing number of living Lactobacillus acidophilus after using chlorhexidine 2%, laser diode (405 nm), and combination of chlorhexidine 2% with laser diode (405 nm). Methods: A total of 24 samples of Lactobacillus acidophilus were divided into 4 groups: (I) chlorhexidine 2%, (II) chlorophyll photosensitizer and 75 seconds irradiation, (III) combination of chlorhexidine2%, chlorophyll photosensitizer, and 75 seconds irradiation. After treatment, the sample was incubated 48 hours and the colony count was calculated for each group. Results of the analysis were carried out by ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests with p <0.05. Results: The average number of group colonies (I) was 35.33 CFU/ml, (II) 16.83 CFU/ml, (III) 9.5 CFU/ml, (IV) 123.33 CFU/ml. Conclusion: The combination of 2% chlorhexidine with diode laser (405 nm) gives the least amount of living Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria compared with the administration of 2% chlorhexidine and laser diode (405 nm).
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4

Arief, Erry Mochamad, Noor Dina Binti Adnan, and Raja Azman Raja Awang. "The effect of chlorhexidine and triclosan on undisturbed plaque formation for 72 hours duration." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v9i1.225.

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Plaque control is the main method for preventing periodontal diseases. Chlorhexidineia a gold standard mouthrinse but it has a side effect which limits its use. Triclosanwhich does not have side effects was used to evaluate its efficacy againstchlorhexidine. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine andtriclosan on undisturbed plaque formation for 72 hours. Two groups, chlorhexidineand triclosan, respectively consists of 14 volunteers refrained from all mechanicaloral hygiene measures for the following 72 hours and rinsed instead twice daily for 1minute with 15 mL of either chlorhexidine or triclosan. The plaque accumulation wasassessed after 24, 48 and 72 hours using Modified Quigley-Hein Score. The medianplaque score between both groups on day 1 was not significantly different (p= 0.625),but the score on day 2 and day 3 were significantly different (p= 0.007 and 0.017respectively). The score between day 1 and day 3 on subjects using chlorhexidine wasnot significantly different (p= 0.109) unlike on subjects using triclosan (p= 0.003).The conclusion was chlorhexidine is more effective in controlling plaque formationcompared to triclosan.
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5

Andersen, F. Alan. "Note Regarding the Safety Assessment of Chlorhexidine, Chlorhexidine Diacetate, Chlorhexidine Digluconate, and Chlorhexidine Dihydrochloride." International Journal of Toxicology 18, no. 2_suppl (March 1999): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109158189901800209.

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6

Meto, Aida, Agron Meto, and Edit Xhajanka. "Microbiological Comparison of Royal Jelly and Chlorhexidine 0.2%." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i2.p123-126.

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the antibacterial property of royal jelly and chlorhexidine 0.2%. As a methodology, in our study, we used piastres in blood agar, where the holes in the agar field were made through a glass pipette, sterile "Paster", in a diameter of 7 mm. Used a bacterial culture of Streptococcus gr. D (Enterococcus faecalis) in a concentration of 105, which was distributed in sterile condition, using a sterile tampon, according to the method of diffusion in agar. As a result, we used a ruler for the measurement of inhibition areas: -in the royal jelly’s hole, the radius of inhibition resulted 14 mm, -in the chlorhexidine’s hole, the radius of inhibition resulted 20 mm. Based on the results obtained from our study, presented facts to use the royal jelly and chlorhexidine 0.2% in the dental practice. As a conclusion, we can say that the royal jelly contains important elements with antibacterial action compared to the chlorhexidine one.
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7

Meto, Aida, Agron Meto, and Edit Xhajanka. "Microbiological Comparison of Royal Jelly and Chlorhexidine 0.2%." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v7i2.p123-126.

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the antibacterial property of royal jelly and chlorhexidine 0.2%. As a methodology, in our study, we used piastres in blood agar, where the holes in the agar field were made through a glass pipette, sterile "Paster", in a diameter of 7 mm. Used a bacterial culture of Streptococcus gr. D (Enterococcus faecalis) in a concentration of 105, which was distributed in sterile condition, using a sterile tampon, according to the method of diffusion in agar. As a result, we used a ruler for the measurement of inhibition areas: -in the royal jelly’s hole, the radius of inhibition resulted 14 mm, -in the chlorhexidine’s hole, the radius of inhibition resulted 20 mm. Based on the results obtained from our study, presented facts to use the royal jelly and chlorhexidine 0.2% in the dental practice. As a conclusion, we can say that the royal jelly contains important elements with antibacterial action compared to the chlorhexidine one.
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8

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1379 (November 2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113790-00039.

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9

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1383 (January 2012): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201213830-00053.

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10

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1391 (March 2012): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201213910-00054.

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11

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 691 (March 1998): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199806910-00023.

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12

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 752 (May 1999): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199907520-00025.

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13

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 756 (June 1999): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199907560-00014.

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14

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 768 (September 1999): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199907680-00017.

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15

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1181 (December 2007): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711810-00028.

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16

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1129 (November 2006): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200611290-00021.

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17

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1160 (July 2007): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711600-00036.

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18

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1354 (June 2011): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113540-00047.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1369 (September 2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113690-00042.

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20

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 558 (July 1995): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199505580-00016.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 590 (March 1996): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199605900-00016.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 457 (June 1993): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199304570-00025.

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23

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 671 (October 1997): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199706710-00014.

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24

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1198 (April 2008): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200811980-00043.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1214 (August 2008): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200812140-00028.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 871 (September 2001): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200108710-00019.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 893 (March 2002): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200208930-00020.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1233 (January 2009): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912330-00023.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1235 (January 2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912350-00030.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1240 (February 2009): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912400-00037.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1251 (May 2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912510-00031.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1257 (June 2009): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912570-00042.

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33

&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 297 (April 1990): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199002970-00013.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 312 (August 1990): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199003120-00020.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 331 (December 1990): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199003310-00018.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 363 (August 1991): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199103630-00012.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1327 (November 2010): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201013270-00032.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 972 (October 2003): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200309720-00021.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1289 (February 2010): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201012890-00040.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1295-1296 (April 2010): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201012950-00039.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1299 (May 2010): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201012990-00042.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1012 (July 2004): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200410120-00024.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1071 (October 2005): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200510710-00018.

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&NA;. "Chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 527 (November 1994): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199405270-00010.

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45

Strain, G. M. "Chlorhexidine." Journal of Small Animal Practice 59, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12789.

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46

Betcher, Donna L., and Nora Burnham. "Chlorhexidine." Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 7, no. 2 (January 1990): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104345429000700227.

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47

Yarahmadi, Nioosha, Farshad Hashemian, and Reza Hosseini Doust. "Clinical Effects of Chlorhexidine 0.2% and Cetylpyridinium 0.05% Combination in Comparison with Chlorhexidine, Cetylpyridinium and Persica in Reducing Oral Bacteria in Healthy Individuals." Journal of Pharmaceutical Care, November 7, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jpc.v8i3.4545.

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Background: Preparation of a new product with the goal of reducing chlorhexidine’s side effects without decreasing (and even increasing) its effectiveness is a desirable goal for researchers in the field of oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Chlorhexidine 0.2% and Cetylpyridinium 0.05% combination in reducing oral bacteria in comparison with Chlorhexidine 0.2%, Cetylpyridinium 0.05% and Persica mouthwashes. Methods: 100 healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 30 years were randomly assigned to 5 groups. The first group received Chlorhexidine 0.2%, the second group received Cetylpyridinium 0.05%, the third received Persica, the fourth received Chlorhexidine 0.2% plus Cetylpyridinium 0.05%, and the fifth group received Chlorhexidine 0.05% plus Cetylpyridinium 0.05%. Samples were obtained at baseline and thirty minutes after oral rinsing with the mouthwashes. The number of colony-forming units (CFU/mL) before and after mouthwash administration was compared for each sample. Results: The preparation with the most bacterial count reduction was found to be Chlorhexidine 0.2% and Cetylpyridinium 0.05% combination. However, the difference between efficacy of Chlorhexidine 0.2% plus Cetylpyridinium 0.05% and Chlorhexidine 0.05% plus Cetylpyridinium 0.05% was found not to be statistically significant. Conclusions: A new mouthwash preparation including chlorhexidine 0.05% and cetylpyridinium 0.05 % combination is the most desirable due to the increased efficacy and fewer side effects.
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48

"Chlorhexidine/chlorhexidine/lidocaine." Reactions Weekly 1851, no. 1 (April 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-94193-2.

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49

"Chlorhexidine/tetracaine/chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly 1949, no. 1 (March 25, 2023): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-023-36115-5.

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50

"Chlorhexidine/isopropyl-alcohol/chlorhexidine." Reactions Weekly 1682, no. 1 (December 2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-017-39731-7.

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