Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant'

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1

Johnston, Heather Grunkemeyer. "Time-resolved fluorescence studies of wild type and mutant photosystem II reaction centers isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488202171194972.

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2

Lown, Felicity Jane. "Respiratory mutants of chlamydomonas." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271247.

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3

Patel, Vaishali. "Analysis of photosystem 1 mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266592.

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4

Huang, Mingya. "Secondary Level Screening of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Mutants Defective in Circadian Gene Expression." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/667.

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To elucidate the signal transduction chain mediating circadian clock control, this work focuses on the isolation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants which are defective in circadian gene expression. In a previous study, the reporter gene ARS2 encoding the arylsulfatase enzyme was fused to the promoter of the circadian-regulated CABII-1 gene and transformed into the Chlamydomonas nucleus. The ble marker was introduced into the genome of this transformant via insertional mutagenesis to generate mutants defective in circadian CABII-1 expression. Potential mutants were selected based on aberrant single-point accumulative arylsulfatase activity. In this study, the arylsulfatase activity over the entire growth cycle was further investigated in these mutants and the reliability of the single-point screen was assessed. Of the 16 strains whose accumulative arylsulfatase activity did not differ from the nonmutagenized control in the single-point screen, 12 still showed no significant difference in a multiple-point screen. Of the 9 potential mutants with significant difference to the control in the single-point screen, 3 showed no significant difference in the multiple-point screen. Subsequently, 8 of the candidate mutants with aberrant reporter enzyme activity in the multiple-point screen were characterized by the abundance of their mRNA. The peak-to-trough ratio of CABII-1 and ARS2 transcript abundance was significantly reduced in 4 of these mutants.
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5

WANDOLOSKI, MELISSA ANN. "ANALYSIS OF THE EYE2 PROTEIN IN EYESPOT ASSEMBLY MUTANTS OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192252.

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6

Torres, Romero Ismael. "Dynamics of lipid reserves in the model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0023.

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D'importants efforts de recherche ont été déployés pour domestiquer les microalgues afin de produire des biocarburants durables et d'autres composés à haute valeur ajoutée. Les conditions utilisées pour enrichir la biomasse de microalgues avec des réserves de carbone, triacylglycérols (TAG ou huiles) et l'amidon, cependant, nuisent gravement à la croissance cellulaire et compromettent donc la productivité. Le but de cette thèse est d’analyser le lien entre la division cellulaire et le stockage du carbone, ainsi que de comprendre la biogénèse des gouttelettes de lipides (LDs), le principal site subcellulaire de stockage des TAGs.Ainsi, nous avons d'abord étudié l'incompatibilité entre le stockage du carbone et la croissance cellulaire en caractérisant génétiquement et biochimiquement des mutants de Chlamydomonas reinhardtii dépourvus de protéine CDC5. Nous démontrons son implication dans le cycle cellulaire et montrons qu'un ralentissement de la division cellulaire entraîne un flux d'énergie et de carbone vers la synthèse des TAGs et de l'amidon sans arrêter la croissance cellulaire. Deuxièmement, nous avons identifié et caractérisé une α/β hydrolase putative (CrABHD1), l'une des principales protéines associées aux LDs chez Chlamydomonas. La protéine recombinante CrABHD1 purifiée chez Escherichia coli hydrolyse du lyso-DGTS pour produire un acide gras libre et une glycérol-N,N,N-triméthylhomosérine (GTH). Nous avons découvert une nouvelle protéine associée à la LD et démontré sa capacité à augmenter la teneur en lipides des microalgues, ce qui devrait avoir des implications importantes pour une bioéconomie plus verte
Large research efforts have been put to domesticate microalgae for production of sustainable biofuels and other valuable compounds. Triacylglycerols (TAGs, or oils) and starch are the major forms of carbon storage in green algal cells. However, the conditions used to enrich microalgal biomass with these carbon reserves severely undermine cell growth therefore compromising productivity. An economically viable production of lipids from microalgae requires a deeper and integrated understanding of lipid synthesis, storage and cell division. The goal of this thesis is to dissect the connection between cell division and carbon storage, and to understand the biogenesis of the lipid droplet (LD), the major subcellular site where TAGs are stored. Toward this goal, we first investigated the incompatibility between carbon storage and cell growth. By characterizing genetically and biochemically mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii deficient in CDC5 protein, we demonstrate its implication in the cell cycle and show that a slowdown in cell division entails a diverted flow of energy and carbon towards the synthesis of TAGs and starch without arresting cell growth. Secondly, we identified and characterized a putative α/β-fold hydrolase (CrABHD1), one of the major proteins associated to LDs in Chlamydomonas. The CrABHD1 recombinant protein purified from Escherichia coli hydrolyzes lyso-DGTS to produce a free fatty acid and a glycerol-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (GTH). We have discovered a novel LD-associated protein and demonstrated its capacity in increasing lipid content in microalgae, which should have important implications for a greener bioeconomy
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7

Lucas, Pierre-Louis. "Etude et ingénierie de la N-glycosylation des protéines chez la microalgue verte chlamydomanas reinhardtii." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR061/document.

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Actuellement, plus de 70% des biomédicaments commercialisés sont des glycoprotéines recombinantes. Les coûts élevés de production de ces biomédicaments ont poussé les scientifiques à développer des organismes de production alternatifs. Récemment, les microalgues ont été proposées en tant que potentiel système de production compte-tenu de leur rapidité de croissance et de leurs faibles coûts de production. Cependant, avant de produire des biomédicaments industriels chez les microalgues, il est impératif de s’assurer que les modifications post-traductionnelles, comme la N-glycosylation, soit conservées et compatibles avec une utilisation thérapeutique. Dans ce contexte, l’étude de la Nglycosylation de deux microalgues modèles, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (microalgue verte) et Phaeodactylum tricornutum (diatomée) a été réalisée. Dans un premier temps, l’ingénierie de la N-glycosylation de C. reinhardtii a été initiée en exprimant une Nacétylglucosaminyltransférase I (GnT I) hétérologue. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de réévaluer les voies de N-glycosylation de C. reinhardtii et de montrer que cette microalgue synthétise une structure glycannique linéaire qui n’est pas substrat de la GnT I. Dans un second temps, un protocole d’extraction et de caractérisation des précurseurs glycanniques de C. reinhardtii et P. tricornutum a été développé et appliqué pour déterminer la structure des précurseurs glycanniques dans ces espèces. Enfin, la caractérisation de deuxxylosyltransférases potentielles (XTA et XTB) de C. reinhardtii a été menée en utilisant des mutants d’insertion et des analyses des N-glycannes par spectrométrie de masse. Cette étude a confirmé les rôles spécifiques de XTA et XTB dans la voie de N-glycosylation de C. reinhardtii
Currently, more than 70% of the commercialized biopharmaceuticals are glycoproteins. The high production costs lead scientists to develop alternative organisms suitable for such production. Recently, microalgae emerged as a potential interesting production system thanks to their quick growth rate and low production costs. However, prior to start industrial glycoproteins production in microalgae, protein post-translational modifications like Nglycosylation, must be carefully controlled. This PhD thesis focused on the analysis of the Nglycosylation pathway of two different microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (greenmicroalgae) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (diatom). In order to start N-glycan engineering, heterologous N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT I) sequences were expressed in C.reinhardtii. This study demonstrated that C. reinhardtii synthetize a linear N-glycan unsuitable for GnT I activity and allows the reinvestigation of the C. reinhardtii N-glycosylation pathway. A second chapter of this work focus on the optimization of a protocol suitable for analyzing the structure of the Dolichol N-linked precursors of C. reinhardtii and P. tricornutum. Lastly, two potential xylosyltransferases (XTA and XTB) from C. reinhardtii were characterized using insertional mutants and N-glycomic analyses by mass spectrometry approaches. This work allows us to propose specific involvement of XTA and XTB in the xylosylation processing of C.reinhardtii N-glycans
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8

Yuan, Wei. "Screening for Mutants in the Output Pathway of the Circadian Clock in Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii." TopSCHOLAR®, 1999. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/764.

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The circadian clock is a basic component of biological systems and has been found in many organisms. It is composed by three major components: the input pathway, the oscillator and the output pathway. The purpose of this research is to study the output pathway of the circadian clock in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain Carnil by screening mutants, which were generated by insertional mutagenesis via glass bead transformation. The plasmid pSP124S containing the ble marker was used to introduce mutations. The CABII-1 gene has been reported to show a circadian rhythm in expression. The reporter gene ARS2 that was transcriptionally fused to the promoter of the CABII-1 gene was then analyzed. The screening process was optimized to be less time-consuming. Eighteen mutants with significantly low ARS2 accumulated expressions were found from 1004 transformants, which implies that there may be an activator involved in the circadian phenotype of CABII-1.
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9

Wang, Fei. "Molecular and functional analysis of photosynthesis-related mutants from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Arabidopsis thaliana." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-173295.

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10

Castonguay, Andrew David. "Analysis of mutants impaired for respiratory growth in the model photosynthetic alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619140884575211.

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11

Wang, Lianyong. "A calcium-binding protein CAS regulates the CO2-concentrating mechanism in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/218025.

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12

Cagnon, Caroline. "Une approche de génétique classique pour l' isolement et la caractérisation de mutants affectés dans la remobilisation des lipides chez Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4012.

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Les microalgues accumulent de grandes quantités d’huile, et sont de bons candidats pour la production de biocarburants. Mais des verrous techniques et biologiques doivent être levés pour une production rentable. Augmenter la teneur en huile par cellule et découvrir des protéine clés du métabolisme des triglycérides sont des objectifs importants. Nous avons mis en place une approche de génétique classique ciblée sur l’isolement de mutants d’insertion affectés dans la remobilisation des lipides de réserves suite à la re-supplémentation en azote après carence. Nous avons mis au point un protocole de criblage à haut débit basé sur la semi-quantification de ces lipides qui nous a permis d’isoler plus de 30 mutants. Nous avons identifié les loci d’insertion pour certains en utilisant la méthode Genome Walker. Le marqueur de résistance à l’antibiotique a été trouvéé dans des gènes codant pour des kinases, une protéine de type polycystine avec répétitions d’un domaine homologue de type lipoxygénase, des protéines du métabolisme de l’amidon, ou encore une méthyltransférase. Ces mutants forment un set de candidats devant être validés par complémentation pour une meilleure compréhension du métabolisme des lipides. Nous avons vu que la plupart des mutants défectueux dans la remobilisation des lipides de réserve sont aussi affectés dans celle de l’amidon. Ce lien potentiel entre les 2 processus est renforcé par le fait que dans 2 mutants connus de synthèse de l’amidon nous avons pu mettre en évidence un défaut de remobilisation des triglycérides. Ainsi, nous avons montré un lien d’interdépendance entre les dégradations des 2 formes majoritaires de réserves carbonées des microalgues
Microalgae are able to accumulate high amounts of oil reserves, which make them promising candidates for biofuel production. Nevertheless, some technical and biological bottlenecks have to be overcome before a profitable industrial production. Increasing oil content per cell and discovering key proteins of oil metabolism is a major goal. We took a forward genetic approach and focused on isolating insertional mutants affected in oil remobilization following nitrogen resupply after a starvation phase. We setup and developed a medium- to highthroughput semi-quantitative oil content screening protocol, which has enabled isolation of >30 mutants. We identified the insertion loci in some of these mutants through the “genome walker” PCR-based method. The antibiotic marker was found to be inserted in genes encoding various proteins including serine-threonine kinases, a polycystin-related protein containing repetitions of a lipoxygenase homology domain, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, a starch metabolism protein and a methyltransferase. Mutants isolated provide a first set of candidate genes that remain to be validated by complementation and should contribute to a better understanding of lipid homeostasis in green microalgae. During the course of this work, we observed that most mutants defected in oil remobilization were also impaired in starch degradation. The occurrence of a link between the degradation of starch and oil was further strengthened by the fact that in two known starch-less mutants the oil remobilization process was found to be defected. This is the first evidence of an interdependency between the degradation processes of the major types of carbon reserves in microalgae
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13

Wang, Fei [Verfasser], and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Nickelsen. "Molecular and functional analysis of photosynthesis-related mutants from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Arabidopsis thaliana / Fei Wang. Betreuer: Jörg Nickelsen." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1056876719/34.

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14

EL, MAANNI AMINA. "Etude du role du phosphatidylglycerol dans la biogenese et l'organisation fonctionnelle de la membrane photosynthetique chez quatre mutants de chlamydomonas reinhardtii affectes dans le metabolisme des lipides." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112378.

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Quatre mutants de chlamydomonas reinhardtii ont ete isoles. Deux d'entre eux isoles a partir de la souche sauvage, nommes mf1 et mf2 sont depourvus de l'activite psii, du phosphatidylglycerol contenant l'acide 3-trans hexadecenoique, et sont incapables de former du lhcii trimerique et de developper les accolements thylacoidiens. Apres etalement de ces deux souches sur milieu minimum, deux autres mutants ont ete selectionnes, il s'agit respectivement de pmf1 et pmf2, qui ont recupere partiellement une activite psii et une teneur variable de phosphatidylglycerol contenant l'acide 3-trans hexadecenoique. Compare aux cellules de la souche sauvage, le mutant pmf1 a recupere environ 5% de ce lipide, une faible activite photosynthetique, la faculte de former une faible quantite de lhcii trimerique et de developper des accolements granaires. Le mutant pmf2 restaure partiellement le phenotype sauvage mais a des proportions plus importantes que le pmf1. En effet, il recupere 50% du phosphatidylglycerol contenant l'acide 3-trans hexadecenoique, 50% de l'activite psii, une quantite importante de lhcii trimerique et une quantite de thylacoides accoles comparable a celle de la souche sauvage, l'organisation de ces accolements differant cependant de celle des cellules de la souche sauvage. Ces resultats demontrent la bonne correlation entre la teneur du phosphatidylglycerol contenant l'acide 3-trans-hexadecenoique, la formation de lhcii trimerique et le developpement des accolements granaires. L'implication directe de ce lipide dans ces caracteristiques a ete demontree par les restaurations simultanees du lhcii trimerique et des accolements granaires dans les mutants mf1 et mf2 apres une supplementation in vivo des cellules en croissance avec des liposomes de phosphatidylglycerol contenant l'acide gras 3-trans-hexadecenoique. L'etude de la composition lipidique chez ces quatre mutants a montre qu'ils sont tous capables de synthetiser l'acide 3-trans-hexadecenoique, lequel est trouve en faible quantite dans le diacylglycerol-trimethyl-homoserine et dans le monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Le suivi du metabolisme lipidique par des marqueurs radioactifs a montre que l'acide 3-trans-hexadecenoique marque est detecte uniquement dans le phosphatidylglycerol des cellules de la souche sauvage et en plus faible quantite dans celles du mutant pmf2, alors qu'il est detecte dans le diacylglycerol-trimethyl-homoserine des cinq souches montrant ainsi que la cible des mutations primitives n'est pas la 3-trans desaturase comme cela avait ete envisage. Compare a la souche sauvage, d'autres modifications de la composition des acides gras des lipides intra- et extra-chloroplastiques ont ete observees dans ces quatre mutants montrant que le phosphatidylglycerol contenant l'acide 3-trans-hexadecenoique n'est pas le seul lipide affecte, mais que la mutation a un effet general sur tout le metabolisme lipidique. L'examen detaille de ces differentes voies suggere que les quatre mutants soient alteres dans la voie de desaturation intra-chloroplastique. La nature de la mutation conduisant au phenotype lipidique observe est discutee
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Lemaire, Claire. "De l'utilisation de mutants photosynthetiques dans l'etude des complexes atp synthetase et cytochrome b6/f chez chlamydomonas reinhardtii : composition polypeptidique, assemblage et role de ces complexes dans la regulation de l'activite photosynthetique." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066486.

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Lemaire, Claire. "De l'utilisation de mutants photosynthétiques dans l'étude des complexes ATP synthétase et cytochromes B6/F chez chlamydomonas Reinhardtii composition polypeptidique, assemblage et rôle de ces complexes dans la régulation de l'activité photosynthétique /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37607294s.

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17

Pargeter, Kevin M. "A phenotypic study of intraflagellar transport ans FLA10 in the lf4 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." 2009. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/Pargeter_okstate_0664M_10260.pdf.

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18

MANTELLI, Manuela. "Selection of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutantsfor improved growth in photobioreactor andperspectives for bio-hydrogen production." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337393.

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Negli ultimi anni, si è assistito ad un significativo aumento di studi riguardanti diverse specie di alghe, importanti dal punto di vista delle conoscenze fisiologiche e genetiche, ma anche per scopi applicativi. La possibilità di ottenere alte rese in termini di produzione di biomassa, rispetto alle piante superiori, rende difatti questi organismi particolarmente interessanti per applicazioni biotecnologiche. Diversi ceppi algali sono attualmente studiati per la produzione di biocarburanti, come bio-diesel o bio-idrogeno, grazie alla loro capacità di crescere usando anidride carbonica come substrato attraverso il processo fotosintetico, con un’elevata efficienza. In particolare, tra le alghe verdi, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii rappresenta l’organismo modello grazie al completo sequenziamento del genoma e alla disponibilità di efficienti tecniche di trasformazione sia nucleare che cloroplastica. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possiede l’idrogenasi, un enzima che permette la sintesi di idrogeno utilizzando i protoni e il potere riducente generati dal processo fotosintetico, ossia in ultima analisi acqua e luce. Tuttavia, l’utilizzo di colture algali in fotobioreattore per produrre bio-idrogeno presenta alcune importanti limitazioni. Infatti, le alghe possiedono sistemi antenna deputati alla raccolta della luce aventi grandi dimensioni, che costituiscono un vantaggio evolutivo nel loro ambiente naturale, ma che influenzano la penetrazione e distribuzione della luce all’interno del fotobioreattore. Questo determina un eccessivo assorbimento energetico negli strati più esterni esposti ad alta luce, con conseguente aumento della dissipazione termica, e allo stesso tempo un ombreggiamento degli strati più interni, con riduzione dell’efficienza fotosintetica complessiva. Inoltre, l’attività dell’idrogenasi è fortemente inibita dall’ossigeno molecolare, anche a basse concentrazioni, evoluto durante la fotosintesi. Infine, alcuni processi che influenzano le dinamiche dei flussi di elettroni all’interno della cellula possono avere un effetto competitivo nei confronti dell’idrogenasi, diminuendo la resa di produzione di idrogeno. Tenendo in considerazione tutti questi elementi, nel presente lavoro di tesi è stato adottato un approccio in vivo, per identificare mutanti con migliorate caratteristiche di accumulo della biomassa in prospettiva della produzione di bio-idrogeno. E’ stata quindi creata una libreria di mutanti inserzionali in C. reinhardtii, poi analizzata tramite diverse strategie, come descritto nel capitolo 2, per selezionare ceppi con migliori caratteristiche fenotipiche. Inoltre, è stata avviata l’analisi genetica di questi mutanti per identificare i geni responsabili dei fenotipi osservati. Una volta individuati, questi geni possono offrire l’opportunità di regolare vari meccanismi tramite sistemi di espressione inducibile. Lo screening della libreria ha permesso inoltre di isolare mutanti che, pur non essendo adatti alla produzione di biomassa, risultano di particolare interesse per ricerche di base. E’ il caso del mutante gun4, finora mai caratterizzato in Chlamydomonas; la proteina Gun4 è stata identificata in piante e cianobatteri come fattore di regolazione nella via di biosintesi della clorofilla e nella trasduzione del segnale dal cloroplasto al nucleo. E’ stata quindi avviata un’analisi più approfondita di questo mutante, che potrà fornire informazioni su questi interessanti aspetti biologici, come discusso nel capitolo 3. Infine, il capitolo 4 presenta un approccio in vitro per la caratterizzazione funzionale di tutte le proteine Lhca che formano i complessi di raccolta della luce del fotosistema I in C. reinhardtii. Le differenti subunità di questi complessi non sono funzionalmente equivalenti, ed è quindi importante analizzare il loro ruolo specifico nella raccolta della luce e nella fotoprotezione. La loro caratterizzazione costituisce la base per procedere a una delezione selettiva delle diverse proteine Lhc, allo scopo di migliorare l’assorbimento della luce senza influenzare i meccanismi fotoprotettivi, incrementando così l’efficienza fotosintetica complessiva.
In the last years, a significant increase in studies concerning different algal species has been realized, with important effects for our knowledge of physiology and genetics, but also for applicative purposes. The possibility to obtain higher yield in term of biomass production, with respect to land plants, makes these organisms of particular interest for biotechnological applications. Indeed, different algal strains are currently investigated for biofuel production, as biodiesel or bio-hydrogen, thanks to their capacity to grow using CO2 as substrate through the photosynthetic process, in a highly efficient way. In particular, among green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii represents the model organism, thanks to the complete genome sequencing and the availability of efficient nuclear and chloroplast transformation technologies. C. reinhardtii possesses an hydrogenase enzyme which allows light-driven hydrogen synthesis, using protons and reducing power generated by the photosynthetic process. However, the exploitation of mass algal cultures in photobioreactor with the final aim of bio-hydrogen production presents some important limiting factors. In fact, algae are equipped with a large light-harvesting antenna system, which constitutes an evolutive advantage in their natural environment, but affecting the light penetration and distribution within the photobioreactor. This causes an energy over absorption in the high light exposed superficial layers, with increased heat dissipation, and at the same time in shading of the inner layers, thus reducing the photosynthetic efficiency. Moreover, hydrogenase activity is strongly inhibited by molecular oxygen, also at very low concentration, which is evolved during the photosynthesis. Finally, some processes affecting the dynamics of electron fluxes inside the cell can compete with the hydrogenase for reducing power, thus diminishing hydrogen production yield. Considering all these elements, in this thesis we decided to adopt an in vivo approach, in order to identify strains with improved characteristics for biomass accumulation at the final aim of bio-hydrogen production. Therefore, we created a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii insertional mutant library, which has been screened by multiple strategies, as described in chapter 2, to select mutants with improved phenotypic characteristics. Moreover, the genetic analysis of these mutants has been initiated in order to identify the genes responsible of the phenotype. Once identified, these genes could offer the possibility to modulate different mechanisms by using inducible expression systems. The screening also allowed to isolate mutants particularly interesting for basic researches, although not suitable for growth in mass culture conditions. This is the case of the gun4 mutant, never characterized so far in Chlamydomonas. The Gun4 protein has been identified in plants and in cyanobacteria as a regulatory factor in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and in the retrograde signaling from chloroplast to nucleus. Therefore, we started a deeper analysis of this mutant, which could provide information about these interesting biological problems, as will be discussed in chapter 3. Finally, chapter 4 presents an in vitro approach for the functional characterization of all Lhca proteins which form the PSI light-harvesting complexes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The different antenna complex subunits are not all functionally equivalent, and it important to elucidate their specific role in the light-harvesting and photo-protection. Their characterization constitutes the basis for proceeding to a selective depletion of the different Lhc proteins in order to improve light-absorption without affecting the photoprotective mechanisms, thus optimising the overall photosynthetic efficiency.
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Smart, Eric James. "Isolation and complementation of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant lacking the gamma subunit of chloroplast coupling factor one." 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/27399084.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1992.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-122).
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Patel, Nrupali. "Screening of mutant Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for their potential use as phytosensors in 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) contaminated environments." 2003. http://etd.utk.edu/2003/PatelNrupali.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2003.
Title from title page screen (viewed Mar. 29, 2004). Thesis advisor: Neal Stewart. Document formatted into pages (ix, 86 p. : ill. (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-85).
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21

Vucica, Yvonne. "Insertional mutants of Chlamydomonas affecting the central pair apparatus of the flagellum." Thesis, 2002. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/22090/1/whole_VucicaYvonne2002_thesis.pdf.

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22

Zhang, Shengping. "Identification of novel "yellow-in-the-dark" mutants in chlamydomonas reinhardtii /." 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3282472.

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23

"Characterization of Three Sexually Sterile Mutants of the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Texas Christian University, 2010. http://etd.tcu.edu/etdfiles/available/etd-03162010-120401/.

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24

Gaspar, Miguel Camões Fragoso. "Identification and study of lipid metabolism genes by qPCR in Rubisco mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/31605.

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Abstract:
Tese de mestrado em Biologia Molecular e Genética, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2017
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii é uma microalga modelo tendo sido usada para estudos da fotossíntese e do metabolismo energético dos lípidos. É o organismo eucariótico em que pela primeira vez foi possível modificar os genes das subunidades da enzima chave da fotossíntese, a ribulose-1,5-bisfosfato carboxilase/oxigenase (Rubisco). A enzima, além de assimilar o CO2 atmosférico, também funciona como oxigenase, catalisando a primeira reação da via fotorrespiratória, o que a torna um ponto fundamental do metabolismo do carbono. A Rubisco é uma das mais abundantes enzimas na natureza, com uma massa molecular total de 560 kDa. É constituída por 16 subunidades, 8 subunidades grandes (LSU, 55 kDa) e 8 subunidades pequenas (SSU, 15 kDa). Após a formação da enzima, as 8 subunidades grandes estão dispostas em dímeros em torno de um canal central que influencia a eficiência do centro catalítico, a especificidade CO2 / O2 e a estabilidade de toda a enzima. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre a expressão génica e metabolismo energético dos lípidos em organismos com uma alteração profunda no canal central da Rubisco. A enzima também está presente no ciclo de Calvin-Benson, onde catalisa a primeira reação da via fotorrespiratória, o que o torna um ponto fundamental do metabolismo fotossintético do carbono. A síntese de Rubisco consome uma parcela substancial de recursos nutricionais de plantas e a sua degradação afeta a redistribuição de nutrientes dentro do organismo, o que significa que a Rubisco pode ter uma função de armazenamento em condições fisiológicas específicas, como falta de enxofre (S) ou azoto (N). Um dos focos principais para o uso desta alga tem sido a sua capacidade de produzir H2 e biodiesel, que ocorre especificamente em condições de stress ambiental, como por exemplo falta de azoto. Uma das consequências deste tipo de stress em C. reinhardtii é a síntese e acumulação de triacilglicerol (TAG), que é um precursor do biodiesel. Além disso outros processos como a fotossíntese e a produção/concentração de proteínas e clorofilas também sofrem alterações. Tendo tudo isto em conta, o foco desta investigação foi a caracterização fenotípica de um mutante de C. reinhardtii, I58W3, que na cadeia polipeptídica da subunidade pequena da Rubisco poSSUi uma mutação, três triptofanos (W) substituem uma isoleucina (I) na posição do resíduo aminoácido 58. Pelos estudos de cristalografia da Rubisco de Chlamydomonas o resíduo 58 localiza-se na entrada do canal central da estrutura da holoenzima. No presente foram realizados vários testes ao longo do crescimento das culturas controlo e I58W3 que visaram caracterizar este mutante a nível fotossintético, através de leituras da concentração de O2 nas células e respetivas taxas fotossintéticas e de respiração, assim como leituras acerca da eficiência do aparelho fotossintético através de PAM; foram determinadas as concentrações de clorofilas e de proteínas ao longo do tempo das culturas em células mutantes e no respetivo controlo, bem como a monitorização do peso seco das culturas e do número de células ao longo dos cinco dias de crescimento; foi feita com detalhe uma análise da composição lipídica através de cromatografia gasosa e cromatografia por camada fina, assim como leituras por espetrofotómetro de amostras das culturas coradas com Red Nile. Os níveis de Rubisco em I58W3 foram comparados com o controlo por eletroforese de proteínas e immunoblotting. Finalmente, alguns genes de interesse foram estudados, tentando comparar a sua expressão em células da cultura controlo com células da cultura I58W3. Adicionou-se mais um fator de comparação a este estudo, a carência de azoto no meio de cultura, por ser indutor da síntese de lípidos de reserva em microalgas. Em situação de deficiência de azoto tanto o mutante I58W3 como o controlo diminuíram o teor de clorofila e de proteína. A nível fotossintético, comparando o controlo com o mutante I58W3, as taxas de fotossíntese foram menores para o mutante, o que indica alguma dificuldade na assimilação de CO2 pela Rubisco, estando em linha com a mutação destas células. A análise por PAM também indica possíveis danos no aparelho fotossintético nesta estirpe mutante, o que também contribuirá para uma menor eficiência na produtividade. O mutante I58W3 mostra uma menor capacidade de absorção de energia quando comparado com o controlo, assim como valores inferiores de eficácia no transporte de eletrões e menos centros de reação. Além disso também apresenta valores mais acentuados de dissipação de energia sob forma de calor. A análise dos níveis da Rubisco mostram ser menores no mutante I58W3 do que no controlo, o que pode indicar também que esta estirpe não só tem dificuldades em assimilar eficientemente CO2, como este fator é agravado pelo teor baixo da enzima Rubisco no cloroplasto das células de C. reinhardtii. Uma análise da composição lipídica leva-nos a crer que, como resposta das células a uma fotossíntese deficiente, ocorre uma alteração metabólica que provoca uma maior síntese e acumulação de lípidos, principalmente TAG. A análise genética, por qPCR, de genes relacionados com a síntese lipídica parece indicar que estes estão a ser expressos mais frequentemente na estirpe I58W3 do que em células controlo. Além disso, a expressão de um gene envolvido na fotossíntese também parece corroborar a hipótese de que este processo não é tão eficaz em I58W3. Uma análise genética feita a amostras controlo e I58W3 a vários genes indica que as alterações a nível de acumulação de lípidos podem estar relacionadas com a síntese de novo destes, ou com uma menor síntese de dessaturases de ácidos gordos. O mutante I58W3 apresenta maior expressão de DGAT1, uma proteína envolvida na síntese de TAG, que o controlo, sendo que esse aumento é mais acentuado em condições de deficiência de azoto. Este mutante também apresenta valores de expressão de CrDES inferiores ao controlo, o que nos indica que existe uma acumulação de ácido linoleico em detrimento de ácido pinolénico em I58W3. A proteína cytb6f encontra-se mais expressa em I58W3, embora a eficiência fotossintética deste seja menor que a do controlo. A síntese da hidrogenase HydA1 não varia significativamente em I58W3 independentemente da presença ou ausência de azoto. Os resultados obtidos permitem-nos concluir que, dos genes estudados, existem diferenças a nível da sua expressão devido à mutação em conjunto com a deficiência de azoto. Por outro lado a síntese de proteínas como a hidrogenase HydA1 ou a galactolipase PGD1 parecem não mudar com a mutação. O fato de que esta estirpe consegue acumular lípidos neutros como resposta às consequências da sua mutação, assim como à deficiência de azoto, é fulcral no âmbito da temática proposta. A produção de biodiesel seria então possível utilizando estas algas em conjunto com um meio cuja característica principal seria a falta de azoto. A união destes dois fatores poderá tornar possível no futuro culturas cujo objetivo é a produção de biodiesel.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular, soil-dwelling green alga that has been the focus of several studies regarding photosynthesis and biodiesel production. When grown in specific conditions, such as sulphur or nitrogen (N) deficiency, this organism increases its H2 production as well as triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, which occurs as a response to lower photosynthetic rates. In this investigation we characterize the phenotype of a C. reinhardtii mutant that performs a deficient CO2 assimilation. This mutant, named I58W3, has three tryptophan amino acids replacing one isoleucine amino acid in Rubisco small subunit, close to Rubisco central channel. Phenotypic characterization involved the growth of C. reinhardtii cultures under standard growth condition (N-replete) and N deprivation in TAP medium for 5 days. During the growth period cell number, dry weight, protein and chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic rates were measured. Lipid composition of C. reinhardtii cell lines was assessed through gas chromatography and thin layer chromatography, as well as Red Nile staining and subsequent spectrophotometry. Photosynthetic apparatus efficiency and integrity was also evaluated by pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) analysis. In order to compare Rubisco enzyme levels in control and I58W3 mutants, protein gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting were performed. Finally, quantitative PCR of several genes related to lipid metabolism and photosynthesis was performed in order to investigate transcriptional changes between I58W3 mutants and the control strain, under N-replete and N deprivation conditions. Both protein and chlorophyll levels were affected under nitrogen deprivation as their concentration is lower in both control and mutant cells. Mutant cells appear to have a decreased photosynthetic efficiency and their photosynthetic apparatus does not function the same way as it does in control cells. Rubisco enzyme levels decrease in I58W3 cells and the expression of several genes, such as FAD or ω-13, is also lower in I58W3 cells in response to nitrogen deprivation. Overall, I58W3 cells show a promising role in subsequent biodiesel production, since they show an increase in TAG lipid accumulation and decreased photosynthetic rates. Further genetic analyses of other genes, regarding different photosynthetic pathways, should be made in order to guarantee a thorough research and a complete database on I58W3 mutants.
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25

Krabben, Ludwig [Verfasser]. "Die Protein-Umgebung des primären Donators P700 im Photosystem I : biochemische und biophysikalische Charakterisierung von Mutanten der Grünalge Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / vorgelegt von Ludwig Krabben." 1999. http://d-nb.info/958364753/34.

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