Journal articles: 'Chlamydia infections Victoria Diagnosis'

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Wagg, Emma, Jane Hocking, and Jane Tomnay. "What do young women living in regional and rural Victoria say about chlamydia testing? A qualitative study." Sexual Health 17, no. 2 (2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh19182.

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Background Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly notified sexually transmissible infection in Australia, with almost 100000 cases diagnosed in 2018. Chlamydia is easy to diagnose and treat, but infections are underdiagnosed. Eighty per cent of chlamydia cases are asymptomatic. Without testing, infections will remain undetected. Several barriers to testing have been identified in previous research, including cost, privacy concerns for young rural people, knowledge gaps, embarrassment and stigma. The aim of this study was to investigate young regional and rural women’s understanding of chlamydia and factors that may prevent or delay testing. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 women aged between 18 and 30 years residing in north-east Victoria, Australia. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Results: Themes were grouped under four categories: (1) chlamydia and stigma; (2) the application of stigma to self and others; (3) factors affecting testing; and (4) knowledge. A chlamydia infection was associated with stigma. The young women in this study anticipated self-stigma in relation to a positive diagnosis, but resisted stigmatising others. Increased knowledge about chlamydia prevalence was associated with reduced self-stigma. The most consistent factor affecting testing decisions was personal risk assessment. Knowledge gaps about symptoms, testing and treatment were also identified, with participants not always accessing information from reputable sources. Conclusion: Chlamydia testing was viewed as a positive activity among this cohort. However, there is considerable perceived stigma about being diagnosed with an infection. Interventions that communicate prevalence, reduce stigma and provide factual information about testing and risk are still needed. Clinicians have an opportunity to convey this information at consultation. Health promotion workers should continue to develop and run campaigns at a community level to encourage regular screening.

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Temple-Smith, M. J., C. A. Hopkins, C. K. Fairley, J. E. Tomnay, N. L. Pavlin, R. M. Parker, D. B. Russell, et al. "60. THE RIGHT THING TO DO: PATIENTS' VIEWS AND EXPERIENCES OF TELLING PARTNERS ABOUT CHLAMYDIA." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab60.

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Partner notification for patients diagnosed with chlamydia is recommended to assist in controlling the increasing incidence of this often asymptomatic but treatable infection. Few studies, however, have ascertained the views on partner notification from those who are often expected to perform it - the individuals who have been diagnosed with chlamydia. As part of a larger combined qualitative-quantitative methods study of partner notification, 40 in-depth telephone interviews were conducted with people diagnosed with chlamydia from clinics in Victoria, ACT and Queensland. Reactions to chlamydia diagnosis, as well as reasons for, and feelings about, telling their sexual partners about this infection were explored. Common reactions to initial diagnosis were surprise, shock and shame, as well as relief about being able to put a name to symptoms. Many spoke of relief on learning the condition was treatable. Both men and women commonly saw partner notification as a social duty, and cited concerns about their own health and the health of others as a reason for telling partners and ex-partners about the diagnosis. An infrequent reason offered for partner notification was to confront a partner to clarify fidelity. Reasons for not contacting a partner were typically fear of reaction, or a lack of contact details. Although participants reported sexual partners exhibiting a variety of reactions when told of the diagnosis, results showed that for almost everyone, the experience of notifying their partner was better than they had expected. Views about taking antibiotics to the partner varied according to the currency of the relationship, with some feeling it could be offered as appeasement, and others feeling it might be seen as intrusive. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that partner notification by people diagnosed with chlamydia is achievable, with many of these results likely to be transferable to other settings.

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Goller, Jane L., Alysha M. De Livera, Rebecca, J. Guy, Nicola Low, Basil Donovan, Matthew Law, John M. Kaldor, Christopher K. Fairley, and Jane S. Hocking. "Rates of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy in Australia, 2009–2014: ecological analysis of hospital data." Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, no. 7 (May 2, 2018): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053423.

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ObjectiveTo analyse yearly rates of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ectopic pregnancy (EP) diagnosed in hospital settings in Australia from 2009 to 2014.MethodsWe calculated yearly PID and EP diagnosis rates in three states (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland) for women aged 15–44 years using hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) attendance data, with population and live birth denominators. We stratified PID diagnoses as chlamydial-related or gonorrhoeal-related (Chlamydia trachomatis (CT)-related or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG)-related), acute, unspecified and chronic, and analysed variations by year, age and residential area using Poisson regression models.ResultsFor PID, the rate of all admissions in 2014 was 63.3 per 100 000 women (95% CI 60.8 to 65.9) and of all presentations in EDs was 97.0 per 100 000 women (95% CI 93.9 to 100.2). Comparing 2014 with 2009, the rate of all PID admissions did not change, but the rate of all presentations in EDs increased (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 1.34, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.45), and for admissions by PID category was higher for CT-related or NG-related PID (aIRR 1.73, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.28) and unspecified PID (aIRR 1.09, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.19), and lower for chronic PID (aIRR 0.84, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.95). For EP, in 2014 the rate of all admissions was 17.4 (95% CI 16.9 to 17.9) per 1000 live births and of all ED presentations was 15.6 (95% CI 15.1 to 16.1). Comparing 2014 with 2009, the rates of all EP admissions (aIRR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.08) and rates in EDs (aIRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.31) were higher.ConclusionsPID and EP remain important causes of hospital admissions for female STI-associated complications. Hospital EDs care for more PID cases than inpatient departments, particularly for young women. Updated primary care data are needed to better understand PID epidemiology and healthcare usage.

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STAMM, WALTER E. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis Genitourinary Infections." Annals of Internal Medicine 108, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-5-710.

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Stamm, W. E. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia Trachomatis Genitourinary Infections." Journal of Urology 141, no. 1 (January 1989): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)40714-2.

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Stamm, WE. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infections." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 28, no. 2 (February 1989): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(89)90491-8.

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Creager, R. S., and P. A. Mach. "Reagents for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27, no. 3 (1989): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.27.3.594-595.1989.

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Gray, Richard T., Denton Callander, Jane S. Hocking, Skye McGregor, Hamish McManus, Amalie Dyda, Clarissa Moreira, et al. "Population-level diagnosis and care cascade for chlamydia in Australia." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053801.

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ObjectivesKey strategies to control chlamydia include testing, treatment, partner management and re-testing. We developed a diagnosis and care cascade for chlamydia to highlight gaps in control strategies nationally and to inform efforts to optimise control programmes.MethodsThe Australian Chlamydia Cascade was organised into four steps: (1) annual number of new chlamydia infections (including re-infections); (2) annual number of chlamydia diagnoses; (3) annual number of diagnoses treated; (4) annual number of diagnoses followed by a re-test for chlamydia within 42–180 days of diagnosis. For 2016, we estimated the number of infections among young men and women aged 15–29 years in each of these steps using a combination of mathematical modelling, national notification data, sentinel surveillance data and previous research studies.ResultsAmong young people in Australia, there were an estimated 248 580 (range, 240 690–256 470) new chlamydia infections in 2016 (96 470 in women; 152 100 in men) of which 70 164 were diagnosed (28.2% overall: women 43.4%, men 18.6%). Of the chlamydia infections diagnosed, 65 490 (range, 59 640–70 160) were treated (93.3% across all populations), but only 11 330 (range, 7660–16 285) diagnoses were followed by a re-test within 42–180 days (17.3% overall: women 20.6%, men 12.5%) of diagnosis.ConclusionsThe greatest gaps in the Australian Chlamydia Cascade for young people were in the diagnosis and re-testing steps, with 72% of infections undiagnosed and 83% of those diagnosed not re-tested: both were especially low among men. Treatment rates were also lower than recommended by guidelines. Our cascade highlights the need for enhanced strategies to improve treatment and re-testing coverage such as short message service reminders, point-of-care and postal test kits.

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Barlow, M., D. T. Jayaweera, A. A. Wade, and M. Walzman. "Laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of chlamydia infections." Sexually Transmitted Infections 67, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.67.6.522.

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N. Tabrizi, Sepehr. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis using self-collected non-invasive specimens ? the Australian experience." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 1 (2007): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07010.

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Chlamydia trachomatis are small, non-motile, obligate intracellular bacteria that typically infect human eukaryotic columnar epithelial cells. C. trachomatis infections result in a number of diseases of worldwide public health concern, including trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and urogenital infections. Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide and in Australia has exhibited a steady rise in prevalence 1. National notification rates of newly diagnosed chlamydia infections have increased nearly four-fold since 1994 and more than doubled since 1999.

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Goller, Jane L., Rebecca J. Guy, Judy Gold, Megan S. C. Lim, Carol El-Hayek, Mark A. Stoove, Isabel Bergeri, et al. "Establishing a linked sentinel surveillance system for blood-borne viruses and sexually transmissible infections: methods, system attributes and early findings." Sexual Health 7, no. 4 (2010): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09116.

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Objective: To describe the attributes and key findings from implementation of a new blood-borne virus (BBV) and sexually transmissible infection (STI) sentinel surveillance system based on routine testing at clinical sites in Victoria, Australia. Methods: The Victorian Primary Care Network for Sentinel Surveillance (VPCNSS) on BBV and STI was established in 2006 at 17 sites. Target populations included men who have sex with men (MSM), young people and injecting drug users (IDU). Sites collected demographic and risk behaviour information electronically or using paper surveys from patients undergoing routine HIV or STI (syphilis, chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing. These data were linked with laboratory results. Results: Between April 2006 and June 2008, data were received for 67 466 tests and 52 042 questionnaires. In clinics providing electronic data, >90% of individuals tested for HIV, syphilis and chlamydia had risk behaviour information collected. In other clinics, survey response rates were >85% (HIV), 43.5% (syphilis), 42.7–66.5% (chlamydia) and <20% (HCV). Data completeness was >85% for most core variables. Over time, HIV, syphilis and chlamydia testing increased in MSM, and chlamydia testing declined in females (P = 0.05). The proportion of positive tests among MSM was 1.9% for HIV and 2.1% for syphilis. Among 16–24-year-olds, the proportion positive for chlamydia was 10.7% in males and 6.9% in females. Among IDU, 19.4% of HCV tests were antibody positive. Conclusions: The VPCNSS has collected a large, rich dataset through which testing, risk behaviours and the proportion positive can be monitored in high-risk groups, offering a more comprehensive BBV and STI surveillance system for Victoria. Building system sustainability requires an ongoing focus.

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Tomanovic, Snezana, and Slobodanka Djukic. "Classical and molecular methods for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections." Medical review 64, no. 9-10 (2011): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1110477t.

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Introduction. Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in industrial countries, particularly among young people. The consequences of chlamydial infections may involve pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility. Methods. Available tests for detection of chlamydia in men and women include culture in tissue culture cells, direct immunofluorescence test, enzyme immune assay, nucelic acid probe hibridization and polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic acid amplification tests use different ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid regions as target molecules for amplifying Chlamydia trachomatis ribonucleic/deoxyribonucleic acid in clinical samples. Nucleic acid amplification tests are more sensitive than non-nucleic acid amplification tests. Conclusion. Although screening programmes exist in a number of countries, the continuously increasing prevalence of chlamydial infections demonstrates the necessity for defining the best method for the diagnosis and the population for screening.

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Black, C. M. "Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1997): 160–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.10.1.160.

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Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are probably the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. Commonly unrecognized and often inadequately treated, chlamydial infections can ascend the reproductive tract and cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which often results in the devastating consequences of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. C. trachomatis infections are also known to increase the risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The obligate intracellular life cycle of C. trachomatis has traditionally required laboratory diagnostic tests that are technically demanding, labor-intensive, expensive, and difficult to access. In spite of these historical challenges, however, laboratory diagnosis of C. trachomatis has been a rapidly advancing area in which there is presently a wide array of commercial diagnostic technologies, costs, manufacturers. This review describes and compares the diagnostic methods for C. trachomatis infection that are currently approved for use in the United States, including the newest DNA amplification technologies which are yet to be licensed for commercial use. Issues to consider in selecting a test for purposes of screening versus diagnosis based on prevalence, performance, legal, social, and cost issues are also discussed.

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Black, C. M. "Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections." Clinical microbiology reviews 10, no. 1 (1997): 160–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.10.1.160-184.1997.

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Black, C. M. "Current Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections." Journal of Urology 161, no. 4 (April 1999): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(01)61755-5.

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Black, C. M. "Current Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections." Journal of Urology 159, no. 4 (April 1998): 1421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(01)63675-9.

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Chan, Sau-Wan. "Evaluation of pharmacia chlamydia eia for diagnosis of genital infections caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis." Pathology 25, no. 1 (1993): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00313029309068905.

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Cai, Tommaso, Sandra Mazzoli, Nicola Mondaini, Gianni Malossini, and Riccardo Bartoletti. "Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a challenge for the urologist." Microbiology Research 2, no. 1 (December 12, 2011): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mr.2011.e14.

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<p>The role of <em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em> (Ct) in everyday clinical practice is now on the increase because Ct infections are the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infections worldwide. Ct can cause urethritis, cervicitis, pharyngitis, or epididymitis, although asymptomatic infections are quite common. Ct infection remains asymptomatic in approximately 50% of infected men and 70% of infected women, with risk for reproductive tract sequelae both in women and men. A proper early diagnosis and treatment is essential in order to prevent persistent consequences. An accurate comprehension of the pathology, diagnosis and treatment of this entity is essential for the urologist. We review the literature about the new findings in diagnosis and treatment of Ct infection in sexually active young men.</p>

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Shetty, Seema, Christina Kouskouti, Uwe Schoen, Nikolaos Evangelatos, Shashidhar Vishwanath, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy, Franz Kainer, and Angela Brand. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections in the era of genomic medicine." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 1327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42770-021-00533-z.

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Abstract Purpose Chlamydial genital infections constitute significant sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The often asymptomatic status of C. trachomatis (CT) infections leads to an increased burden on human reproductive health, especially in middle- and low-income settings. Early detection and management of these infections could play a decisive role in controlling this public health burden. The objective of this review is to provide an insight into the evolution of diagnostic methods for CT infections through the development of new molecular technologies, emphasizing on -omics’ technologies and their significance as diagnostic tools both for effective patient management and control of disease transmission. Methods Narrative review of the diagnostic methodologies of CT infections and the impact of the introduction of -omics’ technologies on their diagnosis by review of the literature. Results Various methodologies are discussed with respect to working principles, required specifications, advantages, and disadvantages. Implementing the most accurate methods in diagnosis is highlighted as the cornerstone in managing CT infections. Conclusion Diagnostics based on -omics’ technologies are considered to be the most pertinent modalities in CT testing when compared to other available methods. There is a need to modify these effective and accurate diagnostic tools in order to render them more available and feasible in all settings, especially aiming on turning them to rapid point-of-care tests for effective patient management and disease control.

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Hoque, Syada Monira, Md Akram Hossain, Shyamal Kumar Paul, Chand Mahmud, Nazia Haque, and Md Annaz Mus Sakib. "Genital infections by Chlamydia trachomatis-An overview." KYAMC Journal 3, no. 1 (February 5, 2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v3i1.13660.

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Genital infections by Chlamydia trachomatis are now recognized as highly prevalent sexually transmissible disease. In frequency, they surpass the classic sexually transmissible diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhea and thus constitute a serious public health problem. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular gram negative bacterium which have a unique growth cycle and are placed in their own family (Chlamydiae).Chlamydia trachomatis is now one of the most Prevalent bacteria found in classic sexually transmissible disease and as such constitutes a serious Public heath problem. World Heath Organization (WHO) estimated that 92 million new chlamydial infections occur worldwide annually affecting more women (50 Million) then men (42million). And highest chlamydial infected population were in south and South-east Asia (43million) then sub- Saharan Africa (16million)(WHO 2001).This review article is a discussion on history,epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and modern trend of treatment, prevention of Chlamydial infections in age group. Effective delivery of prevention messages requires clientcentered counseling and education regarding specific actions that can reduce the risk for chlamydia transmission e.g., abstinence, condom use, limiting the number of sex partners,modifying sexual behaviors and vaccination.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v3i1.13660 KYAMC Journal Vol. 3, No.-1, June 2012 pp.244-249

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Marinelli, Tess, Eric P. F. Chow, Jane Tomnay, Glenda Fehler, Catriona S. Bradshaw, Marcus Y. Chen, Dana S. Forcey, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Rate of repeat diagnoses in men who have sex with men for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a retrospective cohort study." Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14234.

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Background Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) have increased rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM). One of the most effective strategies to control STIs is partner notification. Inadequate partner notification may be associated with high rates of repeat diagnoses with STIs. The aim of this study is to estimate and compare the rate of chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection following primary infection to the overall clinic rate. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of MSM attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Clinic was conducted. For both infections, the overall incidence and that following diagnosis and treatment was calculated. Results: Of the 13053 MSM, the incidence of diagnoses for chlamydia and gonorrhoea was 8.5 (95% CI: 8.2–8.9) and 6.2 (95% CI: 5.9–6.5) per 100 person-years, respectively. Seventy per cent of chlamydia and 64% of gonorrhoea cases were retested at 10–365 days after diagnosis and treatment. Following diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia, the rate ratio in these individuals in the first quarter was 16- and 8-fold higher for chlamydia and gonorrhoea, respectively, compared with the background incidence of diagnoses. Similarly, following diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea, the rate ratio in these individuals in the first quarter was 18- and 10-fold higher for gonorrhoea and chlamydia, respectively. Conclusions: These data suggest that approximately half of MSM who test positive for chlamydia or gonorrhoea within 90 days after an initial infection represent contact with either a previous sexual partner or member of the same sexual network, the remainder representing the particularly high STI risk for these MSM.

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Sheffield, John C., and Yaasen Bhutta. "Updates In the Diagnosis and Management of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Infections." Transformative Medicine 1, no. 3 (September 2022): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54299/tmed/rgoo9422.

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Kuhn, Gloria J., Andrew Campbell, Joseph Merline, and Brian J. O'Neil. "Diagnosis and follow-up of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the ED." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 16, no. 2 (March 1998): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-6757(98)90035-3.

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Adamson, Paul C., Michael J. Loeffelholz, and Jeffrey D. Klausner. "Point-of-Care Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Review of Recent Developments." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 144, no. 11 (August 18, 2020): 1344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0118-ra.

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Context.— Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common communicable diseases globally and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Point-of-care tests have the potential to revolutionize the prevention and control of STIs by enabling rapid diagnosis and early treatment of infections, thus interrupting transmission and preventing the sequelae of untreated infections. Currently, there are several point-of-care (POC) tests available for the diagnosis of Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections, although these tests differ with regard to their performance, turnaround time, and cost. Objective.— To provide an updated review of the POC tests available and under development for the diagnosis of T pallidum, C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae, and T vaginalis infections, to discuss the context for which these tests might be used, and to highlight future directions for test development. Data Sources.— We reviewed the literature pertaining to the recent development and performance evaluations of POC tests for the diagnosis of syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas. Conclusions.— Recently, there has been rapid development of new POC tests for STIs. Although there are inexpensive, rapid, and accurate POC tests available for syphilis, there are few such tests available for the diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomonas, and currently none with the ability to detect antimicrobial resistance in N gonorrhoeae. Research evaluating implementation strategies for the currently available tests and the development of additional POC tests that are rapid, accurate, and affordable are urgently needed to address the rising number of STIs worldwide.

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Rodriguez-Cerdeira, Carmen, Elena Sanchez-Blanco, Alberto Molares-Vila, and Alfonso Alba. "Unveiling New Molecular Factors Useful for Detection of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease due to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection." ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012 (October 14, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/581725.

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Background. Untreated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women can result in disease sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ultimately culminating in tubal occlusion and infertility. While nucleic acid amplification tests can effectively diagnose uncomplicated lower genital tract infections, they are not suitable for diagnosing upper genital tract pathological sequelae. Objective. The purpose of this paper was to provide a comprehensive review of new molecular factors associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of PID. Material and Methods. The literature was searched using the key words “Chlamydia trachomatis infections,” “pelvic inflammatory disease,” and “molecular factors” in the PubMed database. Relevant articles published between 1996 and 2012 were evaluated. Conclusions. The use of new molecular factors could potentially facilitate earlier diagnosis and prognosis in women with PID due to C. trachomatis infection.

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Villegas, Enrique, Antonio Sorlózano, and José Gutiérrez. "Serological diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: limitations and perspectives." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 1267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.020362-0.

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Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular human pathogen responsible for a wide range of acute and chronic human diseases, including pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. Serological methods for the diagnosis of C. pneumoniae infection vary widely, and several authors have reported significant inter- and intra-laboratory variability in diagnostic methods and criteria. Over the past 10 years, numerous studies have focused on the identification of specific antigens for application in serodiagnosis, including the diagnosis of persistent infections. The use of proteomics may enable the development of serological diagnosis kits that offer reliable sensitivity and specificity and might even differentiate between the various stages of infection with this pathogen.

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Stetsko, T. I. "BACTERIAL INTESTINAL INFECTIONS OF SWINE." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 23, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2022-23-1.23.

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Bacterial intestinal infections are one of the main diseases in pigs of different ages. Bacterial diseases of the pig digestive tract lead to significant economic losses due to high mortality, reduced growth, treatment and prevention costs. The main bacterial intestinal infections of pigs are anaerobic enterotoxemia (clostridiosis), colibacillosis, intestinal salmonellosis, dysentery, proliferative enteropathy (ileitis). Anaerobic enterotoxemia of pigs is an acute toxic-infectious disease mainly of newborn piglets, caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Clostridium and characterized by hemorrhagic-necrotic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, diarrhea and toxicosis. Swine colibacillosis is an intestinal infection caused by the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, which is able to produce enterotoxins that locally affect the intestines of pigs, causing diarrheal syndrome. Intestinal salmonellosis is a factorial infection. The causative agents are enteropathogenic salmonella (mainly Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium), which cause inflammation and necrosis of the small and large intestine, leading to diarrhea, which may be accompanied by generalized sepsis. Dysentery is a severe enteroinfection of pigs caused by the anaerobic bacterium Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, characterized by fever, debilitating mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and dehydration, leading to high mortality among animals. Proliferative enteropathy is a sporadic disease of pigs caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. The acute form of ileitis, known as proliferative hemorrhagic enteritis, is characterized by intestinal hemorrhage and sudden death, and usually occurs in pigs older than 4 months. Diarrhea in piglets can also be caused by enterococci (Enterococcus spp.) and chlamydia (Chlamydia suis). Enterococcal bacteria cause diarrhea in newborn piglets, and intestinal chlamydia infections are mostly common in rearing piglets, and it is believed that most intestinal infections caused by chlamydia are subclinical. The literature review regarding the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis of major bacterial intestinal infections in pigs is presented in the article.

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Pais, Roshan, Rajneesh Jha, Yusuf Omosun, Qing He, Kohtaro Fujihashi, Carolyn Black, Joseph Igietseme, and Francis Eko. "Rectal immunization with an rVCG vaccine protects against genital Chlamydia challenge (VAC7P.962)." Journal of Immunology 192, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2014): 141.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.141.7.

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Abstract Pelvic inflammatory diseases consequent to Chlamydia trachomatis infections is a major public health challenge with frequent asymptomatic infections precluding in early diagnosis and treatment making clinical presentation of sequelae often the first indication of infection. Development of a safe, efficacious and affordable vaccine holds promise for the global spread of Chlamydia genital infections. Previously we have shown that intramuscular(IM) vaccination of Vibrio cholerae ghosts (VCG) expressing Porin B and PmpD showed protection of mice against intravaginal infections via the development of a cellular ( Th1) as well as humoral ( IgG2a and IgA) immunity. The present study was undertaken to examine the potential of rectal immunization for the induction of genital tract immunity against heterologous Chlamydia infection in mice. The impact of immunization with the VCG vaccine in combination with Flt3 Ligand (FL) on induction of immunity was also investigated. The results demonstrate that both IM and IR rVCG immunizations elicited high levels of antigen-specific Th1 cell-mediated and humoral immune responses that were enhanced following co-immunization with FL. Also, rectally immunized mice were significantly protected against heterologous infection with serovar E Chlamydia 2 weeks post immunization. These results highlight the potential of rectal immunization for eliciting immunity in the female genital tract against Chlamydia and other sexually transmitted diseases.

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Bakardzhiev, Ilko. "CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CONTEMPORARY METHODS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS UROGENITAL INFECTIONS." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 17, 1, no. 2011 (October 14, 2011): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2011171.158.

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Domeika, M. "Chlamydia trachomatis infections in eastern Europe: legal aspects, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment." Sexually Transmitted Infections 78, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.78.2.115.

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Stamm, Walter E. "Diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections using antigen detection methods." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 4, no. 3 (March 1986): 93S—99S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0732-8893(86)80047-5.

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Schillinger, David. "Diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis infections by direct immunofluorescence staining of genital secretions." Journal of Emergency Medicine 3, no. 1 (January 1985): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(85)90240-9.

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Crowley, T., D. Milne, J. T. Arumainayagam, I. D. Paul, and E. O. Caul. "The laboratory diagnosis of male Chlamydia trachomatis infections—A time for change?" Journal of Infection 25 (July 1992): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-4453(92)92099-5.

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Rejepova, A. S., G. H. Annayeva, A. A. Ovezova, and S. A. Atajanova. "Chronic ophthalmochlamydial infections." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 6 (November 9, 2022): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-6-189-193.

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Eye lesions in the structure of chlamydia occupy one of the leading places, the proportion in adults ranges from 3 to 30 % of all cases of conjunctivitis. 130 patients with sluggish chronic conjunctivitis aged 19–50 years were examined, including 90 women and 40 men. The duration of the disease was from 3 months to 5 years. The traditional cytological method was used as the main diagnostic method to determine the etiological cause of chronic inflammation. According to the results of clinical and laboratory examination of patients with chronic conjunctivitis, chlamydial infection was detected in 9.2 % of cases with the presence of dry eye syndrome (DES) – in 6.2 %. Thus, it is necessary to improve the quality of timely diagnosis of acute chlamydial infection, without leading to a chronic form of the disease. The traditional cytological method remains quite informative for the diagnosis of conjunctival ophthalmochlamydia. Keywords: chronic conjunctivitis, chlamydial infection, conjunctival scraping, cytogram, Prowacheck – Halberstadter inclusions

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35

Barnes, R. C. "Laboratory diagnosis of human chlamydial infections." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2, no. 2 (April 1989): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.2.2.119.

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Chlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen that causes ocular disease (trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis), genital disease (cervicitis, urethritis, salpingitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum), and respiratory disease (infant pneumonitis). Respiratory chlamydioses also occur with infection by avian strains of C. psittaci or infection by the newly described TWAR agent. Diagnosis of most acute C. trachomatis infections relies on detection of the infecting agent by cell culture, fluorescent antibody, immunoassay, cytopathologic, or nucleic acid hybridization methods. Individual non-culture tests for C. trachomatis are less sensitive and specific than the best chlamydial cell culture system but offer the advantages of reduced technology and simple transport of clinical specimens. Currently available nonculture tests for C. trachomatis perform adequately as screening tests in populations in which the prevalence of infection is greater than 10%. A negative culture or nonculture test for C. trachomatis does not, however, exclude infection. The predictive value of a positive nonculture test may be unsatisfactory when populations of low infection prevalence are tested. Tests that detect antibody responses to chlamydial infection have limited utility in diagnosis of acute chlamydial infection because of the high prevalence of persistent antibody in healthy adults and the cross-reactivity due to infection by the highly prevalent C. trachomatis and TWAR agents. Assays for changes in antibody titer to the chlamydial genus antigen are used for the diagnosis of respiratory chlamydioses. A single serum sample that is negative for chlamydial antibody excludes the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.

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LeBar, W. D. "Keeping up with new technology: new approaches to diagnosis of Chlamydia infection." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.5.809.

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Abstract Chlamydia trachomatis infections are among the most common sexually transmitted infections in the US today. One of the keys to the prevention of C. trachomatis infection rests on the ability to make this diagnosis on the basis of accurate laboratory testing. For many years the standard for diagnosis of C. trachomatis infections has been isolation in tissue culture. Numerous nonculture methods, including enzyme immunoassay, have been used as an alternative to cell culture. The performance characteristics of these tests have all been compared with a standard, cell culture, which at best will detect 90% of positive specimens. Nucleic acid amplification techniques, including PCR and ligase chain reaction, have been recently introduced. The advantage of these tests is their ability to detect 10-20% more positive specimens when compared with culture or confirmed nonculture methods performed with a single specimen. The sensitivity of amplified tests also allows us to test specimens from multiple sites (endocervix, urethra, urine), which expands our standard from an infected sample to detection of an infected patient. Tests based on amplified nucleic acid technology have greatly improved our ability to diagnose urogenital C. trachomatis infection. The use of an expanded standard will help us accurately define the true performance and clinical utility of nonculture Chlamydia diagnostic tests.

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Persson, Kenneth, and Jens Boman. "Comparison of Five Serologic Tests for Diagnosis of Acute Infections by Chlamydia pneumoniae." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.7.5.739-744.2000.

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ABSTRACT Serology is often used to diagnose acute infections byChlamydia pneumoniae. In this study paired sera from patients with acute respiratory tract infection during an epidemic ofC. pneumoniae infections were examined by five different antibody tests. These tests were the complement fixation (CF) test, the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test, a recombinant enzyme immunoassay (rEIA) (Medac) based on a recombinant lipopolysaccharide of chlamydia and measuring antibodies to a common chlamydial antigen, and two tests that utilize preparations of C. pneumoniae organisms, the SeroCp-EIA (Savyon) (with preserved lipopolysaccharide) and the LOY-EIA (Labsystems) (without this antigen). Both of the last two tests should measure specific antibodies to C. pneumoniae, although cross-reacting antibodies may also be detected by the SeroCp-EIA. Acute infection of C. pneumoniae was serologically confirmed in 44% of the cases by at least two different tests. Using an expanded “gold standard,” i.e., the presence of significant reactions in at least two tests, the sensitivity of the CF test was 69%, that of the MIF test was 88%, that of the rEIA was 89%, that of the LOY-EIA was 96%, and that of the SeroCp-EIA was 92%. Specificity was high for all methods, but adjustments of diagnostic criteria were made to several of the tests. The basis for these adjustments and supportive data are presented. Infections of C. pneumoniae were detected in patients from 8 to 83 years of age. Two peaks in the incidence of such infections were observed: one among young teenagers and a second in adults 30 to 45 years of age, corresponding to parents of young teen-agers. The tests were equally sensitive in different age groups. Reinfections seemed to be rare.

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Bauwens, J. E., A. M. Clark, and W. E. Stamm. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infections by a commercial polymerase chain reaction assay." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31, no. 11 (1993): 3023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.31.11.3023-3027.1993.

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Toye, B., R. W. Peeling, P. Jessamine, P. Claman, and I. Gemmill. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in asymptomatic men and women by PCR assay." Journal of clinical microbiology 34, no. 6 (1996): 1396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.34.6.1396-1400.1996.

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Verkooyen, R. P., D. Willemse, S. C. A. M. Hiep-van Casteren, S. A. Mousavi Joulandan, R. J. Snijder, J. M. M. van den Bosch, H. P. T. van Helden, M. F. Peeters, and H. A. Verbrugh. "Evaluation of PCR, Culture, and Serology for Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae Respiratory Infections." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 8 (1998): 2301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.8.2301-2307.1998.

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We prospectively studied 156 patients with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia requiring admission. Several respiratory specimens were obtained for the detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae by cell culture and PCR. Three serum samples were obtained from each patient. Serological diagnosis of a C. pneumoniae infection was determined by the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test, the complement fixation (CF) test, and recombinant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; referred to as the rDNA LPS ELISA). Twenty-three patients (15%) had serological results compatible with acute C. pneumoniae infection; nine (39%) of these subjects were C. pneumoniae PCR positive. Twenty-two patients (14%) had positive PCR results without serological evidence of an acute C. pneumoniae infection. An attempt was made to calculate the sensitivities and specificities of the MIF test, rDNA LPS ELISA, and PCR for the diagnosis of chlamydial community-acquired pneumonia. Several “gold standards” were defined. Generally, the sensitivities of the rDNA LPS ELISA and MIF were comparable, while the sensitivity of the CF test was shown to be very low. Independent of the gold standard used, the best PCR results were obtained with nasopharyngeal specimens. However, the predictive value of a positive C. pneumoniaePCR result for patients with community-acquired pneumonia remains unknown and may be low. Although a widely accepted gold standard is still lacking, the rDNA LPS ELISA may currently be the preferred tool for diagnosing acute respiratory Chlamydia infections in routine clinical practice. However, the MIF test remains the method of choice for determining the prevalence of C. pneumoniaeinfections in a given community.

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Schubiner, H., W. LeBar, S. Joseph, C. Taylor, C. Jenal, and B. Sullens. "Rapid in-office antigen tests for the diagnosis of chlamydia trachohatis genital infections." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 11, no. 4 (July 1990): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070(90)90054-6.

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Schubiner, Howard H., William Lebar, Claudia Jemal, and Barry Hershman. "Comparison of three new nonculture tests in the diagnosis of Chlamydia genital infections." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 11, no. 6 (November 1990): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070(90)90111-e.

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43

Schubiner, H., W. LeBar, S. Joseph, C. Taylor, C. Jemal, and B. Sullen. "Rapid in-office antigen tests for the diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis genital infections." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 11, no. 3 (May 1990): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070(90)90411-t.

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Boyd, Russell S., and James DeMaio. "Use of Chlamydiazyme on Urine Sediment for Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections." Military Medicine 156, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/156.8.420.

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Harper, Mary, and Raymond Johnson. "The predictive value of culture for the diagnosis of gonorrhea and chlamydia infections." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 12, no. 7 (April 1990): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(90)90051-c.

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Goller, Jane L., Jacqueline Coombe, Meredith Temple-Smith, Helen Bittleston, Lena Sanci, Rebecca Guy, Christopher Fairley, et al. "Management of Chlamydia Cases in Australia (MoCCA): protocol for a non-randomised implementation and feasibility trial." BMJ Open 12, no. 12 (December 2022): e067488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067488.

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IntroductionThe sexually transmitted infection chlamydia can cause significant complications, particularly among people with female reproductive organs. Optimal management includes timely and appropriate treatment, notifying and treating sexual partners, timely retesting for reinfection and detecting complications including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In Australia, mainstream primary care (general practice) is where most chlamydia infections are diagnosed, making it a key setting for optimising chlamydia management. High reinfection and low retesting rates suggest partner notification and retesting are not uniformly provided. The Management of Chlamydia Cases in Australia (MoCCA) study seeks to address gaps in chlamydia management in Australian general practice through implementing interventions shown to improve chlamydia management in specialist services. MoCCA will focus on improving retesting, partner management (including patient-delivered partner therapy) and PID diagnosis.Methods and analysisMoCCA is a non-randomised implementation and feasibility trial aiming to determine how best to implement interventions to support general practice in delivering best practice chlamydia management. Our method is guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and the Normalisation Process Theory. MoCCA interventions include a website, flow charts, fact sheets, mailed specimen kits and autofills to streamline chlamydia consultation documentation. We aim to recruit 20 general practices across three Australian states (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland) through which we will implement the interventions over 12–18 months. Mixed methods involving qualitative and quantitative data collection and analyses (observation, interviews, surveys) from staff and patients will be undertaken to explore our intervention implementation, acceptability and uptake. Deidentified general practice and laboratory data will be used to measure pre-post chlamydia testing, retesting, reinfection and PID rates, and to estimate MoCCA intervention costs. Our findings will guide scale-up plans for Australian general practice.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from The University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee (Ethics ID: 22665). Findings will be disseminated via conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and study reports.

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Indjic, Nikola, Ljiljana Igic, Aleksandar Veselinovic, and Dragan Veselinovic. "Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in adults with chronic conjunctivitis in Nisava district." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 140, no. 3-4 (2012): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1204148i.

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Introduction. Chlamydia trachomatis causes many infections, including eye infections. They manifest as inclusion conjunctivitis and trachoma. The agent is transmitted by dirty hands, eyeliners, medical instruments and via swimming-pool water or, in neonates, by passage through an infected birth canal. Due to the nonspecific clinical features at the beginning of the infection and delayed application of symptomatic, anti-allergic and non-specific antibiotic therapy, Chlamydia aetiology is usually established only after laboratory diagnosis in the chronic stage of infection. Objective. Determining the frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen in conjunctival and genital samples of adult patients with chronic conjunctivitis in Nisava district. Methods. Our retrospective study was carried out on 116 patients (63 female and 53 male) with clinical signs and symptoms of chronic conjunctivitis. Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was detected by a direct immunofluorescence test with labelled monoclonal antibodies. Results. From a total of 116 examined patients in 37 patients Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was detected; 17 female and 20 male. Thirty-three of the patients had a bilateral infection and four unilateral. Among 24 patients who were also tested for Chlamydia trachomatis antigen collected by ocular and genital swabs, 19 had conjunctivitis associated with urethritis/vaginitis. Conclusion. The studied group of patients showed that the common cause of the chronic conjunctivitis were bacteria, but predominantly Chlamydia trachomatis. In most cases Chlamydia infection occurred bilaterally. The majority of patients had eye Chlamydia infection associated with genital Chlamydia infection. There was no statistically significant difference in the presence of the disease regarding gender.

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Ouzounova, V., J. Haralambieva, and I. Mitov. "Prevalence of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections in Symptomatic Patients in Bulgaria." European Journal of Inflammation 3, no. 2 (May 2005): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1721727x0500300205.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in symptomatic patients and to compare our data with similar studies made in Bulgaria. 822 patients were included in the study with a diagnosis suggestive of Chlamydial infection: urethritis, prostatitis, Reiter syndrome, cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, etc. The samples were cell cultured on McCoy and detected by immunofluorescence with anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody. The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in symptomatic patients was about 37% in the investigated 822 urogenital samples (568 women and 254 men). Active infection with C. trachomatis was detected in 39% of the women and in 33% of the men. Our study shows a relatively high prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in symptomatic patients; a lower prevalence of the infection in comparison with other Bulgarian studies, using different methods for detection. The results prove the high sensitivity and specificity of the cell-culture method for the detection of Chlamydial infections and the need for screening of the symptomatic patients and their sexual partners for Chlamydial infection.

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Khan, Asaduzzaman, Rafat Hussain, and Margot Schofield. "Correlates of sexually transmitted infections in young Australian women." International Journal of STD & AIDS 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462054308459.

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The study examined correlates of three common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among Australian women. The sample comprised 9582 women aged 22–27 years who took part in the second postal survey in 2000, of the young cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Self-reported rates of diagnosis in past four years were: chlamydia 1.47%( n = 141), genital herpes 1.75% ( n = 168), and genital warts 3.45% ( n = 331). Multivariate analyses revealed that the odds of all three STIs increased with number of male sexual partners and illicit drug use. Younger and rural women had higher odds of being diagnosed with chlamydia. The odds of both genital herpes and genital warts were higher with longer oral contraceptive pill use and higher stress, while women who had experienced violence were found to have higher odds of herpes. The identification of factors associated with common STIs among young Australian women will inform better-targeted health promotion and disease prevention programmes.

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Reynolds, M., and J. Wilson. "Is Trichomonas vaginalis still a marker for other sexually transmitted infections in women?" International Journal of STD & AIDS 7, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462961917339.

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Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) has, in the past, been regarded as a useful marker for other asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia in women. The aim of this study was to determ ine whether TV is still such a m arker. All wom en attending the Department of Genito-urinary Medicine at the Leeds General Infirmary with a diagnosis of TV during 1983 and 1993 were identified and concurrent infections were tabulated. In 1993 approximately 30% of women with TV had at least one other sexually transm itted infection. The prevalence of gonorrhoea in women with trichomoniasis fell from 20% in 1983 to 10% in 1993 whilst the prevalence of chlamydia in these wom en remained unchanged at 15%. Thus trichomoniasis is still frequently associated with other pathogens in women and screening of these women for other infections rem ains essential.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chlamydia infections Victoria Diagnosis'

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