Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chlamydia infections Victoria Diagnosis

Academic literature on the topic 'Chlamydia infections Victoria Diagnosis'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Chlamydia infections Victoria Diagnosis"

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Wagg, Emma, Jane Hocking, and Jane Tomnay. "What do young women living in regional and rural Victoria say about chlamydia testing? A qualitative study." Sexual Health 17, no. 2 (2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh19182.

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Background Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly notified sexually transmissible infection in Australia, with almost 100000 cases diagnosed in 2018. Chlamydia is easy to diagnose and treat, but infections are underdiagnosed. Eighty per cent of chlamydia cases are asymptomatic. Without testing, infections will remain undetected. Several barriers to testing have been identified in previous research, including cost, privacy concerns for young rural people, knowledge gaps, embarrassment and stigma. The aim of this study was to investigate young regional and rural women’s understanding of chlamydia and factors that may prevent or delay testing. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 women aged between 18 and 30 years residing in north-east Victoria, Australia. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Results: Themes were grouped under four categories: (1) chlamydia and stigma; (2) the application of stigma to self and others; (3) factors affecting testing; and (4) knowledge. A chlamydia infection was associated with stigma. The young women in this study anticipated self-stigma in relation to a positive diagnosis, but resisted stigmatising others. Increased knowledge about chlamydia prevalence was associated with reduced self-stigma. The most consistent factor affecting testing decisions was personal risk assessment. Knowledge gaps about symptoms, testing and treatment were also identified, with participants not always accessing information from reputable sources. Conclusion: Chlamydia testing was viewed as a positive activity among this cohort. However, there is considerable perceived stigma about being diagnosed with an infection. Interventions that communicate prevalence, reduce stigma and provide factual information about testing and risk are still needed. Clinicians have an opportunity to convey this information at consultation. Health promotion workers should continue to develop and run campaigns at a community level to encourage regular screening.
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Temple-Smith, M. J., C. A. Hopkins, C. K. Fairley, J. E. Tomnay, N. L. Pavlin, R. M. Parker, D. B. Russell, et al. "60. THE RIGHT THING TO DO: PATIENTS' VIEWS AND EXPERIENCES OF TELLING PARTNERS ABOUT CHLAMYDIA." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab60.

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Partner notification for patients diagnosed with chlamydia is recommended to assist in controlling the increasing incidence of this often asymptomatic but treatable infection. Few studies, however, have ascertained the views on partner notification from those who are often expected to perform it - the individuals who have been diagnosed with chlamydia. As part of a larger combined qualitative-quantitative methods study of partner notification, 40 in-depth telephone interviews were conducted with people diagnosed with chlamydia from clinics in Victoria, ACT and Queensland. Reactions to chlamydia diagnosis, as well as reasons for, and feelings about, telling their sexual partners about this infection were explored. Common reactions to initial diagnosis were surprise, shock and shame, as well as relief about being able to put a name to symptoms. Many spoke of relief on learning the condition was treatable. Both men and women commonly saw partner notification as a social duty, and cited concerns about their own health and the health of others as a reason for telling partners and ex-partners about the diagnosis. An infrequent reason offered for partner notification was to confront a partner to clarify fidelity. Reasons for not contacting a partner were typically fear of reaction, or a lack of contact details. Although participants reported sexual partners exhibiting a variety of reactions when told of the diagnosis, results showed that for almost everyone, the experience of notifying their partner was better than they had expected. Views about taking antibiotics to the partner varied according to the currency of the relationship, with some feeling it could be offered as appeasement, and others feeling it might be seen as intrusive. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that partner notification by people diagnosed with chlamydia is achievable, with many of these results likely to be transferable to other settings.
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Goller, Jane L., Alysha M. De Livera, Rebecca, J. Guy, Nicola Low, Basil Donovan, Matthew Law, John M. Kaldor, Christopher K. Fairley, and Jane S. Hocking. "Rates of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy in Australia, 2009–2014: ecological analysis of hospital data." Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, no. 7 (May 2, 2018): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053423.

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ObjectiveTo analyse yearly rates of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ectopic pregnancy (EP) diagnosed in hospital settings in Australia from 2009 to 2014.MethodsWe calculated yearly PID and EP diagnosis rates in three states (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland) for women aged 15–44 years using hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) attendance data, with population and live birth denominators. We stratified PID diagnoses as chlamydial-related or gonorrhoeal-related (Chlamydia trachomatis (CT)-related or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG)-related), acute, unspecified and chronic, and analysed variations by year, age and residential area using Poisson regression models.ResultsFor PID, the rate of all admissions in 2014 was 63.3 per 100 000 women (95% CI 60.8 to 65.9) and of all presentations in EDs was 97.0 per 100 000 women (95% CI 93.9 to 100.2). Comparing 2014 with 2009, the rate of all PID admissions did not change, but the rate of all presentations in EDs increased (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 1.34, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.45), and for admissions by PID category was higher for CT-related or NG-related PID (aIRR 1.73, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.28) and unspecified PID (aIRR 1.09, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.19), and lower for chronic PID (aIRR 0.84, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.95). For EP, in 2014 the rate of all admissions was 17.4 (95% CI 16.9 to 17.9) per 1000 live births and of all ED presentations was 15.6 (95% CI 15.1 to 16.1). Comparing 2014 with 2009, the rates of all EP admissions (aIRR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.08) and rates in EDs (aIRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.31) were higher.ConclusionsPID and EP remain important causes of hospital admissions for female STI-associated complications. Hospital EDs care for more PID cases than inpatient departments, particularly for young women. Updated primary care data are needed to better understand PID epidemiology and healthcare usage.
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STAMM, WALTER E. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis Genitourinary Infections." Annals of Internal Medicine 108, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-5-710.

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Stamm, W. E. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia Trachomatis Genitourinary Infections." Journal of Urology 141, no. 1 (January 1989): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)40714-2.

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Stamm, WE. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infections." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 28, no. 2 (February 1989): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(89)90491-8.

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Creager, R. S., and P. A. Mach. "Reagents for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27, no. 3 (1989): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.27.3.594-595.1989.

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Gray, Richard T., Denton Callander, Jane S. Hocking, Skye McGregor, Hamish McManus, Amalie Dyda, Clarissa Moreira, et al. "Population-level diagnosis and care cascade for chlamydia in Australia." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053801.

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ObjectivesKey strategies to control chlamydia include testing, treatment, partner management and re-testing. We developed a diagnosis and care cascade for chlamydia to highlight gaps in control strategies nationally and to inform efforts to optimise control programmes.MethodsThe Australian Chlamydia Cascade was organised into four steps: (1) annual number of new chlamydia infections (including re-infections); (2) annual number of chlamydia diagnoses; (3) annual number of diagnoses treated; (4) annual number of diagnoses followed by a re-test for chlamydia within 42–180 days of diagnosis. For 2016, we estimated the number of infections among young men and women aged 15–29 years in each of these steps using a combination of mathematical modelling, national notification data, sentinel surveillance data and previous research studies.ResultsAmong young people in Australia, there were an estimated 248 580 (range, 240 690–256 470) new chlamydia infections in 2016 (96 470 in women; 152 100 in men) of which 70 164 were diagnosed (28.2% overall: women 43.4%, men 18.6%). Of the chlamydia infections diagnosed, 65 490 (range, 59 640–70 160) were treated (93.3% across all populations), but only 11 330 (range, 7660–16 285) diagnoses were followed by a re-test within 42–180 days (17.3% overall: women 20.6%, men 12.5%) of diagnosis.ConclusionsThe greatest gaps in the Australian Chlamydia Cascade for young people were in the diagnosis and re-testing steps, with 72% of infections undiagnosed and 83% of those diagnosed not re-tested: both were especially low among men. Treatment rates were also lower than recommended by guidelines. Our cascade highlights the need for enhanced strategies to improve treatment and re-testing coverage such as short message service reminders, point-of-care and postal test kits.
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Barlow, M., D. T. Jayaweera, A. A. Wade, and M. Walzman. "Laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of chlamydia infections." Sexually Transmitted Infections 67, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.67.6.522.

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N. Tabrizi, Sepehr. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis using self-collected non-invasive specimens ? the Australian experience." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 1 (2007): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07010.

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Chlamydia trachomatis are small, non-motile, obligate intracellular bacteria that typically infect human eukaryotic columnar epithelial cells. C. trachomatis infections result in a number of diseases of worldwide public health concern, including trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and urogenital infections. Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide and in Australia has exhibited a steady rise in prevalence 1. National notification rates of newly diagnosed chlamydia infections have increased nearly four-fold since 1994 and more than doubled since 1999.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chlamydia infections Victoria Diagnosis"

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Pun, Chi-kit Patrick. "Molecular diagnosis of adenovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in hospitalized children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31972123.

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Debattista, Joseph. "Epidemiology and immunopathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Australian subpopulations." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003.

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Tay, Ee Laine. "The ancients : Salmonella, Tuberculosis and Influenza." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156306.

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Infections with Tuberculosis (TB), Influenza and Salmonellosis continue to pose significant challenges to public health and result in considerable work for public health agencies. The core aspects of my thesis outline four projects undertaken at the Victorian Government Department of Health (DH) and the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) to fulfil the core requirements of the Masters of Philosophy in Applied Epidemiology (MAE) program. First, I present a cluster investigation of Salmonella Typhimurium 44 (S. Typhimurium 44) that was ongoing for more than six months and associated with three point source outbreaks, including one where it was possible to perform a cohort study. Investigation findings suggest an association with consumption of eggs, based on epidemiological and microbiological evidence obtained in two outbreaks. The first isolated S. Typhimurium 44 from tartare sauce made from raw eggs and eggs sampled from the source farm, and the second found an association with scrambled eggs in the cohort study. My second project used retrospective analysis of TB surveillance data from 2009 to 2011 to measure health system delay for TB in Victoria (that is, the interval between first health presentation for TB symptoms and treatment initiation), identify the factors associated with delay using logistic regression and explore the reasons behind delay using electronic case notes review. I found the median health system delay to be 31 days for all TB cases, 20 days for pulmonary TB (PTB) and 12 days for sputum smear positive PTB. Multivariable regression analysis found longer delay in females, older adults and extra-PTB sites and shorter delay in positive microscopy or nucleic acid testing. A wide range of reasons were identified, the most common being multiple visits to a General Practitioner. For my third project, I evaluated the TB surveillance system in Victoria using a mixed methods study design incorporating documents review, data analysis and key informant interviews. Overall, I found the TB surveillance system to be a complex but well-functioning system that is sensitive, flexible, widely accepted by stakeholders and produced good quality data. The key recommendations were to improve documentation on the system, improve feedback to stakeholders and increase the use of surveillance data to inform service provision and monitoring and evaluation activities. In addition, I also analysed the surveillance data to examine the epidemiology of TB in Victoria from 1993 to 2012. My fourth project adapted and field tested a new method for deriving influenza thresholds developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to calculate thresholds for two routine influenza-like-illness (ILI) datasets, laboratory data and hospital admissions for influenza using data from 2002 to 2011. I found that thresholds were easily derived using the WHO method and the new thresholds were used to revise the current ones used by the Victorian Sentinel General Practice Surveillance System. Finally, my thesis also lists the additional activities undertaken at both placements to capture the breadth of my MAE experience. These activities and projects supported the work of both placements and contributed to evidence base and informing policy and practice.
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Mugisha, Emmanuel. "Delivery and utilisation of voluntary HIV counselling and testing services among fishing communities in Uganda." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2954.

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The study explored, described and explained the current models of voluntary counselling and testing services delivery and analysed the extent to which a given VCT model had influenced uptake of VCT services in the fishing communities along the shores of Lake Victoria, in Wakiso District, with an aim of designing optimal VCT service delivery strategies. The study was therefore exploratory, descriptive and explanatory, and collected both qualitative and quantitative data in a three-phased approach. Phase I involved the Kasenyi fishing community respondents, while phases II and III involved VCT managers and VCT counsellors at the Entebbe and Kisubi Hospitals. The findings indicated that VCT services are generally available onsite at health facilities, and in the field through mobile VCT outreach or home-based VCT services provided at clients’ homes. Both client-initiated and health provider-initiated VCT services are available and services are integrated with other health services. Despite the availability of VCT, only about half of the respondents in phase I had accessed VCT services although almost all indicated a willingness to undergo HIV testing in the near future. The main challenges to service delivery and utilisation included limited funding and staffing as well as limited awareness in target communities. The strategies drawn are based on the need to increase availability, accessibility, acceptability and utilisation of VCT services.
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Books on the topic "Chlamydia infections Victoria Diagnosis"

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Chlamydia atherosclerosis lesion: Discovery, diagnosis and treatment. London: Springer, 2007.

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J, Schmidt Nathalie, and Emmons Richard W, eds. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1989.

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J, Schmidt Nathalie, and Emmons Richard W, eds. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1995.

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Laura, Larsen, ed. Sexually transmitted diseases sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the symptoms and treatment of chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis, herpes, HIV/Aids, human papillomavirus (HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease, syphilis, trichomoniasis, vaginal infections, and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including recent facts about prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention; along with tips on discussing and living with STDs, updates on current research and vaccines, a glossary of related terms, and resources for additional help and information. 4th ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc., 2009.

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Shor, Allan. Chlamydia Atherosclerosis Lesion: Discovery, Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer, 2016.

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Behavioral and clinical indicators of Chlamydia trachomatis in women. 1989.

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Behavioral and clinical indicators of Chlamydia trachomatis in women. 1987.

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Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Sexually transmitted infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0018.

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This chapter covers the diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted infections, including bacterial vaginosis, with causes including vaginal discharge, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. The chapter also covers vulvovaginal candidiasis, genital warts or anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus, tropical genital ulceration (which is commoner in patients presenting with sexually transmitted infections in the developing world and is an important factor in the spread of HIV), genital herpes, pelvic inflammatory disease, toxic shock syndrome, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and syphilis.
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Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0006.

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This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Chlamydia, Coxiella, and Bartonella species. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including the typhus group (caused by rickettsial infection) and Q fever. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Vigil, Karen J. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0044.

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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common in HIV-infected patients. Education and counseling on changes in sexual behaviors of patients with STDs and their sexual partners, identification of asymptomatic infection, and effective diagnosis and treatment are the cornerstone for prevention. HIV-infected patients with syphilis should have a detailed neurologic examination. Penicillin is the treatment of choice for syphilis. Gonococcal infection is an important cause of urethritis, cervicitis, pharyngitis, and proctitis in HIV-infected sexually active patients. Dual therapy for gonorrhea and chlamydia is recommended. Most Chlamydia trachomatis infections are asymptomatic and thus detected only by routine, periodic screening. Human papillomavirus is the most common STD in the United States.
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Book chapters on the topic "Chlamydia infections Victoria Diagnosis"

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Mårdh, Pers-Anders, Jorma Paavonen, and Mirja Puolakkainen. "Diagnosis of Chlamydial Infections." In Chlamydia, 71–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0719-8_6.

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Saikku, P. "Problems in Diagnosis of Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections." In Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology, 309–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76603-9_38.

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Kuo, Cho-Chou. "Culture and Rapid Methods in Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections." In Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology, 299–304. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76603-9_36.

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Leinonen, M., M. R. Ekman, H. Syriälä, P. Kujala, and P. Saikku. "New Approaches in the Etiological Diagnosis of Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections." In Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology, 305–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76603-9_37.

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Opota, Onya, René Brouillet, Gilbert Greub, and Katia Jaton. "Methods for Real-Time PCR-Based Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, and Chlamydia abortus Infections in an Opened Molecular Diagnostic Platform." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 171–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7037-7_11.

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Levy, Vivian, Craig S. Blackmore, and Jeffrey D. Klausner. "Self-Collection of Specimens for Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnosis of Pharyngeal, Cervicovaginal, Urethral, and Rectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infections." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 407–18. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-937-2_28.

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Madhavan, H. N., J. Malathi, and R. Bagyalakshmi. "Insights into the Biology, Infections and Laboratory Diagnosis of Chlamydia." In Chlamydia. Intech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/30337.

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"Genital tract infections and pelvic pain." In Oxford Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, edited by Sally Collins, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, Kevin Hayes, Kirana Arambage, and Lawrence Impey, 625–50. 4th ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198838678.003.0017.

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Abstract This chapter begins with different types of vaginal discharge, and sexually transmitted infections with individual topics on chlamydia, herpes simplex, gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, human papillomavirus, and candidiasis. The chapter then provides an overview of pelvic inflammatory disease and its diagnosis and management. Acute pelvic pain is included, then chronic pelvic pain is discussed with reference to both gynaecological and non-gynaecological causes, alongside diagnosis and treatments.
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Dave, Jayshree, and C. Y. William Tong. "Urinary Tract and Genital Infections including Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0042.

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Urethritis, characterized by inflammation of the urethra in men, is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus), Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Other causes of non-gonococcal urethritis include ureaplasmas, adenoviruses, and herpes simplex viruses. The presence of urethritis is confirmed by the presence of five or more polymorphs in urethral smear by high-power microscopy. Symptoms can be minor to profound and vary from clear to mucopurulent discharge. Gonococcus is commoner in men who have sex with men (MSM) compared to heterosexuals, and high-risk activities such as chemsex parties increase spread with significant public health consequences. Antibiotic resistance in gonococcus has clinical and public health implications as three cases of extensively drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with resistance to ceftriaxone (MIC = 0.5 mg/L) and high-level resistance to azithromycin (MIC > 256 mg/L) have been described compromising current treatment recommended by British Association for Sexual Health and HIV Guidelines (BASHH). In England an outbreak of high level azithromycin-resistant gonococcus has also been described by Public Health England (PHE), who alerted clinicians about the need for follow up and test of cure, contact tracing, and treatment failure. C. trachomatis infection can be treated with azithromycin 1g orally as a single dose or with seven days of oral doxycycline. Risk factors for chlamydia include age younger than twenty-five years, multiple sexual partners, and avoidance of barrier methods for contraception. Metronidazole 2g single dose or 400– 500mg twice daily for seven days is recommended for treatment of trichomonas, which can cause a moderate discharge in up to 60% of males. Resistance to azithromycin and doxycycline is common in M. genitalium strains and management of these patients with urethritis requires GUM referral for comprehensive investigation, contact tracing, and public health notification. Molecular methods are used for the diagnosis of these organisms and gonococcal culture is undertaken to obtain antimicrobial susceptibility data from patients with a previous diagnosis by molecular method, in GUM attendees, and their contacts. Herpes simplex infection results in a painful ulcer preceded by a vesicle. The diagnosis can be confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of a swab taken from the vesicle or ulcer.
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Alemu Tenaw, Lebeza. "Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease." In Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105747.

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Sexually transmitted diseases are among the most contagious infections caused by a variety of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Worldwide, the incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections has shown a gradual increase in recent years. Common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases are Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Any person with signs or symptoms suggestive of bacterial sexually transmitted infections should receive a test, even if he or she does not have symptoms or know of a sex partner. Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases can be cured with the right treatment. It is important to take all medications based on the prescription to cure the sexually transmitted infection. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally. Gonorrhea strains that are multi-drug resistant have been widely dispersed worldwide. Neisseria gonorrhoeae has a high level of antibiotic resistance, leading to untreatable infections that could one day pose a serious threat to public health and present the greatest obstacles to the prevention and management of sexually transmitted illnesses. Because there is no documented penicillin resistance, penicillin remains the first-line therapy for syphilis.
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Conference papers on the topic "Chlamydia infections Victoria Diagnosis"

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Borel, Nicole, Jasmin Kuratli, Theresa Pesch, Hanna Marti, and Christian Blenn. "Insights into the working mechanism of water filtered infrared A (wIRA) irradiation on Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E." In Photonic Diagnosis and Treatment of Infections and Inflammatory Diseases, edited by Tianhong Dai. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2287834.

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Consolacion, Theodora, Janyn Mercado, Olga Mazo, Venessa Ryan, Linda Hoang, Muhammad Morshed, Mark Gilbert, Mark Hull, Troy Grennan, and Jason Wong. "P747 Characteristics of chlamydia/gonorrhea infections associated with a subsequent syphilis diagnosis in british columbia, canada." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.806.

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Baldoni, Gabriela, Gabriela Iribarren, Claudia Garbasz, Pablo Striebeck, Micaela Mayer Wolf, Liliana Fernandez Canigia, and Patricia Galarza. "Persistent and recurrent urethritis due to macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium: first reports in Argentina." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p044.

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Introduction: Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is responsible for 15%-20% nongonococcal urethritis in men. In Argentina, the diagnosis is only performed by few laboratories. Single-dose 1 g azithromycin (AZM1D) treatment leads to emergence of macrolide resistance (mutations at 23S rRNA gene, region V, position 2058 or 2059). Recommendations include 5-day AZM (AZM5D) regimen, moxifloxacin as second-line therapy. Doxycycline is only 30% effective. Test of Cure (ToC) is advisable. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the first two clinical cases of persistent and recurrent urethritis due to macrolide-resistant MG in Argentina. Methods: End point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis and ToC. Sanger sequencing analysis of mutations. Results: Case 1: A 26-year-old male patient with occasional heterosexual contacts and no history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) complained urethral thick purulent discharge and dysuria (January 2018), with negative microbiological cultures and Chlamydia trachomatis PCR. The patient received ceftriaxone/AZM1D. However, symptoms persisted (April 2018). Later, doxycycline was prescribed for 1 month. Five days after treatment, the sample was referred to the STI national reference laboratory (NRL) and results were found positive for MG. The patient was given AZM5D. As a result, symptoms disappeared, posterior ToC was found negative, and retrospectively, sequencing 23S rRNA gene showed A2058G transition. Case 2: An 18-year-old male patient with stable heterosexual relationship complained of previous gonococcal urethritis and urethral serous exudate with inflammatory reaction (September 2017), with negative microbiological cultures. The patient received ceftriaxone and AZM1D as initial treatment. Later, he was given doxycycline for 10 days. On February 2018, symptoms reappeared and sample referred to the NRL was positive for MG (negative for other STIs). With AZM1D treatment, symptoms disappeared. After 1 month, the symptoms recurred. Results showed a new MG-positive sample (April 2018). AZM5D administration induced 2 weeks symptoms free and recurrence, requiring moxifloxacin treatment. Symptoms disappeared completely. Posterior ToC is negative. Subsequently, sequencing both samples referred to the NRL showed A2059G transition. Conclusion: The clinical cases presented notified the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of MG infections and use of adequate treatment schemes. We emphasized the relevance of monitoring and surveillance prevalence of macrolide-resistant MG in Argentina.
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