Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ChlaF'

2012/2013
I licheni, una simbiosi mutualistica tra un fungo (il micobionte), generalmente un ascomicete, e una o più popolazioni di alghe e/o cianobatteri (il fotobionte) sono considerati forme di vita estremofile in quanto da disidratati possono resistere a condizioni ambientali molto difficili come elevati irraggiamenti solari, scarsa disponibilità d'acqua e di nutrienti e dosi elevate di inquinanti aerodiffusi. Tali fattori di stress tuttavia inducono una sovrapproduzione a livello cellulare di specie reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS), che se eccede le difese antiossidanti genera stress ossidativo. L'accumulo delle ROS è un fenomeno molto pericoloso perché porta al danneggiamento di importanti macromolecole come lipidi, proteine e DNA ed in casi estremi può condurre anche alla morte cellulare. Sebbene gli effetti dello stress foto-ossidativo nei licheni siano già stati studiati, in questo dottorato di ricerca si è voluto approfondire alcuni aspetti ancora poco chiari relativi alla resistenza dei fotobionti a questo stress e alla resistenza dei licheni allo stress ossidativo indotto dalla presenza di elevate concentrazioni di inquinanti fotochimici come l'ozono (O3). Sul primo filone di ricerca sono stati condotti due studi. Nel primo ci si è focalizzati sugli effetti dello stress foto-ossidativo su parametri fisiologici di vitalità (ChlaF) e di produzione di ROS in un fotobionte lichenico e nella sua controparte lichenizzata. Ciò è stato ottenuto sottoponendo colture axeniche del fotobionte Trebouxia sp. e lobi del lichene Parmotrema perlatum da cui è stato isolato il fotobionte, a diverse combinazioni di umidità relativa e intensità luminose per periodi di tempo crescenti. L'obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di approfondire le conoscenze sui benefici indotti dalla lichenizzazione nella resistenza al disseccamento e al concomitante stress foto-ossidativo. Il secondo studio invece, strettamente connesso al primo, è focalizzato sulla variazione di espressione genica dell'intero trascrittoma del fotobionte Trebouxia gelatinosa, isolato dal lichene Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, indotta da eventi di disidratazione e reidratazione. Con questo studio si è voluto individuare ed analizzare i meccanismi molecolari alla base della tolleranza di questo organismo al disseccamento e al concomitante stress fotoossidativo. Sul secondo filone di ricerca invece è stato condotto uno studio sulle risposte fisiologiche, citologiche e biochimiche del lichene Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale sottoposto a fumigazioni con O3 e mantenuto a diversi regimi di idratazione e di umidità relativa ambientale. L'obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di verificare se la tolleranza di questo lichene allo stress ossidativo derivante dall'esposizione all'O3 dipende da una strategia O3-avoidant, imputabile alla sua inattività metabolica durante le ore della giornata in cui si verifica il picco dell'O3, oppure da una O3-tolerant, dovuta invece alla presenza di un cospicuo ed efficace corredo di difese antiossidanti. Il primo studio ha dimostrato che il fotobionte algale al di fuori della simbiosi è in grado di resistere a livelli elevati di stress foto-ossidativo anche per periodi molto lunghi. Tuttavia è stato confermato che la simbiosi adduce benefici importanti come l'aumento della capacità di estinzione dell'energia accumulata dalle clorofille attraverso meccanismi non fotochimici e un ridotto effetto ossidativo indotto dal disseccamento. Questi risultati ci hanno permesso di sfatare l'ormai consolidata idea che i fotobionti algali, in particolare quelli del genere Trebouxia, siano particolarmente delicati e incapaci di tollerare autonomamente (al di fuori della simbiosi) fattori di stress abiotici come quelli che intervengono durante il disseccamento. Dai risultati del secondo studio è emerso che il fotobionte T. gelatinosa per far fronte alle importanti alterazioni dovute alla perdita d'acqua, si affida soprattutto a meccanismi che intervengono durante la fase di reidratazione. I più importanti coinvolgono molecole di riparazione “chaperone”, e. g. “Heath Shock Proteins”, e proteine della famiglia “Desiccation Related Proteins”, la cui funzione è ancora sconosciuta, ma visto l'elevato numero, la loro diversità intraspecifica e la sensibilità ai cambi di contenuto idrico, sembrano giocare un ruolo molto importante. Paradossalmente invece non sono state osservate alterazioni nell'espressione di geni collegati alle difese antiossidanti, che è sempre rimasta a livelli costitutivi. Ciò è stato interpretato come una strategia che permette all'organismo di avere sempre a disposizione mRNA per la neo-sintesi di nuovi enzimi coinvolti nelle difese antiossidanti. Infine nell'ultimo studio è stata riconfermata l'elevata resistenza del lichene F. caperata allo stress ossidativo derivato dall'esposizione all'O3 in quanto alla concentrazione utilizzata, ovvero il massimo registrato nell'ambiente alle nostre latitudini, non è stato osservato alcun effetto sulla vitalità nonostante sia stata osservata una notevole produzione di ROS. L'effetto ossidativo dell'O3 infatti è stato controbilanciato dalle difese antiossidanti le quali si sono mostrate altamente sensibili all'esposizione ed efficaci anche a bassi contenuti idrici. Lo stress ossidativo derivante da fattori abiotici di origine naturali e antropica dunque sembra essere gestito efficacemente sia dai licheni che dai loro fotobionti isolati, grazie ad efficienti difese antiossidanti e all'intervento di meccanismi di riparazione del danno.
XXVI Ciclo
1983

L'Algérie doit faire face à une augmentation continue des résidus solides urbains (RSU). Cette augmentation est due non seulement à la croissance démographique et au développement économique, mais aussi au changement des modes de production et de consommation de la population algérienne. La gestion des RSU par les autorités locales (communes, daïras et willayas) connaît des insuffisances pour le tri et la valorisation de certains constituants de la poubelle domestique. Cette gestion nécessite un traitement global du problème de l'organisation de la collecte et du transport, la valorisation et à l'élimination en centres de stockage de déchets ultimes (CSDU) présentant toutes les garanties pour la protection de l'environnement (eaux, sols et air). Ces difficultés de gestion sont principalement dues à des problèmes organisationnels : - une collecte insuffisante pose des problèmes d'élimination, - la présence de dépotoirs au sein des zones urbaines, dégrade la qualité de la vie des populations et - les décharges publiques non contrôlées présentent un risque de pollution des eaux souterraines et superficielles. Dans ce contexte, un traitement par compostage des résidus urbains solides de la commune de Chlef, a été formulé et présenté aux autorités compétentes de la willaya de Chlef, en lançant une étude sur les possibilités de compostage des RSU à majorité organiques (60-70%). Cette valorisation des résidus sous forme de compost permettrait d'alléger la charge polluante arrivant à la décharge de Meknassa. Ce travail de recherche-action est orienté sur plusieurs aspects pour assurer une filière pérenne de compostage, et sur notamment : - la caractérisation précise du gisement de RSU en flux (T/J) et en composition sur deux années et quatre saisons, - l'expérimentation sur un pilote demi-grand d'une plateforme de tri-compostage, permettant de fixer tous les paramètres de fonctionnement du procédé, et – l'étude de la valorisation agronomique du compost produit sur plusieurs types de cultures en pratique dans la willaya de Chlef
Algeria has to face a continuous increase of the urban solid residues (MSW) produced in the country. This increase is not only due to the population growth and to the economic development, but also to the change of the modes of production and consumption of the Algerian population. The management of the MSW by the local authorities (municipalities, daïras and willayas) knows inadequacies for the sorting and the valuation of certain constituents of the domestic bin. This management requires a global treatment of the problem which concerns the organization of the collection, the transport, the recycling and composting and the elimination in centers of storage of ultimate waste ( CSUW) presenting all the guarantees for the environmental protection (waters, grounds and air). These difficulties of management are mainly due to organizational problems: - an insufficient collection raises problem of public health and entails important sanitary risks, - the presence of garbage dumps within the urban zones, degrades the quality of life of the populations and - uncontrolled dump sites present a risk of water pollution subterranean and superficial. In this context, a treatment by composting of the municipal solid waste of the municipality of Chlef, was formulated and presented to the competent authorities of the willaya of Chlef, with a study on the possibilities of composting of the MSW predominantly organic (60-70 %). This valorization of residues in the form of compost would allow relieving the polluting load arriving in the landfill of Meknassa. This work of search-action is directed on several aspects to insure a long-lasting sector of composting, and on in particular: - the characterization specifies of the field of MSW into flow (Ton / day) and into composition over two years and four seasons, - the experiment on a half-big pilot of a platform of sorting-composting, allowing to fix all the parameters of functioning of the process, and the study of the agronomic valuation of the produced compost on several types of cultures used in the willaya of Chlef

Le travail entrepris dans cette these se rapporte principalement a la restructuration spatiale d'une ville 'chlef, algerie) detruite a 80% par un seisme (le 10 10 1980) et a ses reombees sociales, notamment en ce qui concerne les rapports qu'entretenait la population avec son espace vecu. La reconstruction de la ville sous forme de cites prefabriquees multipolaires, loin de l'ancien tissu urbain, donna un cachet volontariste au processus de reconstruction de la ville qui n'a pas ete, d'ailleurs, sans consequences directes sur la representation socio-spatiale de la ville. Evidemment, une nouvelle pratique urbaine s'est developpee autour de deux poles, d'un cote, les nouvelles cites prefabriquees comme lieu de residence, et d'un autre cote, l'ancien tissu urbain comme lieu d'activite mais aussi lieu de rencontres sociales et espace symbolique. Dans un tel systeme, la reappropriation des espaces, notamment celle du quartier central, ne s'est pas faite sans antagonisme entre les differents acteurs de la ville impliques directement ou indirectement dans le maintien du site initial de leur cite. Des pratiques quotidiennes et des representaions ideelles objectiven des espaces reel bien definis qui symbolisent l'identite spatiale des habitant et attachement a leur ancienne ville, endommagee
The work that was undertaken in this thesis is mainly dealing with the spatial reconstruction of a town (clef, alegeria), 80% of which were destructed by an earthquake as regards the relations the poplation had with the space it used it used tolive the building of the town took the form of multipolar prefabricated blocks, far from the former urban network. This gave the stamp of willpoqer to the process of the rebuilding of the town that was not, moreover, without direct consequences upon the socio-spatial representation of the town. A new urban practice obviously developed and fowsed upon two areas : on the hand the new prefabicated blocks as a place of residence, on the other hand the former urban net work as a place of activity but also as a place for social maating and symbolical space. In such a system, some antagonism arose about the reappropriation of the spaces, particularly that of the central area, between the various actors of the town (the various people who look part in the rebuilding of the town) directly or indirectly involved in the preservation of the town's orginal site. Daily pratices and mental representations objectivise welldefined real spaces which symbolise the inhabitants' spatial identity and their attachment to their former town ever if it was damaged

Cette thèse au carrefour de l’Histoire, de la géographie et de la littérature, se propose de cerner l’émergence de lieux en écriture. Elle vise à la représentation d’une partie de la plaine du Chélif, à travers des textes divers ressortissant essentiellement à l’Histoire, au témoignage, au récit de voyage et à la Fiction. Ces textes sont réunis sous forme d’anthologie qui peut être susceptible d’être exploitée sur le plan didactique, même si sa visée reste avant tout littéraire. Le fil directeur de ce recueil est le lieu géographique, son histoire et ses différentes représentations sur le plan de l’écriture et de l’imaginaire. Cette thèse a pour ambition de permettre de contribuer à la connaissance de l’expression textuelle d’une région et son orientation didactique s’inscrit dans de nouveaux outils à proposer dans le cadre de l’enseignement de la littérature en Algérie ou comme outil didactique dans l’approche des textes en classe de français langue étrangère
This thesis, which is at the intersection of history, geography and literature, proposes to grasp the emergence of places in writing. It aims at the representation of an area through diverse texts, which emerge essentially from History, testimony, tales of travellers as well as from fiction. These texts are gathered in the form of an anthology that can likely be exploited at the level of teaching, even if its goal is primarily literary. The main or guiding idea of this collection is the geographic place, its history and its different representations at the level of writing and of the imaginary. This thesis aims to the contribution of knowing about the textual expression of a given area, and its didactic orientation suggests new ways to teach literature in Algeria, or as a didactic tool in studying texts in classrooms of French as a foreign language

The purpose of my diploma thesis is to propose the air condition to apartments. The work is divided into two parts. The first part describes the climate of the internal spaces, its forms, what it is influenced by and what way it influences the human. It analyzes natural and indoor ventilations. The second part desings air condition to concrete flat, technical report including the mechanical drawings and technical paper of used products.

The "POWER - PLANT" deals with the rehabilitation of the former Central Power Conversion and Dale Schoeller (Nejedly I and III) in the village Libušín Mine. Will be newly designed for building the power plant technology with progressive fluidized bed boiler to biomass steam turbine with an output of 7 MW and absorption (trigeneration) unit producing heat, cooling and electricity, which also will function as a cooler primary circuits. The source of water for the power plant will not only former mining pit Nejedlý I which is currently flooded drinking water at about 12 ° C. This system uses high efficiency embedded fuel (biomass), which is ultimately required less. A greater proportion of electricity generated and part of the heat will be distributed to the public network. In most areas will be proposed publicly accessible greenhouses of steel-aluminum construction filled ETFE foil forming the heat insulating membrane filled with air. The reason is to create conditions for the cultivation of tropical and subtropical plants. Greenhouses will be connected to the absorption unit power (underground meanders through which water will circulate), the ventilation shaft mine and mine water - therefore it will be possible to manage the conditions of the internal environment of the building without the influence of the season and especially without mounting other technological devices. It will provide for cooperation with the absorption unit for cooling the primary circuit - therefore eliminating the need for cooling towers or fans. The project will build a detached departments of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Prague - Institute of progressive technologies and systems for energy and the Faculty of Agronomy and Natural Resources CULS. The reason is to allow students and scientists actively and in practice mainly participate in the operation and especially the development of the issue. The public in the area besides themselves open to the greenhouses indoor and outdoor thermal swimming. Part of the entrance hall is a bistro and foremost lecture hall. The aim is decentralized botanical-energy complex of buildings that produce electricity, heat, cooling, and biomass, and creating recreational, educational and research conditions.

The import of the vegetable has prevailed in the long run over the own production. In connection with this reality and increasing demand for the food with higher quality the production greenhouse is more often built. The providing heat, cold and electricity for the year-round operation is related to the construction and working of these objects. The theoretical part of this theses describes possible ways how to cover energy consumption for the model greenhouse in Kožichovice, Třebíč region. The heat losses and the year-round heat consumption were stated for the selected model and compared with the exact values from Kožichovice. The following method of energy supply was selected based on the calculated energy consumption - the separate cogeneration unit, cooperation of several cogeneration units, a biogas station, a heat pump and central heating system. These methods of energy supply were subjected to technical and economical comparison.

Cold adaptation and her effects has been known for many decates. Positive or negative impact depends especially on its length and strength. The lower temperature can very often cause the stress for organism. On the other hand in expreriment with long-term adapatation were found positive consequences on cardiovascular system. We found the lack of studies devoted to the energy metabolism and apoptosis in heart tissue during long-term cold adaptation. In this work we used a model with milder conditions of the adaptation (10žC±1), so there wouldn't be damage of the experimental animals. We compared the resuls betwen control, cold and regressive group of rats. In this expreriment we used methods of electrophoresis and Western blot. The target of the work was found if we can find any differences betwen chosen HIF targeted genes. The next goal was to detect the differences betwen chosen pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers. Keywords: cold adaptation, heart, energetic metabolism, HIF, apoptosis

Ventricular arrhythmias are the main cause of death worldwide. An increased incidence of arrhythmias in the heart of mammals is accompanied by a remodeling of the cellular distribution gap between the channels of mainly connexin 43 (Cx43). Recently has been demonstrated significant effect of mitochondria and their association with arrhythmogenesis. Various pathological conditions alter the expression and / or distribution of Cx43, depending on the phosphorylation status. but also on altering the association of hexokinase with mitochondria, which reduces the likelihood of apoptosis activation. Adaptation to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia potentiates endogenous pathways reducing the incidence of ventricular arteries, whereas continuous normobaric hypoxia does not have this effect. Another studied model is cold acclimatization, which has been known for several decades by known effects on human health. However, the heart study of these models in relation to Cx43 is missing. Our goal was to determine the expression of Cx43, phosphorylated Cx43 (p-Cx43) and hexokinase (HK1, HK2) and their distribution in cardiomyocytes. In addition, the expression of Cx43 upstream kinases, protein kinase A, protein kinase G, casein kinase 1 in normoxic and hypoxic left ventricles of rats, along with Cx43 distribution...

The constitutively obsereved up-regulation of Hsp70 expression often led to premature conclusions about its critical role as a repair mechanism of cold injury that is, besides, expressed by protein misfolding/denaturation. In this study, we analyze the cold tolerance and the expression of 24 different mRNA transcripts of Hsp complex and other genes, that are associated with the repair of injury caused by cold. We use two strains of D. melanogaster: the wild type and the mutant type Hsp70- null, that lacks all 6 copies of the gene hsp70. We found out, that the larvae of two strains do not differ in their patterns of target genes expression during long term acclimation nor during recovery from chronic cold exposure and acute cold shock, therefore there is no transcriptional compensation of any other Hsp gene for the missing hsp70 in Hsp70- strain. The cold tolerance of Hsp70- strain larvae was impaired only, when they were exposed to strong acute cold shock by temperatures below -8°C. No difference in cold tolerance was observed, when the larvae were exposed to chronic cold exposure in 0°C or to mild acute cold shock by temperatures up to -4°C. Based on our results we assess, that the cold injury caused by strong acute cold schock is of another nature than caused by mild cold conditions and only in the first case Hsp70 expression is critical for the repair of cold injury in Drosophila melanogaster larvae.

Cold exposure elicits a thermoregulatory response in an organism. If the cold stimulus is sufficient, there is increased heat generation by shivering thermogenesis. Under prolonged action of the cold stimulus, shivering thermogenesis is replaced by non-shivering thermogenesis. Non-shivering thermogenesis in the rat takes place predominantly in brown adipose tissue (BAT), where the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is activated in mitochondria under the control of adrenergic signaling. The activity of UCP1 is crucial for heat production. The coactivator PGC-1α plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis and in the energy metabolism of BAT and heart, and its function is associated with cardioprotection. Recently, the cardioprotective effects of mild cold adaptation at 8±1 řC were discovered in our laboratory, which reduced the size of ischemia-reperfusion injury without negative side effects. However, the molecular nature of the events induced by adaptation to mild cold is unknown neither in BAT nor in the heart itself. Therefore, the aims of the thesis were 1) to characterize the development of BAT at the level of expression of selected proteins and mitochondrial markers during acute cold exposure and chronic cold adaptation with subsequent recovery and 2) to determine the role of PGC-1α and...

Beneficial effect of hardening or cold adaptation for human health has been known for many decades. Beneficial or detrimental effect depends on the regimen and intensity of the adaptation and thus it is very important to pay attention to them. It has been shown in previous studies that cold adaptation of animals at a low temperature 0-4 žC is accompanied by dehydration and the damage of kidneys. As our best knowledge, the effect of mild cold adaptation on the molecular mechanisms in the heart has not been studied until now. The first aim of this study was to set up a new model of cold adaptation without any negative effects on the organism. The second aim was to assess mRNA levels of selected genes related to the important mechanisms associated with energy metabolism and cardio-protective signaling pathways in the left ventricle. Results obtained using the new model for cold adaptation at 102 řC did not show any negative changes in the blood or urine parameters and body fluid balance was maintained. Screening of mRNAs showed that chronic adaptation might affect the phenotype of the heart, transcriptional activity of the antioxidant system and of the pro-apoptotic genes, lowers adrenergic signaling and moderate glucose metabolism in cardiomyocytes. Key words: cold adaptation, heart, gene...

Risk of death from cardiovascular disease is substantially increased throughout winter season and by exposure of organism to acute cold stress. However, several studies have suggested that some cold acclimation models could act cardioprotectively. The thesis is focused on effects of acute and chronic cold acclimation on swelling of rat heart mitochondria. Mitochondrial swelling is, besides other things, caused by massive influx of Ca2+ into the mitochondria especially during ischemia-reperfusion injury. By that, mitochondria permeability transition pore is being opened and subsequently, this could end up in mitochondrial burst and cell death, eventually. Lower rate of mitochondrial swelling indicates greater mitochondrial resistance. The results express higher mitochondrial resistance after acute cold exposure and chronic cold acclimation. Key words: cold, mitochondria, Ca2+ ions, swelling, MPTP, myocardium, ROS, ischemia

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the life style, regeneration, and relaxation with the focus on the application of cold to treat the elderly. The work explains the use of cryotherapy from both historical and scientific points of view. The aim is to introduce the method of cryotherapy as a popular method which postpones the beginning of dependency and motion impairment with people aged over 50 and thus enables them to keep active much longer. Although the 21st century medicine has reached an extraordinary success, the number of illnesses does not decrease. There is a wide variety of civilisation illnesses resulting from the wrong life style. For such illnesses drugs with frequent side effects are prescribed. The work introduces cryotherapy as one of the methods which can serve the health protection, prevention, the treatment of traumatic injuries, and the supportive therapy of different health problems with relatively no side effects.

Current agriculture is facing a serious challenge of decreasing precipitation and irregular occurrence of drought periods including their unfavorable distribution during the vegetation season. This leads to growing interest in planting highly drought-resistant crops like sorghum. In comparison with other crops, sorghum excels in low water demand, though exhibits high susceptibility to low temperatures, which hampers its spread to new regions. Surprisingly, there is not enough information about the nature of sorghum's reaction to cold exposure. The aim of this diploma thesis was to describe reactions of young sorghum plants exposed to cold stress, low water availability and their combination and to verify the possibility of plant hardening through previous low-stress load. The special focus was paid to changes in carbohydrate metabolism, which plays generally very important role in plant defense reactions. The other analyzed physiological traits were leaf tissue osmotic potential, proline content and basic morphometric characteristics. Experimental design consisted of pot experiments conducted in growth chambers and the experiments performed under controlled conditions in vitro, using two sorghum genotypes "Ruzrok" and "01Z1800012". Both genotypes exhibited similar response to stress treatment....

Title: Efficiency of cold treatment of locomotive system dysfunctions Objectives: The theoretical part should provide an overview of effects of cold on the human organism. The practical part reports a pilot study in which local cryotherapy was applied to painful areas of dysfunctional locomotive system. Methods: After measuring local painfulness using an algometer, the Cryogen 2 device was used for local cryotherapeutic treatment; after the treatment, algometer was used again. Subjective state of the patient was monitored throughout the process. Cryotherapy was applied within normal individual physiotherapeutic treatment to patients of varying age, sex, and locomotive system dysfunctions. Results: We have shown that local cryotherapy, using the Cryogen 2 device, did decrease painfulness in measured areas. Although significant differences in pain perception were found between male and female patients, the efficiency of cryotherapy did not depend on sex. Some correlation was found between treatment efficiency and age. No evidence was found for establishing that repeated application decreases pain perception measured before the next treatment. The results are influenced by a smaller sample of patients and measurements, and by inhomogeneity of patients. Key words: pain treatment, cold, local cryotherapy,...

Acute cold exposure increases the risk of sudden cardiac events, similarly exposure to constant light negatively affects the cardiovascular system. However, the individual effects of these factors and the effect of their combination on cardiomyocytes are not yet known. The thesis deals with the influence of a 3 day cold exposure and constant light on the expression of β-adrenergic receptors and associated G-proteins in association with apoptotic signals in the left ventricle of the Wistar rat heart. In this work apoptotic proteins BAX, BCL2, caspase 8 and important components of β-adrenergic signalization - β1, β2, G-proteins, Gas, Gi1/2 and Gi3 were determined. The relative expression of the proteins was analyzed by Western blotting. The results confirm the detrimental effect of cold and light exposure. However, the synergistic effect of these two stressors shows surprising results.