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Journal articles on the topic 'Chive (Allium porrum L.)'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Lubomski, Marek. "In vitro micropropagation of chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.)." Acta Agrobotanica 43, no. 1-2 (2013): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1990.007.

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The investigations on micropropagation of <i>Allium schoenoprasum</i> embraced shoot formation from cultured shoot tips, shoot multiplication, root formations, and cold storage of rooted plants. All explants were cultured on modified Murashige-Skoog medium. Surface disinfection of shoots derived from stock plants was not necessary to obtain no infection culture. The highest shoot multiplication was obtained on medium with 20 g l<sup>-1</sup> sucrose and 1.0 mg 1<sup>-1</sup> 6-benzylo-arninopurine (BA). Root formation was observed in both indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA). Rooted plants were successfully kept in cold storage (5°C ± 1°C darkness). Only 20% of plants died after 6 months of storage.

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2

Glawe, Dean A. "First Report of Downy Mildew of Chives Caused by Peronospora destructor in the Pacific Northwest." Plant Health Progress 4, no. 1 (January 2003): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2003-0512-01-hn.

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Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) is one of the specialty crops grown by farmers in the Puget Sound region of Washington State. In September, 2002, downy mildew symptoms were observed in a 0.2 hectare field planting of chive near Fall City, King County, WA. Downy mildew had not been reported previously on chive in the Pacific Northwest. Accepted for publication 15 April 2003. Published 12 May 2003.

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3

Gray, D., J. R. A. Steckel, and L. J. Hands. "Leek (Allium porrum L.) seed development and germination." Seed Science Research 2, no. 2 (June 1992): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500001185.

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AbstractThe effects of development of leek seeds at 20/10°, 25/15° and 30/20°C (day/night) and drying of seed harvested at different developmental stages on subsequent performance were examined in each of 3 years. An increase in temperature from 20/10° to 30/20°C reduced mean seed weight from 2.90 to 2.55 mg as a result of a reduction in the duration of seed growth from 80 to 55 days; seed growth rate was unaffected. Seed moisture content reached a minimum, up to 35 days after the attainment of maximum seed dry weight and 115, 90 and 70 days after anthesis at 20/10°, 25/15° and 30/20°C, respectively. The curves relating seed moisture to time for each temperature regime were mapped onto a single line accounting for >90% of the variation in moisture content, using accumulated day-degrees >6°C instead of chronological time. Seeds were capable of germinating when seed moisture contents were >60% (fresh weight basis), but maximum viability and minimum mean time to germination were not attained until seed moisture contents at harvest had fallen to 20–30%. Germination was little affected by temperature of seed development. Drying immature seeds increased percentage germination. Growing seeds at 30/20°C and drying at 35°C and 30% RH raised the upper temperature limit of germination compared with growing at 20/10°C and drying at 15°C and 30% RH.

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4

Gray, Clifford T., and Sandra M. Thomas. "Germination and B Chromosomes in Allium porrum L." Journal of Plant Physiology 121, no. 3 (November 1985): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(85)80062-6.

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5

McFerson, James R., Thomas W. Walters, and Charles J. Eckenrode. "Variation in Allium spp. Damage by Onion Maggot." HortScience 31, no. 7 (December 1996): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1219.

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Nearly 350 germplasm accessions representing 25 Allium species were evaluated for damage by onion maggot (OM) [Delia antiqua (Meigen)] in field experiments in 1989. In 1990, 188 additional accessions and breeding lines were evaluated, and 36 entries from the 1989 evaluation were re-evaluated. In both years, there were no significant differences in OM damage to seedlings among accessions within the species tested. However, differences among species were highly significant. Allium cepa L. (bulb onion) seedlings had consistently high OM damage. Species with significantly less seedling damage than A. cepa included: A. altaicum Pall., A. angulosum L., A. galanthum Kar. & Kir., A. pskemense B. Fedtsch., A. scorodoprasum L., A. ampeloprasum L. (leek), A. fistulosum L. (bunching onion), A. schoenoprasum L. (chive), and A. tuberosum Rottl. ex Spr. (garlic chive). Some species sustaining minimal damage as seedlings were nonetheless heavily damaged as mature plants by a later generation of OM. Allium cepa cultivars that were well-adapted to local conditions were heavily damaged as seedlings, but their bulbs were less damaged than those of poorly adapted A. cepa germplasm. Allium ampeloprasum seedlings and mature plants sustained low injury throughout both growing seasons.

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6

Mann, R. S., R. L. Rouseff, J. M. Smoot, W. S. Castle, and L. L. Stelinski. "Sulfur volatiles from Allium spp. affect Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), response to citrus volatiles." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 1 (July 8, 2010): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000222.

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AbstractThe Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, vectors Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (Lam), the presumed causal agents of huanglongbing. D. citri generally rely on olfaction and vision for detection of host cues. Plant volatiles from Allium spp. (Alliaceae) are known to repel several arthropod species. We examined the effect of garlic chive (A. tuberosum Rottl.) and wild onion (A. canadense L.) volatiles on D. citri behaviour in a two-port divided T-olfactometer. Citrus leaf volatiles attracted significantly more D. citri adults than clean air. Volatiles from crushed garlic chive leaves, garlic chive essential oil, garlic chive plants, wild onion plants and crushed wild onion leaves all repelled D. citri adults when compared with clean air, with the first two being significantly more repellent than the others. However, when tested with citrus volatiles, only crushed garlic chive leaves and garlic chive essential oil were repellent, and crushed wild onions leaves were not.Analysis of the headspace components of crushed garlic chive leaves and garlic chive essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that monosulfides, disulfides and trisulfides were the primary sulfur volatiles present. In general, trisulfides (dimethyl trisulfide) inhibited the response of D. citri to citrus volatiles more than disulfides (dimethyl disulfide, allyl methyl disulfide, allyl disulfide). Monosulfides did not affect the behaviour of D. citri adults. A blend of dimethyl trisulfide and dimethyl disulfide in 1:1 ratio showed an additive effect on inhibition of D. citri response to citrus volatiles. The plant volatiles from Allium spp. did not affect the behaviour of the D. citri ecto-parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). Thus, Allium spp. or the tri- and di-sulphides could be integrated into management programmes for D. citri without affecting natural enemies.

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7

Favaron, F., C. Castiglioni, and P. Di Lenna. "Inhibition of Some Rot Fungi Polygalacturonases by Allium cepa L. and Allium porrum L. Extracts." Journal of Phytopathology 139, no. 3 (November 1993): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1993.tb01418.x.

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8

Dai, Xiaomei, Yaping Lu, Yuan Yang, and Zhifang Yu. "1-Methylcyclopropene Preserves the Quality of Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) by Enhancing Its Antioxidant Capacities and Organosulfur Profile during Storage." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081792.

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The quality, antioxidant capacities, and organosulfur profile of chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) during storage were investigated in this study. The 1-MCP treatment (100 μL/L, fumigation 12 h at 20 °C) effectively inhibited tissue respiration and H2O2 production, enhanced the ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) content, and promoted the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase SOD, Catalase CAT, and ascorbic peroxidase APX) during the 5-day storage period at 20 °C. The result further showed that the 1-MCP treatment inhibited chlorophyll degradation, alleviated cell membrane damage, and delayed the chive senescence, with the yellowing rate being reduced by 67.8% and 34.5% in the 1-MCP treated chives on days 4 and 5 of storage at 20 °C, respectively. The free amino acid content of the chive was not affected by the 1-MCP treatment at 20 °C. However, the senescence rate of the chive was not reduced by the 1-MCP treatment when stored at 3 °C. The liquid chromatography data further showed that the 1-MCP treatment induced a 15.3% and 13.9% increase in the isoalliin and total S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides (ACSOs) content of the chive on day 2 at 20 °C, respectively. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between ACSOs content and CAT/APX activity, indicating that ACSOs probably played a key role in enhancing the antioxidant capacities of the chive during storage at 20 °C. Thus the study efficiently demonstrates that 1-methylcyclopropene preserves the quality of chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) by enhancing its antioxidant capacities and organosulfur profile during storage.

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9

Movahedian, Ahmad, Hojjat Sadeghi, Alireza Ghannadi, Mahin Gharavi, and Sepideh Azarpajooh. "Hypolipidemic Activity of Allium porrum L. in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits." Journal of Medicinal Food 9, no. 1 (March 2006): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.98.

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10

Mladenovic, Jelena, Pavle Maskovic, Rados Pavlovic, Blaga Radovanovic, Gordana Acamovic-Djokovic, and Milica Cvijovic. "Antioxidant activity of ultrasonic extracts of leek Allium porrum L." Chemical Industry 65, no. 4 (2011): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110301033m.

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This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity and efficacy of the ethanolic extract of the ultrasonic extracts of leek Allium porrum L. Ethanolic (50%; v/v) extracts of edible leek parts (stem and leaf) were prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction, which was followed by evaluation of total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Total phenols were determined using the modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was assessed by scavenging the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results of antioxidant activity were compared with control antioxidants: vitamin C and BHT. The higher content of phenols (69.46 mg GAE/g dry extract) and flavonoids (33.53 mg CE/g dry extract) was found in the ethanolic extract of leek stem. The measured values of IC50 were 98.90 g/ml and 61.05 g/ml for the ethanolic extract of leek leaf and stem, respectively.

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11

Dyachenko, E. A., T. M. Seredin, and M. A. Filyushin. "Nuclear and chloroplast genome variability in leek (Allium porrum L.)." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, no. 7 (November 24, 2019): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.565.

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The genus Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae), the most numerous among monocotyledonous plants, includes such economically important vegetable crops as onion (A. cepa), garlic (A. sativum) and leek (A. porrum). Leek has a high taste and proven valuable dietary properties and is one of the most popular vegetable crops in Western Europe. Despite a high importance of leek as a vegetable, this species is rarely the subject of molecular genetic studies. The genetic diversity of leeks has never been studied before. Therefore, in this work, we studied the nuclear variability (AFLP) and the chloroplast (nucleotide sequence analysis) genomes using a broad sample. For this work, 65 leek accessions were selected from the collection of the Scientific Center of Vegetable Crops, which included varieties of domestic and foreign breeding. As a result of an AFLP analysis and processing of the DNA spectra obtained, 760 fragments were identified, of which 716 were polymorphic for the leek accessions being analyzed. The calculated genetic distances between the leek samples varied from 0.4 to 0.76, which is comparable to the intraspecific polymorphism of related Allium species (onions, garlic). Analysis of the genomic structure with STRUCTURE 2.3.4 divided the leek samples into seven groups, which generally coincides with the clustering of these samples. To assess the variability of the chloroplast genome, nine sites of the chloroplast genome were sequenced in the leek samples, both non-coding (intergenic spacers rpl32-trnL, ndhJ-trnL, and intron rps16 gene), and protein coding genes (psaA, psaB, psbA, psbB, psbE, petB). The analysis of the sites of the leek chloroplast genome revealed an extremely low level of their polymorphism, only six SNPs were detected in the studied sequences with a total length of about 10,500 bp. Thus, as a result of this work, a high level of polymorphism of the leek nuclear genome was revealed, while the polymorphism of the chloroplast genome was extremely low.

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12

Davison, P. A., and C. M. Bray. "Protein synthesis during osmopriming of leek (Allium porrum L.) seeds." Seed Science Research 1, no. 1 (March 1991): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096025850000060x.

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AbstractAn osmotic priming treatment of 14 days in a −1.0 MPa polyethylene glycol solution improves the germination performance of a highvigour seed lot of leek (Allium porrum L., cv. Verina). Using in vivo pulse-labelling, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography, five polypeptides were found to be synthesized in embryonic tissue at 14 days of priming that were not present at 4 days of germination without prior priming. These polypeptides were still synthesized at 6 h of germination following priming. This time point lies in the 6–12 h lag phase in protein synthesis previously observed in leek embryo tissue during germination of primed seeds where there is little increase in the rate of synthesis over that seen at the end of priming. None of the polypeptides was synthesized at 2 days of germination after priming, a period of seedling growth. The five polypeptides appear to be specifically associated with the priming period. Two additional polypeptides were found in leek embryos that were synthesized at higher levels at the end of priming than during germination alone. These continued to be synthesized, at lower levels in leek embryo tissue upon germination after priming. Several polypeptides were identified in leek endosperm tissue which were synthesized at higher levels during priming than during germination and also two polypeptides whose synthesis appeared to be specific to germination.

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13

Tursun, Nihat, Bekir Bükün, Sinan Can Karacan, Mathieu Ngouajio, and Hüsrev Mennan. "Critical Period for Weed Control in Leek (Allium porrum L.)." HortScience 42, no. 1 (February 2007): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.1.106.

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Field studies were conducted in Mersin, Turkey, in 2002 and 2003 to determine the critical period for weed control in leek and to investigate the effects of weed interference on weed biomass. The critical period for weed control in leek based on a 5% acceptable yield loss level was calculated by fitting logistic and Gompertz equations to relative yield data. Total fresh biomass of weeds increased as the duration of weed infestation increased. The beginning of the critical period for weed control was 7 days after transplanting in 2002 and 13 days after transplanting in 2003. The end of the critical period for weed control was 85 days after transplanting in 2002 and 60 days after transplanting in 2003. Results of this study suggest that leek should be kept weed free between 7 days after transplanting and 85 days after transplanting to avoid yield losses in excess of 5%.

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14

Fusconi, A., G. Berta, A. M. Tagliasacchi, S. Scannerini, A. Trotta, E. Gnavi, and S. De Padova. "Root apical meristems of arbuscular mycorrhizae of Allium porrum L." Environmental and Experimental Botany 34, no. 2 (April 1994): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(94)90037-x.

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15

Stack, Stephen M., and Dick Roelofs. "Localized chiasmata and meiotic nodules in the tetraploid onion Allium porrum." Genome 39, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 770–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-097.

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Allium porrum L. (cultivated leek) (2n = 4x = 32) is a fertile tetraploid that forms bivalents with pericentric chiasmata at metaphase I. To investigate the basis of this unusual behavior for a tetraploid, we describe the karyotype, axial cores, synaptonemal complexes (SCs), and meiotic nodules of A. porrum. The karyotype appears to be autotetraploid. This conclusion is also supported by presynaptic alignment of axial cores in groups of four and partner trades between pairs of SCs. Numerous early nodules are distributed all along axial cores and SCs during zygonema, but they are lost by late zygonema – early pachynema. Late (recombination) nodules (RNs) are present on SCs near kinetochores throughout the remainder of pachynema. This pattern of RNs corresponds to the pattern of pericentric chiasmata. Pachytene quadrivalents usually are resolved into bivalents because partner trades between SC lateral elements rarely occur between RNs on the same segment of SC. Thus, the patterns of crossing-over and partner trades promote balanced disjunction and high fertility in autotetraploid A. porrum. Rare quadrivalents observed at metaphase I must be due to infrequent partner trades between RNs. Polycomplexes, unusual in their number and size, were observed during zygonema. Key words : synaptonemal complex, recombination nodules, localized chiasmata, polycomplex, Allium porrum.

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16

Gonzales Figueroa, Hugo, Javier Latoure Sanchez, and Fernando Retuerto Prieto. "INDICE MITOTICO Y DE FASES EN EL MERISTEMO RADICULAR DE ALLIUM PORRUM L. "PORO"." Biotempo 2 (July 10, 2018): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31381/biotempo.v2i0.1536.

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Se han determinado los índices mitótico y de fases de Alliurn porrum "poro" cultivados en condiciones de laboratorio (18-20°C). Se utilizaron meristemos radiculares de 2-3mm de longitud, los cuales fueron procesados mediante la técnica del aplastamiento "squash" y coloreados con orceina-acetoclorhidrica (2%) .El índice mitótico paraA.porrumfué de 7.83% y los índices de fase: profase (49.94%), metafase (12.22%), anafase (4.59%),telofase (33.25%) respectivamente. Se observó la presencia de figuras mitóticas modificadas como: rnetafases alteradas (3.37%), puentes anafásicos (4.49%), y puentes telofásicos (1.39%), que representu el 0.084% de la población meristemática total.Estos resultados demuestran que el ciclo celular de A. porrum es dinámico y constante; y podría constituir un modelo "centinel" alternativo para estudios de cinética celular y toxicidad ambiental.

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17

Ayling, S. M., S. E. Smith, R. J. Reid, and F. A. Smith. "Changes in the wall potential of Scutellospora calospora associated with colonization of Allium porrum roots are not accompanied by equivalent changes in the host." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-163.

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Cell wall electrical potentials were recorded from external hyphae, appressoria, and associated hyphae of the vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungus Scutellospora calospora (Nicolson & Gerdemann) Walker & Sanders colonizing leek (Allium porrum L.) roots. As colonization progressed the hyphal walls became more polarized with similar values to the walls of the leek root. These changes, which may reflect changes in fungal wall composition, have important implications for nutrient uptake by the fungus. There were no differences in wall or intracellular potentials between leek roots colonized by either S. calospora orGlomus sp. ("City Beach") and non-mycorrhizal roots. These results are further evidence of the close compatibility between roots and VA mycorrhizal fungi. Key words: vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, cell wall, electrical potential difference, leek, Allium porrum, Scutellospora calospora.

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18

Gilreath, James P., Bielinski M. Santos, Phyllis R. Gilreath, and Donald N. Maynard. "Efficacy of early post-transplant herbicides in leeks (Allium porrum L.)." Crop Protection 27, no. 3-5 (March 2008): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2007.06.005.

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19

Jang, Se Ji, and Yong In Kuk. "Effects of Biostimulants on Primary and Secondary Substance Contents in Lettuce Plants." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052441.

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Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is not only easy to grow, but it is also common in diets around the world. This study was conducted to determine the impact of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler), soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf, and soybean stem extracts on lettuce plants’ secondary substances, minerals, amino acids, and free sugars. This study was carried out in order to better understand which types of plant extract applications are most effective in increasing lettuce plants’ nutritional value. While not all applications produced an increased nutritional value in the lettuce plants, we found that soybean leaf extract treatments increased the Mg and Ca contents and Chinese chive treatments increased the Fe contents in the lettuce plants. Additionally, glucose and maltose contents in lettuce plants were higher after treatments of Chinese chive and soybean leaf extracts. Finally, all selected extracts increased the total and free amino acid levels in our test plants.

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20

Algharib, Ahmed, Ahmed El-Gohary, Saber Hendawy, and Mohamed Hussein. "Response of Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) Plant to Natural Fertilizers." Journal of Ecological Engineering 22, no. 8 (September 1, 2021): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/140262.

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21

Irigoyen, I., I. Domeño, and J. Muro. "The effect of defoliation on the yield of leek (Allium porrum L.)." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2010082-1194.

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22

Jones, G. H., K. A. Khazanehdari, and B. V. Ford-Lloyd. "Meiosis in the leek (Allium porrum L.) revisited. II. Metaphase I observations." Heredity 76, no. 2 (February 1996): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1996.26.

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23

DORÉ, Claire, Florence CHARLOT, and Jean-Charles LESCURE. "Multiplication végétative et conservation in vitro chez le poireau (Allium porrum L.)." Agronomie 8, no. 6 (1988): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:19880605.

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24

Wang, Suli, Suping Yang, Liping Ren, Chuanfan Qian, Fengmao Liu, and Shuren Jiang. "Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Leeks (Allium porrum L.) by GC-FPD." Chromatographia 69, no. 1-2 (October 14, 2008): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s10337-008-0816-y.

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25

Peretto, Renato, Vittorio Bettini, Francesco Favaron, Paolo Alghisi, and P. Bonfante. "Polygalacturonase activity and location in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of Allium porrum L." Mycorrhiza 5, no. 3 (February 1, 1995): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050054.

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26

Khazanehdari, K. A., G. H. Jones, and B. V. Ford-Lloyd. "Meiosis in the leek (Allium porrum L.) revisited I. Prophase I pairing." Chromosome Research 3, no. 7 (November 1995): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00713894.

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27

Peretto, Renato, Paola Bonfante, Vittorio Bettini, Francesco Favaron, and Paolo Alghisi. "Polygalacturonase activity and location in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of Allium porrum L." Mycorrhiza 5, no. 3 (February 1995): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00203332.

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28

Filyushin, Mikhail A., Alexey V. Beletsky, and Elena Z. Kochieva. "Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of leek Allium porrum L. (Amaryllidaceae)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 2602–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1640090.

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29

Wiebe, H. J. "Effects of temperature and daylength on bolting of leek (Allium porrum L.)." Scientia Horticulturae 59, no. 3-4 (November 1994): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(94)90011-6.

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30

Eisazadeh, Somayyeh, Safoora Asadi Kapourchal, Mehdi Homaee, Seyyed Ali Noorhosseini, and Christos A. Damalas. "Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) response as a phytoextraction plant in cadmium-contaminated soils." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3545-2.

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31

Koike, S. T., L. J. du Toit, and M. L. Derie. "A Leaf Blight of Chive Caused by Botrytis byssoidea in California." Plant Disease 93, no. 8 (August 2009): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-8-0844a.

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From 1998 through 2002, commercial chives (Allium schoenoprasum) in coastal California (Monterey County) were damaged by an undescribed disease. Initial symptoms were chlorosis and tan-colored necrosis at the leaf tips; as the disease progressed, extensive tan-to-light brown discoloration extended down affected leaves, resulting in their death. The damage prevented growers from harvesting affected crops. Stems of the chive plants were unaffected. Diseased plants continued to grow new leaves that subsequently became infected. A fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic leaves. Isolates grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in petri plates incubated at 24°C under fluorescent lights produced extensive mycelial growth without conidia. However, on onion leaf straw agar (2), the isolates produced abundantly sporulating colonies with conidiophores and conidia typical of a Botrytis species. Conidiophores rarely exceeded 1 mm long. Ellipsoidal conidia measured 11 to 17 × 5 to 8 μm. On green bean pod agar (4), the isolates produced a few, black, irregularly shaped sclerotia measuring 1 to 2 mm in diameter. Morphological comparisons were made on PDA between five chive isolates and isolates of the following Botrytis species known to infect Allium species (1): B. aclada BA5, B. allii BA3, B. byssoidea ATCC 60837, B. cinerea from an onion seed crop, B. porri 749, B. squamosa 392, and B. tulipae GC-1. B. elliptica strain MARLI-3 was also compared with the chive isolates. Chive isolates produced floccose, off white-to-light tan mycelium, lacked sporulation (except where mycelium contacted the edge of the plastic petri dish), and did not form sclerotia on PDA, thereby resembling B. byssoidea. Identification of the chive isolates as B. byssoidea was confirmed by ApoI restriction fragment length polymorphism digests of a 423-bp PCR amplicon obtained from each of the five chive isolates and the eight known Botrytis species (1,3). Pathogenicity of the chive isolates of B. byssoidea was confirmed by spraying a conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of each of 12 isolates onto chive (cv. Fine Leaved) and onion (A. cepa cv. Southport White) plants until runoff, incubating the plants in a humidity chamber at 24 to 26°C for 48 h and then maintaining the plants under ambient light in a greenhouse. After 6 to 8 days, inoculated chives and onions developed symptoms similar to those observed in the field and B. byssoidea was reisolated. Noninoculated control chives and onions sprayed with distilled water did not develop symptoms. The experiment was conducted three times and the results were the same. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a leaf blight of chive caused by B. byssoidea in North America. After 2002, the commercial chive plantings were placed on farms further east in Monterey County away from the coast. The disease has not been observed since this move to a drier climate. References: (1) M. I. Chilvers and L. J. du Toit. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2006-1127-01-DG. Plant Health Progress, 2006. (2) L. A. Ellerbrock and J. W. Lorbeer. Phytopathology 67:219, 1977. (3) K. Nielsen et al. Plant Dis. 86:682, 2002. (4) A. H. C. van Bruggen and P. A. Arneson. Plant Dis. 69:966, 1985.

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Kučová, L., J. Záhora, and R. Pokluda. "Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation of leek Allium porrum L. on mineral nitrogen leaching." Horticultural Science 43, No. 4 (October 31, 2016): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/182/2015-hortsci.

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Vergauwen, Rudy, and André van Laere. "Partial characterization of the complex chitinolytic system in leak (Allium porrum L.) plants." Journal of Plant Physiology 153, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(98)80041-2.

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34

Caffrey, James J., Joong-Kook Choi, Eve Syrkin Wurtele, and Basil J. Nikolau. "Tissue distribution of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in leaves of leek (Allium porrum L.)." Journal of Plant Physiology 153, no. 3-4 (January 1998): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(98)80150-8.

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35

Mason, P. G., R. M. Weiss, O. Olfert, M. Appleby, and J. F. Landry. "Actual and potential distribution of Acrolepiopsis assectella (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), an invasive alien pest of Allium spp. in Canada." Canadian Entomologist 143, no. 2 (April 2011): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n10-058.

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AbstractAcrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller), leek moth, is a widespread and common pest of species of Allium L. (Liliaceae) in the western Palaearctic subregion. The establishment of A. assectella in eastern North America has resulted in economic losses to garlic (Allium sativum L.), leek (Allium porrum L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.) growers, especially to organic producers in eastern Ontario and southern Quebec. Acrolepiopsis assectella was first recorded in the Ottawa area in 1993. By 2010, A. assectella had expanded its range into eastern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and New York. A bioclimate model, using CLIMEX simulation software, was developed to produce mapped results that closely approximated known distributions for A. assectella in central Europe. This model was then validated with recorded distribution records in eastern Europe, Asia, and North America. Model output predicted that A. assectella will readily survive in southeastern Canada and the eastern United States of America. Other areas potentially suitable for A. assectella include coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest, the interior of southern British Columbia, and north-central Mexico. The continued range expansion of A. assectella into other Allium-growing areas of eastern North America appears to be inevitable. Establishment in these areas presents the risk of substantial production losses to Allium spp. producers.

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Lemma, Elias, Zekeria Yusuf, Mulugeta Desta, Sultan Seyida, Megersa Idris, Sewnet Mengistu, and Jemal Teneshu. "Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Bulb and Leek (Allium ampeloprasum L. var. Porrum) Leaf Oil Extracts." Scientific World Journal 2022 (April 26, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6573754.

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Allium species including garlic and leek exhibits a broad range of medicinal and nutritional properties. Therefore, this study investigates the physicochemical and biological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and leek (A. ampeloprasum L. var. Porrum) oil extracts. The result indicated that physicochemical properties indicated that significantly higher oil yield (21.25%), ACV (2.66 mg/g), FFA (1.34%), and PV (4.10 meq/kg) and also antioxidant activities with respect to 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH (27.60 ± 1.55%), hydrogen peroxide (12.35 ± 0.92%) free radical scavenging activities, and ascorbic acid content (25.30 ± 3.25%) were obtained for leek leaf oil extract. Stronger antibacterial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (16.00 mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.20 µg/ml), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (0.40 µg/ml) was recorded for leek oil extract against S. pyogenes. However, garlic oil has presented stronger antifungal activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (13.50 mm), MIC (0.40 µg/ml), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) (0.75 µg/ml) against Candida albicans. It is concluded from the results of this investigation that oils extracts of garlic bulb and leek leaves demonstrated significant biological activities that can be used as sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical ingredients.

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Lemma, Elias, Zekeria Yusuf, Mulugeta Desta, Sultan Seyida, Megersa Idris, Sewnet Mengistu, and Jemal Teneshu. "Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Bulb and Leek (Allium ampeloprasum L. var. Porrum) Leaf Oil Extracts." Scientific World Journal 2022 (April 26, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6573754.

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Allium species including garlic and leek exhibits a broad range of medicinal and nutritional properties. Therefore, this study investigates the physicochemical and biological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and leek (A. ampeloprasum L. var. Porrum) oil extracts. The result indicated that physicochemical properties indicated that significantly higher oil yield (21.25%), ACV (2.66 mg/g), FFA (1.34%), and PV (4.10 meq/kg) and also antioxidant activities with respect to 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH (27.60 ± 1.55%), hydrogen peroxide (12.35 ± 0.92%) free radical scavenging activities, and ascorbic acid content (25.30 ± 3.25%) were obtained for leek leaf oil extract. Stronger antibacterial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (16.00 mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.20 µg/ml), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (0.40 µg/ml) was recorded for leek oil extract against S. pyogenes. However, garlic oil has presented stronger antifungal activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (13.50 mm), MIC (0.40 µg/ml), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) (0.75 µg/ml) against Candida albicans. It is concluded from the results of this investigation that oils extracts of garlic bulb and leek leaves demonstrated significant biological activities that can be used as sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical ingredients.

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38

Lemma, Elias, Zekeria Yusuf, Mulugeta Desta, Sultan Seyida, Megersa Idris, Sewnet Mengistu, and Jemal Teneshu. "Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Bulb and Leek (Allium ampeloprasum L. var. Porrum) Leaf Oil Extracts." Scientific World Journal 2022 (April 26, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6573754.

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Allium species including garlic and leek exhibits a broad range of medicinal and nutritional properties. Therefore, this study investigates the physicochemical and biological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and leek (A. ampeloprasum L. var. Porrum) oil extracts. The result indicated that physicochemical properties indicated that significantly higher oil yield (21.25%), ACV (2.66 mg/g), FFA (1.34%), and PV (4.10 meq/kg) and also antioxidant activities with respect to 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH (27.60 ± 1.55%), hydrogen peroxide (12.35 ± 0.92%) free radical scavenging activities, and ascorbic acid content (25.30 ± 3.25%) were obtained for leek leaf oil extract. Stronger antibacterial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (16.00 mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.20 µg/ml), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (0.40 µg/ml) was recorded for leek oil extract against S. pyogenes. However, garlic oil has presented stronger antifungal activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (13.50 mm), MIC (0.40 µg/ml), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) (0.75 µg/ml) against Candida albicans. It is concluded from the results of this investigation that oils extracts of garlic bulb and leek leaves demonstrated significant biological activities that can be used as sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical ingredients.

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39

Nitz, G. M., E. Grubmüller, and W. H. Schnitzler. "DIFFERENTIAL FLAVONOID RESPONSE TO PAR AND UV-B LIGHT IN CHIVE (ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM L.)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 659 (November 2004): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.659.107.

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40

Guvenc, Ismail, Haluk C. Kaymak, and Sibel Duman. "Relations between boiling water test, standard germination test and field emergence of leek (Allium porrum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds." Acta Agrobotanica 62, no. 2 (2012): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2009.039.

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The aim of this study was to determine relations occurring between boiling water test, standard germination test and field emergence of leek (<i>Allium porrum</i> L.) and onion (<i>Allium cepa</i> L.) seeds. In this study, seeds of six lots ('Kalem', 'Ala', 'Ínegöl-A, B, C and D') from three cultivars of leek and seven onion cultivars ('Early Texas Grano' (ETG), 'Panku', 'Storm', 'Banko', 'Aki', 'Kisagün' and 'Banka') seeds were used as plant material and their viability was evaluated in boiling water test (BWT), standard germination test (SGT) and field emergence (FE). The percentage of field emergence was evaluated at three sowing times: 20 May (FE-I), 10 June (FE-II) and 20 July (FE-III). The mean germination of leek seeds varied from 77.5% to 100.0% and from 36.0% to 61.0% in SGT and BWT, respectively. While the range of results obtained in the boiling water test was from 38.5% to 60.0%, the range of results of the standard germination test was from 81.0% to 100.0% in onion seeds. The range of field emergence was between 18.5% ('Kisagün', FE-III) and 72.0% (İnegöl-C', FE-II). Besides, the boiling water test was correlated highly significantly with SGT (r = 0.670<sup>**</sup>), FE-I (r = 0.923<sup>**</sup>), FE-II (r = 0.906<sup>**</sup>) and FE-III (r = 0.939<sup>**</sup>) in leek seeds. Similarly, BWT showed positive correlation with SGT (r = 0.568<sup>**</sup>), FE-I (r = 0.844<sup>**</sup>), FE-II (r = 0.933<sup>**</sup>) and FE-III (r = 0.858<sup>**</sup>) in onion seeds. In conclusion, the boiling water test is a new and reliable technique to test seed viability and it has a great potential to test rapidly germination and field emergence of leek and onion seeds at different sowing times.

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Harmatha, Juraj, Miloš Buděšínský, Zdeněk Zídek, and Eva Kmoníčková. "Spirostanol Saponins from Flowers of Allium Porrum and Related Compounds Indicating Cytotoxic Activity and Affecting Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Effect in Peritoneal Macrophages." Molecules 26, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 6533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216533.

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Saponins, a diverse group of natural compounds, offer an interesting pool of derivatives with biomedical application. In this study, three structurally related spirostanol saponins were isolated and identified from the leek flowers of Allium porrum L. (garden leek). Two of them were identical with the already known leek plant constituents: aginoside (1) and 6-deoxyaginoside (2). The third one was identified as new component of A. porrum; however, it was found identical with yayoisaponin A (3) obtained earlier from a mutant of elephant garlic Allium ampeloprasun L. It is a derivative of the aginoside (1) with additional glucose in its glycosidic chain, identified by MS and NMR analysis as (2α, 3β, 6β, 25R)-2,6-dihydroxyspirostan-3-yl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-glucopranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1 → 4)-β-D-galactopyranoside, previously reported also under the name alliporin. The leek native saponins were tested together with other known and structurally related saponins (tomatonin and digitonin) and with their related aglycones (agigenin and diosgenin) for in vitro cytotoxicity and for effects on NO production in mouse peritoneal cells. The highest inhibitory effects were exhibited by 6-deoxyaginoside. The obtained toxicity data, however, closely correlated with the suppression of NO production. Therefore, an unambiguous linking of obtained bioactivities of saponins with their expected immunobiological properties remained uncertain.

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Kiremit, Mehmet Sait, and Hakan Arslan. "Response of Leek (Allium porrum L.) to Different Irrigation Water Levels Under Rain Shelter." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 49, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2017.1421652.

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43

Gerasimova, Nina, and Milena Yordanova. "Influence of tank mixtures of pre-emergence herbicides on growing leeks (Allium porrum L.)." Acta agriculturae Serbica 20, no. 39 (2015): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/aaser1539041g.

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44

Bessoule, J. J., A. Creach, R. Lessire, and C. Cassagne. "Evaluation of the amount of acyl-CoA elongases in leek (Allium porrum L) leaves." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1117, no. 1 (July 1992): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(92)90165-q.

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45

Andreeva, Zornitza, Angela Y. Y. Ho, Michelle M. Barthet, Martin Potocký, Radek Bezvoda, Viktor Žárský, and Jan Marc. "Phospholipase D family interactions with the cytoskeleton: isoform delta promotes plasma membrane anchoring of cortical microtubules." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 7 (2009): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09024.

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Phospholipase D (PLD) is a key enzyme in signal transduction – mediating plant responses to various environmental stresses including drought and salinity. Isotype PLDδ interacts with the microtubule cytoskeleton, although it is unclear if, or how, each of the 12 PLD isotypes in Arabidopsis may be involved mechanistically. We employed RNA interference in epidermal cells of Allium porrum L. (leek) leaves, in which the developmental reorientation of cortical microtubule arrays to a longitudinal direction is highly sensitive to experimental manipulation. Using particle bombardment and transient transformation with synthetic siRNAs targeting AtPLDα, β, γ, δ, ॉ and ζ, we examined the effect of ‘cross-target’ silencing orthologous A. porrum genes on microtubule reorientation dynamics during cell elongation. Co-transformation of individual siRNAs together with a GFP-MBD microtubule-reporter gene revealed that siRNAs targeting AtPLDδ promoted, whereas siRNAs targeting AtPLDβ and γ reduced, longitudinal microtubule orientation in A. porrum. These PLD isotypes, therefore, interact, directly or indirectly, with the cytoskeleton and the microtubule-plasma membrane interface. The unique response of PLDδ to silencing, along with its exclusive localisation to the plasma membrane, indicates that this isotype is specifically involved in promoting microtubule-membrane anchorage.

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Tubić, Ljiljana, Jelena Savić, Nevena Mitić, Jelena Milojević, Dušica Janošević, Snežana Budimir, and Snežana Zdravković-Korać. "Cytokinins differentially affect regeneration, plant growth and antioxidative enzymes activity in chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.)." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 124, no. 1 (September 15, 2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0869-1.

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47

Savic, Dubravka. "Leek hybrid yield potentional and relation on adaptation to light interception under nitrogen supply." Genetika 44, no. 3 (2012): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1203549s.

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We have studied the effect of nitrogen supply on growth as well as relation on adaptation to light interception of leek (Allium porrum L.,) hybrid Alita, genotype of known genetic background. During the vegetative and generative plant growth phases, besides genetic potential many factors affect their productivity. The aim was to investigate genome expression dependent on nitrogen nutrition and light interception. Nitrogen in correlation with light availability has important effect on the growth of plants and the formation of leaf area, what it is necessary for yield of dry matter. Investigation has been done in open field grown leek commercial hybrid Alita (Allium porrum L.,) to consider the way of its genotype response to correlation of light interception and nitrogen nutrition. Investigated traits are leek crop productivity, light interception and chemical analyses of plants. Leek crop productivity was determined through the dry matter production, leaf area development and light interception. Analyses of leek plants comprehended chemical determination and calculation of total nitrogen concentration, nitrogen critical concentration in dry matter, nitrogen demand and, nitrogen uptake in leek crop. Correlation among investigated parameters was assigned to comprehensive hypothetical model of growth and productivity of leek crop grown at open field.It was shown that for nitrogen uptake (Nu), nitrogen demand (ND) and total nitrogen concentration (Nt) parameters variants of mineral nutrition plays significant role (pNu=0.002; pND=0.045; pNt=0.011). Obtained results indicated that correlation of nitrogen and light interception could be used as criteria in plant breeding.

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48

Tanveer, Asif, Muhammad A. Nadeem, Asghar Ali, Muhammad Tahir, and Muhammad S. I. Zamir. "Germination behaviour of seeds from herbicide treated plants of Chenopodium album L." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 81, no. 4 (December 2009): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652009000400022.

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The carry-over effect of sub-lethal herbicides was investigated on the germination of seeds collected from surviving Chenopodium album plants, which had received 1/8, 1/8 twice, 1/8 three times, 1/4, 1/2, 1/1 doses of either pre-emergence ioxynil or post-emergence bentazone in a previous onion (Allium cepa) crop. Seeds were also collected from surviving C. album plants, which had received 1/4, 1/2, 1/1 of either pre-emergence pendimethalin, propachlor and linuron, or 1/8, 1/8 twice, 1/8 three times, 1/4, 1/2, 1/1 of post-emergence ioxynil or linuron in a previous leek (Allium porrum) crop. Seeds of surviving plants were collected and tested for germination at temperature of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C. The effect of different temperatures on the total number of germinated seeds was significant. Germination was minimum at low temperatures (5°C or 10°C). Herbicides did not show any effect on germination of C. album and resulted in the same final germination percentage as seeds collected from the unsprayed control plots.

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Toaima, N., E. Novak, and G. Schumann. "CALLUS INDUCTION FROM DIFFERENT EXPLANTS OF COMMERCIAL CULTIVARS OF LEEK, ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM VAR. PORRUM L." Acta Horticulturae, no. 597 (January 2003): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.597.43.

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50

Karkanis, A., D. Bilalis, A. Efthimiadou, and N. Katsenios. "Comparison between conventional and organic weed management: growth and yield of leek (Allium porrum L.)." Horticultural Science 39, No. 2 (May 14, 2012): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/162/2011-hortsci.

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Leek is a weak competitor against weeds. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of herbicides and mulching on weed flora, growth and yield of a leek crop. A randomized complete block design was employed with five replicates per treatment (control, mulching with barley straw, post-transplant application of the herbicide oxyfluorfen at 360 g a.i./ha and pre-transplant application of pendimethalin at 1,650 g a.i./ha). The order of weed sensitivity to mulches was black nightshade (72–85%), venice mallow (80%) > redroot pigweed (70–74%), barnyardgrass (67–77%) > jimsonweed (65%) > common purslane (42–45%). Oxyfluorfen had the highest control of jimsonweed, venice mallow and common purslane. There were no significant effects of the pendimethalin treatment on weed control ratings of jimsonweed, venice mallow and field bindweed. Injury symptoms (small white spots) appeared on leek leaves exposed to oxyfluorfen. The highest yield of leek was recorded with the oxyfluorfen application. Our results indicate that mulching and oxyfluorfen application provides satisfactory control of weeds. The use of mulching is an option for the weed management in organic leek crop.

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