Academic literature on the topic 'ChitosanNP'
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Journal articles on the topic "ChitosanNP"
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KIM, KYUNG W., R. L. THOMAS, CHAN LEE, and HYUN J. PARK. "Antimicrobial Activity of Native Chitosan, Degraded Chitosan, and O-Carboxymethylated Chitosan." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.8.1495.
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The antimicrobial activity of native chitosan was compared to that of lipase-degradedchitosan. The effects of O-carboxymethylated (O-CM) substitution on native (molecular weight, 120; degree of deacetylation, 84.71%) and lipase-degraded chitosans were also investigated. The antimicrobial activity of native chitosan was more extensive than that of lipase-degraded chitosan; however, lipase-degraded chitosan was still highly effective and more water-soluble. O-CM chitosan derived from degraded chitosan was more effective than O-CM chitosan derived from native chitosan. O-CM substitution enhanced lipase-degraded chitosan's antimicrobial activity without reducing its solubility.
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Khayrova, Adelya, Sergey Lopatin, Balzhima Shagdarova, Olga Sinitsyna, Arkady Sinitsyn, and Valery Varlamov. "Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Extracted from Hermetia illucens Relative to Crab Chitosan." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020577.
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This study shows the research on the depolymerisation of insect and crab chitosans using novel enzymes. Enzyme preparations containing recombinant chitinase Chi 418 from Trichoderma harzianum, chitinase Chi 403, and chitosanase Chi 402 from Myceliophthora thermophila, all belonging to the family GH18 of glycosyl hydrolases, were used to depolymerise a biopolymer, resulting in a range of chitosans with average molecular weights (Mw) of 6–21 kDa. The depolymerised chitosans obtained from crustaceans and insects were studied, and their antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated. The results proved the significance of the chitosan’s origin, showing the potential of Hermetia illucens as a new source of low molecular weight chitosan with an improved biological activity.
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Malm, Morgan, and Andrea M. Liceaga. "Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan from Two Commonly Reared Edible Cricket Species, and Its Application as a Hypolipidemic and Antimicrobial Agent." Polysaccharides 2, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides2020022.
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Insect-derived chitin and chitosan have gained interest as alternative sources to that derived from crustaceans; however, little information is available on chitin from the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and tropical banded cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus), two cricket species commonly reared in the United States for human consumption. In this study, chitin was successfully isolated and purified from these two cricket species; using FTIR, chitins were found to be in alpha-crystalline form. Cricket chitosan was produced from both species with varying degrees of deacetylation (DDA) by varying alkaline conversion duration. G. sigillatus chitosan was larger (524 kDa) than A. domesticus chitosan (344 kDa). Both cricket chitosans showed similar (p > 0.05) lipid-binding capacity to that of shrimp chitosan. Both chitosans were as effective at inhibiting microbial growth of surrogate foodborne pathogens as the commercial shrimp chitosan. At a concentration of 0.50 mg/mL cricket chitosan, approximately 100% of Listeria innocua growth was inhibited, due to a contribution of both chitosan and the solvent-acetic acid. At the same concentration, growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited 90% by both cricket chitosan samples with ~80% DDA, where a decrease in the DDA led to decreased antimicrobial activity. However, varying the DDA had no effect on chitosan’s lipid-binding capacity. As more edible insects become a normalized protein source in our diet, the use of by-products, such as chitin and chitosan, derived from insect protein processing, show promising applications for the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Derwich, Marcin, Lukasz Lassmann, Katarzyna Machut, Agata Zoltowska, and Elzbieta Pawlowska. "General Characteristics, Biomedical and Dental Application, and Usage of Chitosan in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Narrative Review." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020305.
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The aim of this narrative review was to present research investigating chitosan, including its general characteristics, properties, and medical and dental applications, and finally to present the current state of knowledge regarding the efficacy of chitosan in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) based on the literature. The PICO approach was used for the literature search strategy. The PubMed database was analyzed with the following keywords: (“chitosan”[MeSH Terms] OR “chitosan”[All Fields] OR “chitosans”[All Fields] OR “chitosan s”[All Fields] OR “chitosane”[All Fields]) AND (“temporomandibular joint”[MeSH Terms] OR (“tem-poromandibular”[All Fields] AND “joint”[All Fields]) OR “temporomandibular joint”[All Fields] OR (“temporomandibular”[All Fields] AND “joints”[All Fields]) OR “temporo-mandibular joints”[All Fields]). After screening 8 results, 5 studies were included in this review. Chitosan presents many biological properties and therefore it can be widely used in several branches of medicine and dentistry. Chitosan promotes wound healing, helps to control bleeding, and is used in wound dressings, such as sutures and artificial skin. Apart from its antibacterial property, chitosan has many other properties, such as antifungal, mucoadhesive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antitumoral properties. Further clinical studies assessing the efficacy of chitosan in the treatment of TMD are required. According to only one clinical study, chitosan was effective in the treatment of TMD; however, better clinical results were obtained with platelet-rich plasma.
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Wang, Hezhong, and Maren Roman. "Effects of Chitosan Molecular Weight and Degree of Deacetylation on Chitosan−Cellulose Nanocrystal Complexes and Their Formation." Molecules 28, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031361.
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This study was conducted to determine the effects of chitosan molecular weight and degree of deacetylation (DD) on chitosan–cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) polyelectrolyte–macroion complexes (PMCs) and their formation. Chitosan samples with three different molecular weights (81, 3 · 103, 6 · 103 kDa) and four different DDs (77, 80, 85, 89%) were used. The effects on PMC formation were determined by turbidimetric titration. An effect of the molecular weight of chitosan was not observed in turbidimetric titrations. Turbidity levels were higher for CNCs with lower sulfate group density and larger hydrodynamic diameter than for CNCs with higher sulfate group density and smaller hydrodynamic diameter. Conversely, turbidity levels were higher for chitosans with higher DD (higher charge density) than for chitosans with lower DD (lower charge density). PMC particles from chitosans with different molecular weights were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, laser Doppler electrophoresis, and dynamic light scattering. PMCs from high-molecular-weight chitosan were more spherical and those from medium-molecular-weight chitosan had a slightly larger hydrodynamic diameter than PMCs from the respective other two chitosans. The molecular weight of the chitosan was concluded to have no effect on the formation of chitosan–CNC PMC particles and only a minor effect on the shape and size of the particles. The higher turbidity levels for CNCs with lower sulfate group density and larger hydrodynamic diameter and for chitosans with higher DD were attributed to a larger number of CNCs being required for charge compensation.
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Lončarević, Andrea, Karla Ostojić, Inga Urlić, and Anamarija Rogina. "Preparation and Properties of Bimetallic Chitosan Spherical Microgels." Polymers 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2023): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15061480.
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The aim of this work was to prepare bimetallic chitosan microgels with high sphericity and investigate the influences of metal-ion type and content on the size, morphology, swelling, degradation and biological properties of microgels. Amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan (deacetylation degree, DD, of 83.2% and 96.9%) served as ligands in the Cu2+–Zn2+/chitosan complexes with various contents of cupric and zinc ions. The electrohydrodynamic atomization process was used to produce highly spherical microgels with a narrow size distribution and with surface morphology changing from wrinkled to smooth by increasing Cu2+ ions’ quantity in bimetallic systems for both used chitosans. The size of the bimetallic chitosan particles was estimated to be between 60 and 110 µm for both used chitosans, and FTIR spectroscopy indicated the formation of complexes through physical interactions between the chitosans’ functional groups and metal ions. The swelling capacity of bimetallic chitosan particles decreases as the DD and copper (II) ion content increase as a result of stronger complexation with respect to zinc (II) ions. Bimetallic chitosan microgels showed good stability during four weeks of enzymatic degradation, and bimetallic systems with smaller amounts of Cu2+ ions showed good cytocompatibility for both used chitosans.
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Jaidee, A., Pornchai Rachtanapun, and S. Luangkamin. "1H-NMR Analysis of Degree of Substitution in N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosans from Various Chitosan Sources and Types." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.158.
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N,O-Carboxymethyl chitosans were synthesized by the reaction between shrimp, crab and squid chitosans with monochloroacetic acid under basic conditions at 50°C. The mole ratio of reactants was obtained from various reaction conditions of shrimp chitosan polymer and oligomer types. The mole ratio 1:12:6 of chitosan:sodium hydroxide:monochloroacetic acid was used for preparing carboxymethyl of chitosan polymer types while carboxymethyl of chitosan oligomer types were used the mole ratio 1:6:3 of chitosan:sodium hydroxide:monochloroacetic acid. The chemical structure was analyzed by fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnatic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The FT-IR was used for confirm the insertion of carboxymethyl group on chitosan molecules. The 1H-NMR was used for determining the degree of substitution (DS) of carboxymethylation at hydroxyl and amino sites of chitosans. Carboxymethyl chitosan samples had the total DS of carboxymethylation ranging from 1.0-2.2. The highest of DS of carboxymethylation was from shrimp chitosan oligomer type.
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Ortega-Ortiz, Hortensia, Baltazar Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego, and Luis Ibarra Jimenez. "Antibacterial activity of chitosan and the interpolyelectrolyte complexes of poly(acrylic acid)-chitosan." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53, no. 3 (June 2010): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000300016.
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The antimicrobial activity of chitosan and water soluble interpolyelectrolyte complexes of poly(acrylic acid)-chitosan was studied. Chitosans of two different molecular weights were tested at different concentration for 0.5 to 5 g·L-1 as antimicrobial agents against P. aeruginosa and P. oleovorans. In both cases, the best microbial inhibition was obtained with the concentration of 5 g·L-1. However, the interpolyelectrolyte complexes of poly(acrylic acid)-chitosan with composition φ =2 produced higher antibacterial activity than the two chitosans at the concentration of 0.5 g·L-1. The NPEC2 complex was more effective than chitosans. This could be attributed to the number of moles of the amino groups of chitosan and the carboxylic acid groups of the interpolyelectrolyte complexes poly(acrylic acid).
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Coquery, Clément, Claire Negrell, Nicolas Caussé, Nadine Pébère, and Ghislain David. "Synthesis of new high molecular weight phosphorylated chitosans for improving corrosion protection." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0509.
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Abstract Two grades of chitosan [chitosan 30000 g mol−1 (N-chitosan 30) and 250000 g mol−1 (N-chitosan 250)] were functionalized by the Kabachnik–Fields reaction. To obtain the highest phosphonic ester grafting rate (55% and 40% for the N-chitosan 30 and N-chitosan 250, respectively), the pH must be kept constant during the reaction (pH=5). Then, a partial hydrolysis of the ester functions was carried out in HCl medium to generate phosphonic acid functions up to 25% and 20% for the N-chitosan 30 and N-chitosan 250, respectively. It was shown that the grafting of phosphonic acids on chitosan significantly reduced the dynamic viscosity. Afterwards, electrochemical impedance measurements were performed in an aqueous solution (pH=5) in the presence of either N-chitosans or P-chitosans (3 wt.%). The two native N-chitosans were little adsorbed onto the carbon steel surface and the corrosion protection was low. In contrast, the impedance results in the presence of the 30000 g mol−1 phosphorylated chitosan (P-chitosan 30) evidenced the beneficial effect of grafted phosphonic acid on its adsorption on the steel surface. The lower efficiency of the 250000 g mol−1 (P-chitosan 250) was attributed to its high molecular weight which made difficult the interactions between the phosphonic groups and the metallic surface.
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Mati-Baouche, Narimane, Cédric Delattre, Hélène de Baynast, Michel Grédiac, Jean-Denis Mathias, Alina Violeta Ursu, Jacques Desbrières, and Philippe Michaud. "Alkyl-Chitosan-Based Adhesive: Water Resistance Improvement." Molecules 24, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101987.
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A chemical modification by grafting alkyl chains using an octanal (C8) on chitosan was conducted with the aim to improve its water resistance for bonding applications. The chemical structure of the modified polymers was determined by NMR analyses revealing two alkylation degrees (10 and 15%). In this study, the flow properties of alkyl-chitosans were also evaluated. An increase in the viscosity was observed in alkyl-chitosan solutions compared with solutions of the same concentration based on native chitosan. Moreover, the evaluation of the adhesive strength (bond strength and shear stress) of both native and alkyl-chitosans was performed on two different double-lap adherends (aluminum and wood). Alkyl-chitosans (10 and 15%) maintain sufficient adhesive properties on wood and exhibit better water resistance compared to native chitosan.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ChitosanNP"
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Martinez, Ruvalcaba Agustin. "Rhéologie des solutions de chitosane et des hydrogels de chitosane-xanthane Rheology of chitosan solutions and chitosan-xanthan hydrogels." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2002.
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Malaise, Sébastien. "Small Diameter Vascular Substitues Based on Physical Chitosan Hydrogels : Proof of Concept." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10057.
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Le chitosane présente des propriétés biologiques (biocompatibilité, biorésorbabilité, bioactivité) idéalement adaptées à des applications en ingénierie tissulaire. Dans cette étude partenariale (Programme ANR TECSAN 2010 ChitoArt), nous avons travaillé à l'élaboration d'hydrogels physiques de chitosane à propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques variées et contrôlées, sans utilisation d'agents de réticulation externes. Ces hydrogels sont envisagés sous forme de tube mono ou pluri-membranaires pour une utilisation en tant que substituts vasculaires de petit diamètre (<6mm). En effet, l'ingénierie vasculaire présente, encore de nos jours, de nombreuses limitations lorsqu'il est question de vaisseaux de petits calibres. Notre démarche consiste en la modulation des paramètres structuraux (degré d'acétylation, masse molaire) et environnementaux (concentration du bain de gélification, du collodion) intervenants dans le procédé d'élaboration des hydrogels pour atteindre les critères physiques, biologiques et mécaniques compatibles avec cette application. L'étude morphologique des hydrogels par Cryo-Microscopie Électronique à Balayage (Cryo-MEB), via une méthode de préparation originale a permis une meilleure compréhension de l'organisation micro-structurale et multi-échelle des hydrogels de chitosane. Cette approche fondamentale a été couplée à une évaluation in vivo des propriétés biologiques des hydrogels ainsi qu'a des caractérisations mécaniques des substituts vasculaires. En particulier, l'évaluation de la suturabilité de nos substituts a mené au développement d'une formulation donnant lieu à des hydrogels physiques de chitosane suturables ayant fait l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet (N° de dépôt FR1363099). Le contrôle et la modulation des paramètres d'élaboration des hydrogels ont permis l'obtention de substituts vasculaire cellularisables et respectant les exigences (suture, compliance, résistance à l'éclatement) concernant leur implantation in vivoChitosan presents biological properties (biocompatibility, bioresorbability, bioactivity) ideally suited for tissue engineering. In this partnership study (ANR TECSAN 2010 ChitoArt program), we worked at the elaboration of physical chitosan hydrogels presenting various and controlled physicochemical and biological properties, without any external crosslinkers. These hydrogels are envisioned under mono- or poly-membranous tubes for small diameter vascular substitutes (<6mm) purposes. Indeed, vascular engineering presents, even today, numerous limitations for small calibre vessels. Our strategy consists in the modulation of both structural (degree of acetylation, molar mass) and environmental (neutralization bath and collodion composition and concentration) parameters involved in hydrogels elaboration process in order to reach physical, biological and mechanical requirements suitable for this application. The study of hydrogels morphology by Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy (Cryo-SEM), using an original sample preparation method led to a better comprehension of chitosan hydrogels fine structure and multi-scale organization. This fundamental approach was conducted through the in vivo biological evaluation of hydrogels but also to mechanical characterizations of vascular substitutes. In particular, our substitutes were evaluated in term of suture retention resulting in the development of a formulation that led to suturable physical chitosan hydrogels, which were protected by a patent (Deposit number: FR1363099). Hydrogels elaboration parameters control and modulation have resulted in the development of colonisable vascular substitutes matching their in vivo implantation requirements (suture retention, compliance, burst pressure)
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Coquery, Clément. "Fonctionnalisation du chitosane : vers un nouveau revêtement biosourcé pour la protection des métaux contre la corrosion." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENCM0003/document.
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Le traitement de la corrosion constitue un enjeu économique, environnemental et de sécurité sanitaire. Plus largement utilisée à l’échelle industrielle, la protection par revêtements consiste à isoler le métal du milieu agressif par une couche adhérente, continue et imperméable. Ils doivent répondre à trois propriétés majeures : 1) être fortement adhérent au substrat métallique, 2) posséder de bonnes propriétés barrière pour limiter la pénétration de l’eau et des espèces agressives et 3) apporter un rôle d’inhibition de la corrosion. Cependant, la protection des surfaces métalliques par les techniques actuelles génère une pollution notable liée à l’usage de chromates. L’utilisation de polymères biosourcés et solubles en milieu aqueux serait un challenge et contribuerait à préserver l’environnement. Les polysaccharides comme le chitosane sont des macromolécules biodégradables et respectueuses de l'environnement possédant des propriétés d’anticorrosion et sont donc des alternatives envisageables. Ces travaux de thèse portent sur le développement de revêtements anticorrosion à base de chitosane. Le chitosane possède deux points faibles pour être utilisé comme revêtement contre la corrosion : 1) une adhésion insuffisante sur la surface des matériaux et 2) un caractère hydrophile. En conséquence, le chitosane a été modifié chimiquement afin d’augmenter son adhésion et ses propriétés barrières. Afin d’améliorer son adhésion sur des substrats métalliques, des groupements de type acide phosphonique ont été ajoutés via la réaction de Kabachnik-Fields sur le chitosane. L’élaboration d’un chitosane possédant des fonctions catéchol a été également discutée. Dans un premier temps, le chitosane modifié a été testé et caractérisé par spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique (SIE) en tant qu’inhibiteur de corrosion puis des revêtements à partir de ce même chitosane ont été réalisés et leurs protections contre la corrosion ont été évaluées. Deux approches de mise en forme des revêtements ont été testées : par dip-coating et par la technique Layer-by-Layer (LbL). Différentes voies de fonctionnalisation du chitosane ont également été présenté afin d’augmenter les propriétés barrière du revêtement. La chimie de phthaloylation du chitosane a été décrite puis le greffage de chaînes hydrophobes a été étudiéCorrosion treatment is an economic, environmental and health safety issue. More widely used on an industrial scale, coating protection consists in isolating the metal from the aggressive medium by an adherent, continuous and impermeable layer. They must have three major properties: 1) be strongly adherent to the metallic substrate, 2) have good barrier properties to limit the penetration of water and aggressive species and 3) provide a role in inhibiting corrosion. However, the protection of metal surfaces by current techniques generates significant pollution due to the use of chromates. The use of bio-based and soluble polymers in aqueous media would be a challenge and would contribute to preserving the environment. Polysaccharides such as chitosan are biodegradable and environmentally friendly macromolecules with anticorrosive properties and are therefore possible alternatives. These theses focus on the development of anticorrosion coatings based on chitosan. Chitosan has two weak points for use as a coating against corrosion: 1) insufficient adhesion on the surface of the materials and 2) hydrophilicity. As a result, chitosan has been chemically modified to increase its adhesion and barrier properties. In order to improve its adhesion on metal substrates, phosphonic acid groups have been added via the Kabachnik-Fields reaction on chitosan. The development of a chitosan with catechol functions was also discussed. Initially, the modified chitosan was tested and characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a corrosion inhibitor and coatings based on the same chitosan were made and their corrosion protection evaluated. Two approaches of coating elaborations were tested: dip-coating and Layer-by-Layer (LbL). Different ways of functionalizing chitosan have also been presented to increase the barrier properties of the coating. Phthaloylation chemistry of chitosan was described and hydrophobic chain grafting was studied
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Malli, Sophia. "Formulations multifonctionnelles pour le traitement des infections parasitaires cutanéo-muqueuses." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS043.
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Ce projet vise à proposer des nouveaux candidats médicaments pour lutter contre les infections parasitaires cutanéo-muqueuses qui représentent un problème de santé majeur. C’est notamment le cas de la Trichomonose urogénitale et la leishmaniose cutanée.Malheureusement, l’administration systémique de première intention par le métronidazole (MTZ) pour traiter la trichomonose urogéntitale occasionne des problèmes de résistances et des effets secondaires indésirables. Ainsi, nous avons développé de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques en ciblant à la fois les mécanismes pharmacologiques et physiques de l’infection par Trichomonas vaginalis. Après avoir réussi à augmenter la solubilité apparente du MTZ dans l’eau en utilisant une beta-cyclodextrine méthylée, nous l’avons formulé dans un hydrogel thermosensible et mucoadhésif composé de pluronic® F127 et d’un biopolymère cationique et mucoadhésif, le chitosane. Cette formulation est spécifiquement adaptée à une application topique tout en offrant un contrôle de la libération du MTZ et une réduction de son passage systémique à travers la muqueuse vaginale. La viscosité élevée de l’hydrogel à température corporelle nous a conduit à étudier son effet sur la mobilité du protozoaire Trichomonas vaginalis. Il s’agit d’une stratégie physique d’immobilisation du parasite en parallèle à la chimiothérapie par le MTZ. Le suivi des trajectoires des parasites par vidéo-microscopie a montré la capacité de l’hydrogel seul ou en association avec le chitosane à immobiliser complètement T. vaginalis et à inhiber son attachement à la muqueuse. Ces évaluations ont été réalisées chez la souris. Cependant, le chitosane seul n’a pas permis d’immobilier les parasites et n’a pas montré une activité anti-T. vaginalis propre. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes inspirés des travaux antérieurs menés par notre équipe sur le développement de formulations à base de chitosane, et plus particulièrement des nanoparticules (NPs) composées de poly(isobutylcyanoacrylates) recouvertes de chitosane. Ces NPs ont une activité trichomonacide propre, même sans rajouter des substances actives, alors que des NPs sans chitosane étaient inactives. Nous avons étudié le mécanisme d’action et nous avons montré une meilleure internalisation des NPs lorsqu’elles étaient recouvertes de chitosane. Ces NPs ont provoqué des altérations morphologiques drastiques de la membrane du parasite. Cette activité pourrait être due en partie à l’interaction électrostatique entre la surface de T. vaginalis chargée négativement et les NPs recouvertes de chitosane cationique.Dans le but d’élargir le champ des applications de ces NPs à d’autres parasites, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évaluation de leur effet anti-leishmanien vis-à-vis de Leishmania major. En effet, le chitosane connu pour ces propriétés cicatrisantes nous a paru particulièrement adapté pour cette pathologie. Nous avons ainsi montré in vitro et in vivo que les NPs recouvertes de chitosane avaient une activité anti-L. major propre, sans ajouter de substances actives. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons décidé de nous orienter vers des particules de formes allongées et d’évaluer leur activité anti-leishmanienne. Ces particules appelées « plaquettes » sont constituées d’assemblages de chitosane hydrophobisé avec l’acide oléique et l’alpha-cyclodextrine dans l’eau. Cette stratégie nous a paru intéressante pour améliorer l’interaction des plaquettes avec la membrane de L. major, vue que ces parasites sont également de morphologie non-sphérique. Les résultats histologiques et immunohistochimiques des lésions cutanées ont montré une diminution significative du granulome inflammatoire et une réduction de la charge parasitaire par rapport à l'amphotéricine B seule utilisée comme référence.En conclusion, au cours de cette thèse, plusieurs formulations ont été développées et ont montré des efficacités biologiques en agissant sur des mécanismes pharmacologiques et/ou physiques des parasitesThis project aims at developing new therapeutic strategies against parasitic muco-cutaneous infections such as urogenital trichomonosis and cutaneous leishmaniasis which still represents a major health problem worldwide.Unfortunately, metronidazole (MTZ) is a first-line systemic treatment for urogenital trichomoniasis that causes resistance and side effects. We have thus developed new strategies by acting on both the pharmacological and the physical mechanisms of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. After a successfull increase of the apparent solubility of MTZ in water using a methylated -cyclodextrin, we formulated it in a thermosensitive and mucoadhesive hydrogel composed of pluronic® F127 and a cationic and mucoadhesive biopolymer, chitosan. This formulation is specifically adapted for topical application providing a control of MTZ release and reduction of its systemic passage through the vaginal mucosa.Then, the ability of the high viscosity hydrogel to immobilize T. vaginalis was investigated by video-microscopy. Monitoring the trajectories of each parasite by multiple particle tracking showed the ability of the hydrogel alone or in combination with chitosan to completely immobilize T. vaginalis and to inhibit parasite attachment to the mucosa. These evaluations were performed on mice experimental model. However, chitosan alone did not allow parasite immobilization and did not show any anti-T. vaginalis activity. In this context, we were inspired by previous works conducted by our team on the development of formulations based on chitosan, and more particularly nanoparticles (NPs) composed of poly(isobutylcyanoacrylates) coated with chitosan. These NPs have their own trichomonacidal activity, even without adding active substances, while NPs without chitosan were inactive. Investigated of the mechanism of the activity showed better internalization of NPs when coated with chitosan. These NPs caused drastic morphological alterations on the parasite membrane. This activity could be due to the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged T. vaginalis surface and cationic chitosan coated NPs.In order to broaden the applications of these NPs to other parasites, we were interested in evaluating the anti-L. major activity of NPs coated or not with chitosan. Indeed, chitosan known for its healing properties could be particularly adapted for this pathology. We thus showed in vitro and in vivo that NPs coated with chitosan had intrinsic anti-L. major activity without adding any drug. In a second step, we decided to design chitosan elongated particles and to evaluate their anti-leishmanial activity. These particles called "platelets" are composed of chitosan hydrophobically-modified with oleic acid and cyclodextrin in water. This strategy could be interesting to improve the interaction of platelets with the L. major membrane, as these parasites had also non-spherical morphology. The histological and immunohistochemical results of skin lesions showed a significant decrease in inflammatory granuloma and a reduction in parasitic load compared with amphotericin B alone, used as a reference.In conclusion, during this thesis, several formulations were developed and showed biological activities by acting on pharmacological and/or physical mechanisms of the parasites
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Loron, Anne. "Chitosan polymers and plant extracts to develop biofungicides." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0002.
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Les cultures céréalières sont sujettes aux invasions de champignons pathogènes, ce qui altère la qualité des grains et pose un problème de santé publique, en raison de mycotoxines potentiellement contenues dans ces grains. Face à la prise de conscience publique et politique de la nécessité d’inclure la composante environnementale dans nos modes de consommation et de production, les fongicides synthétiques traditionnels se voient petit à petit remplacés par des alternatives plus « vertes ». Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse a pour but de créer une formulation à base de produits renouvelables, pour contrôler le développement et la production de toxines d’espèces fongiques pathogènes. Ce travail exploite les propriétés remarquables de trois composés : le biopolymère de chitosane, dérivé de la chitine, la tétrahydrocurcumine (THC), un dérivé de curcumine, et des extraits de pins et de vigne. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des chitosanes ont tout d’abord été caractérisées. Ces solutions de chitosanes présentent des effets antifongiques prometteurs réduisant la croissance mycélienne du champignon modèle cible Fusarium graminearum et divisant sa production de mycotoxines de plus moitié. Un des principaux atouts de ce biopolymère réside dans le fait qu’il conserve ses propriétés antifongiques sous forme d’enduction. Des extraits végétaux possédant des activités antimicrobiennes ont ensuite été étudiés. Premièrement, la THC inhibe la production de toxines et est donc combinée avec du chitosane. Afin d’accroître la solubilité dans l’eau et l’efficacité de la THC, des complexes d’inclusion ont été formés avec des cyclodextrines. De même, cette THC a été encapsulée dans d’autres matrices de biopolymères variés, tels que l’amidon ou le chitosane. Deuxièmement, les extraits issus de ressources locales de pins maritimes et de vignes démontrent eux aussi des effets antifongiques et anti-mycotoxigéniques. En particulier, l’addition d’un de ces extraits, celui d’écorce de pin maritime, à une formulation de chitosane double l’efficacité de ce dernier contre le développement du mycéliumCereals are subject to contamination by pathogenic fungi, which damage grains and threaten the public health with their mycotoxins. Recently, the raise of public and political awareness concerning environmental issues tend to limit the use of traditional fungicides against these pathogens in favour of eco-friendlier alternatives. In this framework, this thesis work aims to create a formulation based on renewable products in order to limit the fungal development and control the production of mycotoxins from cereal fungi. Our work exploits the remarkable properties of three compounds: the chitosan, a chitin derived biopolymer, the tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a curcumin derivative, and plant extracts. In a first step, we studied and characterise the physicochemical properties of different chitosans. Chitosan solutions were shown to reduce the mycelial growth of a target model fungi Fusarium graminearum, and to divide by 2 the accumulation of mycotoxins. In addition, we showed that this biopolymer was able to maintain its antifungal properties as a form of a coating. In a second step, we focused on different plant extracts with antimicrobial activities. THC was able to inhibit the toxin production and a maritime pine by-product showed its potential to control the fungal growth. The combination of the THC or the wood extract with chitosan was then studied to increase the efficiency of the formulation. To this end, a significant work was made to increase the solubility of THC in water by forming an inclusion complex in cyclodextrins or by protecting it in starch or chitosan particles. In particular, we showed that the addition of pine extracts to a chitosan-based solution can double the effectiveness of the formulation
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Rami, Lila. "Qualification d’hydrogels physiques de chitosane et de progéniteurs endothéliaux humains pour l’ingénierie vasculaire." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22047.
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Depuis près de 20 ans, l’ingénierie vasculaire est en plein essor, tentant d’apporter des solutions durables dans le traitement de pathologies cardio-vasculaires dont l’incidence est croissante. Utilisés pour le remplacement ou le pontage de vaisseaux obstrués voire lésés, les substituts vasculaires de petit calibre présentent encore des limites importantes, induisant, à plus ou moins court terme, le développement d’hyperplasie intimale ou de thrombose. Les multiples exemples de substituts vasculaires issus de l’ingénierie tissulaire décrits dans la littérature témoignent des difficultés rencontrées pour obtenir une prothèse qui réunirait à la fois des propriétés mécaniques adaptées au site d’implantation et des propriétés biologiques optimales pour assurer la fonction vasculaire. C’est dans cette problématique que se situe cette étude dont l’objectif est de définir la composante matricielle et la composante cellulaire idéales pour un substitut vasculaire de petit calibre. Pour cela, nous nous sommes intéressés aux hydrogels physiques de chitosane, dont les propriétés d’hémocompatibilité et de biorésorption sont reconnues. La composition physico- chimique adéquate d’un point de vue biologique et mécanique a été déterminée afin d’élaborer des tubes qui ont été par la suite endothélialisés. Par ailleurs, le mécanisme d’alignement cellulaire en réponse à un flux laminaire de type artériel, a été particulièrement étudié car il constitue un phénomène d’adaptation des CEs aux contraintes mécaniques perçues in vivo par l’endothélium. Cette caractérisation a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle essentiel d’IQGAP1 dans ce processus et d’initier une seconde étude visant la compréhension du mécanisme d’adhésion des CEs sur le chitosane. Finalement, en alliant recherche fondamentale et recherche appliquée nous avons élaboré un substitut vasculaire cellularisable in vitro et implantable in vivoAbstract
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Enache, Alexandru Alin. "Mathematical modelling of the chitosan fiber formation by wet-spinning." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1100/document.
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Le chitosane est un polymère naturel obtenu par deacétylation de la chitine. Ce polysaccharide est bien connu pour ses propriétés biologiques exceptionnelles : il est biocompatible et biorésorbable. Les fibres de chitosane peuvent être utilisées en chirurgie. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les phénomènes physico-chimiques mis en jeu, de développer un modèle du procédé, afin d'optimiser le procédé de filage mis au point au laboratoire.Après une revue de la littérature dans le premier chapitre, les techniques expérimentales d'obtention, de purification, et de caractérisation du chitosane sont décrits dans le deuxième chapitre. Une étude de la structure du chitosane obtenu est présentée. C'est l'un des résultats originaux de ce travail.Le principe du procédé étant par coagulation en solution, il est essentiel de déterminer dans quelle condition celle-ci s'effectue, et quel est le paramètre déterminant. Les études précédentes ont montré que celui-ci est le coefficient de diffusion de la soude dans le milieu. A cet effet, des mesures ont été effectuées, dans des géométries différentes. Cette étude constitue le travail présenté dans le chapitre trois.Dans le chapitre quatre est présentée une technique consistant à suivre au moyen d'un microscope l'avancée du front de coagulation. Cette technique a permis de déterminer précisément le coefficient de diffusion.Le dernier chapitre a consisté à élaborer des fibres au moyen d'un banc que possède le laboratoire (IMP Lyon 1). L'étape ultime de ce travail a été de modéliser le procédé, de prévoir les diamètres intérieur et extérieur des fibres obtenues, et de comparer le résultat de la modélisation aux résultats expérimentauxChitosan is a natural polymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin. This polysaccharide is well known for its exceptional biological properties: it is biocompatible and bio absorbable. Chitosan fibers can be used in surgery.The objective of this thesis is to study the physicochemical phenomena involved, to develop a process model, to optimize the filtering process in the laboratory.After a review of the literature in the first chapter, the experimental techniques for obtaining, purifying and characterizing chitosan are described in the second chapter. A study of the structure of the chitosan obtained is presented. This is one of the original results of this work.The principle of the coagulation method in solution, it is essential to determine in what condition it, and what is the determining parameter. Previous studies have shown that this is the diffusion coefficient of soda in the medium. One effect, measurements were made, in different geometries. This study constitutes the work presented in Chapter Three.In chapter four is presented a technique consisting in following by means of a microscope the advance of the coagulation front. This technique makes it possible to determine the diffusion coefficient.The last chapter consisted of developing fibers using a small scale plant existing in laboratory (IMP Lyon 1). The final element of this work consists of modelling the process, calculating the inside and outside diameters of the fibers obtained and comparing the result of the modelling with the experimental results
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Lalevée, Gautier. "Complexes polyélectrolytes d'acide hyaluronique et de chitosane pour des applications biomédicales." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1075.
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Ce travail est consacré à l'élaboration de complexes polyélectrolytes combinant deux polyélectrolytes de charges opposées ainsi que l'étude de leur potentiel en tant que biomatériaux injectables pour du comblement de ride. L'acide hyaluronique (portant des - charges négatives sur ses groupements carboxyliques -COO ) a été complexé avec l'unique polycation d'origine naturelle appelé chitosane (portant des charges positives de + par ses groupements amines -NH3 ). Les paramètres influençant la formation et les propriétés physico-chimiques des complexes acide hyaluronique – chitosane ont été étudiés. Nous avons utilisé une nouvelle technique de complexation développée au laboratoire mettant en œuvre la diminution de la force ionique de mélanges acide hyaluronique – chitosane – chlorure de sodium par dialyse dans le domaine de complexation de l'acide hyaluronique et du chitosane (pH approximativement compris entre 2.5 et 6.5). Ce procédé permet l'élimination progressive des sels et une association lente. Nous avons par ce biais été capable d'induire et de contrôler l'auto-assemblage de ces deux polyélectrolytes. Plusieurs formes ont ainsi été obtenues comme des agrégats, des complexes solubles, des suspensions colloïdales ou des coacervats. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons obtenu des hydrogels mixtes d'acide hyaluronique et de chitosane ayant d'exceptionnelles propriétés d'étirabilité à pH acide. D'autre part, une approche alternative a été envisagée, visant à utiliser les propriétés intrinsèques du chitosane, en particulier son aptitude à gélifier au contact de milieux alcalins. Ainsi, par un procédé similaire, nous avons pu former des hydrogels acide hyaluronique – chitosane réticulés physiquement, stable à pH et osmolarité physiologiques, et pouvant endurer des déformations importantes. De plus, ces systèmes peuvent être stérilisés par autoclave et peuvent être formulés afin d'être injectables. Réunissant toutes les conditions pour être de bons candidats au développement de biomatériaux injectables, ces hydrogels ont été testés in vivo sur un modèle lapin afin d‘évaluer leur biocompatibilité et leur applicabilité en tant que produits injectables en intradermiqueThis work is devoted to the elaboration of polyelectrolyte complexes systems combining two oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes and to the study of their potential application as - injectable dermal fillers. Hyaluronic acid as polyanion (carboxylic groups -COO as negative charges) was complexed with the only naturally-occuring polycation named + chitosan (amine groups -NH3 as positive charges). The factors impacting the formation of hyaluronic acid - chitosan complexes and their physico-chemical properties were investigated. We used a new technique of complexation developed in the laboratory through the desalting of highly salted mixtures, and systematically investigated the impact of pH in the range 2.5 - 6.5, corresponding to the complexation domain of hyaluronic acid and chitosan. This process allowed the progressive elimination of the salts and the slow restoration of the attractive electrostatic interactions resp onsible for the self-assembly of the two polyelectrolytes. Various physical forms were obtained: macroscopic aggregates, soluble complexes, colloidal suspensions or hydrogels. During this work, we observed for the first time the formation of hyaluronic acid-chitosan hydrogels exhibiting a very unusual hyper-stretchability, only at acidic pH. Therefore, an alternate approach consisted in taking advantage of the chitosan ability to gel in alkaline medium. By using a similar process, we were then able to form physically-crosslinked hyaluronic acid-chitosan hydrogels stable at physiological pH and osmolarity and still able to undergo high deformations. Moreover, these systems could be submitted to steam sterilization and could be formulated so as to be injectable. Hence, these hydrogels gathered all the conditions to be good candidates as injectable biomaterials, these hydrogels were then tested in vivo on a rabbit model to evaluate their biocompatibility and suitability for intradermal applications
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Mati-Baouche, Narimane. "Conception d'isolants thermiques à base de broyats de tiges de tournesol et de liants polysaccharidiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22548/document.
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Un des enjeux relatifs à la durabilité des isolants thermiques dans l’industrie du bâtiment est l’utilisation de composites issus d’agro-ressources. Ces composites sont généralement mis en œuvre en l’état ou agglomérés par des liants minéraux ou issus de la synthèse. Afin d’explorer l’utilisation de liants polysaccharidiques pour la conception de panneaux isolants à base de broyats de tiges de tournesol (renfort), le chitosane a été choisi comme polysaccharide modèle. Après une première étape de caractérisations physico-chimique, thermique et mécanique du liant et du renfort, un plan d’expérience composite centré a été établi afin de trouver les meilleures valeurs de granulométrie des particules, de ratio massique liant/renfort et de contrainte de compactage influant sur les propriétés thermo-mécaniques des composites. Un composite doté d’une propriété d’isolation thermique de l’ordre de 0,06 W.m-1.K-1 et d’une contrainte à la rupture en traction et en compression de l’ordre de 2 MPa a été obtenu avec un ratio massique en chitosane de 4,3 % et une granulométrie de broyats de tiges de tournesol de 6,3 mm. Ses performances mécanique et thermique sont supérieures à celles des autres isolants biosourcés actuellement sur le marché. Dans une démarche d’éco-conception un travail de formulation du liant par réticulation covalente (génipine) et par ajout d’autres biopolymères (alginate, guar, amidon), dotés de propriétés liantes, a été réalisé via l'élaboration d'un plan d'expérience factoriel fractionnaire. Les résultats montrent la possibilité de conserver des propriétés mécaniques et thermiques satisfaisantes tout en minimisant la quantité de chitosane utiliséOne of the issues relating to the sustainability of thermal insulation in the building industry is the use of composites derived from agricultural resources. These composites are typically agglomerated with mineral binders or from synthesis. To explore the use of polysaccharide binders for the conception of insulation panels based one sunflower stem aggregates (reinforcement), chitosan has been chosen as polysaccharide model. After a first stage of physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical characterizations of the binder and the reinforcement, an experimental design was established to find the best values of the particle size, the ratio binder/reinforcement and the compaction stress affecting the thermo-mechanical properties of the composites. A composite with a thermal insulation of about 0.06 W.m-1.K-1 and a maximum strength (in tension and compression modes) of 2 MPa was obtained with a ratio chitosan/sunflower stalk aggregates of 4.3 % and a size of 6.3 mm for the aggregates. The mechanical and thermal performances are superior to that of other biobased insulators available on the market. Formulation of the binder by covalent crosslinking (genipin) and by the addition of other biopolymers (alginate, guar gum, starch) with binding property has been achieved through the development of a fractional factorial experimental design. The results show the ability to maintain satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties with reducing chitosan content
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He, Jing. "Des (bio)nano-composites utilisés dans le traitement d'eaux contaminées par de l'arsenic/gentamicine ou pour des applications médicales." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00988092.
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Les composés dits 'bionano' (bionanocomposites) apparaissent comme un nouveau groupe de matériaux hybrides nano-structurés. Ils sont issus de la combinaison de polymères naturels et de solides inorganiques et sont de l'ordre du nanomètre dans au moins une direction. Ces matériaux hybrides conservent les structures et les propriétés fonctionnelles des polymères et matériaux inorganiques dont ils sont composés. Parallèlement, la présence de biopolymères permet de diminuer les risques environnementaux et de santés publiques liés aux nano-matériaux. Les propriétés inhérentes aux biopolymères (biocompatibles' et biodégradables) ouvrent des perspectives intéressantes pour ces matériaux hybrides en particulier dans les domaines de la médecine regénérative et en génie de l'environnement. La production de bionanocomposites de taille plus importante, que les nanoparticules qu'ils renferment, permet d'éviter les effets nocifs potentiels des nanoparticules (NPs) pour les organismes vivants et plus particulièrement pour l'homme. L'association de biopolymères et de nano-solides inorganiques permet la conception de bionanocomposites multifonctionnels qui peuvent être synthétisés et utilisés pour des applications dans des domaines variés. Cette thèse se propose d'étudier principalement (i) ma présence d'arsenic et d'antibiotiques dans les sources d'eau potable en Chine; (ii) l'évaluation d'un nouveau bionanocomposites, à savoir le CGB (chitosan goethite bionanocomposite), dans la décontamination des eaux contenant des espèces inorganiques d'arsenic; (iii) l'évaluation d'argiles comme adsorbants de décontamination de la gentamicine (un antibiotique aminoglycoside ) présent dans l'eau de même que celle de bionanocomposés fait d'argiles riches en gentamicine de polymères de methycelluloses hydroxypropyles Gt-Mt-HPMC (gentamicin-montmorillonite- hydroxypropyl methycellulose) utilisés comme pansement contre les infections qui ont lieu suite à des brûlures.
Books on the topic "ChitosanNP"
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1927-, Jollès Pierre, and Muzzarelli, Riccardo A. A., 1937-, eds. Chitin and Chitinases. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1999.
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1927-, Jollès Pierre, and Muzzarelli, Riccardo A. A., 1937-, eds. Chitin and Chitinases. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1999.
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Ahmed, Shakeel, and Saiqa Ikram, eds. Chitosan. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.
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Jana, Sougata, and Subrata Jana, eds. Functional Chitosan. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0263-7.
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Hasan, Shameem, Veera M. Boddu, Dabir S. Viswanath, and Tushar K. Ghosh. Chitin and Chitosan. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01229-7.
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Chitosan for biomaterials. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.
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Samoilova, N. A. Interpolyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.
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Jayakumar, R., and M. Prabaharan, eds. Chitosan for Biomaterials IV. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83021-2.
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Jayakumar, R., and M. Prabaharan, eds. Chitosan for Biomaterials III. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83807-2.
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Gulati, Shikha, ed. Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Materials. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5338-5.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "ChitosanNP"
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Annu, Shakeel Ahmed, Shakeel Ahmed, and Saiqa Ikram. "Chitin and Chitosan: History, Composition and Properties." In Chitosan, 1–24. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch1.
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Sudha, Parappurath Narayanan, Madhavan Saranya, Thandapani Gomathi, S. Gokila, Soundararajan Aisverya, Jayachandran Venkatesan, and Sukumaran Anil. "Perspectives of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds Dressing in Regenerative Medicine." In Chitosan, 253–69. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch10.
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Bulbake, Upendra, Sindhu Doppalapudi, and Wahid Khan. "Chitin - and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds." In Chitosan, 271–310. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch11.
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Putri, Athika Darumas, Bayu Tri Murti, Myalowenkosi Sabela, Suvardhan Kanchi, and Krishna Bisetty. "Nanopolymer Chitosan in Cancer and Alzheimer Biomedical Application." In Chitosan, 311–59. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch12.
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Majeed, Aasim, Raoof Ahmad Najar, Shruti Choudhary, Sapna Thakur, Amandeep Singh, and Pankaj Bhardwaj. "Biomedical Significance of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites." In Chitosan, 361–84. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch13.
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Singh, Gulshan, Murli Manohar, Suresh Kumar Arya, Waseem Ahmad Siddiqui, and Thor Axel Stenström. "Potential Biomedical Applications of Chitosan - and Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials." In Chitosan, 385–408. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch14.
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Majeed, Aasim, Raoof Ahmad Najar, Shruti Choudhary, Wahid Ul Rehman, Amandeep Singh, Sapna Thakur, and Pankaj Bhardwaj. "Practical and Plausible Implications of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Agriculture." In Chitosan, 409–30. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch15.
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Gadkari, Rahul, Wazed Ali, Apurba Das, and R. Alagirusamy. "Scope of Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibrous Web for its Potential Application in Water Filtration." In Chitosan, 431–51. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch16.
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Sudha, Parappurath Narayanan, Soundararajan Aisverya, Thandapani Gomathi, Kumar Vijayalakshmi, Madhavan Saranya, Kirubanandam Sangeetha, Srinivasan Latha, and Sabu Thomas. "Application of Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Adsorbents, Coagulants, and Flocculants." In Chitosan, 453–87. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch17.
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Ioelovich, Michael. "Nitrogenated Polysaccharides - Chitin and Chitosan, Characterization and Application." In Chitosan, 25–70. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "ChitosanNP"
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Ren, Xiang, Qingwei Zhang, Ho-lung Li, and Jack Zhou. "Micro and Nano Design and Fabrication of a Novel Artificial Photosynthesis Device." In ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 40th North American Manufacturing Research Conference and in participation with the International Conference on Tribology Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2012-7394.
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Artificial photosynthesis is a new method to generate sustainable energy. In order to constrain reaction solution in a solid state structure and increase the reaction efficiency, we designed a novel artificial photosynthesis device with porous chitosan scaffold with interconnected micro-channels. We built 3D interconnected chitosan channels with a home-made heterogeneous 3D rapid prototyping machine, and we used lyophilization method to generate the nano pores inside the chitosan scaffold. Chitosan gel in acetic acid can form different viscosities by different chitosan’s molecular weight and the different concentrations of both chitosan and the acetic acid, so we found a proper material recipe to construct 3D scaffold by our own rapid prototyping machine. Optional support material sodium bicarbonate is used in printing 3D scaffold for holding the printed structure permanently, and the result shows that this method can make the scaffold stronger and harmless to further processes such as adding light reaction units and dark reaction solution into the device.
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Faria, Roberto Ribeiro, Lourival Rodrigues de Sousa Neto, Victor de Sousa Batista, Keli Cristina Barbosa dos Reis, and Odonírio Abrahão Junior. "Potential Mean Force for Chitosan and Glyphosate." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol2020164.
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Glyphosate is the most widely consumed herbicide in the world and has threatening and harmful properties to living beings due to its chronic toxicity and carcinogenic activity. That is why the proposal to remove glyphosate through chitosan in an aqueous medium arose, due to the high capacity of the biopolymer to chelate contaminants. This can be achieved computationally, simulating models representing real systems, such as the Molecular Dynamics (MD) methodology, mainly in models of atomistic force fields such as OPLS-AA (Optimized Potentials for Atomistic Liquid Simulations) used here, through the computational software GROMACS 4.6 (Groningen Machine for Chemical Simulations). However, this work aims to calculate the Potential Mean Force (PMF) of chitosan and glyphosate binding through 594 simulations by Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD) using umbrella sampling method, performing the gradual removal of the herbicide in 3 different Cartesian axes ( + x; + y; + z) and in 3 different temperatures (288 K, 298 K, and 308 K) adding 9 systems with 66 simulations for each axis and 198 simulations for each temperature. The glyphosate adsorption process occurs mainly by formation of electrostatic interactions caused by its high polarity groups, such as phosphonate, carboxylate, and amine with the chitosan's groups such as non-acetylated amine groups, primary and secondary hydroxyls. The energy barriers showed very close values in all systems, indicating enough disturbance samples to satisfy Jarzynski's equality. This fact suggested the lack of specificity regarding the axis of untying of the herbicide in relation to chitosan since the great proximity between all the PMF calculations performed was evident. Therefore, the promising potential of chitosan as a glyphosate adsorbent was theoretically confirmed, it agrees with experimental studies of the attempt to remove the herbicide glyphosate in chitosan in desorption processes.
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Ganapathy, Ramanan, and Ahmet Aykaç. "Depolymerisation of High Molecular Weight Chitosan and Its Impact on Purity and Deacetylation." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.048.
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Chitosan (poly[β-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose]) is a non-toxic and biocompatible cationic polysaccharide produced by partial deacetylation of chitin isolated from naturally occurring crustacean shells. Its low solubility limits its application, improving the solubility by reducing the molecular weight, increases its wide application in food, agriculture, pharmaceutical and other technical applications. Low molecular weight chitosan, acts as a potent biotic elicitor, induce plant defense responses, activating different pathways that increase the crop resistance to diseases. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan inversely proportional to its molecular weight. Chitosan degradation has many techniques, ultrasound, electron beam plasma, solution plasma, cavitation, mechanical, microwave, photo irradiated and chemical. Chemical depolymerization can be affected utilizing alkalis (NaOH, KOH), sodium nitrite, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide etc. In our study we used chemical method to reduce molecular weight of chitosan, utilizing sodium nitrite at various concentrations. During depolymerization its impact on purity of chitosan was studied. Depolymerized chitosan molecular weights were ascertained by intrinsic viscosity method, its purity was measured by UV-Vis method.
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Choi, Ung-su, and Hans Conrad. "Electrorheology of Chitin and Chitosan Suspensions: Conductivity vs Molecular Structure." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0458.
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Abstract The electrical and rheological properties pertaining to the electrorheological (ER) behavior of chitin and chitosan suspensions in silicone oil were investigated. Chitosan suspension showed a typical ER response (Bingham flow behavior) upon application of an electric field, while chitin suspension acted as a Newtonian fluid. The difference in behavior results from the difference in the conductivity of the chitin and chitosan particles, even though they have a similar chemical structure. The shear stress for the chitosan suspension exhibited a linear dependence on the volume fraction of particles and a 1.18 power of the electric field. The experimental results for the chitosan suspension correlated with the conduction model for ER response.
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Wang, Jing-song, Zheng-lei Bao, Si-guang Chen, and Jin-hui Yang. "Removal of Uranium From Aqueous Solution by Chitosan and Ferrous Ions." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30305.
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This study focuses on developing a new method to remove uranium from aqueous solution. Chitosan and ferrous ions were used together to remove uranium ions from aqueous solution. Through two-step pH adjustment, the uptake behavior of chitosan and ferrous ions toward uranium in aqueous solution using batch systems were studied in different experimental conditions. The experimental results indicated that the removal of uranium by synergetic effect of chitosan and ferrous ions was more effective than the way of adsorbing uranium ions by chitosan alone. Under the given experimental conditions, the concentration of the residual uranium in the effluent after chitosan and ferrous ions treatment could meet the discharge standard (< 0.05mg·l−1) when initial concentration of uranium ions was 10 mg·l−1 or 100 mg·l−1. The synergetic effect of chitosan and ferrous ions including adsorption, coacervation and coprecipitation, are responsible for the high removal rate of uranium.
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Tan, Shiou Xuan, Andri Andriyana, Steven Lim, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Yean Ling Pang, and Gek Cheng Ngoh. "Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) as Plasticizer for Bioplastic Film Fabrication. A Comparative Study." In International Technical Postgraduate Conference 2022. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.141.23.
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Incorporation of chitosan into the bioplastic film could improve its mechanical properties. However, aqueous acidic solution is required to dissolve the chitosan. The aim of the present work was to explore the potential use of acidic NADES as the plasticizer as well as a solvent for chitosan without the addition of aqueous acidic solution. The film-forming solution consisted of sago starch as the matrix and chitosan as the filler was prepared by solution casting and evaporation method in the presence of acidic NADES. Acidic NADES was obtained by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) and lactic acid (LA) as the hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen bond donor, respectively. The mechanical properties and water uptake ability of chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic films plasticized with acidic NADES were compared with the bioplastic films plasticized with conventional plasticizer, glycerol in the absence and presence of acetic acid solution. The results revealed that acidic NADES was capable of plasticizing the starch and dissolve the chitosan. Bioplastic film plasticized with acidic NADES achieved higher tensile strength and lower water uptake than the bioplastic film plasticized with glycerol in the presence of acetic acid solution. The interaction between chitosan and acidic NADES was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR results exhibited that the amide II band of chitosan in the ChCl/LA film had shifted, and its intensity had decreased to almost undetectable.
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Brysch, Cynthia, Eric Wold, Francisco C. Robles Hernandez, and John F. Eberth. "Sintering of Chitosan and Chitosan Composites." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86393.
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Chitosan is a naturally-occurring polymer that is derived through the deacetylation of chitin. Chitin, found in the exoskeletons of invertebrates, is ubiquitous in nature and easily collected as waste and repurposed for a multitude of industrial and biomedical applications. Development of composites of chitosan and carbon are attractive due to their availability, compatibility, and mechanical properties. In the present work we construct a chitosan composite reinforced with 2 wt% carbon nanostructures using mechanical milling. The carbon nanostructures consist of amorphous carbon, graphene-like, and graphitic nanostructures synthesized by mechanical exfoliation. We demonstrate that the mechanical properties of this composite material can be altered by varying the sintering conditions. Preliminary thermal analysis showed a degradation temperature around 220 ± 5 °C but this was also influenced by the duration of temperature exposure. The material was strengthened by adding carbon nano-composites and through sintering. Better sintering conditions occurred at lower temperatures and shorter times. The new material properties are characterized by means of mechanical testing, electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.
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Ren, Xiang, Miao Yu, Xiaohang Zhou, Qingwei Zhang, and Jack Zhou. "Fabrication of Chitosan Porous Structure and Applications on Artificial Photosynthesis Device." In ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2013-1109.
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Research and development on artificial photosynthesis provide a new direction to obtain sustainable energy. To increase the artificial photosynthesis reaction rates and the efficiency of collecting the energy product, a novel artificial photosynthesis device was designed and developed to constrain the photosynthesis reactions in chitosan porous structure. Both 3D printing and molding-casting could be used in fabrication of chitosan structure on artificial photosynthesis devices. In molding and casting, the molds were made by acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Concurrently, 3D interconnected chitosan channels were built with a user-made heterogeneous 3D rapid prototyping machine, and the lyophilization method was used to generate the micro or nano pores inside the chitosan scaffold. After lyophilization, the pore size and porosity was generated by MATLAB image processing. CO2 absorption was simulated based on porous structures properties when import the chitosan into the artificial photosynthesis devices. The results suggested that chitosan porous structure is a good candidate to be an interface between atmosphere and micro-fluidic devices with biochemical reactions.
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Vrabič Brodnjak, Urška, and Dimitrina Todorova. "Investigation of the optical properties of chitosan and rice starch blends, as a filler in paper or as a film for packaging applications." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p5.
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Bio based materials fall under the broad category of bio-products or bio-based products, which includes materials, chemicals and energy derived from renewable biological resources. This research shows the preparation of both, paper sheets with blend fillers of chitosan and rice starch and chitosan and rice starch films, which could be used as packaging material for a variety of applications. In this research, we used a blend mixture, different concentrations of chitosan and rice starch both in paper production and in films to investigate the optical properties of the obtained materials with a combination of ultrasonic treatment during the film formation. The research showed that the optical properties of the obtained packaging materials improved. It also showed that blend fillers of chitosan and rice starch are effective paper fillers in the preparation of cellulose mixture for bio based packaging materials and the optical properties are with slight changes. The investigation on the optical properties of the obtained paper samples during accelerated thermal showed that the ageing of paper with addition of chitosan and chitosan and rice starch blends had the same behaviour through the 72 hours of ageing. The ultrasonic treatment of the films improved transparency. The surface at untreated blend film was more uneven compared to chitosan and rice starch films, which improved after the treatment.
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Iancu, Irina Mihaela, Laura Adriana Bucur, Verginica Schröder, and Manuela Rossemary Apetroaei. "STUDIES OF MUCOADHEZIVE MATRIXES BASED ON CHITOSAN AND LYTHRUM SALICARIA L. PLANT EXTRACT." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/24.
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"The Lythrum salicaria L. plant, from the Lythraceae family, has multiple beneficial effects on the human body, through pharmacological properties imprinted by its secondary metabolites, namely tannins. Chitosan-based biomedical materials are of increasing interest precisely due to the uniqueness of their properties, namely biocompatibility, nontoxicity, biodegradability, antimicrobial and antioxidant nature. The combination of chitosan with the plant extract aimed at obtaining new matrices, with clearly superior characteristics, compared to each material (chitosan and plant extract). This could be due to the presence of amino groups in the structure of chitosan, known to be active at a pH slightly acidic and which could be chemically bound to the phenolic groups of tannic acids (the predominant components of the plant extract). The study aimed to obtain for the first-time mixtures of different concentrations of aqueous solutions of Lythri herba plant extract with standard chitosan 1 % in lactic acid (1 %) solution, which allowed achieving compatible and stable membranes. Microscopic evaluation of the membranes were made, following the uniformity of the surfaces, the homogeneity, the distribution of chitosan relative to the extract, and their stability in PBS saline buffer. The behavior of these membranes gives us a perspective on their use in dentistry and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the current paper has shown the existence of chitosan in the composition of the obtained membranes and their ability to maintain constant hydration and flexibility over a certain period."
Reports on the topic "ChitosanNP"
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Thomas, Catherine C., Jonathan Broussard, and Victor F. Medina. Chitosan as a Coagulant and Precipitant of Algae Present in Backwater. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44904.
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The purpose of this technical note (TN) is to highlight the current state of knowledge of algal flocculation by chitosan and identify data gaps existing between specific algal characteristics and chitosan binding efficiency. Published relationships and correlations between the quality of backwaters and the prevalence of algae, a baseline for flocculation efficiency of microalgae, and ideal treatment instances for algal removal by way of chitosan flocculation and precipitation will be identified.
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Cabrera, Anahi Maldonado, Blayra Maldonado Cabrera, Dalia Isabel Sánchez Machado, and Jaime López Cervantes. Wound healing therapeutic effect of chitosan nanofibers: a systematic review and meta- analysis of animal studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0121.
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Review question / Objective: Review question: Does chitosan base nanofibers has significant wound healing therapeutics effects in animal models? A preclinical systematic review of intervention will be carried out to evaluate the therapeutic effects of chitosan nanofibers on animal skin lesions. The PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) scheme will be used: Intervention: full-thickness skin lesions, and the application of chitosan nanofibers as treatment for animal skin lesions. Regardless of the concentration of chitosan or other added compounds used. Comparison: No intervention, topical placebo agents and standard skin lesions treatments will be included. Outcome: wound healing area, wound closure, type of wound closure (first, second or third intention), healing time, infectious processes (antibacterial/antifungal properties), blood loss (hemostatic properties) and adverse effects.
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Lewis, Terry W. Hemostatic Activity of Chitosan in Wound Management. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada211370.
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Poverenov, Elena, Tara McHugh, and Victor Rodov. Waste to Worth: Active antimicrobial and health-beneficial food coating from byproducts of mushroom industry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600015.bard.
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Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784
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Narayan, Mayur. Hydrophobically Modified Chitosan Gauze for Control of Massive Hemorrhage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada629307.
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Yoncheva, Krassimira. Benefits and Perspectives of Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan and Sodium Alginate. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.03.01.
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Mattei-Sosa, Jose, Victor Medina, Chris Griggs, and Veera Gude. Crosslinking graphene oxide and chitosan to form scalable water treatment membranes. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/33263.
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Oliveira, Mariana, Vívian Souza, Guilherme Tavares, Rodrigo Fabri, and Ana Carolina Apolônio. Effects of antibiotic-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against resistant bacteria: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.6.0069.
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Bumgardner, Joel D. Dual Delivery of Growth Factors and or Antibiotics from Chitosan-Composites for Bone Regeneration. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532903.
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Klepzig, Kier D., and Charles H. Walkinshaw. Cellular response of loblolly pine to wound inoculation with bark beetle-associated fungi and chitosan. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rp-30.
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