Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chiralité (physique)'
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Dentin, Serge. "Contribution à l'étude du secteur baryonique dans la théorie des perturbations chirales." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22077.
Full textChang, Emmanuel. "QCD sur réseaux et les propriétés des mésons lourd-légers : les distributions radiales dans les mésons lourd-légers et le mélange Bº-B̄º dans la limite statique." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077204.
Full textPhenomenology of the heavy-light mesons is investigated by using QCD simulations on the lattice. The work is particularly focused on the light quark dynamics in the heavy-light Systems when the heavy quark is infinitely heavy. The mass splitting between the excited and the lowest lying states has been studied with the unquenched lattice data containing SN__f=2S dynamical light quarks. A very high accuracy of the lattice results for the coupling to the pions is achieved through several improvements over previous lattice computations of these couplings. Moreover, the present study provides a new method which allows for the first lattice determination of the pion emission in the transition between the first excited and the lowest lying heavy-light meson. These couplings are necessary ingredients for the description of heavy-light mesons by an effective theory known as the Heavy Meson Chiral Perturbation Theory. They are also essential in the chiral extrapolations of the lattice results for the quantities which are relevant to the SBS-physics phenomenology. Special attention is devoted to the improvement of the technique of Computing the static heavy quark propagator on the lattice by using the hyper-cubic blocking techniques (HYP). We then make a detailed study of the matrix elements of ail parity conserving four-quark S\Delta B=2S operators which enter the theoretical description of the SB~0S-S\bar B~0S mixing amplitude in the Standard Model, and in its supersymmetric extensions. This is the first such study with HYP-blocked Wilson lines, which provides us with an extra benefit: the spurious mixing of operators computed on the lattice is much smaller with respect to what has been done in the past. Renormalization and matching of Heavy Quark Effective Theory on the lattice to the continuum QCD is made by using boosted perturbation theory. A short discussion of impact of our results on the SBS-physics phenomenology is provided too
Marloie, Gaël. "Des précurseurs organiques à la chiralité : simulations de processus élémentaires en environnement primitif." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066353.
Full textAtawa, Bienvenu. "Mobilité moléculaire et vieillissement physique des composés amorphes chiraux." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR125/document.
Full textIn the framework of this thesis, we carried out the study of amorphous chiral molecular systems by evaluating their molecular mobility, the evolution of physical properties during aging and the recrystallization behavior as function of the initial enantiomeric excess (ee). In order to avoid factors additional to chirality itself, we focused on enantiomeric systems forming stable conglomerates (full chiral discrimination in the solid state) by choosing two model compounds: 5-ethy-5-methylhydantoin (12H) and N-acetyl-α-methylbenzylamine (Nac-MBA). From this thesis it was shown that the most spectacular effects of chirality in the amorphous state is expressed in the GFA or the crystallization propensity. The GFA increases as the ee decreases. The kinetics of physical aging is implicitly impacted by chirality. Glassy pure enantiomer requires more time to reach equilibrium than that of an intermediate composition. This situation is hypothetically due to constraints effects mostly resulting from a strong nucleation behavior in the glass state at high ee. Furthermore, the time scale of all the processes (D, α, βJG, γ) and the evolution of their temperature dependency are approximatively identical even though the crystallization behavior is highly impacted by ee. it seems that molecular mobility would not be a key parameter in the crystallization behavior of Nac-MBA. The main expression of chirality in amorphous Nac-MBA is evidenced in the signature of the dielectric strength of both D and α processes
Pham, Kim Anh Aline. "Caractérisation de la chiralité optique dans des systèmes plasmoniques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY051/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we aim at demonstrating chiral optical effects in plasmonic systems. The manipulation of the different degrees of freedom of light is evidenced by complementary experimental approaches based on polarisation tomography, leakage radiation microscopy and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). On one hand, we report on a non-invasive method to reveal the coexistence of surface and bulk chirality in plasmonic metasurfaces. Specifically, we extend the model of Kuhn to describe this chirality mixture. On the other hand, we demonstrate two plasmonic devices which rely on the optical spin-orbit coupling to control the spin and the orbital angular momentum of light. In particular, the reciprocal mechanism of the spin-Hall effect of light is shown using T-shaped nano-apertures: the trajectory of surface plasmons can be encoded in the spin of the photons. This which-path marker is then implemented in an interference erazer experiment. Plasmonic vortex generation is also reported in spiral cavities. The spiral chirality rules the intensity as well as the angular orbital momentum of the singular fields. Finally, as a proof of concept, we demonstrate using a conventional and quantum SNOM probe that the local density of optical states can be structured by a chiral environment. We also connect the density and flux chirality to light-matter interactions. Studying chirality in the context of plasmonics opens promising prospects in the optical nano-manipulation, chiral molecules discrimination and the control of quantum sources
Lopez, Xavier. "Production d'étrangeté dans les collisions Ni+Ni à 1. 93 AGeV." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009052.
Full textLv, Bingfeng. "Chirality in the ¹³⁶Nd and ¹³⁵Nd nuclei." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS353/document.
Full textThe exotic collective excitation mode called chirality has been investigated and long-lived isomers have been searched for in the ¹³⁶Nd and ¹³⁵Nd nuclei. Five pairs of nearly degenerate Δ I=1 bands with the same parity have been identified at high spins in ¹³⁶Nd. The observed bands were investigated by the constrained and tilted axis cranking covariant density functional theory and a new developed four single-j shells particle-rotor model. It was found that the properties of these doublet bands are in good agreement with results of the model calculations. Therefore, the multiple chiral doublets (MχD) phenomenon in the nucleus ¹³⁶Nd was confirmed. This was the first experimental evidence for the MχD bands in even-even nuclei. The five pairs of chiral doublet bands is the largest observed in a single nucleus until now. In addition, the level scheme of the ¹³⁶Nd has been extended significantly at low, medium, and very high spins. Possible configurations of all rotational bands have been assigned by using the cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky model. The band structure of ¹³⁶Nd was clarified and the various types of single-particle and collective excitations were well understood. A new pair of positive-parity chiral doublet bands has been identified in ¹³⁵Nd. The characteristics of the doublet bands support the chiral interpretation. Together with the previously reported negative-parity chiral doublet bands show the presence of MχD bands in ¹³⁵Nd. The observed doublet bands were compared with constrained covariant density functional theory and particle-rotor model calculations which nicely reproduce the experimental data, confirming the MχD phenomenon in this nucleus. The newly observed MχD bands in ¹³⁵Nd represent an important milestone in supporting the existence of MχD in nuclei. The search for long-lived isomeric states in ¹³⁵Nd and ¹³⁶Nd has also been performed. This did not lead to the identification of new isomers, but we could confirm the existence of the previously reported isomers in the nuclei ¹³⁸Nd, ¹³⁴Ce, ¹³⁶Pr, and ¹³⁷Pr in our data
Pasquier, Corinne. "Nouveaux ligands aminophosphinephosphinites et diphosphanes à chiralité métallocénique : application en hydrogénation énantiosélective de cétones et approche du mécanisme par modélisation moléculaire." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-221.pdf.
Full textBideo, Lionel. "Etude par la méthode des moments des caractéristiques chirales d'un réseau d'hélices dans un diélectrique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30113.
Full textThomas, Jean-Charles. "Spectroscopie des noyaux légers déficients en neutrons : Étude des noyaux ²¹Mg, ²⁵Si et ²⁶P, approche systématique du phénomène de l'asymétrie miroir, conception d'un détecteur à gaz pour l'étude de la radioactivité 2 protons." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12555.
Full textLaux, Valérie. "Effets de la chiralité dans les nouvelles phases hélicoïdales et frustrées de cristaux liquides : SC*[alpha], TGB, phases bleues TGB et isotropes anomales." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10146.
Full textUne nouvelle séquence de phases, ainsi que la présence d'une phase s#c#* entre les phases s#c#* et tgb#a, ont de plus été mises en évidence. Dans un deuxième temps a été étudiée une série présentant les phases s#c#*, tgb#a tgb#c et phases bleues tgb. Les mesures de pas effectuées dans les trois premières phases ont révèle une torsion tres forte ; il est ainsi montre que l'existence de ces nouvelles phases bleues tgb est, comme pour l'habituelle phase bleue cholesterique, une conséquence d'une très forte chiralité. Les trois phases bleues tgb sont mises en évidence avec des textures optiques bien définies, en particulier pour la phase bpiii qui n'avait jamais été observée auparavant. Enfin les phases isotropes anomales présentées par deux types de matériaux sont étudiées optiquement, amenant a la détermination d'une texture particulière, et a l'observation de plusieurs phases de ce type dans la séquence d'un des composes
Olbratowski, Przemyslaw. "Chiral and magnetic rotation in atomic nuclei studied within self-consistent mean-field methods." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007048.
Full textRibière, Patrice. "Déroulage d'un cholestérique frustré en champ électrique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10289.
Full textTeyssier, Boris. "Étude de la production de méson neutre léger dans la voie de désintégration dimuonique en collision proton-proton à sqrt(s) = 13 TeV en rapidité vers l'avant dans ALICE au LHC du CERN." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1240/document.
Full textThe ordinary matter surrounding us is made of hadrons which in turn are composed of quarks and gluons. These latter are elementary constituents which cannot be observed in a free state. However it is at present recognized that this matter confined within hadrons can undergo, under extreme conditions of high temperature and/or highnet baryonic density, a transition to a state of deconfined quarks and gluons whichcalled quark gluon plasma. The conditions required to form this quark gluon plasma can be experimentallyachieved using a machine capable of colliding nuclei at very high energies: this is particularly the case at CERN where is located the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider, which collided Pb ions at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 to 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair and protons of 0.9 to 13 TeV. Pb-Pb collisionssuch relativistic energies definitely allow for the suitable density conditions to form the quark gluon plasma phase. This thesis work contributes to this physics program by studying the production of neutral light mesons in collisions of proton-proton at 13 TeV, which provides the necessary reference to understand further observations done in Pb-Pb collisions. This study has been performed in the dimuon decay channel by analyzing the dimuon invariant mass spectrum in the region of masses lower than 1.5 GeV/c2 , giving accessthe measurement of the cross sections of eta, rho/omega and phi mesons
Cui, Lingfei. "Antennes photoniques pour amplifier les interactions entre la lumière et la matière chirale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS392.
Full textThe detection of molecules based on fluorescence or Raman scattering has been widely studied and is currently used in industry and laboratories. However, many organic molecules of interest are chiral, and their chemical and biological properties depend on their enantiomer as well as on the chirality of their secondary structure. The quantity and chirality of biomolecules are classically determined by measuring the differential absorption between the two opposite circular polarizations (chiroptic method). However, this method is limited by the low differential absorption of chiral molecules, which is of the order of 10-3 in the UV part of the spectrum. Plasmonic resonators have the ability to resonantly interact with light and are characterized by a moderate quality factor and a low effective volume. This resonant interaction allows (i) to increase the coupling between molecules and light and (ii) to control the polarization properties of light. So far, the latest advances concern the implementation of nanostructured chiral surfaces with gammadion-type resonators or stacked twisted resonators that interact preferentially with a given helicity of light. However, the mechanism behind the differential response of biomolecules coupled to chiral resonators to circularly polarized light is still unclear, preventing the optimization of such detection. Moreover, in the research published so far, two different chiral sensors are needed to interact with right- and left-handed circularly polarized light, which requires complex calibration procedures. During the course of my PhD, I have studied the use of anisotropic achiral nanostructures to interact with chiral molecules. Indeed, they have the significant advantage over chiral nanostructures of changing the sign of the circular dichroism by controlling the incident polarization or the direction of propagation. Indeed, the symmetries of the electromagnetic field in close proximity to the resonators can be manipulated at will by changing illumination conditions hence providing a unique tool for studying the origin of the electromagnetic coupling between chiral biomolecule and nanoresonators. Consequently, in my PhD project I propose to use plasmonic nanoresonators to increase the light - “chiral matter” interactions in order to detect and study chiral molecules. I will use the concept of achiral plasmonic nanostructures (nanoslits) to develop innovative nanoresonators that will be used, once functionalized, to detect chiral biomolecules with enantiomer sensitivity. Indeed, achiral resonators can generate both signs of chiral fields as opposed to chiral resonators which would make their use very flexible. This work implies characterizing, describing and understanding the origins of chiral fields and how to make them homogeneous. Through the study of nanoslits, I demonstrate numerically and theoretically how to design a nanosource of pure superchiral light, free of any background and for which the sign of the chirality is tunable on-demand in wavelength and polarization. In the perspective, I will present experimental methods that could monitor the CD via fluorescence emission (FDCD for Fluorescence Detected Circular Dichroism) in the case of light harvesting molecules for molecules that need to be excited in the UV, autofluorescence may be used in conjunction with aluminum resonators. Without loss of generality, these considerations lead to the decision of investigating plasmonic resonators with resonance at 680 nm which correspond to the chiral absorption band of LHCII. The idea of blocking the excitation beam to collect only the emission of the chiral molecules leaded to the idea of investigating the resonances of openings in an opaque layer of gold
Vergassola, Massimo. "Dynamique à grande échelle en turbulence et cosmologie." Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE4712.
Full textLyvinec, Gildas. "Développement de nouveaux iodanes chiraux : synthèse et oxydation in situ d’iodures d’aryles chiraux en iodanes pour la désaromatisation asymétrique des phénols." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13743.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis are about the synthesis of new chiral hypervalent iodine compounds analogues of the iodoxybenzoic acid, called IBX. This work shows an access to new chiral hypervalent iodine compounds which were used in enantioselective dearomatisation of phenols. In addition to the new compounds synthesized, this thesis gives a view of the complexity of the oxidation of iodine compounds. An alternative to this problematic synthetic step is given by the development of in situ generation methodology of hypervalent iodine compounds in order to perform an enantioselectiv variant of the dearomatization reaction
Loire, Mickael. "Etude de composés magnétoélectriques et multiferroïques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685005.
Full textMou, Ye. "Manipuler l'effet Faraday inverse par l'utilisation de nanostructures plasmoniques inversement conçues." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS102.
Full textThe inverse Faraday effect is a magneto-optical process allowing for the magnetization of matter through optical excitation carrying a non-zero spin of light. This light-matter interaction in metals at the nanoscale arises from the generation of drift currents via the nonlinear forces applied by light to the conduction electrons. Particularly, this phenomenon has been conventionally considered symmetrical; right or left circular polarizations generate magnetic fields oriented either in the direction of light propagation or in the direction opposite to propagation. We demonstrate here that by locally manipulating the spin density of light in inversely designed plasmonic nano-antennas, the inverse Faraday effect can be chiral and generate strong stationary magnetic fields due to drift currents only for one helicity of incoming light; furthermore, we demonstrate that this magneto-optical process can have its symmetry reversed, which was considered impossible; and it can even generate unidirectional drift photocurrents as a tunable nano-source for linear THz radiation. This novel optical concept of manipulating the inverse Faraday effect by plasmonic nano-antennas finds diverse applications in ultrafast control of magnetic domains, not only in ultrafast data storage technologies but also in research areas such as nanoscale THz spectroscopy, magnetic trapping, magnetic skyrmions, magnetic circular dichroism, magnetic material manipulation, spin control, spin precession, spin currents, and spin waves, among others
El, Feddi Mustapha. "Homogénéisation des équations de Maxwell dans les structures périodiques, rôle de la fréquence dans la loi de comportement." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112360.
Full textWe present in this work a novel approach of homogenisation technique for Maxwell equations in periodic structures. The solution is supposed to be a sum of a macroscopic field (or a field with slow variations), and a microscopic field (or a perturbation field with high spatial frequency). We obtain a specific Maxwell problem in the basic cell, called the cell-problem whose solution, by a finite element method, allows to find the constitutive law of equivalent media. A study of cell-problem leads to three different situations of homogenisation: the static one, the dynamic one and the high frequency one. The situation of static case corresponds to the constitutive law given by classic homogenisation techniques, the dynamic situation provides a constitutive law depending on frequency, and the situation of high frequency leads to an appropriate behaviour. Ln some cases, the equivalent media is chiral: we see "cross-dependencies", the magnetic induction B depends not only on magnetic field H but on electric field E as well, and the electric induction D depends both on E and H, even with non-chiral components
Ziskind, Michael. "Spectroscopie infrarouge à ultra haute résolution appliquée à l'étude de symétries fondamentales dans les molécules : recherche d'un effet de violation de parité et test du postulat de symétrisation." Paris 13, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA132032.
Full textThe first part of this thesis is dedicated to a new search of a parity violation effect, due to weak interaction, in the spectrum of enantiomeric molecules. The principle of the experiment is to compare the frequencies of the rovibrational line centers of both enantiomers of the chiral molecule CHFCIBr. Spectra are recorded simultaneously, with the same frequency stabilized CO2 laser. For this purpose, the spectrometer was optimized and ajusted for the experiment. We also performed an extensive analysis of the hyperfine structure and were able to select a very favorable candidate for the test. This set of measurements led to a sensitivity of 2. 10-14 in relative value, which represents an improvement of more than one order of magnitude on the previous experiment. We finally established the ultimate limits of such an experiment. The second part presents the first test of the symmetrization postulate performed in polyatomic molecules. The symmetrization postulate implies that the energy states, for which either the total internal wavefunction is neither totally symmetric with respect to permutations of oxygenes in OsO4 nor totally antisymmetric with respect to permutations of fluors in SF6 are not populated. The principle of our experiment is to compare rovibrational transitions which connect states forbidden by this postulate to transitions between allowed states. Unlike the previous inventoried experiments, the chosen molecules permit to test forbidden symmetries with a dimension greater than 1. For OsO4, the sensitivity of the effect was established to 5. 10-4 in relative value, limited by the coincidental presence of hot bands with the expected transitions. For SF6, the sensitivity of the effect was limited by the sigal-to-noise ratio to 7,8. 10-6
Rida, Fatima. "Tester la conjecture de Curie-de Gennes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV061/document.
Full text“La vie ne produit pas de corps symétrique” L. Pasteur Mirror symmetry breaking is an ever-fascinating topic that plays a crucial role in physics, chemistry, and biology. The ultimate goal of this study is to demonstrate experimentally the so-called Curie de-Gennes conjecture. It was proposed for the first time by P. Curie (1894) and later developed by de-Gennes. It stipulates that it is possible to generate dissymmetry (enantiomeric excess (e.e.)) by submitting a racemic mixture to the combined influence of collinear magnetic and electric fields. Such influence modifies the kinetics of the system: depending on the relative orientation of the magnetic and electric fields, one of the enantiomers is formed faster than the other because of a lower activation energy (Ea),. This influence was later named by Barron as « falsely chiral ». To demonstrate this conjecture, two different experiments were developed:1) The enantioselective crystallization of a chiral metal-organic framework under external physical influence (magnetic field or rotation force) by slow diffusion. The small e.e. is expected to be created and amplified by crystal growth at the interface aqueous solution / ethanol-saturated vapors. In this experiment, we have found that the Curie de-Gennes conjecture demonstration is difficult to achieve due to high dispersion of the average of the observed e.e. and the weakness of the expected effect. 2) Creating an e.e. in a racemic atropisomeric biphenyl based liquid crystal by applying (anti)parallel magnetic and electric fields. The helical twisting power of biphenyls molecules in the nematic phase will enhance the dichroic signal related to the expected e.e. to a measurable level. During this second experiment we have experimentally observed an e.e. in biphenyl-based nematic liquid crystals induced by (anti)parallel combination of magnetic and electric fields. This excess was linearly dependent on the product of magnetic and electric fields and, within one order of magnitude, its absolute value corresponds to the theoretical estimation. Ultimate checks shall confirm that these results constitute a convincing experimental demonstration of the Curie de Gennes conjecture
Knecht, Marc. "Aspects de la symétrie chirale dans les théories de jauge confinantes supersymétriques." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112309.
Full textWe provide a detailed analysis of the interplay between chiral symmetry and supersymmetry within the context of supersymmetric confining gauge theories. We describe a general method leading to exact results on quark mass dependences of physical quantities such as bound state masses, bilinear condensates,… We also establish the commutation relations satisfied by the supersymmetric and chiral charges in presence of the soft breaking due to quark masses. We show that, if the chiral limit is unique, the global SUL(Nf) X SUR(Nf) symmetry is not spontaneously broken? If this limit is not unique, a spontaneous breakdown of the axial symmetry is allowed, but only at the cost of a simultaneous spontaneous breakdown of the vector symmetry
Riahi, Hanna. "Propriétés du réseau kagomé artificiel : micromagnétisme, chiralités et cristaux de charges émergents." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0270/document.
Full textThe subject of this thesis is the study of artificial kagome spin ices which are frustrated networks of nanomagnets. These arrays are made using thin film deposition, electron beam lithography and ion beam etching. The typical sizes of each nanomagnet are a length of 500nm, a width of 100nm and a thickness of 10nm with a separation between nanomagnets of 50nm. The interest of these frustrated networks relies on the possibility to measure the magnetic configurations by imagery and extract the macrospin configurations. In this work we have especially compared different demagnetization procedures (field and thermal) that allowed us to highlight their impact on the configurations and we have shown for the first time an emergent polycristal of charges. To have a better understanding of our system, we have also conducted a numerical study using finite difference methods. We have shown that nanomagnets do not behave like Ising spin. Indeed, the magnetic configuration is shown to be homogeneous with domains at extremities. In the array, the domains close the flux at a vertex and the effects of those domains on the magnetization reversal of our networks have been studied. We have also shown experimentally that the reversal can be anisotropic. The origin of this anisotropy has been studied. Finally, we have numerically shown that, when a forbidden configuration is stabilized, the closure of the flux at the vertex leads to chiralities of the forbidden state. These chiralities possess different annihilation fields when the fields are applied out of the nanostructure axis. From an experimental point of view, we tried to show the existence of this monopole chirality using adapted field histories
Beaulieu, Samuel. "Probing femtosecond and attosecond electronic and chiral dynamics : high-order harmonic generation, XUV free induction decay, photoelectron spectroscopy and Coulomb explosion." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0063/document.
Full textThis thesis manuscript is articulated around the investigation of the interaction between ultrashort light pulses and gas-phase atoms, polyatomic and chiral molecules. Using the toolboxes developed in attosecond and strong-field physics as well as in femtochemistry, our general goal is to reach a better understanding of subtle effects underlying ultrafast light-induced dynamics in matter.To do so, we developed cutting-edge near-infrared and mid-infrared few-cycle light sources, which were used to build a water-window soft-X-ray source based on high order harmonic generation (HHG), as well as to study new HHG channels involving highly-excited (Rydberg) states. The latter study revealed a delayed HHG emission from the ionization of Rydberg states and radiative recombination onto the electronicground state, triggering our interest in the role of Rydberg states in strong-field physics. This led us to investigate the laser-induced XUV Free Induced Decay from electronic wave packets as a new background-free 2D spectroscopic technique.More over, we have found out that strong-field interaction with a well prepared coherent superposition of electronic states led to the generation of hyper-Ramanlines concomitant with standard high-order harmonics. These spectral features were predicted in the early-days theoretical calculations of HHG but had never been reported experimentally.After these experiments in rare gas atoms, we moved to molecular targets, in whichlight-induced electronic excitation can trigger nuclear dynamics. Using simple benchmark molecules, we have studied dynamics involving the participation of both nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom: first, we studied the ultrafast non adiabatic photoisomerization of the acetylene cation into vinylidene cation, andsecond, we investigated the coherent control of electron localization during molecular photodissociation of H2+. The simplicity of these molecular targets enabled the comparison of the experimental results with state-of-the-art theoretical calculations,revealing the importance of the coupling between nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom in photoinduced molecular dynamics.The other major pillar of this thesis is the study of ionization of chiral molecules usingchiral light pulses. It has been known since the 70s that the ionization from an ensemble of randomly oriented chiral molecules, using circularly polarized light pulse,leads to a strong forward-backward asymmetry in the number of emitted photoelectrons, along the light propagation axis (Photoelectron Circular Dichroism,PECD). Prior to this thesis, PECD was widely studied at synchrotron facilities (single photonionization) and had recently been demonstrated using table-top lasers in resonant-enhanced multiphoton ionization schemes. In this thesis, we have shownthat PECD is a universal effect, i.e. that it emerges in all ionization regimes, from single photon ionization, to few-photon ionization, to above-threshold ionization, up to the tunneling ionization regime. This bridges the gap between chiral photoionizationand strong-field physics. Next, we have shown how the combination of standard femtochemistry approaches and PECD can be used to follow the dynamics of photoexcited chiral molecules using time-resolved PECD. Using similar experimental approaches, but by using pulse sequences with counter-intuitive polarization states,we have demonstrated a novel electric dipolar chiroptical effect, called Photoexcitation Circular Dichroism (PXCD), which emerges as a directional and chirosensitive electron current when multiple excited bound states of chiral molecules are coherently populated with chiral light. Last, we introduced a time-domain perspective on chiral photoionization by measuring the forward-backward asymmetry of photoionization delays in chiral molecules photoionized by chiral light pulses. Our work thus carried chiral-sensitive studies down to the femtosecond and attosecond ranges
Busson, Bertrand. "Spectroscopies par génération des fréquences somme et différence non conventionnelles: théories, expériences et applications." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911652.
Full textVardanega, Delphine. "Détection de molécules d'acides aminés par des nanotubes de carbone chiraux." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912684.
Full textSassi, Yanis. "Magnetic skyrmions in multilayers : control of their current induced nucleation and motion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-04136857.
Full textMagnetic skyrmions are localized spin textures which stabilize thanks to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. This chiral interaction promotes a twisting of the magnetization, which grants skyrmions interesting properties. For example, they behave as particles and are topologically different from the uniform magnetization state. Since their first observations in 2011, skyrmions have been extensively studied because of their promise for future applications e.g. racetrack memory, neuromorphic computer, etc. This thesis is focused on Néel skyrmions, a peculiar type of skyrmions, which can be stabilized in various magnetic multilayers. Starting from the investigation of the different magnetic interactions present in such systems, it has been possible to define critical thicknesses which governs the formation of chiral textures and to propose optimized stacking to investigate experimentally their nucleation in thin films. This analysis is followed by their current induced formation in patterned devices, an important milestone for the potential applications mentioned before. As an example, through the insertion of notches at the edges of devices, a deterministic control of the nucleation events is achieved. The case of antiferromagnetic skyrmions, which are basically two skyrmions with opposite polarity coupled together, is also addressed through an engineering of the different materials thicknesses leading to their stabilization in multilayers with varying anisotropies along the vertical axis. With the goal to implement them in actual technologies, their current induced dynamics have been investigated through an optimization of the spin orbit torques, to enhance the skyrmion's mobility, for example through the use of Pt (below the magnetic layer) and Ta (above the magnetic layer). This study also leads to systems in which skyrmions are faster than domain walls, which is interesting to explore how both textures interact one with the other. This result is attributed to the presence of an unexpected Rashba mechanism at the Co|Al interface, which increases the field like component of the torque and slows down the domain walls. Finally, the question of their reliability is discussed with observations of their motion on tens of micrometres distances and with a presentation of the use of skyrmion-skyrmion and skyrmion-domains repulsions to improve their dynamics. This last result, the motion of skyrmions along magnetic domains, opens new possibilities concerning the control of their trajectory and could lead to new prospects for skyrmion logic devices
Chepelianskii, Alexei. "Non equilibrium transport and chirality in mesoscopic physics." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112324.
Full textDuring my thesis I investigated the signatures of chiraIity in the electrical transport of mesoscopic systems. This led me to study the magnetic field symmetry of nonlinear transport. I showed that even for two terminal devices, nonlinear transport has rich magnetic field symmetry properties, with possible completely antisymmetric behavior. However the symmetry properties are not determined by chirality alone. For this reason I proposed photo-magnetism as a more selective probe for chirality and started a new experiment to detect this effect in quantum dots using a Hall magnetometer. This research exhibited subtle dynamical effects of transport in ballistic Hall bars under irradiation and inspired later research on zero resistance states. I also looked for signatures of chirality in the transport properties of single chiral molecules. This led me to realize technically challenging experiments on transport through DNA, showing that conduction in DNA could be enhanced by connecting the molecules to a disconnected array of nanoparticles. Finally I developed a contact-Iess experiment to probe photo-transport in nanowires under visible illumination. This experiment can also probe chirality by detecting photo-transport under circularly-polarized Iight
Mitov, Michel. "Action du champ électrique sur des cristaux électriques chiraux en géométrie confinée." Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE4666.
Full textWe present phase diagrams of mixtures between a cholesteric liquid crystal sidechains polymer with cholesteric or nematic low molar mass liquid crystals. We describe a new phenomenon occuring at the threshold of the cholesteric / nematic transition induced by an electric field in a confined geometry (i. E. : the celle thickness is of the order of the helicoidal pitch). It consists, in optical microscopy, in the spiral shape of filaments (bound to the cholesteric phase) embedded in the homeotropic matrix (untwisted cholesteric). We give a flexo-electric type model, based on the propagation of surface distorsions, for the spirals nucleation. A growth mechanism, linked to the intrinsic structure of filaments (exhibiting a double twist) is suggested. We show how to use of a photo-crosslinkabke polymer permits to freeze field-induced structures, as the spirals, and we give the experimental process for obtaining a film for electron microscopy studies. This gelation process via a polymeric network leads to new ways for applications as for micro-structural studies
Lallouet, Yoann. "Différents aspects de la physique nucléaire depuis les basses énergies jusqu'aux énergies intermédiaires." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660287.
Full textMessio, Laura. "Etats fondamentaux et excitations de systèmes magnétiques frustrés, du classique au quantique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523976.
Full textCarlon, Zambon Nicola. "Chirality and nonlinear dynamics in polariton microresonators." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS053.
Full textSemiconductor microcavities, defined by a planar Fabry-Perot cavity embedding a quantum well, allow tightly confining both optical and electronic excitations. In these heterostructures, light and matter interact so rapidly that the fundamental excitations of the system can be effectively described as hybrid light-matter quasiparticles, called exciton-polaritons. Polaritons inherit properties from both their elementary constituents: the photonic modes can be tailored by molding the refractive index landscape via dry etching processing, while the excitonic component endows the system with a large Kerr nonlinearity. In this thesis, we take advantage of these two key features to engineer the photon modes using coupled micropillar resonators, and probe diverse non-linear phenomena. In the first part of this work, we consider coupled microcavities arranged in a ring geometry. Harnessing an analogue spin-orbit coupling and the ability to spin-polarize the optical gain, we demonstrate lasing in modes carrying a net orbital angular momentum (OAM), with a chirality which can be optically controlled. In addition, we evidence a bistable behaviour of the microlaser, involving modes presenting distinct OAM values and polarization patterns. In the second part of the thesis, we concentrate on the nonlinear dynamics of the system under resonant pumping. We trigger a parametric instability in coupled nonlinear resonator, and investigate the underlying mechanism. In the unstable regime, we observe the onset of sustained parametric oscillations, which presence is revealed by the appearance of bright and contrasted sidebands in the emission spectrum. In the last part of the thesis, we investigate the optical metastability a highly nonlinear single micropillar cavity, which manifests in stochastic jumps of the cavity occupation between the two -otherwise stable- branches of the classical bistability. For specific driving conditions, we observe a critical slowing down of the metastable dynamics, which is associated to the onset of a dissipative phase transition. Using a scaling analysis involving dynamical hysteresis experiments, we retrieve the critical exponents of the phase transition. Finally, we propose a mapping of the metastable dynamics of a Kerr resonator onto a logical bit subject to random bit-flip events. We can define and measure the entropy production at a single trajectory level during dynamical hysteresis experiments. These measurements allow validating an integral fluctuation theorem for the non-equilibrium entropy production. This work covers a variety of topics, from fundamental non-linear dynamics in a photonic system, to novel ideas for realizing optical devices, which could eventually operate at room temperature
Hmine, Jamal. "Quelques propriétés physiques de cristaux liquides ferroélectriques : approche en thermodynamique et relaxation diélectrique d'un point multicritique smectique C torse - smectique A - cholestérique : effet électroclinique en phase cholestérique." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10061.
Full textSamatas, Sotiris. "Emergence and collective phenomena in chiral microswimmer suspensions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0453.
Full textWe study collective phenomena in bulk suspensions of spherical microswimmers with chiral trajectories using large scale numerics. The model is generic. It corresponds to the lowest order solution of a general model for self-propulsion at low Reynolds numbers, consisting of a nonaxisymmetric rotating source dipole. We show that both purely circular and helical swimmers can spontaneously synchronize their rotation. The synchronized state corresponds to velocity alignment with high orientational order in both the polar and azimuthal directions. To exemplify the robustness of the syncronised state, we consider a racemic mixture of helical swimmers where intraspecies synchronization is observed while the system remains as a spatially uniform fluid. Our results demonstrate hydrodynamic synchronization as a natural collective phenomenon for microswimmers with chiral trajectories. Once synchronisation is attained, we show that the system can manifest complex post-synchronisation collective behaviour involving phase separation and the propagation of waves with local polar order. Our observations provide a compelling basis for future research on emerging collective flows and activity-driven enhanced diffusivity in chiral microswimmer suspensions
Walter, Jean-Charles. "Etude numérique des corrections d'échelle au comportement dominant à l'équilibre et hors de l'équilibre." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440099.
Full textGautam, Bhavesh. "Effets collectifs des micronageurs dans les cristaux liquides nématiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0062.
Full textThe thesis focuses on the collective effects of microswimmers in nematic liquid crystals. Using lattice Boltzmann simulations, we study a system consisting of spherical swimmers within a nematic liquid crystal. Our findings reveal that coupling between the swimmer flow fields and the liquid crystalline elasticity can destabilize the uniform nematic alignment. In quasi-2D space, we observe the emergence of bend-dominated instability with pushers, which is in agreement with experiments of bacteria in thin nematic films.After opening the 3rd dimension, a spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is observed; the uniform nematic state becomes unstable and transitions into a cholesteric-like (chiral) state, characterized by a continuous twist in the director field. This is observed for both pusher (extensile) and puller (contractile) swimmers. By analyzing the deformations in the nematic director field, the dominant instability is found to be twist-bend. Our simulations demonstrate that the particle dynamics and nematic director are connected. In the chiral state, both pusher and puller swimmers exhibit helical trajectories.Further, strategies for controlling microswimmer dynamics are also studied. Motivated by bacterial experiments, we consider swimmers of both pusher and puller types within nematic patterns. In agreement with experiments, our findings show that a pusher exhibit circular trajectory in a pure bend and linear trajectory in a pure splay. For a puller swimmer, opposite behavior is observed. Finally, we explore cargo transport of colloidal particles entangled by topological defects. Our simulations suggest that replacing a passive colloid with a spherical swimmer does not affect the shared topological defect and provides motility. The active particle is observed to bind to the cargo via a topological defect. With a pusher swimmer, we observe guided transport along the nematic director, while with a puller, transport is observed to be perpendicular to the nematic director
Rafayelyan, Mushegh. "Singular beam shaping from spin-orbit flat optics." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0583/document.
Full textIt is well-known that paraxial coherent electromagnetic fields can be completelycharacterized in terms of their radial and azimuthal spatial degrees of freedom in the transverse planethat add to the polarization degree of freedom and wavelength. In this work we address two mainissues of paraxial beam shaping that are the modality and the polychromaticity in the context of flatopticsthat we address by introducing novel concepts of spin-orbit optical elements. Namely, the‘modal q-plate’ and the ‘Bragg-Berry q-plate’. On the one hand, modal q-plate converts an incidentfundamental Gaussian beam into a Laguerre-Gaussian beam of given radial and azimuthal indices,hence going beyond the capabilities of conventional q-plates that only control the azimuthal degreeof freedom, i.e. the orbital angular momentum content of light. Towards experimental realization ofmodal q-plates, two approaches are developed: one based on artificially nanostructured glasses andanother based on naturally self-organized liquid crystal topological defects. On the other hand,Bragg-Berry q-plate consist of mirror-backed inhomogeneous thin film of chiral liquid crystal(cholesteric) that provides fully efficient spin-orbit beam shaping over broad spectral range of theincident beam, in contrast to the conventional q-plates that are designed for single wavelength.Furthermore, ultra-broadband spin-orbit beam shaping is achieved by inducing an extra modulationof the supramolecular twisted structure of the cholesteric liquid crystal along the propagationdirection. We also show that the presence of a back-mirror allows a powerful spatio-temporal controlof the polarization vectorial properties of the light fields generated by Bragg-Berry q-plate
Stoeffler, Clara. "Spectroscopie à très haute résolution de molécules sublimées en jet supersonique : vers une observation de la non conservation de la parité dans les molécules chirales par spectroscopie laser." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647517.
Full textCharpentier, Nicolas. "Théorie de Boltzmann chirale pour le transport dans les multicouches, électrons et photons, balistique et diffusif." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675443.
Full textLegrand, William. "Crafting magnetic skyrmions at room temperature : size, stability and dynamics in multilayers." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS066/document.
Full textMagnetic skyrmions are nanoscale two-dimensional windings in the spin configuration of some magnetic materials subject to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya antisymmetric exchange interaction. They feature a non-trivial topology and show promise to be the smallest achievable magnetic textures. Very recently, magnetic skyrmions have been successfully stabilised up to room temperature by leveraging on the design of magnetic multilayer systems breaking the vertical inversion symmetry. Following up on this achievement, the main objective of this thesis is the understanding and the control of the various physical properties of skyrmions hosted by such multilayer systems. As a first approach to this objective, an original model allowing to predict the profiles adopted by multilayer skyrmions is described and then employed. This numerical model is very generic, as it exploits only the cylindrical symmetry of multilayer skyrmions, in order to determine the magnetostatic interactions with less effort. This model is further extended in order to approximate the thermal stability of multilayer skyrmions, which is key to their experimental realisation. The next aspect of this thesis consists in the experimental study of the electrical manipulation of multilayer skyrmions, demonstrating three main functionalities that are nucleation by local currents, displacement under spin currents and individual detection by transverse voltage. The third aspect of my thesis is the study of the physical properties influencing the current-induced motion of skyrmions in magnetic multilayers. A pinning behaviour is evidenced experimentally and analysed relying on micromagnetic modelling. One of the important results of this work is also the prediction of hybrid chirality for some multilayer magnetic configurations, which is then demonstrated experimentally using a synchrotron technique. The impact of hybrid chirality on current-induced skyrmion motion is discussed and leads to the optimisation of the multilayer design, resulting in the experimental observation of motion for skyrmions below 50 nm in radius at velocities reaching around 40 m/s. The last part of this thesis aims at leveraging on these theoretical and experimental advances in order to reduce the size of skyrmions at room temperature. After the analysis of the impact of dipolar interactions on skyrmion stability, the engineering of the materials and of the layers periodicity is attempted. I also investigate experimentally the conception of magnetic textures with compensated magnetization in multilayer structures known as synthetic antiferromagnets, and show that they can host antiferromagnetic skyrmions at room temperature. This last result opens up new prospects for achieving room-temperature skyrmions combining size in the single-digit nm range and high mobility, potentially allowing applications towards energy-efficient computation and storage devices with a very dense integration
Andreas, Christian. "Multiscale multimodel simulation of micromagnetic singularities." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE012.
Full textThe fundamental micromagnetic structure of Bloch points was predicted by micromagnetic theory more than 50 years ago, but represents a topological singularity within the theory of micromagnetism. This complicates a pure micromagnetic description. This thesis describes thenecessary mathematical background and a set of algorithms to combine a classical atomistic Heisenberg model with micromagnetism on the basis of the finite element method. By means of those algorithms the characteristic properties of Bloch points in vortex domain walls inferromagnetic solid cylindrical nanowires can be studied rigorously. ln addition to the pinning/depinning of Bloch points at the atomistic lattice the thesis reports on the different modes of propagation detectable for vortex domain walls in that system under the influence of an externalmagnetic field, which can drive the system of the domain wall and the Bloch point with supermagnonic velocities
Nendaz, Fabien. "Préparation à l'étude du plasma de quarks et de gluons dans ALICE : le détecteur V0 et les résonances de masses dans le spectromètre à muons." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452580.
Full textLescop, Christophe. "Chimie de coordination de radicaux nitroxyde bisbidentes et chiraux : synthèses, caractérisations et propriétés magnétiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10165.
Full textBiguet, Alexandre. "Modèles Nambu--Jona-Lasinio pour l’étude des phases de la chromodynamique quantique : qualités des prédictions et phases hautes densités." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1179/document.
Full textNambu--Jona-Lasinio models can be used to study finite density and finite temperature quantum chromodynamics phases. Finite temperature and low density predictions of these models can be compared to lattice results. Such a comparison is not possible at larger density because of the so called sign problem. In this thesis the proposed systematic method allows to compute the stability of a prediction with respect to the inputs of the model. In this way a quantitative criterium is constructed which can be used to evaluate the predictive power of the studied model. Finally the high density phases which can exist in the interior of compact stellar objects are discussed along with color superconductivity in NJL type models
Ferré, Amelie. "Etude des dynamiques moléculaires sondées par générations d'harmoniques d'ordres élevés." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0165/document.
Full textHigh harmonic generation (HHG) spectroscopy has proven to be a promisingtool (like probe in pump-probe experiments) in revealing the atomic and molecular dynamicswith the potential for subangstrom spatial resolution and subfemtosecond temporalresolution. Then, rotational dynamics have been resolved on small molecular systems (N2,CO2). This thesis looks to extending HHG spectroscopy methods to probe the structureand the dynamic of complex molecular systems. We will describe the two sources highharmonic generation, the transient grating of excitation and the two-color high harmonicgeneration. We enable to resolve the femtosecond nuclear dynamics in N2O4 and SF6. HHGis also used like a XUV radiation source, playing the role of pump pulse. This approach hasbeen used for the study of photoelectron circular dichroism. An XUV harmonic field witha quasi-circular polarization ionizes chiral molecules. In this manuscript, we will developthis new femtosecond XUV and quasi circular polarization radiation
Herranz-Lancho, Coral. "Synthesis and characterization of molecules for electronic devices." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAE037.
Full textThe demand of downscaling of technology will reach its limit at the atomic length scale. This claim creates the necessity of investigating the smallest components suitable to become devices, single molecules or group of atoms. Therefore, 1,4-bis(pyridin-4-ylethynyl) benzene (BPEB), Dibenzo[a,h]thianthrene (DBTH) and Bis{82,92,152,162,222,232-hexa-(2,4,6-trifluorophenoxy)[g,l,q]-5,10,15,20-tetraazaporphyrino)}[b,e]-benzene (H4Pc2) have been designed, synthesized and characterized to investigate transport of charge through molecules and surface confined molecular switching. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), such as STM, nc-AFM and combined STM/AFM were used to study the molecules on near-surface conditions. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were used to interpret the experimental results. Moreover, the self-assembly of new fluorinated metalo mono-phthalocyanines, MPc (M= Mg2+, 2H+, Co2+) was investigated in solution.Firstly, conductance experiments performed while a molecular wire (BPEB) was being lifted up from a surface revealed the conformational changes associated to the transport of electrons through molecules. Secondly, the “butterfly” flapping motion in the class of the thianthrenes was blocked due to the interaction with a surface at low temperature. This block leads to the first stereochemical study of a quiral thianthere derivative (DBTH). The STM experiments on DBTH revealed a reproducible and non-destructive switching between two surface confined configurations of DBTH. In addition, nc-AFM with submolecular resolution has been proved to be a powerful tool for the full characterization and distinction of configurational and constitutional isomers on surfaces. Thirdly, the molecular structure of a binuclear phthalocyanine (H4Pc2) was confirmed through constant current STM and constant high _f AFM experiments. These results set the state of future spintronic transport experiments (ongoing work). On the other hand, the aggregation studies on MPc revealed that the coordination character of the central atom of the Pc cavity has an important effect on the formation of aggregates. Additionally, electrochemical experiments demonstrated that molecular aggregations can lead to the quenching of the electrochemical-active nature of a Co2+ atom.Herein it has been demonstrated that SPM are suitable techniques to study the conformational and configurational changes associated with the tunneling of electrons through planar and non-planar molecules in real space. Aggregation studies of magnetic switches were carried out to better understand the supramolecular organization under near surface conditions, a key point for the design of future devices based on the bottom up approach
Pérollier, Céline. "Synthèse de nouvelles métalloporhyrines chirales à substituants cyclopropaniques : applications en catalyse d'époxydation asymétrique et en reconnaissance moléculaire d'enantiomères." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10191.
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