Journal articles: 'Chinese strain'

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Shrestha, J. N. B., and A. A. Grunder. "Body weights, carcass characteristics, fat content, and their relationships in ganders of the Selected Chinese and Synthetic strains, and Embden-sired strain crosses." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-032.

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In 1986, 247 ganders of the Selected Chinese and Selected Synthetic strains, and Large Embden and Small Embden- sired strain crosses at the Greenbelt farm of the Centre for Food and Animal Research in Ottawa, Canada, were evaluated. The Chinese and Synthetic (developed from the Pilgrim, Chinese and Hungarian) strains had been selected for four generations to increase egg production over a 24-wk laying period and body weight at 16 wk of age, and simultaneously decrease total fat content. Two Embden strains, Large and Small, denoting contrasting body sizes, had been imported from the United States of America for potential use in crossbreeding as terminal sire strains. Strains and strain crosses were ranked from high to low, for body weights at 9 and 16 wk of age, liveweight at slaughter and eviscerated carcass weight. Large Embden × Selected Chinese were largest followed by Small Embden × Selected Synthetic and Small Embden × Selected Chinese strain crosses, in turn followed by the Selected Chinese and Selected Synthetic strains. Small Embden-sired crosses were not significantly different except for body weight at 9 wk of age and eviscerated carcass weight. The Large Embden × Selected Chinese strain cross had a dressing percent of 63, significantly higher than 60–61% for the remaining strains or strain crosses. In general, the ranking of strains and strain crosses for liver weight was similar to rankings for body weights, except that the Small Embden-sired crosses were not significantly different from the Selected Chinese strain, and the Small and Large Embden-sired Selected Chinese crosses had similar liver weight. The Selected Synthetic strain had a significantly smaller neck than that of the other strains and strain crosses; Small Embden-sired crosses were not significantly different. Large Embden × Selected Chinese and Small Embden × Selected Synthetic strain crosses and the Selected Chinese strain had similar neck weight. When fat was expressed as a percentage of carcass weight, the strains and strain crosses had similar proportion of abdominal fat. On the other hand the Large Embden × Selected Chinese strain cross had significantly more intestinal fat (4.83%) than any of the strains and strain crosses (2.97 to 3.73%) and a similar proportion of total fat (10.87%) to the Small Embden × Selected Chinese strain cross (8.79%) but significantly more than the remaining strains and strain crosses (7.53 to 8.20%). The correlations of body weights at 9 and 16 wk of age with eviscerated carcass weight (0.65 and 0.90), abdominal fat weight (0.32 and 0.59), intestinal fat weight (0.27 and 0.55) and total fat weight (0.23 and 0.47) were deemed potentially useful. The correlations between percentage of fat parameters and body weights were low (0.20 a n d 0.37) or negligible. The inherent potential in the large-bodied Embden strain for growth can complement the small-bodied Selected Chinese strain that excels in egg production, fertility and hatchability to produce a strain cross with considerable promise for commercial production of goose meat. Key words: Chinese strain, Synthetic strain, Embden strain, body weights, abdominal and intestinal fat

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2

Shrestha, J. N. B., A. A. Grunder, and J. W. Dickie. "Evaluation of Pilgrim, Hungarian, Chinese, Synthetic and Embden strains of geese and their crosses for body weight." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-070.

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The Pilgrim, Hungarian, Chinese, Selected C hinese, Synthetic (developed from Pilgrim, Chinese and Hungarian), Selected Synthetic, Large Embden and Small Embden strains of geese raised from 1980 to 1988 at the Greenbelt farm of the Centre for Food and Animal Research (formerly Animal Research Centre, and Animal Research Institute) in Ottawa, Canada varied significantly in body weight at 9 and 16 wk of age. The Large Embden strain weighed more than the Small Embden strain in 1986, and both were heavier than the Pilgrim strain (P < 0.05). Significantly different body weights for the Large Embden, Small Embden and Pilgrim strains averaged over sexes were 5.03, 4.45 and 3.59 kg, respectively, at 9 wk, and 6.15, 5.49 and 4.33 kg, respectively, at 16 wk. The Pilgrim strain was similar to the Chinese and Synthetic strains in body weight, whereas the Hungarian weighed consistently less (P < 0.05). Body weights for the Pilgrim, Chinese, Synthetic and Hungarian strains averaged over sexes and years 1980, 1983 and 1986 were 3.70, 3.56, 3.70 and 3.37 kg, respectively, at 9 wk, and 4.65, 4.43, 4.53 and 4.17 kg, respectively, at 16 wk. From 1982 onwards, the Chinese and Synthetic strains were selected for four generations in order to increase egg production over a 24-wk laying period and body weight at 16 wk of age, and to simultaneously decrease total fat (abdominal and intestinal). These Selected Chinese and Synthetic strains not only weighed significantly more than their corresponding Chinese and Synthetic strains maintained as randombred populations, but were also heavier than the Pilgrim strain. Corresponding body weights for Selected Chinese, Selected Synthetic, Chinese and Synthetic strains averaged over sexes and years 1983–1988 were 3.72, 3.69, 3.47 and 3.59 kg, respectively, at 9 wk, and 4.69, 4.77, 4.26 an d 4.31 kg, respectively, at 16 wk. The range in heterosis estimates for specific strain cross combinations were as follows: -6 to 8% for the Large Embden × Selected Chinese, 2 to 6% for the Selected Chinese × Selected Synthetic, -2 to 3% for the Selected Synthetic × Selected Chinese, -8 to -9% for the Large Embden × Small Embden, -1 to 1% for the Small Embden × Selected Chinese, and 4 to 8% for the Small Embden × Selected Synthetic. The variability among heterosis estimates for body weight was specific to strain crosses and subject to sampling associated with low number of sires used to produce crossbred offspring as well as the absence of reciprocal crosses. Larger studies evaluating all possible cross combinations of strains for additive and non-additive effects are warranted. Although, the Selected Chinese and Synthetic strains achieved genetic superiority for body weight, the inherent potential in the Embden strain demonstrated considerable merit for use as a terminal sire in a crossbreeding program for commercial geese production. Key words: Embden, Pilgrim; Chinese, Synthetic, Hungarian geese, crosses

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3

Ren, Shuzheng, Jie Zhang, and Dwight A. Hennessy. "Psychological strains and psychological distress among Chinese rural migrant workers." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818766377.

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This research note reports on a study that examined the psychological strains among migrant workers in China, and the potential negative life impact of these strains. It was hypothesized that psychological strains, resulting from social and psychological conflicts (value strain, aspiration strain, deprivation strain and coping strain), would be associated with greater psychological distress. Most of the sampled migrant workers experienced at least one of four types of strain. Independently, greater levels of all four types of strain were related to elevated self-reported psychological distress. Regression analyses showed that coping strain was the strongest predictor of psychological distress, whereas deprivation strain was not predictive when other types of strain were simultaneously considered. It is concluded that further research regarding the combined impact of social and personal factors in impacting both healthy and unhealthy psychological outcomes within the population of migrant workers in China is needed.

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Shrestha, J. N. B., A. A. Grunder, and J. W. Dickie. "Multi-trait selection for body weight, egg production and total fat in the Chinese and Synthetic strains of geese." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-071.

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The Chinese and Synthetic (assembled from Pilgrim, Chinese and Hungarian) strains raised at the Greenbelt farm of the Centre for Food and Animal Research (formerly Animal Research Centre, and Animal Research Institute) located in Ottawa, Canada, had been subjected to 12 yr of random mating. From 1982 onwards, these two strains were selected for five generations in order to increase egg production over a 24- wk laying period and body weight at 16 wk of age, and to simultaneously decrease total fat (abdominal and intestinal). At the same time, Randombred Chinese and Synthetic strains were maintained during the course of selection to monitor year-to-year trends in the production traits. In both the Randombred strains, body weights at 9 and 16 wk of age remained stable (P > 0.05) during the course of the study. In the Selected Chinese strain, five generations of selection increased male and female body weight at 1 6 wk of age by 0.181 ± 0.024 and 0.165 ± 0.009 kg/generation, respectively, (P < 0.05), while egg production increased by 1.3 ± 0.73 eggs/generation (P > 0.05). Concurrently, in the Selected Synthetic strain, male and female body weight at 16 wk of age increased by 0.085 ± 0.028 (P < 0.10) and 0.084 ± 0.024 kg/generation (P < 0.05), respectively, while egg production increased by 1.1 ± 0.87 eggs/generation (P > 0.05). In Generation 6, measures of the abdominal, intestinal and total fat increased significantly in the Selected Chinese strain when compared to the Randombred Chinese strain, whereas the Selected and Randombred Synthetic strains were similar (P > 0.05). Correlated responses to selection were observed for body weight at slaughter, eviscerated carcass weight, dressing percentage, weights of the liver and neck, as well as fertility and hatchability traits. In the Selected Chinese strain, the genetic response to selection estimated as a deviation from the Randombred Chinese strain from Generation 2 to 6 for male and female body weight at 16 wk of age were 0.17 ± 0.03 and 0.13 ± 0.02 kg/generation, respectively (P < 0.05). Corresponding estimates of genetic response in the Selected Synthetic strain as a deviation from the Randombred Synthetic strain were 0.04 ± 0.01 and 0.05 ± 0.01 kg/generation, respectively (P < 0.05). In light of the variable results on fatness in the two Selected strains assessed, there is a need for further studies on response to selection for reduced abdominal and intestinal fat. Therefore, selection studies based on a larger number of geese are warranted to sustain goose breeding. Nevertheless, it is evident that multi-trait selection for egg production and body weight offers one of the most practical means for rapid and permanent improvement of economically important production traits in commercial goose breeding. Key words: Chinese strain, Synthetic strain, selection, body weight, egg production, abdominal and intestinal fat

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Lachance, Claude, Marcelo Gottschalk, Pehuén P. Gerber, Paul Lemire, Jianguo Xu, and Mariela Segura. "Exacerbated Type II Interferon Response Drives Hypervirulence and Toxic Shock by an Emergent Epidemic Strain of Streptococcus suis." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 6 (March 18, 2013): 1928–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01317-12.

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ABSTRACTStreptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen, can be transmitted to humans and cause severe symptoms. A large human outbreak associated with an unusual streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) was described in China. Albeit an early burst of proinflammatory cytokines following ChineseS. suisinfection was suggested to be responsible for STSLS case severity, the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. Using a mouse model, the host response toS. suisinfection with a North American intermediately pathogenic strain, a European highly pathogenic strain, and the Chinese epidemic strain was investigated by a whole-genome microarray approach. Proinflammatory genes were expressed at higher levels in mice infected with the Chinese strain than those infected with the European strain. The Chinese strain induced a fast and strong gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response by natural killer (NK) cells. In fact, IFN-γ-knockout mice infected with the Chinese strain showed significantly better survival than wild-type mice. Conversely, infection with the less virulent North American strain resulted in an IFN-β-subjugated, low inflammatory response that might be beneficial for the host to clear the infection. Overall, our data suggest that a highly virulent epidemic strain has evolved to massively activate IFN-γ production, mainly by NK cells, leading to a rapid and lethal STSLS.

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6

Li, Yu Qin, Wen Li Tian, and Chun Tao Gu. "Weissella sagaensis sp. nov., isolated from traditional Chinese yogurt." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 2485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004062.

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Three Gram-stain-positive bacterial strains, designated X0750T, X0278 and X0401, isolated from traditional yogurt in Tibet Autonomous Region, PR China, were characterized by a polyphasic approach, including sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene and three housekeeping genes (pheS, rpoA and recA), determination of average nucleotide identity (ANI) and average amino acid identity (AAI), in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH), fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and phenotypic characterization. Strain X0750T was phylogenetically related to the type strains of Weissella hellenica , Weissella bombi , Weissella paramesenteroides , Weissella jogaejeotgali , Weissella thailandensis , Weissella oryzae , Weissella cibaria and Weissella confusa , having 94.4–100 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, 76.7–90.0 % pheS gene sequence similarities, 88.9–99.4 % rpoA gene sequence similarities and 77.6–92.8 % recA gene sequence similarities, respectively. ANI, isDDH and AAI values between strain X0750T and type strains of phylogenetically related species were less than 90.4, 40.9 and 92.8 % respectively, confirming that strain X0750T represents a novel species within the genus Weissella . Based upon the data obtained in the present study, a novel species, Weissella sagaensis sp. nov., is proposed and the type strain is X0750T(=NCIMB 15192T=CCM 8924T=LMG 31184T=CCTCC AB 2018403T).

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7

Li, Chun Yan, Fen Tian, Ya Dong Zhao, and Chun Tao Gu. "Enterococcus xiangfangensis sp. nov., isolated from Chinese pickle." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_3 (March 1, 2014): 1012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.058917-0.

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A Gram-stain-positive bacterial strain, 11097T, was isolated from traditional pickle in Heilongjiang Province, China. The bacterium was characterized using a polyphasic approach, including 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase (pheS) gene sequence analysis, RNA polymerase α subunit (rpoA) gene sequence analysis, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, determination of DNA G+C content, DNA–DNA hybridization and an analysis of phenotypic features. Strain 11097T was phylogenetically related to Enterococcus devriesei , E. pseudoavium , E. viikkiensis , E. avium , E. malodoratus , E. gilvus and E. raffinosus . Strain 11097T had 99.1–99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, 78.2–83.2 % pheS gene sequence similarities and 93.8–96.6 % rpoA gene sequence similarities with type strains of phylogenetically related species. Based upon polyphasic characterization data obtained in the present study, a novel species of the genus Enterococcus , Enterococcus xiangfangensis sp. nov., is proposed with the type strain 11097T ( = LMG 27495T = NCIMB 14834T).

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8

Zhou, F., H. Zhao, F. Bai, D. Piotr, Y. Liu, and B. Zhang. "Purification and characterisation of the bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum, isolated from Chinese pickle." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 32, No. 5 (October 1, 2014): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/270/2013-cjfs.

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119 strains of lactic acid bacteria from Chinese pickle were tested for production of antimicrobial compounds (bacteriocins). Among them, strain C8 showed strongly antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739. Strain C8 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum based on phenotypical, physiological tests and 16S rDNA identification. The antibacterial substance produced by strain C8 was sensitive to protease but not affected by lipase and amylase and designated as bacteriocin C8. Bacteriocin was purified by salting-out, dialysis and Sephadex G50 column chromatography. Based on SDS-PAGE, bacteriocin C8 was 16.5 kDa in size, which was different from that of other bacteriocins and it might be a novel bacteriocin. Bacteriocin C8 showed a wide range of antimicrobial activity especially as it inhibited some Gram-negative bacteria. This bacteriocin was heat resistant (20 min at 121°C) and stable in the pH range of 3 to 6.  

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9

Enkhbaatar, Batmagnai, Oguma Keisuke, Sentsui Hiroshi, Erdenechimeg Dashzevge, Enkhmandakh Yondonjamts, Ariunbold Gantulga, Odonchimeg Myagmarsuren, and Boldbaatar Bazartseren. "Phylogenetic analysis of Mongolian sheeppox and goatpox viruses." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 30, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v30i2.1485.

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Sheeppox and goatpox are caused by sheep pox virus (SPPV) and goat pox virus (GTPV), members of Capripoxvirus genus, Poxviridae family. SPPV and GTPV damage host animal’s wool and skin and reduce production of mutton and milk. Because of morbidity and mortality of the diseases, they bring huge economic burden to the country. Main goal was to compare Mongolian sheep pox, goat pox sequences with other strains that were registered in Genebank. In this study, two SPPV and two GTPV field strains from Mongolia and Perego M strain (Biocombinat SOI, Mongolia), Russian and Chinese alive vaccine strains were used. The common DNA extraction method was used and samples were amplified on a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) which amplify the full p32 gene of Capripoxvirus. The primers were designed based on the conserved sequences just outside of the p32 gene of SPPV or GTPV. By applying this method to the sheep and goat samples, suspected with SPPV and GTPV infection in Mongolia, the nested-PCR products were obtained from all samples on the predicted size, and the presence of SPPV and GTPV were confirmed via full length sequence analysis of P32 gene. Sequence comparison was performed using the online BLAST program. Sequence identities of nucleotides were analyzed using MUSCLE algorithm. A phylogenetic tree derived from nucleotide sequences was constructed for the Capripoxvirus using the neighbor joining method of MEGA (version X) software. Based on the phylogenetic tree, the Mongolian sheep pox virus, 2017 clustered together with Zabaikalsk strain and Perego strain (Biocombinat SOI, Mongolia). The Mongolian sheep pox virus, 2015 was closer to Tunisian and Chinese Gansu, Shanxi province strains. Chinese vaccine strain AV41, sequenced in this study was clustered with EF522181.1 Chinese Goat pox vaccine strain but Russian sheep pox vaccine strain, sequenced in this study was close to Mongolian goat pox viruses, 2009. The present data provides theoretical references to improve the preventive and control strategy. Based on the phylogenetic tree that we made, we conclude that SPPV and GTPV sequences in Mongolia were closer to Chinese SPPV, GTPV sequences therefore they were most likely imported from China.

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10

Gu, Jun, Hua Cai, Su-Lin Yu, Ri Qu, Bin Yin, Yu-Feng Guo, Jin-Yi Zhao, and Xiao-Lei Wu. "Marinobacter gudaonensis sp. nov., isolated from an oil-polluted saline soil in a Chinese oilfield." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64522-0.

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Two novel strains, SL014B61AT and SL014B11A, were isolated from an oil-polluted saline soil from Gudao in the coastal Shengli Oilfield, eastern China. Cells of strains SL014B61AT and SL014B11A were motile, Gram-negative and rod-shaped. Growth occurred at NaCl concentrations of between 0 and 15 % and at temperatures of between 10 and 45 °C. Strain SL014B61AT had Q9 as the major respiratory quinone and C16 : 0 (21.2 %), C18 : 1ω9c (20.3 %), C16 : 1ω7c (7.3 %) and C16 : 1ω9c (6.4 %) as predominant fatty acids. The G+C content of the DNA was 57.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SL014B61AT belonged to the genus Marinobacter in the class Gammaproteobacteria. Strain SL014B61AT showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Marinobacter bryozoorum (97.9 %) and showed 97.8 % sequence similarity to Marinobacter lipolyticus. DNA–DNA relatedness to the reference strains Marinobacter bryozoorum and Marinobacter lipolyticus was 35.5 % and 33.8 %, respectively. On the basis of these data, it is proposed that strains SL014B61AT and SL014B11A represent a novel species, Marinobacter gudaonensis sp. nov. The type strain is strain SL014B61AT (=DSM 18066T=LMG 23509T=CGMCC 1.6294T).

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11

Gu, Chun Tao, Chun Yan Li, Li Jie Yang, and Gui Cheng Huo. "Lactobacillus heilongjiangensis sp. nov., isolated from Chinese pickle." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_11 (November 1, 2013): 4094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.053355-0.

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A Gram-stain-positive bacterial strain, S4-3T, was isolated from traditional pickle in Heilongjiang Province, China. The bacterium was characterized by a polyphasic approach, including 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, pheS gene sequence analysis, rpoA gene sequence analysis, dnaK gene sequence analysis, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, determination of DNA G+C content, DNA–DNA hybridization and an analysis of phenotypic features. Strain S4-3T showed 97.9–98.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, 84.4–94.1 % pheS gene sequence similarities and 94.4–96.9 % rpoA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of Lactobacillus nantensis , Lactobacillus mindensis , Lactobacillus crustorum , Lactobacillus futsaii , Lactobacillus farciminis and Lactobacillus kimchiensis . dnaK gene sequence similarities between S4-3T and Lactobacillus nantensis LMG 23510T, Lactobacillus mindensis LMG 21932T, Lactobacillus crustorum LMG 23699T, Lactobacillus futsaii JCM 17355T and Lactobacillus farciminis LMG 9200T were 95.4, 91.5, 90.4, 91.7 and 93.1 %, respectively. Based upon the data obtained in the present study, a novel species, Lactobacillus heilongjiangensis sp. nov., is proposed and the type strain is S4-3T ( = LMG 26166T = NCIMB 14701T).

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12

Wang, Ze-Xiang, Rui-Si Hu, Chun-Xue Zhou, Jun-Jun He, Hany M. Elsheikha, and Xing-Quan Zhu. "Label-Free Quantitative Acetylome Analysis Reveals Toxoplasma gondii Genotype-Specific Acetylomic Signatures." Microorganisms 7, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7110510.

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Distinct genotypic and pathogenic differences exist between Toxoplasma gondii genotypes. For example, genotype I is highly virulent, whereas genotype II and genotype III are less virulent. Moreover, Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9) is also virulent. Here, we compare the acetylomes of genotype 1 (RH strain) and Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9, PYS strain) of T. gondii. Using mass spectrometry enriched for acetylated peptides, we found a relationship between the levels of protein acetylation and parasite genotype-specific virulence. Notably, lysine acetylation was the largest (458 acetylated proteins) in RH strain, followed by PYS strain (188 acetylated proteins), whereas only 115 acetylated proteins were detected in PRU strain. Our analysis revealed four, three, and four motifs in RH strain, PRU strain and PYS strain, respectively. Three conserved sequences around acetylation sites, namely, xxxxxKAcHxxxx, xxxxxKAcFxxxx, and xxxxGKAcSxxxx, were detected in the acetylome of the three strains. However, xxxxxKAcNxxxx (asparagine) was found in RH and PYS strains but was absent in PRU strain. Our analysis also identified 15, 3, and 26 differentially expressed acetylated proteins in RH strain vs. PRU strain, PRU strain vs. PYS strain and PYS strain vs. RH strain, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed that a large proportion of the acetylated proteins are involved in metabolic processes. Pathways for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of antibiotics and microbial metabolism in diverse environments were featured in the top five enriched pathways in all three strains. However, acetylated proteins from the virulent strains (RH and PYS) were more enriched in the pyruvate metabolism pathway compared to acetylated proteins from PRU strain. Increased levels of histone-acetyl-transferase and glycyl-tRNA synthase were detected in RH strain compared to PRU strain and PYS strain. Both enzymes play roles in stress tolerance and proliferation, key features in the parasite virulence. These findings reveal novel insight into the acetylomic profiles of major T. gondii genotypes and provide a new important resource for further investigations of the roles of the acetylated parasite proteins in the modulation of the host cell response to the infection of T. gondii.

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Kwon, Soon-Wo, Jung-A. Son, Soo-Jin Kim, Yi-Seul Kim, In-Cheol Park, Jeung-Im Bok, and Hang-Yeon Weon. "Pedobacter rhizosphaerae sp. nov. and Pedobacter soli sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 2874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.026781-0.

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Two bacterial strains, 01-96T and 15-51T, isolated from rhizosphere soil of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris) were characterized by using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 01-96T was phylogenetically related most closely to Pedobacter suwonensis 15-52T and Pedobacter roseus CL-GP80T (96.7 and 96.7 % similarity, respectively), and strain 15-51T to Pedobacter borealis G-1T and P. suwonensis 15-52T (97.2 and 97.1 %, respectively). However, levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain 15-51T and P. borealis KACC 14287T and P. suwonensis KACC 11317T were low (<50 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 37.8 mol% for strain 01-96T and 38.6 mol% for strain 15-51T. The major fatty acids of the two strains were iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c). The results of DNA–DNA hybridization and phenotypic data showed that strains 01-96T and 15-51T could be distinguished from their closest phylogenetic relatives, and that these strains represented two novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the names Pedobacter rhizosphaerae sp. nov. (type strain 01-96T = KACC 14938T = NBRC 107690T) and Pedobacter soli sp. nov. (type strain 15-51T = KACC 14939T = NBRC 107691T) are proposed.

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Liu, Yuxin, Muhammad Usman, Jianwei Zhang, and Habib Gul. "Making Sense of Chinese Employees’ Suicidal Ideation: A Psychological Strain—Life Meaning Model." Psychological Reports 123, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118811096.

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Using the strain theory of suicide, this study examines how psychological strains influence suicide ideation via the mediating mechanism of the meaning in life. To check the hypothesized model, data were drawn from professional employees ( n=687) across six organizations of various business types to increase the variability of respondent perception and the generalizability of the study findings. The results showed significant correlations among psychological strains, meaning in life, and suicide ideation. Furthermore, this study provides evidence for the mediation effect of meaning in life in the relationship between psychological strain and suicide ideation. Implications and future directions are discussed.

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Cui, J., X. Wang, Y. Ren, S. Cui, G. Li, and X. Ren. "Genome Sequence of Chinese Porcine Parvovirus Strain PPV2010." Journal of Virology 86, no. 4 (January 26, 2012): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.06852-11.

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Liu, Ruth X. "The Effects of Strain and Centrality of Strain on Delinquency among Chinese Adolescents*." Sociological Inquiry 82, no. 4 (June 22, 2012): 578–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.2012.00427.x.

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Fang, Xiao-Mei, Jing Su, Hao Wang, Yu-Zhen Wei, Tao Zhang, Li-Li Zhao, Hong-Yu Liu, et al. "Williamsia sterculiae sp. nov., isolated from a Chinese medicinal plant." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_11 (November 1, 2013): 4158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.052688-0.

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Two actinobacterial strains, CPCC 203464T and CPCC 203448, isolated from surface-sterilized stems of medicinal plants were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. These two aerobic organisms formed pale yellow colonies on tryptic soy agar (TSA). Cells were Gram-stain-positive, non-acid-fast, non-motile, rod- or coccoid-like elements. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strains CPCC 203464T and CPCC 203448 were most closely related to the type strains of the species of the genus Williamsia . Chemotaxonomic properties such as containing meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, arabinose, galactose and ribose being the whole-cell hydrolysate sugars, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) as the phospholipids, and C16 : 0, 10-methyl C18 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c, C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH as major fatty acids supported the affiliation of strains CPCC 203464T and CPCC 203448 to the genus Williamsia . The DNA–DNA hybridization values in combination with differentiating chemotaxonomic and physiological characteristics strongly suggested that these two isolates should be classified as representatives of a novel species of the genus Williamsia . The name Williamsia sterculiae sp. nov. is proposed, with strain CPCC 203464T ( = DSM 45741T = KCTC 29118T) as the type strain.

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Wang, Wen, Wei Gu, Gail E. Gasparich, Keran Bi, Jiangtao Ou, Qingguo Meng, Tingming Liang, Qi Feng, Jianqiong Zhang, and Ying Zhang. "Spiroplasma eriocheiris sp. nov., associated with mortality in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.020529-0.

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A motile bacterium, designated strain TDA-040725-5T, was isolated from the haemolymph of a Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, with tremor disease. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was phylogenetically distinct from other spiroplasmas but was closely related to Spiroplasma mirum ATCC 29335T. Cells of strain TDA-040725-5T were variable in length and shape, helical and motile, as determined by phase-contrast light microscopy. Examination by electron microscopy revealed wall-less cells delimited by a single membrane. The strain grew in M1D or R-2 liquid media at 20–40 °C, with optimum growth at 30 °C. Doubling time at the optimal temperature was 24 h. The strain catabolized glucose and hydrolysed arginine but did not hydrolyse urea. The DNA G+C content was 29.7±1 mol%. The genome size was ~1.4–1.6 Mbp. Serological analysis, performed using the deformation test, did not reveal any reciprocal titres ≥320, indicating that strain TDA-040725-5T had minimal cross-reactivity to strains of recognized species of the genus Spiroplasma. Based on this evidence, strain TDA-040725-5T ( = CCTCC M 207170T = DSM 21848T) represents a novel species of the genus Spiroplasma, for which the name Spiroplasma eriocheiris sp. nov. is proposed, belonging to the novel Spiroplasma serological group XLIII.

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Nakano, Tatsunori, Ling Lu, Yunshao He, Yongshui Fu, Betty H. Robertson, and Oliver G. Pybus. "Population genetic history of hepatitis C virus 1b infection in China." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81360-0.

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Subtype 1b is the most common strain of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in China. Here, the molecular epidemiology and epidemic history of this strain were investigated by conducting phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of E1 and NS5B gene sequences sampled from nine Chinese cities. The phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of two clusters of Chinese strains that did not include reference strains from other countries, suggesting that these clusters represent two independent chains of HCV transmission within China. The remaining Chinese isolates were more closely related to reference strains from other countries. The date of origin and past population dynamics of the two groups were investigated using a new population genetic method, the Bayesian skyline plot. The estimated dates of origin of both groups coincide with the period of the Chinese ‘Cultural Revolution’ during the years 1966–1976. Both groups grew at a rapid exponential rate between ∼1970 and ∼1990, after which transmission slowed considerably. Possible explanations for the groups' fast spread and subsequent slowdown are discussed, including parenteral transmission by unsafe injection, iatrogenic transmission by infected blood or blood products and improvements in blood safety since 1990. These results shed light on HCV transmission in China and may help to predict the future burden of HCV-related disease in the country.

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Kwon, Soon-Wo, Byung-Yong Kim, Kang-Hyo Lee, Kab-Yeul Jang, Soon-Ja Seok, Jang-Sik Kwon, Wan-Gyu Kim, and Hang-Yeon Weon. "Pedobacter suwonensis sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64196-0.

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A mesophilic bacterium, strain 15-52T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris). On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, the bacterium was identified as representing a novel species belonging to the genus Pedobacter. The strain is non-flagellated, non-spore-forming and grows at temperatures in the range 1–37 °C. Physiological tests of the strain showed the presence of oxidase, catalase, protease (gelatin and casein hydrolysis), β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase activities. The highest levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were found with respect to Pedobacter roseus CL-GP80T (97.3 %) and Pedobacter sandarakinus DS-27T (97.2 %). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data indicated that strain 15-52T is a member of the genus Pedobacter. DNA–DNA hybridization analysis revealed low levels of relatedness (<42.3 %) between the isolate and two phylogenetically related type strains, P. roseus KCCM 42272T and P. sandarakinus KCTC 12559T. The DNA G+C content is 44.2 mol% and the predominant fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0 (35.4 %), iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1 ω7c (27.8 %) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (15.8 %). On the basis of these data, strain 15-52T represents a novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter suwonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15-52T (=KACC 11317T=DSM 18130T).

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Sun, Zhihong, Xia Chen, Jicheng Wang, Pengfei Gao, Zhemin Zhou, Yi Ren, Tiansong Sun, et al. "Complete Genome Sequence of Probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Strain V9." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 15 (May 28, 2010): 4080–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00369-10.

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ABSTRACT Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain V9 is a Chinese commercial bifidobacteria with several probiotic functions. It was isolated from a healthy Mongolian child in China. We present here the complete genome sequence of V9 and compare it to 3 other published genome sequences of B. animalis subsp. lactis strains. The result indicates the lack of polymorphism among strains of this subspecies from different continents.

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Pohjanpelto, P., E. Hölttä, and O. A. Jänne. "Mutant strain of Chinese hamster ovary cells with no detectable ornithine decarboxylase activity." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 6 (June 1985): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.6.1385.

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We previously described an arginase-deficient, polyamine-dependent Chinese hamster ovary cell line which grows in serum-free medium. From this strain we isolated a new mutant strain that has no detectable catalytic ornithine decarboxylase activity. The mutant cells contain, however, immunoreactive ornithine decarboxylase-like protein roughly in the same quantity as the parent strain. The mutant and the parent cell line strains also contain similar amounts of ornithine decarboxylase-mRNA hybridizable to a specific cDNA. If polyamines are omitted from the medium, proliferation of the mutant cells is considerably retarded and ceases in 6 to 10 days. Addition of ornithine or alpha-difluoromethylornithine, a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, has no effect on these cells. Putrescine and spermidine decreased in the mutant cells to undetectable levels during polyamine starvation, whereas spermine was reduced to 1/5th of that found in the control cultures. Polyamines appear to be indispensable for the mutant strain, but this was obvious only after the amount of polyamines, found as impurities in bovine serum albumin used in the medium, was reduced by dialysis to 10(-12) M. Because sera contain polyamines, the ability of the mutant strain to grow in serum-free medium is a great advantage in elucidation of the mechanisms of polyamine function.

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Pohjanpelto, P., E. Hölttä, and O. A. Jänne. "Mutant strain of Chinese hamster ovary cells with no detectable ornithine decarboxylase activity." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 6 (June 1985): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.6.1385-1390.1985.

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We previously described an arginase-deficient, polyamine-dependent Chinese hamster ovary cell line which grows in serum-free medium. From this strain we isolated a new mutant strain that has no detectable catalytic ornithine decarboxylase activity. The mutant cells contain, however, immunoreactive ornithine decarboxylase-like protein roughly in the same quantity as the parent strain. The mutant and the parent cell line strains also contain similar amounts of ornithine decarboxylase-mRNA hybridizable to a specific cDNA. If polyamines are omitted from the medium, proliferation of the mutant cells is considerably retarded and ceases in 6 to 10 days. Addition of ornithine or alpha-difluoromethylornithine, a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, has no effect on these cells. Putrescine and spermidine decreased in the mutant cells to undetectable levels during polyamine starvation, whereas spermine was reduced to 1/5th of that found in the control cultures. Polyamines appear to be indispensable for the mutant strain, but this was obvious only after the amount of polyamines, found as impurities in bovine serum albumin used in the medium, was reduced by dialysis to 10(-12) M. Because sera contain polyamines, the ability of the mutant strain to grow in serum-free medium is a great advantage in elucidation of the mechanisms of polyamine function.

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Wang, Xiaoguang, Shuzheng Chen, Yongliang Lei, Keda Chen, Yanjun Zhang, and Qing Tang. "Complete genome sequences of two rabies virus isolates indicate Chinese ferret badger as a new natural inherent host." Journal of Applied Virology 2, no. 2 (April 2, 2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21092/jav.v2i2.3.

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The genome sequences of four rabies virus strains isolated from Chinese Ferret Badger and dogs in Zhejiang Province, China were determined. The overall organization and length of the genome was similar to each other among those rabies virus isolates. Comparative sequence analysis shows 99.5% identity at nucleotide level and fewer changes of deduced amino acids sequence between the rabies virus isolates from Chinese Ferret Badger and the dog. The results of multisequence identity analysis and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Chinese Ferret Badger Rabies virus isolate in Zhejiang province belongs to species 1 with unique Chinese regional characteristics, which suggests that Chinese Ferret Badger as a new natural inherent host to rabies virus wild strain in Zhejiang province, China.

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Zhang, J. Z., M. Y. Fan, Y. M. Wu, P. E. Fournier, V. Roux, and D. Raoult. "Genetic Classification of “Rickettsia heilongjiangii” and “Rickettsia hulinii,” Two Chinese Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 9 (2000): 3498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.9.3498-3501.2000.

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To determine the phylogenetic position of two new rickettsial strains isolated from ticks in China, 16S ribosomal DNA,gltA, and ompA (apart from the tandem repeat units) genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced. The phylogenetic relationships between these strains and other rickettsiae were inferred from the comparison of sequences of the three genes by the parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum-likelihood methods. The results demonstrated that the 054 strain, a rickettsia pathogenic in humans, and the HL-93 strain were related and clustered together withRickettsia japonica. Significant statistical bootstrap values (100 and 92%) supported the nodes in this cluster. Based on previous genotypic and antigenic data and the phylogenetic analysis presented here, the 054 and HL-93 strains should be considered as new species, and we formally propose that they be named “Rickettsia heilongjiangii” and “Rickettsia hulinii,” respectively.

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Liu, Haihua, Guoping Song, and Dengfeng Wang. "The Influence of Self-Efficacy on Flight Dispatchers' Stressor-Strain Relationships." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.6.839.

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Flight dispatchers' role stressors and their consequential work-related strains and job satisfaction were investigated in this study, along with the moderating effect of self-efficacy on flight dispatchers' role stressors and strains, and on role stressors and job satisfaction. Data were collected from 309 flight dispatchers from 2 Chinese airlines. Correlations and hierarchical regressions revealed that the role stressors were all related to flight dispatchers' physical strain, psychological strain, and job satisfaction. The moderating effect of self-efficacy depends on the different role stressors and dependent variables being examined. Specifically, the moderating effect was found to be significant in the role conflict-psychological strain relationship, role conflict-job satisfaction relationship, and role overload-psychological strain relationship. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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Jiang, Chunyan, Xiaoju Zhang, Jianfeng Han, Haijian He, Chaoying Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jingjing Jin, et al. "Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates in Eastern China." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 1124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.9898.

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Introduction: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the most common viral pathogens causing swine diarrhea. Methodology: We performed a genetic evolution analysis of the S1 gene of endemic PEDV strains in Eastern China. The S1 genes of 37 PEDV-positive samples were amplified and sequenced, and compared to the standard CV777 strain, 120 nucleotides were found to have mutations. Results: The nucleotide and deduced amino acid homologies between the sequences and those of the CV777 strain were 90%–91% and 88.2%–90%, respectively, and their homologies to the vaccine strain were 88.6%–89.7% and 86.2%–87.8%, respectively. Genetic evolution and variation analyses indicated that the 37 PEDV strains belonged to genogroup 2-1, while the CV777 strain, vaccine strain, and earlier Chinese strains all belonged to genogroup 1-1. Conclusions: The newly emerged clinical PEDV strains indicate that the PEDV CV777 vaccine currently used in China may not fully protect pigs from infection with recent epidemic strains, and will require the development of new vaccine strains.

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He, Liangliang, Jie Li, Peng Peng, Jingsong Nie, Jun Luo, Yongchang Cao, and Chunyi Xue. "Genomic analysis of a Chinese MDV strain derived from vaccine strain CVI988 through recombination." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 78 (March 2020): 104045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104045.

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Guo, Chang Hong, Xu Han Shi, and Jia Li Liu. "Isolation of ACC Deaminase-Containing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria from Porrum Rhizasphere Soil." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.240.

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A bacterial strain 3-1 which could use ACC as the sole nitrogen sources was isolated from Chinese chives rhizosphere soil. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescent, according to the results of morphology, physiology and the phylogenetical analyses of 16S rDNA sequence. The ACC deaminase activity of Pseudomonas fluorescent 3-1 strain had high level of ACC deaminase activity, 2.63±0.12 µmol α-KA • (mg Pr •h)-1 . The procedure described here was relatively straight forward to isolate and characterize new PGPR strains. This bacterium may be used to facilitate the growth of Porrum.

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Zou, Zhengzhong, and Gejiao Wang. "Kushneria sinocarnis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a Chinese traditional cured meat." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.013797-0.

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A Gram-negative, aerobic, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain Z35T, was isolated from a Chinese traditional cured meat produced in Wuhan. The isolate grew with 1–20 % NaCl (optimum 10 %), at 4–42 °C (optimum 37 °C) and at pH 4.5–8.5 (optimum pH 7.0). Cells of strain Z35T were not motile and were rod or oval shaped. The genomic DNA G+C content was 59.1 mol%. The isoprenoid quinones were Q-9 (88.96 %), Q-8 (9.46 %) and Q-10 (1.58 %). The major fatty acids were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C16 : 0 and C17 : 0 cyclo. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain Z35T was closely related to the type strains of Kushneria species with 93.7–95.3 % sequence similarities. Phylogenetic analysis based on 23S rRNA gene sequence similarity values also confirmed the phylogenetic position of the isolate. Therefore, based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence, strain Z35T is affiliated to Kushneria, but is clearly differentiated from other species of this genus and represents a new member, for which the name Kushneria sinocarnis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Z35T (=CCTCC AB 209027T =NRRL B-59197T =DSM 23229T).

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Rahden-Staroń, I., M. Szumiło, and P. Ziemkiewicz. "The effects of captan and captafol on different bacterial strains and on c-mitosis in V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts." Acta Biochimica Polonica 41, no. 1 (March 31, 1994): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1994_4773.

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The mutagenic activity of captan and captafol was tested using Ames strains and strains showing an SOS response. Captafol was mutagenic in S. typhimurium strain TA102 (uvr+) and captan in strain TA104 (uvrB). Both captan and captafol elicit damages in DNA recognized by correndonuclease II, as shown by the repair test, and induced the SOS repair system in E. coli PQ37 (uvrA) strain. Only captafol induced the SOS system in PQ35 (uvr+). The lack of induction of beta-galactosidase at nonpermissive temperature in E. coli MD332 (dnaCs uvrA) strain showed that neither chemical was able to produce DNA breaks. In V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts higher induction of c-mitosis by captafol than by captan (22% and 15% over the control, respectively) was accompanied by a higher decrease in nonprotein sulfhydryl groups, mainly GSH (41% and 77%, respectively). The content of protein sulfhydryl groups was decreased by either fungicide to a similar extent.

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Zhang, Jie, and Zheng Zhao. "Psychological Strain and Suicidal Ideation among Chinese Young People." International Journal of Asian Social Science 7, no. 6 (2017): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2017.76.497.504.

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Puranaveja, Suphasawatt, Pariwat Poolperm, Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul, Sawang Kesdaengsakonwut, Alongkot Boonsoongnern, Kitcha Urairong, Pravina Kitikoon, et al. "Chinese-like Strain of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Thailand." Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 2009): 1112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1507.081256.

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Hou, Zhaofeng, Yonghua Zhou, Dandan Liu, Shijie Su, Zhenxing Zhao, Jinjun Xu, and Jianping Tao. "Genotyping and virulence analysis of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from a dead human fetus and dead pigs in Jiangsu province, Eastern China." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0046.

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AbstractToxoplasma gondiiis an obligate intracellular parasite with worldwide distribution. Virulence ofT.gondiiis a multigenic trait. Genetic and virulence data forT.gondiiisolates from humans and animals in China have been reported. However, almost all biological materials used for genotyping ofT.gondiifrom humans and pigs were DNA samples prepared from tissues, andT. gondiistrains used for virulence analysis were isolated mainly from cats. In this study, one isolate from a dead human fetus was identified as type I (ToxoDB #10) while the two isolates from dead pigs were type Chinese I (ToxoDB #9) with PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism using 10 markers (SAG1,SAG2,SAG3,BTUB,GRA6,c22–8,c29–2,L358,PK1and Apico). Three isolates were comfirmed as virulent strains in mice. By cloning and sequences analysis, all isolates contained aPvuII restriction site (572–577 bp) in the KHB fragment and five tandem repeats in the 5′ UTR region ofSAG1, which were associated withT.gondiivirulence. The type Chinese I isolates contained two deletions of 15 and 3 bp at positions 635 to 649 and 658 to 660 in theGRA6, which were correlated with genotype, but not with virulence. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the systematic analysis of murine virulence of type Chinese I strain from pigs, and the associations of sequences of the KHB fragment andSAG1with virulence of type Chinese I strain. The Chinese I genotype was more closely related to type II strains.

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Aizawa, Tomoko, Nguyen Bao Ve, Pisoot Vijarnsorn, Mutsuyasu Nakajima, and Michio Sunairi. "Burkholderia acidipaludis sp. nov., aluminium-tolerant bacteria isolated from Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) growing in highly acidic swamps in South-East Asia." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 2036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.018283-0.

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Two strains of aluminium-tolerant bacteria, SA33T and 7A078, were isolated from Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) growing in highly acidic swamps (pH 2–4) in actual acid sulfate soil areas of Vietnam (SA33T) and Thailand (7A078). The strains were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming rods, 0.6–0.7 μm wide and 1.3–1.7 μm long. These strains showed good growth at pH 3.0–8.0 and 17–37 °C. The organisms contained ubiquinone Q-8 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω7c and C17 : 0 cyclo as the major fatty acids. Their fatty acid profiles were similar to those reported for other Burkholderia species. The DNA G+C content of these strains was 64 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the strains were shown to belong to the genus Burkholderia. Although the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values calculated for strain SA33T to 7A078 and the type strains of Burkholderia kururiensis, B. sacchari and B. tuberum were 100, 97.3, 97.1 and 97.0 %, respectively, strains SA33T and 7A078 formed a group that was distinct in the phylogenetic trees; the DNA–DNA relatedness of strain SA33T to 7A078 and these three type strains were respectively 90, 47, 46 and 45 %. The results of physiological and biochemical tests, including whole-cell protein pattern analysis, allowed phenotypic differentiation of these strains from described Burkholderia species. Therefore, strains SA33T and 7A078 represent a novel species, for which the name Burkholderia acidipaludis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SA33T (=NBRC 101816T =VTCC-D6-6T). Strain 7A078 (=NBRC 103872 =BCC 36999) is a reference strain.

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Li, Ming, Dongliang Fei, Li Sun, and Mingxiao Ma. "Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of Chinese sacbrood virus isolates from Apis mellifera." PeerJ 7 (November 14, 2019): e8003. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8003.

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Background Sacbrood virus (SBV) is one of the most pathogenic honeybee viruses that exhibits host specificity and regional variations. The SBV strains that infect the Chinese honeybee Apis cerana are called Chinese SBVs (CSBVs). Methods In this study, a CSBV strain named AmCSBV-SDLY-2016 (GenBank accession No. MG733283) infecting A. mellifera was identified by electron microscopy, its protein composition was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and agar gel immunodiffusion assay, and its nucleotide sequence was identified using a series of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction fragments of AmCSBV-SDLY-2016 generated using SBV/CSBV-specific primers. To investigate phylogenetic relationships of the CSBV isolates, a phylogenetic tree of the complete open reading frames (ORF) of the CSBV sequences was constructed using MEGA 6.0; then, the similarity and recombination events among the isolated CSBV strains were analyzed using SimPlot and RDP4 software, respectively. Results Sequencing results revealed the complete 8,794-nucleotide long complete genomic RNA of the strain, with a single large ORF (189–8,717) encoding 2,843 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with the SBV/CSBV reference sequences deposited in the GenBank database identified helicase, protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains; the structural genes were located at the 5′ end, whereas the non-structural genes were found at the 3′ end. Multiple sequence alignment showed that AmCSBV-SDLY-2016 had a 17-amino acid (aa) and a single aa deletion at positions 711–729 and 2,128, respectively, as compared with CSBV-GD-2002, and a 16-aa deletion (positions 711–713 and 715–728) as compared with AmSBV-UK-2000. However, AmCSBV-SDLY-2016 was similar to the CSBV-JLCBS-2014 strain, which infects A. cerana. AmCSBV-SDLY-2016 ORF shared 92.4–97.1% identity with the genomes of other CSBV strains (94.5–97.7% identity for deduced amino acids). AmCSBV-SDLY-2016 was least similar (89.5–90.4% identity) to other SBVs but showed maximum similarity with the previously reported CSBV-FZ-2014 strain. The phylogenetic tree constructed from AmCSBV-SDLY-2016 and 43 previously reported SBV/CSBV sequences indicated that SBV/CSBV strains clustered according to the host species and country of origin; AmCSBV-SDLY-2016 clustered with other previously reported Chinese and Asian strains (AC genotype SBV, as these strains originated from A. cerana) but was separate from the SBV genomes originating from Europe (AM genotype SBV, originating from A. mellifera). A SimPlot graph of SBV genomes confirmed the high variability, especially between the AC genotype SBV and AM genotype SBV. This genomic diversity may reflect the adaptation of SBV to specific hosts, ability of CSBV to cross the species barrier, and the spatial distances that separate CSBVs from other SBVs.

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Zhang, Jinwu, Jianhong Liu, Xin Wang, and Anquan Zou. "Life Stress, Strain, and Deviance Across Schools: Testing the Contextual Version of General Strain Theory in China." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 8 (August 3, 2017): 2447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17720182.

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General Strain Theory delineates different types of strain and intervening processes from strain to deviance and crime. In addition to explaining individual strain–crime relationship, a contextualized version of general strain theory, which is called the Macro General Strain Theory, has been used to analyze how aggregate variables influence aggregate and individual deviance and crime. Using a sample of 1,852 students (Level 1) nested in 52 schools (Level 2), the current study tests the Macro General Strain Theory using Chinese data. The results revealed that aggregate life stress and strain have influences on aggregate and individual deviance, and reinforce the individual stress–deviance association. The current study contributes by providing the first Macro General Strain Theory test based on Chinese data and offering empirical evidence for the multilevel intervening processes from strain to deviance. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

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Cheung, Nicole Wai Ting, and Yuet W. Cheung. "Strain, Self-Control, and Gender Differences in Delinquency among Chinese Adolescents: Extending General Strain Theory." Sociological Perspectives 53, no. 3 (September 2010): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2010.53.3.321.

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Subandiyah, Siti, Toru Iwanami, Shinji Tsuyumu, and Hiroyuki Ieki. "Comparison of 16S rDNA and 16S/23S Intergenic Region Sequences Among Citrus Greening Organisms in Asia." Plant Disease 84, no. 1 (January 2000): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.1.15.

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Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify and sequence the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) and 16S/23S intergenic region of several isolates of citrus greening organism (GO) from Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand. The sequences of 16S rDNA were identical among all the isolates studied, very similar to the published sequences of Thai (99.4 to 100% identity), Nepalese (100% identity), and Indian (98.8% identity) strains, and less similar to an African strain (97.5% identity). The sequences of the intergenic region between 16S and 23S rDNA were also identical among the isolates examined as well as the reported Nepalese and Thai isolates. They were close to the sequences of reported strains of India and China (99.2%) and apart from those of the African strain (85.5%). These results suggested that some isolates of GO from Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, and Nepal constitute one strain, which is similar to Indian and Chinese strains and distinct from the African strain.

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Wu, Lin-Lin, Rui-Qing Lin, Ming-Fei Sun, Li-Dan Liu, Wen-Fang Duan, Shang-Shu Zou, Zi-Guo Yuan, and Ya-Biao Weng. "Biological Characteristics of Chinese Precocious Strain ofEimeria acervulinaand Its Immune Efficacy Against Different Field Strains." Avian Diseases 58, no. 3 (September 2014): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/10706-102413.1.

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Dong, Xiuxue, Bing Hu, Wenlong Wan, Yanzhang Gong, and Yanping Feng. "Effects of husbandry systems and Chinese indigenous chicken strain on cecum microbial diversity." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0157.

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Objective: This study was to evaluate the effect of husbandry systems and strains on cecum microbial diversity of Jingyang chickens under the same dietary conditions.Methods: A total of 320 laying hens (body weight, 1.70±0.15 kg; 47 weeks old) were randomly allocated to one of the four treatments: i) Silver-feathered hens in enrichment cages (SEC) with an individual cage (70×60×75 cm), ii) Silver-feathered hens in free range (SFR) with the stocking density of 1.5 chickens per ten square meters, iii) Gold-feathered hens in enrichment cages (GEC), iv) Gold-feathered hens in free range (GFR). The experiment lasted 8 weeks and the cecum fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing at the end of experiment.Results: i) The core microbiota was composed of Bacteroidetes (49% to 60%), Firmicutes (21% to 32%) and Proteobacteria (2% to 4%) at the phylum level. ii) The core bacteria were Bacteroides (26% to 31%), Rikenellaceae (9% to 16%), Parabacteroides (2% to 5%) and Lachnoclostridium (2% to 6%) at the genus level. iii) The indexes of operational taxonomic unit, Shannon, Simpson and observed species were all higher in SFR group than in SEC group while in GEC group than in GFR group, with SFR group showing the greatest diversity of cecum microorganisms among the four groups. iv) The clustering result was consistent with the strain classification, with a similar composition of cecum bacteria in the two strains of laying hens.Conclusion: The core microbiota were not altered by husbandry systems or strains. The free-range system increased the diversity of cecal microbes only for silver feathered hens. However, the cecum microbial composition was similar in two strain treatments under the same dietary conditions.

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Gu, Chun Tao, Chun Yan Li, Li Jie Yang, and Gui Cheng Huo. "Lactobacillus mudanjiangensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus songhuajiangensis sp. nov. and Lactobacillus nenjiangensis sp. nov., isolated from Chinese traditional pickle and sourdough." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_12 (December 1, 2013): 4698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.054296-0.

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Three Gram-stain-positive bacterial strains, 11050T, 7-19T and 11102T, were isolated from traditional pickle and sourdough in Heilongjiang Province, China. These bacteria were characterized by a polyphasic approach, including 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, pheS gene sequence analysis, rpoA gene sequence analysis, dnaK gene sequence analysis, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, determination of DNA G+C content, DNA–DNA hybridization and an analysis of phenotypic features. Strain 11050T belonged to the Lactobacillus plantarum species group and shared 98.0–98.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and 84.7–88.9 % dnaK gene sequence similarities with type strains of Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum , Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis , Lactobacillus pentosus , Lactobacillus paraplantarum , Lactobacillus fabifermentans and Lactobacillus xiangfangensis and had 75.9–80.7 % pheS gene sequence similarities and 90.7–92.5 % rpoA gene sequence similarities with Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LMG 6907T, Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis LMG 9205, Lactobacillus pentosus LMG 10755T, Lactobacillus paraplantarum LMG 16673T, Lactobacillus fabifermentans LMG 24284T and Lactobacillus xiangfangensis 3.1.1T, respectively. Strain 7-19T was phylogenetically related to Lactobacillus thailandensis , Lactobacillus pantheris and Lactobacillus sharpeae , having 94.1–96.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, 71.5–82.3 % pheS gene sequence similarities and 71.2–83.4 % rpoA gene sequence similarities with type strains of Lactobacillus thailandensis , Lactobacillus pantheris and Lactobacillus sharpeae , respectively. Strain 11102T was phylogenetically related to Lactobacillus oligofermentans , Lactobacillus suebicus , Lactobacillus vaccinostercus and Lactobacillus hokkaidonensis . Strain 11102T had 99.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 81.3 % pheS gene sequence similarity and 96.1 % rpoA gene sequence similarity with Lactobacillus oligofermentans LMG 22743T, respectively. Strain 11102T shared 96.0–96.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, 73.3–81.0 % pheS gene sequence similarities and 74.6–76.9 % rpoA gene sequence similarities with type strains of Lactobacillus suebicus , Lactobacillus vaccinostercus and Lactobacillus hokkaidonensis , respectively. Based upon the data from polyphasic characterization obtained in the present study, three novel species, Lactobacillus mudanjiangensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus songhuajiangensis sp. nov. and Lactobacillus nenjiangensis sp. nov., are proposed and the type strains are 11050T ( = LMG 27194T = CCUG 62991T), 7-19T ( = LMG 27191T = NCIMB 14832T = CCUG 62990T) and 11102T ( = LMG 27192T = NCIMB 14833T), respectively.

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Giangaspero, Massimo, and Shu-Qin Zhang. "Genomic characteristics of classical swine fever virus strains of bovine origin according to primary and secondary sequence–structure analysis." Open Veterinary Journal 10, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v10i1.15.

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Background: Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), species member of the family Flaviviridae, is generally considered restricted to domestic and wild suids. The circulation of CFSV has been detected in cattle herds in China and India. Natural infection appeared associated with clinical signs in some cases.Aim: The secondary structures of the internal ribosome entry site in the 5ʹ untranslated region (UTR) were used for the genomic characterization of bovine strains.Methods: Sequences have been compared to the representative CSFV strains isolated from pigs, vaccines, and contaminants from porcine cell lines and an ovine strain isolated in Spain.Results: The observed sequences from cattle showed a genetic relatedness with live-attenuated vaccine strains used in pigs. Sequence characteristics of the Chinese strain S171 are genetically distant from the previously reported CSFV genotypes, suggesting a new outgroup in the species, described for the first time, and named CSFV-d. Other Chinese strains were genetically closely related to CSFV genotype a2 (Alfort type) pig strains. Indian strains, reported from the states of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, were genetically closely related to CSFV genotype a1 (Brescia type) and a5 pig strains, respectively.Conclusion: These preliminary observations are new and relevant in countries, where CSFV control and eradication strategies are applied. Keywords: Cattle, Classical swine fever virus, Pestivirus, Secondary structure.

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Xia, Hongyan, Niklas Wahlberg, Hua-Ji Qiu, Frederik Widén, Sándor Belák, and Lihong Liu. "Lack of phylogenetic evidence that the Shimen strain is the parental strain of the lapinized Chinese strain (C-strain) vaccine against classical swine fever." Archives of Virology 156, no. 6 (February 22, 2011): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-011-0948-5.

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Zhai, You-gang, Huan-Yu Wang, Xiao-hong Sun, Shi-hong Fu, Huan-qin Wang, Houssam Attoui, Qing Tang, and Guo-dong Liang. "Complete sequence characterization of isolates of Getah virus (genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) from China." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83607-0.

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Ten virus isolates belonging to species Getah virus (GETV) have been obtained during surveys for arboviruses in China since 1964. Seven of these isolates (YN0540, YN0542, SH05-6, SH05-15, SH05-16, SH05-17 and GS10-2) were obtained during the current study. The full-length sequences of three Chinese isolates (M1, isolated in 1964; HB0234, isolated in 2002; YN0540, isolated in 2005) were determined. The full-length sequences of these isolates were respectively 11 696, 11 686 and 11 690 nt, and showed more than 97 % intraspecies identity. Deletions were found in the capsid protein of strain M1 and non-structural protein nsP3 of strain HB0234. The E2 gene and 3′ UTR of all ten isolates were also characterized. The E2 gene of the Chinese GETV isolates showed nucleotide sequence identities of 98–100 % when compared with other GETV isolates. In the 3′ UTR of the Chinese isolates, an insertion of 10 consecutive adenine residues (nt 189–198) appeared in strain M1, and 9 or 3 consecutive adenines were found towards the 3′ end of the third RES in strains SH05-6 and SH05-15, respectively. The 3′ UTRs of the Chinese isolates showed a deletion between positions 45 and 54 and nucleotide transitions at positions 43, 64 and 148. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that there was a relatively high degree of conservation among GETV isolates. The isolation of GETV from various provinces in China and also in Russia and Mongolia (including regions of the northern tundra) are an indication of changes in the world distribution of this re-emerging virus.

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Scharff, David E. "Changing family and marital structure in China." Proceedings of the Wuhan Conference on Women 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ppc.v3n2.2020.244.

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The author summarises factors that have played on changing roles and configurations in Chinese marriages and families in the last seventy years, including the one-child policy, periods of national trauma, and the recent stresses on families as China becomes more urban, individualistic, and entrepreneurial. He gives two family vignettes, one a couple that faces the strain of different expectations for their marriage, and the other a family with a history of trauma, alcoholism, and a school refusing adolescent girl, illustrating how couples and families experience the strains on modern Chinese families.

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Wang, Xin, Jinwu Zhang, Xiaoxiang Wang, and Jianhong Liu. "Intervening Paths From Strain to Delinquency Among High School and Vocational School Students in China." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 64, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19856513.

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Chinese education system comprises high schools and vocational school, and their differences on delinquency have seldom been investigated. From the perspective of general strain theory, the present study examined the differences among high school and vocational school students for delinquency, strain, and other explanatory variables. General strain theory delineates the effect of strain on delinquency or deviance and presents the paths from strain to delinquency or deviance through social control and social learning variables. Using a sample of 1,852 tenth-grade students in Guangzhou City, the present study tests the intervening paths from strains to deviance among high school and vocational school students. Results indicated that vocational school students have higher likelihood to be strained and delinquent, and have lower social control and higher interactions with delinquent peers. School type is a significant predictor for strain, as well as social control and delinquent peers.

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Bao, Wan-Ning, and Ain Haas. "Social Change, Life Strain, and Delinquency among Chinese Urban Adolescents." Sociological Focus 42, no. 3 (August 2009): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2009.10571358.

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Chi, Iris, and Kee-Lee Chou. "Financial Strain and Depressive Symptoms Among Hong Kong Chinese Elderly." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 32, no. 4 (April 7, 2000): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j083v32n04_05.

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LI, Yan-Xing, Zhi LI, Jing-Hua ZHANG, Cheng HUANG, Wen-Yao ZHU, Min WANG, Liang-Qian GUO, Zhong-Fu ZHANG, and Chun-Hua YANG. "Horizontal Strain Field in Chinese Mainland and the Surrounding Areas." Chinese Journal of Geophysics 47, no. 2 (March 2004): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.480.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese strain'

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