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Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese Square'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Pushkarskaya, Natalya V. "The Luoshu Magic Square as Evidence of the Rational and Mathematical Orientation of the Chinese Style of Thinking." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 62, no. 6 (September 29, 2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2019-62-6-151-159.

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This article considers the meaning of the ancient Chinese magic square Luoshu. It is known that this square is the most ancient of this type of squares. The importance of the magic square in the philosophical tradition and in the whole culture of China is large. The ancient understanding of number differs from the modern one by its dual character, combining the features of philosophical symbolism and mathematical constructions. Unfortunately, modern interpretations of the Luoshu as well as other numerical constructions preserved by the Chinese tradition are too often limited to a superficial statement of their symbolic, “numerological” nature, ignoring the effects of the mathematical structure represented by them. At the same time, some scholars strongly emphasize the intuitive aspects of numerology, which do not presuppose accuracy. On the contrary, Leibniz saw in the Chinese binary system of thinking the beginning of an exact universal language. The author, appealing to the concept of A.A. Krushinskiy, analyzes the arithmetic laws of the structure of the square. The article shows that the magic square Luoshu is not a numbers game. Without any doubt, its main meaning lies in the application of arithmetic. Chinese magic square is an illustrative implementation of one of the main features of Chinese language and traditional thinking – its rational and mathematical basis. The Luoshu square is a vivid example of visual constructivism in the Chinese style of thinking. By means of the magic square’s scheme, the procedure of generalization that is a basis of concepts formation is carried out. This procedure uses a mathematical magic square algorithm based on the numerical codes of the five elements. The quinary spontaneous symbolism is rooted in the Chinese traditional culture of thinking and life order.
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ZHANG, JUNHUAN, and JUN WANG. "FRACTAL DETRENDED FLUCTUATION ANALYSIS OF CHINESE ENERGY MARKETS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 11 (November 2010): 3753–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410028082.

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In this paper, we analyze and compare long-range power-law correlations of returns, absolute returns, squared returns, cubed returns and square waved returns for sixteen individual stocks from the block of energy sources of Chinese stock market and five stock indices (Shanghai Composite Index, Shenzhen Component Index, Dow Jones Industrial Average index, Nasdaq Composite Index, the Standard and Poor's 500 Index) by using a detrended fluctuation analysis approach. The empirical evidence suggests that Shanghai Composite Index is very close to Shenzhen Component Index and Nasdaq, DJIA is very close to S&P 500 in all cases. And the exponent trends of the returns are close to that of square waved returns. Also, five indices deviate from other sixteen individual energy stocks in all cases except square waved returns. Further, there are long-range correlations and persistence in volatility series of absolute returns and squared returns. Moreover, we investigate the long-term memory of these returns by applying Lo's modified rescaled range statistic. We find that the China energy market exhibits fractal and persistence properties.
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Meng, Kun, Junqiang Qiu, Yan Xu, Hong Wang, Zhuoying Liang, and Yiheng Liang. "Energy Expenditure Characteristics Of Chinese Square Dance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000881276.81459.50.

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Zhang, Qi, and Ge Min. "Square dancing." Chinese Language and Discourse 10, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.18011.zha.

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Abstract Square dancing, guangchangwu in Chinese, is a kind of physical activity practiced in flat public spaces for fitness and entertainment. Despite its popularity all over China, there have been news reports on conflicts caused by it, such as noise pollution or use of a public square. This study collects 150 news articles published between May 2016 and May 2018 containing the keyword guangchangwu from the People’s Daily, one of the most influential official newspapers owned by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The purpose of the study is to investigate the government’s attitudes towards square dancing through an analysis of the official media discourse, using word frequency of occurrence and multimodal discourse analysis. Both the word count and the co-deployment of visual and linguistic resources indicate that square dancing is perceived as an integral part of promoting the national fitness agenda. While the discourse demonstrates awareness of square dancing in the context of an aging society and a shortage of public space, general approval for it is still quite evident in the frequent positive descriptions in the text and presentations in the images. The use of the word dama ‘big mama’ in the official media discourse reveals gender inequality in contemporary China.
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Comber, Leon. "The Chinese book world before and after Tiananmen Square." Logos 1, no. 3 (1990): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2959/logo.1990.1.3.34.

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Ralston, David A., David J. Gustafson, Robert H. Terpstra, and David H. Holt. "Pre-post Tiananmen square: Changing values of Chinese managers." Asia Pacific Journal of Management 12, no. 1 (April 1995): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01733968.

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7

Sotomura, Ataru. "The Square Pond in Chinese Garden History - An Approach through Zhu Xi's Small Square Pond." Nippon Teien Gakkaishi 2011, no. 25 (2011): 25_1–25_15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5982/jgarden.2011.25_1.

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8

Lei, Y. "Evaluation of three methods for estimating the Weibull distribution parameters of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis )." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 12 (December 15, 2008): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/68/2008-jfs.

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Weibull distribution was used to fit tree diameter data collected from 86 sample plots located in Chinese pine stand in Beijing. To estimate the Weibull distribution parameters, three methods [namely maximum likelihood estimation method (MLE), method of moment (MOM) and least-squares regression method (LSM)] were compared and evaluated on the basis of the mean square error (MSE) and sample size. For these sample plots, the moment method was superior for estimating the parameters of Weibull distribution for tree diameter distribution.
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9

Peng, Ng Foong, and Ian A. S. Ng. "Old Market Square as a Container of Diasporic Meaning in Chinese Kuala Lumpur." Millennial Asia 9, no. 1 (April 2018): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976399617753754.

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Urban growth in the twentieth century engulfed many cultural enclaves and led to threatened histories, communities and cultural practices of places. One such spatial context within the urban space of cities is the diasporic space of the Chinese, often named Chinatown. Petaling Street has been commonly perceived as the microcosm of the Chinese diaspora in Kuala Lumpur with Yap Ah Loy the figure who catalyzed its urban growth that resulted in the fabrication of a sense of belonging and a sense of home for the Chinese diaspora. This paper argues that while discourses on the Chinese diaspora have been centred on the street as a diasporic space it is Market Square (Medan Pasar), the foci of Chinese diasporic development during the historical period of Yap Ah Loy, that offers a more critical perspective. It first examines how the Chinese diaspora constructed the street and the square in Old Kuala Lumpur, and looks at the question, ‘In what sense do they still own them?’ By focusing the discourse on the context of the square in more detail, through historical narrative and spatial analysis, it then highlights the fact that the discourse extends beyond the street. It contends that urban patterns such as the square act as a critical text for unfolding the varying issues of diasporic space within enclaves that are not only contested but record the erosion of culture.
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10

Mahdihassan, S. "Venus, the Goddess of Fertility, Numerologically 15 in Babylon and the Origin of the Chinese System of 8 Designs, Called Pa-Kua." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 15, no. 03n04 (January 1987): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x87000126.

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In Babylonia, numerology was invented and Venus, as the goddness of fertility, was first depicted as a 6-comered star. But, as numerologically she was designated 15. As a -comered star, its make-up shows two opposite triangles interpenetrated. This was changed to two squares fused into one where geometrically the shape became a square. It created 9 cells which were so numbered that the numbers counted in any row gave the sum 15. Venus thus became a Magic Square of 15. Geometrically it was a Magic Square, but numerologically it was 15. In the make-up the squares were two and opposites. As goddness of fertility she especially helped the pregnant to an easy delivery. Some 8 variants of the Magic Square, with different arrangements of numbers, represented 4 cosmic elements and 4 cosmic qualities. The Magic Squares, which represented elements, had the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8 near one another forming a miniature square by themseleves. A Magic Square representing a quality did not have the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8, as a consolidated unit. This explains the importance of the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8, a mystery which had remained unsolved. Venus was also the star of copper. When copper technology migrated from Babylon to China, the occult science associated with Venus also rached China. Here the 8 Magic Squares were translated into a system of whole and broken lines, called Pa-Kua, meaning 8 designs. An illustratio is offered showing that, given 3 lines are whole and 3 as broken and these combined with each other, the total result of combinations amounts only to 8. Figuure 10 is then best integrated with the help of Figure 7. Now each Magic Square and each Kua was a "living being" and thereby a source of blessing others. A candidate of longevity wears a robe decorated with Pa-Kua, the 8 designs which further carry at the center the symbol of Yang-Yin, the source of all existence, including those of the 8 kuas themselves. Such a robe of a Taoist priest has also been offered. Incidentially it may be mentioned that the interested reader may consult a previous article on Indian and Chinese cosmic elements (1979).
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11

Yu, Chin-Wen, and Pei-Luen Patrick Rau. "Studying the Acceptance of Somatosensory Game for Chinese Square Dancers." Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015): 2213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.363.

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12

Tiles, Mary, and Yuan Jinmei. "Could the Aristotelian square of opposition be translated into Chinese?" Dao 4, no. 1 (December 2004): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02871087.

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13

Boo-Chai, Khoo. "Correction of severe epicanthus using the square flap method. (Chinese)." Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 98 (September 1996): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199609001-00045.

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14

Ma, Shao-Jun, Wen-Ji Wang, Min Tang, Han Chen, and Feng Ding. "Evaluation of the construct reliability and validity of the DSM-5 Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-Chinese version in maintenance hemodialysis patients." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 5 (May 2021): 030006052110126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211012661.

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Objective The study aim was to assess the construct reliability and validity of the internal structure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure (CCSM)-Chinese version in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, and to clarify whether the CCSM is suitable for patients with psychological issues. Methods Participants were 190 MHD patients. Structural equation modelling was used to establish a measurement model to confirm the reliability and validity of the internal structure of the CCSM-Chinese version, and to compare it with the Chinese version of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). Results Of the 13 CCSM domains, 8 showed stability and validity in the initial screening of psychological symptoms. Although the Chinese version of the SCL-90 is widely used, the measurement model of the 8-domain CCSM was a better fit than the SCL-90 (CCSM: chi-square = 35.668, chi-square/degrees of freedom [CMIN/df] = 1.877; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.061; adjusted goodness of fit index [AGFI] = 0.931 vs. SCL-90: chi-square = 89.159, CMIN/df = 2.972; RMSEA = 0.084; AGFI = 0.879). Conclusion The Chinese version of the CCSM is a useful rapid screening tool to detect psychological symptom risk in MHD patients.
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Huang, Hongxia, Yuanyuan Lv, Xiaoyi Sun, Shuangshuang Fu, Xuefang Lou, and Zengmei Liu. "Rapid determination of tannin in Danshen and Guanxinning injections using UV spectrophotometry for quality control." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 11, no. 06 (November 2018): 1850034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545818500347.

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A technique for the determination of tannin content in traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMI) was developed based on ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Chemometrics were used to construct a mathematical model of absorption spectrum and tannin reference content of Danshen and Guanxinning injections, and the model was verified and applied. The results showed that the established UV-based spectral partial least squares regression (PLS) tannin content model performed well with a correlation coefficient ([Formula: see text]) of 0.952, root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.476[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/ml, root mean square error of validation (RMSEV) of 1.171[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/ml, and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.465[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/ml. Pattern recognition models using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and [Formula: see text] nearest neighbor ([Formula: see text]-NN) classifiers based on UV spectrum could successfully classify different types of injections and different manufacturers. The established method to measure tannin content based on UV spectroscopy is simple, rapid and reliable and provides technical support for quality control of tannin in Chinese medicine injections.
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Liu, Jianxue, Xinluo Dong, Sihai Han, Anguo Xie, Xuan Li, Peiyan Li, Baocheng Xu, and Denglin Luo. "Determination of ethyl octanoate in Chinese liquor using FT-NIR spectroscopy." International Food Research Journal 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.28.1.20.

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To quantitatively detect ethyl octanoate in Chinese liquor, Fourier-transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy was performed in the present work, with 162 Chinese liquor samples selected from Luoyang Dukang Distillery. The chemical values of ethyl octanoate were determined by gas chromatography (GC), and spectral data from 12,000 to 4000 cm-1 were collected. The calibration model was established with partial least squares (PLS) regression, and then validated using internal cross-validation. The predictability of the model was further confirmed by the validation set as external validation. After comparing the effects of the models set up with sample data under different pre-processing methods, the model was built within the spectral region of 6101.7 - 5449.8 cm-1; based on the SNV pre-processing method which was selected as the optimal model. The coefficient of determination (R2) for cross-validation of the model was 0.9507, and the corresponding root mean square errors of cross-validation (RMSECV) was 3.91 mg L-1. The R2 for external validation was 0.9537, and the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) was 3.62 mg L-1. The results demonstrated that using NIR spectroscopy to determine ethyl octanoate in Chinese liquor is feasible and can achieve satisfactory results.
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Yu, Chin-Wen, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, and Xueqian Liu. "Development and Preliminary Usability Evaluation of a Somatosensory Square Dance System for Older Chinese Persons: Mixed Methods Study." JMIR Serious Games 8, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): e16000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16000.

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Background Chinese square dancing, known as guangchang wu in Chinese, is a well-known public fitness activity that provides an entertaining way for older Chinese women to improve their flexibility, lower extremity strength, overall coordination, and balance. However, injuries, noise conflicts, and lack of space are challenging aspects of this activity. Somatosensory games (SG) are an increasingly popular physical fitness approach to enhance the selective attention of older persons with indoor engagement and exercises. Objective The objectives of this study were to develop a newly designed somatosensory square dance system for older Chinese people and to evaluate its usability. Methods This is a mixed methods study. The newly designed somatosensory square dance system is a somatic training tool that provides adequate Chinese square dance fitness training based on Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) and design guidelines established in a previous stage. The usability evaluation involved a questionnaire and interviews. Twelve participants were interviewed before and after experiencing the 15-minute dancing and learning process within the program. In addition, participants scored their experience satisfaction in psychological, physiological, and relaxation sections on a scale of 1 to 5 using a questionnaire. Qualitative content analysis and quantitative analysis of the satisfaction scores supported understanding of usability problems. Results Based on the interview results, 6/12 (50%) of the participants thought the system could help them correct their dancing movements indoors without being affected by poor outdoor weather. Among the participants, 3/12 (25%) indicated that this indoor system could enable them to enjoy fitness activities in a private space. Moreover, 3/12 participants (25%) stated that this system could promote family relationships by providing easy dancing movements. All participants were highly satisfied with the relaxation aspect of the system (4.45/5). The participants were all psychologically satisfied and interested in the novel features of the system, with an average score of 4.16/5. Physiologically, participants affirmed that the system could help them maintain good health (4.91/5). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the somatosensory square dance system can be used as an indoor fitness tool to improve older Chinese square dancers’ health conditions with reasonable dance training. Noise and space conflicts can be addressed. The Laban Elated Square Dance system, which was modified by therapists based on LMA and square dance design guidelines, was highly approved by dancers because it decreased the possibility of injuries, falls, and joint damage by considering the physical and psychological difficulties of older persons. Different features will be considered in the next stage, such as greater selection of exercises and difficulty level settings. Users’ social needs will also be explored in subsequent stages.
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Mahdihassan, S. "Symbols Designed by European Alchemists Incorporating Elements of Chinese Origin." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 15, no. 01n02 (January 1987): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x87000023.

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Alchemy arose in China as cult of longevity generating life-force by imitating creation. Heaven and Earth, as opposites, were conceived as responsible for creation. They were believed to be round and square-shaped when their emblems became Compass and Carpenter's square. These have been retained in the symbols designed by alchemists of the Medieval Age without, however, revealing their origin or significance.
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Qin, Qin. "Design and Application of Chinese English Machine Translation Model Based on Improved Bidirectional Neural Network Fusion Attention Mechanism." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (April 22, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9717368.

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In order to improve the effect of Chinese-English machine translation, this paper combines attention mechanism and neural network algorithm and applies it to Chinese-English machine learning translation. Moreover, this paper uses Gaussian distribution instead of chi-square distribution to analyze the approximate error introduced by the Chinese and English speech energy detection method. In addition, this paper studies the overall and specific approximation errors by establishing the normalized mean square error function and the absolute error function, respectively. Finally, this paper proposes a new model for machine translation based on logarithmic position representation and self-attention mechanism. Through the experimental research, it can be seen that the Chinese-English machine translation model integrating attention mechanism and bidirectional neural network proposed in this paper has a good practical translation effect.
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Li, Bianye. "A Major Difference between the Formation of English Words and the Formation of Chinese Words in Modern Times." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0806.04.

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The English language is a language of “fertility” due to its continuous formation of new words in modern times. However, the Chinese language is “infertile” because it has basically stopped creating totally new words. The general trend in the development of a Chinese character in the Chinese history has been moving from complexity to simplicity. As a result, it leads to the "infertility" of the Chinese language and makes it difficult to combine a limited number of different strokes within a limited space known as方块字Fāngkuàizì ‘Square Block Word’. What is a totally new word in English is simply a combination of used words in Chinese. The Chinese language's capability of saving horizontal and linear space makes this combination feasible to express a new meaning. Three types of constraint arising from limited type and number of Strokes, General Trend toward Simplicity and Square-Framed Space have made their concurrent contribution to the "infertility" of the Chinese word formation. The preference of the Chinese language for new combinations of used words over the creation of total new Chinese words in modern times constitutes a major difference between the formation of English words and the formation of Chinese words in modern times.
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Ou, Kai-ling, Ming Yu Claudia Wong, Pak Kwong Chung, and Kei Yee Katie Chui. "Effect of Square Dance Interventions on Physical and Mental Health among Chinese Older Adults: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 6181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106181.

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(1) Background: Square dancing is an emerging form of aerobic exercise in China, especially among middle-aged and older people. The benefits of square dancing have been investigated and promoted in recent years through research and interventions. Interventions have been conducted to promote the participants’ reactionary participation in physical activity, social and family cohesion, and other psychological benefits. Therefore, square dancing has been promoted as a major factor in China’s increase in physical activity prevalence. (2) Methods: A systematic review was used to identify studies that have indicated the effect of square dancing on the physical and mental health among Chinese older adults. (3) Results: Twenty-four studies examining the effects of square dancing on older Chinese adults were extracted. These studies were not found in English databases. The quality of the retrieved studies had a moderate-to-high risk of bias. Square dancing interventions were shown to result in effective mental, physical, and cognitive improvements in the systematic synthesis. (4) Conclusions: This study examined the effects of square dancing in China over the past 10 years on the physical and mental health of older adults. Based on the results of this study, recommendations can be made for future square dance interventions for older adults such as male-oriented, mixed-gender, or intergenerational programs.
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Chen, Yuan-Ho, and Sheng-Hsiung Hsu. "Target Locations in Visual Field and Character Recognition by Students of Chinese." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 1 (February 2003): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.1.215.

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The potential influence of target location in a visual field on search should be considered in layouts of control panels and advertisements. This investigation was done to verily the assumption that the upper-left portion of a page or its equivalent naturally attracts the attention of the viewer, Exp. 1 used a tachistoscope to test which of eight Chinese characters first attracted the attention of viewers. The eight Chinese characters are arranged in a square and a circular configuration. In the square layout, a large square (18 cm · 18 cm) was first conceptually subdivided into nine equal parts (6 cm · 6 cm). Then, the eight Chinese characters were put in the center of each part, leaving the central part blank. In the circular layout, the same Chinese characters were symmetrically placed on the conceptual circumference ( r=6 cm) of a circle within a large square. Exp. 2 was a paper-and-pencil test. An embedded-fault-character-search was used to examine the location of the first faulty character discovered by the subjects. 60 college students and 36 schoolchildren were selected as subjects for the tachistoscopic experiment and paper-and-pencil test. Finally, five graduate students participated in Exp. 3 in which an eye camera registered subjects' eye movements to measured distribution of durations of looking over eight locations. The measurements indicated a slight predominance of the upper-left portion for college students and graduate students, and a slight predominance of the upper-right portion for schoolchildren.
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Pei, Yanling, Zhisheng Wu, Xinyuan Shi, Xiaoning Pan, Yanfang Peng, and Yanjiang Qiao. "NIR assignment of isopsoralen by 2D-COS technology and model application in Yunkang Oral Liquid." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 08, no. 06 (October 27, 2015): 1550023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545815500236.

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Near infrared (NIR) assignment of Isopsoralen was performed using deuterated chloroform solvent and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) technology. Yunkang Oral Liquid was applied to study Isopsoralen, the characteristic bands by spectral assignment as well as the bands by interval partial least squares (iPLS) and synergy interval partial least squares (siPLS) were used to establish partial least squares (PLS) model. The coefficient of determination in calibration [Formula: see text] were 0.9987, 0.9970 and 0.9982. The coefficient of determination in cross validation [Formula: see text] were 0.9985, 0.9921 and 0.9982. The coefficient of determination in prediction [Formula: see text] were 0.9987, 0.9955 and 0.9988. The root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) were 0.27, 0.40 and 0.31 ppm. The root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) were 0.30, 0.67 and 0.32 ppm. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.23, 0.43 and 0.22 ppm. The residual predictive deviation (RPD) were 31.00, 16.58 and 32.41. It turned out that the characteristic bands by spectral assignment had the same results with the chemometrics methods in PLS model. It provided guidance for NIR spectral assignment of chemical compositions in Chinese Materia Medica (CMM).
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Jin, Hui, and Qing Chun. "Calculation method for the service life of Chinese historical reinforced concrete buildings." MATEC Web of Conferences 319 (2020): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031906006.

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Almost all of the existed studies on the corrosion of rebars were based on round-section rebars. However, the square-section steel rebars were widely used in China from 1912 to 1949, and there was no specific calculation model or durability assessment method for this type of historical buildings. In this study, based on the original configuration design of this kind of structures, the experiments of the corrosion-induced cover cracking of a certain number of reinforced concrete members with square-section rebars were carried out with the electrochemical acceleration method. The average rust depths of the square-section rebars at the critical corrosion-induced cover cracking moment were obtained. Then, the calculation method of critical rust depth of steel rebars at the concrete cover cracking moment was presented with data fitting method. Finally, combining with predication of carbonization life of concrete, a calculation method of the service life for Chinese historical RC buildings using square-section rebars was proposed. The research results can provide the basis for the durability assessment and conservation for Chinese historical RC buildings.
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Chong, Wayne, Tharshini Lokanathan, and W. Quin Yow. "FEAR OF FALLING, FALL RISK, AND ETHNICITY AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN SINGAPORE: AN ELECTRONIC SURVEY." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.423.

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Abstract This study investigated the association between fear of falling and falls risk among Chinese and non-Chinese community-dwelling older adults in Singapore. Preliminary data were collected from individuals who will turn 60 years old and above in 2022 via an electronic survey between January and February 2022. The majority (61%) of the 128 Chinese participants had no falls risk and low fear of falling as compared to other combinations of falls risk (absence, presence) and fear of falling (low, moderate, high), Pearson Chi Square (2) = 8.03, p = .02. Among the 16 non-Chinese participants, no dominant falls risk-fear of falling combination was found, Pearson Chi Square (2) = 3.47, p = .18. Multinomial logistic regression analyses found, however, that in the presence of falls risk, ethnicity did not predict moderate fear of falling, B = .24, p = .70, nor high fear of falling, B = -.37, p = .74.
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Najera, Edilberto, and Leslie Cristina Najera-Benitez. "A formal justification of the Ancient Chinese Method of Computing Square Roots." Mathematics Enthusiast 18, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54870/1551-3440.1513.

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Wang, Shuo, Huiru Yin, Xiangfei Meng, Binghan Shang, Qiuyan Meng, Lufang Zheng, Lisheng Wang, and Li Chen. "Effects of Chinese square dancing on older adults with mild cognitive impairment." Geriatric Nursing 41, no. 3 (May 2020): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2019.10.009.

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Semenik, Richard J., and Dong Tao. "Chinese Managers' Attitudes Towards Advertising: Before and After the Tiananmen Square Incident." International Journal of Advertising 13, no. 3 (January 1994): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02650487.1994.11104579.

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Yang, Kun, Shuang Liu, Hong Wang, Wei Liu, and Yaowei Wu. "Effect of Pixel’s Spatial Characteristics on Recognition of Isolated Pixelized Chinese Character." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (August 31, 2015): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701509010234.

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The influence of pixel’s spatial characteristics on recognition of isolated Chinese character was investigated using simulated prosthestic vision. The accuracy of Chinese character recognition with 4 kinds of pixel number (6*6, 8*8, 10*10, and 12*12 pixel array) and 3 kinds of pixel shape (Square, Dot and Gaussian) and different pixel spacing were tested through head-mounted display (HMD). A captured image of Chinese characters in font style of Hei were pixelized with Square, Dot and Gaussian pixel. Results showed that pixel number was the most important factor which could affect the recognition of isolated pixelized Chinese Chartars and the accuracy of recognition increased with the addition of pixel number. 10*10 pixel array could provide enough information for people to recognize an isolated Chinese character. At low resolution (6*6 and 8*8 pixel array), there were little difference of recognition accuracy between different pixel shape and different pixel spacing. While as for high resolution (10*10 and 12*12 pixel array), the fluctuation of pixel shape and pixel spacing could not affect the performance of recognition of isolated pixelized Chinese Character.
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Zhang, Honghao, Huiyuan Jia, and Xin Zhang. "Dance to Prosper: Benefits of Chinese Square Dance in QOL and the Moderating Roles of Aging Stereotypes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 16477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416477.

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Background: By examining the effect of Chinese square dance duration through a positive activity model and discussing the impact of aging stereotype internalization, this study examined the relationships between dance duration, attitudes toward own aging (ATOA), aging stereotypes, and quality of life. Methods: 403 Chinese square dance participants were recruited to complete a 7-day diary survey in a cross-sectional design. Participants reported on their ATOA, aging stereotypes, perceived quality of life, and everyday dance participation during the week. Data were analyzed using latent variable structural equation modeling. Results: Increased dance participation improved quality of life, and the mediation by ATOA was determined. Positive and negative aging stereotypes separately moderated the mediating process. In general, people who had relatively stronger negative stereotypes benefited more from dancing duration, while people with stronger positive stereotypes felt no such dose effect. Conclusions: The results suggest that an attitudinal pathway explains the positive activity dose effect, and people with more negative aging stereotypes are encouraged to practice Chinese square dance to benefit from certain effects.
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Xiong, Xiuhai, Lingbo Liu, Zhenghong Peng, and Hao Wu. "Physical Activities in Public Squares: The Impact of Companionship on Chinese Residents’ Health." Land 10, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070720.

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Companionship is the most important social support factor in physical activities, but the influence of companionship on the daily physical activities of Chinese people in the square is not clear. The ordered logistic regression was conducted to identify the companionship and physical activities associated with the physical and mental health of residents (n = 196). The results show that companionship has direct and indirect effects on mental health, and companionship acts on physical health through physical activity in public squares. Our research understands the use of public open space (POS) from the perspective of companionship and provides a new perspective for improving the sociality of POS design.
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Xue, Yufei, and Xuhua Pan. "The Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Urban-Rural Income Gap in China: An Empirical Analysis based on Comprehensive FGLS Estimation." Scientific and Social Research 3, no. 5 (November 2, 2021): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/ssr.v3i5.1201.

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Based on the analysis of mathematical economic models and using panel data from Chinese 31 provinces (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from1978 to 2019, empirically analyzing the influence of agricultural mechanization on Chinese urban-rural income gap by using the comprehensive FGLS (Feasible Generalized Least Square) estimation. Finally found that, in China, agricultural mechanization can significantly narrow urban-rural income gap, and Suggestions are put forward to improve the level of Chinese agricultural mechanization and narrow Chinese urban-rural income gap.
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Zhang, Yue, and Marcia A. Petrini. "Empty-nest elderly: mahjong and Chinese square dance for improving the cognitive function in the community." Frontiers of Nursing 6, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fon-2019-0011.

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Abstract Objective The elderly population has proliferated worldwide. The empty-nest family pattern has become predominant among the aging people, and they are more vulnerable to the development of cognitive disorders. However, there is no standardized service in the community nursing care that includes procedures on how to improve the cognitive function of the elderly. Meanwhile, the booming number of empty-nest elderly stimulates the community nurses to assume the responsibility for their care. All of these bring more difficulties and opportunities for community nurses who are dedicated to the prevention of geriatric cognitive disorders. Methods The authors reviewed the literature related to “empty-nest elderly”, “cognitive function”, “mahjong”, and “Chinese square dance” in the Elsevier, Web of Science (WOS), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Springer and PubMed databases. The study illustrates the utility possibility of an efficient and straightforward method for improving the cognitive function among the elderly in the context of community nursing care in China and even in the rest of the world. Results Mental and physical activity contributes to cognitive fitness and may be beneficial in delaying cognitive decline. Mental activities, such as playing mahjong, and physical activities, such as the Chinese square dance, are common Chinese activities. Both of them can affect cognitive function in some way. Conclusions China is experiencing one of its most severe aging problems. Community health personnel and related professionals may consider using mahjong and Chinese square dance to promote psychological health in empty-nest elderly individuals in the community.
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Lee, Tony C. "Groupthink, Qualitative Comparative Analysis, and the 1989 Tiananmen Square Disaster." Small Group Research 51, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 435–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496419879759.

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The article has two primary objectives: first, to elucidate why qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) stands out as a superior method for the study of groupthink, and second, to demonstrate the extent to which the Chinese leadership in 1989 fell prey to groupthink, resulting in ineffective decision-making that caused nationwide upheaval. While evidencing the causal connection between groupthink and the leadership group’s ineffective crisis management, the study nevertheless confirms the growing consensus that the groupthink model is over-specified. Accordingly, the article offers a revised model as a way to improve the groupthink theoretic constructs.
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Li, Hui, Jin He, Qingjie Wang, Hongwen Li, Rabi Gautam Rasaily, Qingchun Cao, and Xiangcai Zhang. "Design and experiment of ϕ-type-knots knotters on Chinese small square balers." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 27, no. 1 (January 2014): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2014.01.154.

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Su, Yan, Ren-Dong Nan, and Bo Peng. "A New Method for Optimizing the Configuration of the Chinese Square Kilometer Array." Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 4, no. 2 (April 2004): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-9271/4/2/198.

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Zhang, Wei, Xiaolin Xu, Hui Zhang, and Qiang Chen. "Online Participation Chaos: A Case Study of Chinese Government-Initiated E-Polity Square." International Journal of Public Administration 39, no. 14 (June 7, 2016): 1195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1072218.

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HU, Yunfeng. "A study of Relation Between Square-shaped Chinese Characters and Attitudes of Life." Journal of Chinese Characters 16 (December 30, 2016): 39–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14772/cscck.2016.16.39.

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39

Taylor, Ian. "Africa After the China Boom." Current History 115, no. 781 (May 1, 2016): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2016.115.781.193.

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Sarotte, M. E. "China's Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example." International Security 37, no. 2 (October 2012): 156–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00101.

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The Tiananmen Square massacre of June 1989 remains a taboo topic in the People's Republic of China (PRC); the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) still detains participants and suppresses online, popular, and scholarly discussions of it. The twentieth anniversary of the end of the transatlantic Cold War, however, saw the release of new sources from high-level contacts between the CCP and foreign leaders. These new sources, combined with older ones, show the extent to which Chinese political leaders were obsessed with the democratic changes in Eastern Europe and were willing to take violent action to prevent similar events on their territory. This obsession has received mention from a few scholars, but until now it has played too small a role in the current understanding of Tiananmen. New evidence documents that one of the main motivations for the CCP in deploying the army in June 1989—on the same day as semi-free elections in Poland—was its desire to combat possible contagion from the events in Europe. These sources also show that the CCP knew it had little to fear from reprisals by the United States, which it predicted would take “no real countermeasures.”
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Tian, Yingze, Baoguo Wu, Xiaohui Su, Yan Qi, Yuling Chen, and Zhiqiang Min. "A Crown Contour Envelope Model of Chinese Fir Based on Random Forest and Mathematical Modeling." Forests 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010048.

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The tree crown is an important part of a tree and is closely related to forest growth status, forest canopy density, and other forest growth indicators. Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) is an important tree species in southern China. A three-dimensional (3D) visualization assistant decision-making system of plantations could be improved through the construction of crown contour envelope models (CCEMs), which could aid plantation production. The goal of this study was to establish CCEMs, based on random forest and mathematical modeling, and to compare them. First, the regression equation of a tree crown was calculated using the least squares method. Then, forest characteristic factors were screened using methods based on mutual information, recursive feature elimination, least absolute shrink and selection operator, and random forest, and the random forest model was established based on the different screening results. The accuracy of the random forest model was higher than that of the mathematical modeling. The best performing model based on mathematical modeling was the quartic polynomial with the largest crown radius as the variable (R-squared (R2) = 0.8614 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.2657). Among the random forest regression models, the regression model constructed using mutual information as the feature screening method was the most accurate (R2 = 0.886, RMSE = 0.2406), which was two percentage points higher than mathematical modeling. Compared with mathematical modeling, the random forest model can reflect the differences among trees and aid 3D visualization of a Chinese fir plantation.
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Keith, Ronald C. "Chinese Politics and the New Theory of “Rule of Law”." China Quarterly 125 (March 1991): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000030320.

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In light of widespread western condemnation of the Tiananmen Square event, it may seem somewhat capricious to raise the issue of the “rule of law” as it is understood in China; however, prior to 4 June the Chinese Communist Party sanctioned a provocative theoretical debate which featured the “rule of law” as opposed to the “rule of man.” Even though the Chinese rule of law derived self-consciously from Chinese ideology and history, it seemed to parallel loosely the substantive concern in the western theoretical notion of “government of laws, not men.”
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Zhu, Xiaowen, and Chang Li. "A phenomenological exploration of the square dance among the Chinese elderly in urbanised communities." Learning, Culture and Social Interaction 28 (March 2021): 100494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2021.100494.

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Park, Junghyun. "The Aim and Direction of Chinese Developmental Discourse after Tiananmen Square protests of 1989." Korean Studies of Modern Chinese History 83 (September 30, 2019): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29323/mchina.2019.9.83.175.

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Huang, Jianyi, and Li Chao. "Category Width and Sharpening versus Leveling Cognitive Styles of Chinese and American University Students." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 3_suppl (June 1996): 1183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3c.1183.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the category width and the sharpening versus leveling cognitive styles of Chinese and American students. Two measures, the Category Width Scale and the Square Lag Test, of the two styles were given to 150 Chinese and American students. Analysis showed a significant difference between the Chinese and American groups on the cognitive style of category width. The Chinese subjects scored as broader than their American peers in categorization. In addition, a significant difference was found between the 96 men and 54 women on the sharpening versus leveling style. The men scored as sharper than the women in size distinction. These results were compared with previous findings.
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Aida, Neli, Ukhti Ciptawaty, Toto Gunarto, and Syarifah Aini. "Analisis Dampak Penanaman Modal Asing Dan Tenaga Kerja Asing Tiongkok terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 10, no. 3 (November 10, 2021): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jep.v10i3.301.

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This study will discuss the influence of the influx of foreign investment and Chinese foreign workers on the Indonesian economy, where cooperation between the two countries uses a turnkey project scheme. This study uses secondary data with time-series data types and is sourced from the Central Statistics Agency, the Investment Coordinating Board, and the Ministry of Manpower for the 2010-2019 period. The method used in this research is quantitative and statistical descriptive using multiple linear regression or OLS (Ordinary Least Square). The study results show a positive influence of Chinese foreign investment on the Indonesian economy and Chinese foreign workers who positively impact the Indonesian economy. Although both are below 1 percent, the percentage of Chinese foreign workers' influence on the Indonesian economy is greater than that of Chinese foreign investment.
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Fengtong, Zhang. "The initials of Chengdu speech as compared with Standard Chinese." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 15, no. 2 (July 1989): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510030000298x.

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Chengdu speech is the received pronunciation among the various Sichuan dialects spoken by ten million people in Southwest China. In this short paper, I intend to discuss the characteristics of the initials of Chengdu speech as compared with Standard Chinese. The following abbreviations and conventions are used: CDH = Chengduhua, i.e. Chengdu speech of Chinese. PTH = Putonghua, Standard Chinese based on Beijing pronunciation. CPA = the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. Chinese characters are transliterated into CPA first when they are cited as examples. A phonetic transcription of CDH pronunciation follows, in square brackets. Tone symbols are placed before the CDH syllable: [̄] High Level, [̖] Low Falling, [̀] High Falling, [̬] Fall-rise. For PTH the tone symbol is placed above the CPA nuclear vowel letter e.g. mā High Level, má High Rising, mǎ Fall-rise, mà High Falling.
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Chen, Xiaoqian, Chuanwei Li, Xiaofang Liu, Yu Su, Ziang Sun, Lei Yuan, and Shuo Wang. "Near-infrared spectroscopy of Chinese soy sauce for quality evaluation." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 15, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v15i1.1177.

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The feasibility of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was investigated for rapid prediction of the quality of Chinese soy sauce. Twenty-four soy sauce samples from eight common brands available in China were analyzed for the contents of various components that may affect the quality of soy sauce. Sensory evaluation was also conducted to determine the relationship between components and the sensory quality of soy sauce. Subsequently, NIR spectra (400–2500 nm) of the samples were obtained, and the raw spectra were subjected to different pretreatment methods. PLSR was performed on the raw and treated spectra to construct models using a calibration set. The performance of models was evaluated by comparing the determination coefficient of prediction (R2P) and root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP). The results showed that the models constructed using the moisture content (R2P of 0.825 and RMSEP of 1.73), amino acid nitrogen content (R2P of 0.785 and RMSEP of 0.071), and taste scores (R2P of 0.733 and RMSEP of 11.93) performed well, and the interactions between amino acid nitrogen content and taste of soy sauce were clarified. This study demonstrates that NIR spectroscopy can be used as a valid alternative method for rapid prediction of the sensory quality of soy sauce during processing.
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Asciutti, Elena. "Diritti umani in Cina. Evoluzione storica di un concetto: 1899-1998." DIRITTI UMANI E DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE, no. 2 (July 2009): 281–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dudi2009-002003.

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- After the repression of the pro-democracy movement in Tian'An Men Square in 1989 by the Chinese army, human rights have become a controversial issue for the People's Republic of China. In 1991, the Chinese government decided to publish the White Book on Human Rights, the first official document where China recognised human rights as a fundamental legal institution of the People's Republic. Starting from the analysis of the attitude of the Chinese government towards human rights, this paper aims at verifying whether a concept of an undoubted Western origin can be adapted and be relevant in a different cultural and political context. The method of inquiry is the historical reconstruction, which allows to analyse the process of translation of human rights in Chinese characters as well as the practical application of the concept in the socio-political and legal Chinese context.
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Lee, Haiyan. "The Charisma of Power and the Military Sublime in Tiananmen Square." Journal of Asian Studies 70, no. 2 (May 2011): 397–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811000040.

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While a growing scholarship has shed light on the spatial transformations of Tiananmen Square and its environs, not enough attention has been paid to the sacralization of power through symbols, rituals, and mythologies that lend enduring legitimacy to the Chinese Communist Party and the socialist revolution it led. This article examines how the official iconography of Tiananmen Square constructs the charisma of power through what I call the “military sublime.” Using the 1985 filmThe Big Paradeas a primary example, I argue that the martyrology and pageantry of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) exemplify the dominant mode of symbolic investment of space which not only constitutes the nation as a militarized body politic but also frames the tradition of dissent associated with the Square, most notably the 1989 protest movement.
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