Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chinese Square'

This research investigates the evolution and identity of Chinese urban square, and how people use and perceive the urban squares in Chongqing. It aims to fill the potential gaps of the theoretical understanding of place identity in Chinese academic field, through an exploration of existing western literature regarding the place-related identity. The physical environment, social interaction and personal experience are identified as essential aspects that contribute greatly to the formation of place identity. A mix method approach is adopted to examine the relevance of theses theoretical findings with Chinese context in order to develop recommendations for future urban square design with an emphasis on improving its place identity. The historic review of the urban development of Chinese cities recognizes the impact of traditional legacy on the current understanding and space making strategies of urban squares. It is suggested that the representational design approach of urban squares that has largely focused on the physical environment is not only derived from ancient city making rules, but also associated with the political and economic incentives nowadays. Upon the awareness of the social values of urban square in terms of delivering a sense of identity, three case studies of three urban squares in Chongqing are conducted to examine how people use and perceive the urban square in their everyday life. The findings of case study confirm that ‘place’ is essentially a social product that acquires its meaning largely from human interpretation and experience. Despite the discontinuity between the contemporary urban square and traditional Chinese urban form, the emerging public activities are found to contribute significantly to the establishment of place identity by creating a bond of experience that incorporates both cultural and physical impacts. The research also demonstrates that the production of urban square in Chinese city cannot be regarded as merely technical issue dealing with physical dimension, rather, the social interaction that entails could shape the people-place relationship and the identity of it. The institutional changes and innovations in design strategy, as well the public engagement is recommended for future development of Chinese urban square that aims to deliver a sense of place identity.

This thesis explores three aspects of the relationship between U.S. news media and the Chinese pro-democracy movement in 1989. These three aspects are: How much attention did u.s. newspapers give to the Chinese pro-democracy movement in 1989? How did u.s. newspapers portray the power struggle in the Chinese government during the time when the Chinese pro-democracy movement took place? Has there been any change in the image of China during and after the Chinese pro-democracy movement in 1989? Research data are drawn from the following three U.S. newspapers: The New York Times, Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times. Content analysis is adopted as the research method in this study. This research method is carried out in three parts targeting the three research questions mentioned above. The first part shows the total front-page space and number of news stories in the three u.s. newspapers. The front-page space and number of news stories in each newspaper is utilized to measure the degree of attention that each newspaper gave to the Chinese pro-democracy movement in 1989. The second part illustrates the power struggle in the Chinese government. Top Chinese officials are presented as either losing or gaining power based on the treatment they received from the three u.s. newspapers. The third part demonstrates the change in the image of China during and after the Chinese pro-democracy movement in 1989. Both positive and negative changes in the image of China are determined by the use of ideological and non-ideological symbolic representations of China in news stories. Research findings on the first research question show that both front-page space and number of news stories related to events in China increased dramatically in all three u.s. newspapers. Research findings on the power struggle in the Chinese government showed that, in general, all three u.s. newspapers viewed the three top Chinese officials as losing power before military troops were used to control the situation in Beijing on June 4, 1989. Finally, research findings showed a negative change in the image of China during and the Chinese pro-democracy movement, especially after the Chinese government regained control of Tiananmen Square by using military force on June 4, 1989. Implications for future research in mass communication are discussed and, finally, the thesis concludes with suggestions for further research in mass media and communication.

In urban history books about Chinese cities, all the vivid descriptions of traditional urban life convey one message--as an important part of the city today, square seems to be absence in China’s past. Square was imported to China along with the establishment of concessions. When foreigners (Russian/German/Italian/, etc.) introduce square toChina along with constructing their concessions, they would never image that Chinese square will become something highly peculiar and unusual in many ways after 100 years. However, the form and function of Chinese square appear quite similar with European square in the very beginning, so what forms the peculiar characters of Chinese today? The answer to this question may start from China’s failure of ‘the first Sino-Japanese war, since then The foundation of Chinese ideology and philosophy--Confucianism was doubted and questioned. Meanwhile, Social Darwinism was influential and prevailed nationwide. the direct influence of these 2 transformations are western culture was considered as higher potential culture. This idea leading to the disappear of traditional public spaces like streets and appear of western public spaces like squares or parks. With the purpose to reform the public life and remake the public space, there are 3 stages for square design in China.All these ideological transformations and urban reform have 3 points influence square design of China, the first is the disappear of China's traditional street culture, the second is the residue of collectivism since Mao's era, the third is the influence of the Soviet Union and Beaux-Arts system. In this context, there are similar and peculiar characters in both form and function. In this study, Nanjing was selected as studying subject. Nanjing was the capital of China on many occasions. The name Nanjing literally means ‘the southern capital’ and its counterpart is Beijing—means ‘the northern capital’. Among them, the urban design of Ming Empire and Republic China contributes greatly to influence the urban structure of Nanjing today. All the five cases selected for study have close relationship with traces of republic china, 3 of them have relationship with remains of Ming Empire.

This thesis examines the role of the Chinese news media in the 1989 pro-democracy movement. The three functions of this thesis are: 1) to provide evidence of changes in the pro-democracy movement; 2) to identify corresponding changes in the press coverage of the movement; 3) to examine what relationship exists between changes in the movement and changes in the press coverage of the movement.

The central argument of this thesis is that a series of China's state policies, before and during the reform era, were conducive to the rise of the 1989 Chinese Student Movement (CSM). The most important of these were (1) leftist policies during Mao's era which fostered the formation of pro-democratic yet impractical intellectuals and created a university ecology that was remarkably conducive to student movements, and (2) the state-led reform which over produced students on the one hand, and blocked upward mobility channels for intellectuals and students on the other hand. These and other conducive factors to the rise of the 1989 CSM were not simply state mistakes. To a large extent, they were characteristic of the regime.
The thesis does not reject non-state centered factors such as anomic feelings toward uncertainties brought by the reform, the conflict between reformers and hardliners within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the rise of civil society during the eighties, the impact of Western ideologies following the open door policy or the intrinsic character of Chinese culture, that have all been hitherto proposed to explain the rise of the CSM. Rather, it incorporates these explanations under a state-centered paradigm in light of a general model (the DSSI model) that I am proposing to explain the general causes, and to a lesser extent, the dynamics of large scale social movements.

This creative project for the Master of Architecture degree focuses on the building design and landscape design of a urban development, in particular on the mixed cultural basis of deteriorating inner city neighborhoods in the U.S. A.I have lived in America for over two years. During this time, I acquired substantial knowledge on environments and architecture from traveling and studying. Then, I found the characteristics of a mixed culture in this country. We all know that the Chinese people are an important group in America, and they work hard to establish and contribute to the American culture, economy, and environment, now and forever. Although Chinese Americans do not comprise a large portion of the U.S. population, the Chinese patterns of architecture have had some impact on American culture as a whole. However, Chinatown has become a major element in the fabric of many cities in the U.S.A., like Chicago, San Francisco, New York and Washington D.C. For this reason, I chose to explore the design of a new environment for Chinese immigrants in the U.S.A.The topics of this thesis work are the design of the convention center and the planning of Chinatown Square Project. I tried to apply concepts from the Chinese culture, my experience, and professional education in Taiwan, the Republic of China and America. Therefore, the site plan of Chinatown Square Project was designed according to the Chinese Courtyard System. The tower shape of the hotel of the convention center is the transition of the Pagoda. Moreover, the idea of the curved roof comes from the Chinese bowl and tile. Finally, I merged a western feel, and an eastern spirit in the whole design process.I dedicate this thesis to the community of Chinatown in Chicago and America.
Department of Architecture

Customers adoption of Internet banking has become a widely-researched topic, although it is fair to state that some research gaps still exist. This research aims to fill some of the research gaps by examining the factors that determine the relevant behaviour of three different categories of Internet banking customers in China (i.e. current users, non-users, and discontinued users), and by developing two conceptual models that are derived from different, but complementary, theoretical approaches. The Decision Making Model and the Service and Relationship Evaluation Model are developed in this research. The Decision Making Model is grounded in the technology acceptance model (TAM) and it incorporates an additional construct of perceived value of using Internet banking. Additionally, the Service and Relationship Evaluation Model is derived from the service quality evaluation and relationship quality evaluation literature. Unlike in most other Internet banking adoption studies, these two conceptual models are used complementarily to deliver a comprehensive understanding of customers Internet banking adoption in China. The models are tested using a sample of 614 Chinese Internet banking customers collected via mall-intercept personal interviews based on questionnaires. Partial Least Square (PLS) path modelling and mediation analysis are applied to test the hypotheses advanced in the two models. The key findings of this research show that perceived value is a major factor for explaining customers Internet banking adoption, thus indicating to the banks that they should reduce costs associated with using Internet banking while providing more (perceived) benefits to customers; the importance of incorporating perceived value in Internet banking adoption model(s) is also demonstrated. The findings also confirm that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are important factors that determine the adoption of Internet banking by all categories of customers. Current users and non-users perceptions of their behavioural control over using Internet banking contribute to their adoption of Internet banking, and such control perceptions are shaped by self-efficacy, perceived government support and technological support. Additionally, it is demonstrated that both current users and discontinued users perceived value and perceived service quality of Internet banking have positive associations with their satisfaction with Internet banking, which lead to their Internet banking adoption. Moreover, the findings reveal that current users are more likely to continue with Internet banking if they are affectively committed to their banks; they are less likely to continue with Internet banking if they are calculatively committed to their banks due to the costs associated with leaving the banks. These therefore indicate the importance of establishing high-quality customer-bank relationships and placing less strict switching cost barriers that impose less pressure on their existing customers. This research contributes to the Internet banking adoption literature by (i) identifying the important category of Internet banking discontinued users, apart from current users and non-users; and (ii) using two complementary conceptual models, which are grounded in different theoretical streams, to investigate the relevant adoption behaviour of all three categories of Internet banking customers. It hence delivers a comprehensive understanding of personal customers adoption of Internet banking in China.

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Many times, the interpretation of the results in cluster analysis is done subjectively, that is, through inspection on dendograms, since there are no objective criteria to identify the formed clusters. In face of such a problem, the present study aimed to: (1) find out an objective way to achieve the cut-point (optimal number of clusters) in a dendogram in order to help on taking the right decision; (2) work out index concepts such as Root Mean Square Standard Deviation (RMSSTD) and R Squared (RS), explaining the contribution of each one of them in determining the optimal number of cluster; (3) method application, aiming to identify divergent accessions that will be used on improvement programs. An alternative solution for this problem is to use the RMSSTD and RS which are calculated according to the number of variables among and within the clusters formed, characterizing an objective way to determine the optimal number. Another solution is achieved by using the RS. Some morphological characteristics of the forty nine accessions of the species Capsicum chinense Jacq. from the Germplasm Bank of Vegetables of the Federal University of Viçosa (Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil) were analyzed by means of cluster analysis. The accessions were clustered based on the proposed techniques and an optimal number of clusters was achieved. The 49 accessions analyzed were classified into only seven clusters according to the graph of the RMSSTD versus the number of clusters and the graph of the RS versus the number of clusters.
Muitas vezes, a interpretação dos resultados em análise de agrupamentos é feita de forma subjetiva, isto é, através da inspeção de dendrogramas. Isto se deve ao fato de haver dificuldade em se encontrar na literatura um critério objetivo de fácil aplicação para identificar o número ideal de grupos formados. Diante deste problema, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos: 1) Avaliar a aplicabilidade de critério objetivo de se obter o ponto de corte (número ótimo de clusters) num dendrograma para a tomada de decisão; 2) trabalhar os conceitos de índices como RMSSTD (root mean square standard deviation) e RS (R-Squared), discutindo a contribuição de cada um destes na obtenção do número ótimo de clusters em acessos de Capsicum chinense; 3) aplicação do método, visando a identificar acessos divergentes de Capsicum chinense para serem utilizados em programas de melhoramento. Os índices RMSSTD e RS são calculados de acordo com as variáveis entre e dentro dos grupos formados, caracterizando uma forma objetiva para determinar o número ótimo. Para se obter o ponto de máxima curvatura da trajetória dos índices RMSSTD e RS em função do aumento do número de grupos (X), utilizou-se o Método da Máxima Curvatura Modificado. Foram analisadas, por meio da análise de agrupamentos, algumas características morfológicas de quarenta e nove acessos da espécie Capsicum chinense Jacq. do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. A partir das técnicas propostas agrupou-se os acessos, obtendo um número ótimo de grupos. Os resultados classificam os 49 acessos avaliados em apenas sete grupos de acordo com o gráfico do RMSSTD versus o número de grupos e o gráfico do RS versus o número de grupos.

O Protocolo de Adesão à Organização Mundial do Comércio da China, assinado em dezembro de 2001, permitiu a outros países membros considerarem a China como uma economia \"não de mercado\" até o final de 2016. O objetivo deste trabalho é responder a seguinte pergunta: Pode o Reconhecimento de Economia de Mercado (REM) ser medido em seu compliance? O proxy utilizado parra o compliance foi o número de investigações antidumping iniciadas por país. A expectativa é que os países que reconhecem o status de economia de mercado da China iniciem menos investigações antidumping do que aqueles que ainda tratam a China como uma economia \"não de mercado\". Isso explicaria por que o governo chinês tem feito campanha desde 2001 para ganhar REM entre seus parceiros econômicos. A utilização de modelos de contagem demonstra que o REM teve um impacto positivo na redução do número de investigações antidumping contra produtos chineses. O atual desenvolvimento econômico da China depende muito de seu acesso a recursos energéticos, o que cada vez mais influencía mudanças nos Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE) chinês com a finalidade de possibilitar o acesso a recursos que estão localizados no exterior. O objetivo deste trabalho é responder às seguintes perguntas: Em que medida a procura por recursos energéticos afetou os IDE entre 2005 e 2012? Essa procura foi sensível à locação geográfica dos recursos? Os dados sobre IDE chineses foram obtidos do China Global Investment Tracker, e utilizaram-se determinantes domésticos de IDE, testados empiricamente na literatura existente, para medir o impacto da produção de energia do país anfitrião na alocação de investimentos. Ao aplicar MCO e um modelo com lag espacial em uma amostra de 92 países demostrou-se que os recursos energéticos do país anfitrião foram o principal motor da IDE chinesa, e que não houve sensibilidade geográfica aos recursos.
China´s Protocol of Accession to the World Trade Organization, signed on December 2001, allowed other country members to consider China as a Non Market Economy (NME) until the end of 2016. The aim of this paper is to answer the following question: Can the Market Economy Status (MES) Recognition be measured in its compliance? The proxy used for that compliance was the number of antidumping investigations initiated per country. The expectation is that countries recognizing Chinese MES would initiate fewer antidumping investigations than countries still treating China as a Non Market Economy. This would explain why the Chinese Government has been campaigning vigorously since 2001 to gain MES among its economic partners. Using count-models we demonstrate that MES had a positive impact in reducing the number of antidumping investigations against Chinese products. China´s current economic development depends heavily on its access to energetic resources, and it is increasingly shaping Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) in a quest for gaining access to resources that are located abroad. The aim of this paper is to answer the two following questions: How much did the Chinese global quest for energy drive its OFDI between 2005 and 2012? Has the quest for energy been sensitive to the geographical location of the resources? Data on Chinese OFDI was retrieved from the China Global Investment Tracker, and we used diverse Host-Countries determinants of OFDI tested before in the literature and measured the impact of Host-Country energy production in the allocation of investments. Using OLS and a Spatial Lagged Model we demonstrate that energetic resources were the main driver of Chinese OFDI in 92 host countries during the studied period, and that there was no sensitivity to the geographical location of the resources.

In this work an intersection between optimization methods and animal cell culture modeling is considered. We present optimization based methods for analyzing and building models of cell culture; models that could be used when designing the environment cells are cultivated in, i.e., medium. Since both the medium and cell line considered are complex, designing a good medium is not straightforward. Developing a model of cell metabolism is a step in facilitating medium design. In order to develop a model of the metabolism the methods presented in this work make use of an underlying metabolic reaction network and extracellular measurements. External substrates and products are connected via the relevant elementary flux modes (EFMs). Modeling from EFMs is generally limited to small networks, because the number of EFMs explodes when the underlying network size increases. The aim of this work is to enable modeling with more complex networks by presenting methods that dynamically identify a subset of the EFMs. In papers A and B we consider a model consisting of the EFMs along with the flux over each mode. In paper A we present how such a model can be decided by an optimization technique named column generation. In paper B the robustness of such a model with respect to measurement errors is considered. We show that a robust version of the underlying optimization problem in paper A can be formed and column generation applied to identify EFMs dynamically. In papers C and D a kinetic macroscopic model is considered. In paper C we show how a kinetic macroscopic model can be constructed from the EFMs. This macroscopic model is created by assuming that the flux along each EFM behaves according to Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. This modeling method has the ability to capture cell behavior in varied types of media, however the size of the underlying network is a limitation. In paper D this limitation is countered by developing an approximation algorithm, that can dynamically identify EFMs for a kinetic model.
I denna avhandling betraktar vi korsningen mellan optimeringsmetoder och modellering av djurcellodling.Vi presenterar optimeringsbaserade metoder för att analysera och bygga modeller av cellkulturer. Dessa modeller kan användas vid konstruktionen av den miljö som cellerna ska odlas i, dvs, medium.Eftersom både mediet och cellinjen är komplexa är det inte okomplicerat att utforma ett bra medium. Att utveckla en modell av cellernas ämnesomsättning är ett steg för att underlätta designen av mediet. För att utveckla en modell av metabolismen kommer de metoder som används i detta arbete att utnyttja ett underliggande metaboliskt reaktions\-nätverk och extracellulära mätningar. Externa substrat och produkter är sammankopplade via de relevanta elementära metaboliska vägarna (EFM).Modellering med hjälp av EFM är i allmänhet begränsad till små nätverk eftersom antalet EFM exploderar när de underliggande nätverket ökar i storlek. Målet med detta arbete är att möjliggöra modellering med mer komplexa nätverk genom att presentera metoder som dynamiskt identifierar en delmängd av EFM. I artikel A och B betraktar vi en modell som består av EFM och ett flöde över varje EFM.I artikel A presenterar vi hur en sådan modell kan bestämmas med hjälp av en optimeringsteknik som kallas kolumngenerering.I artikel A undersöker vi hur robust en sådan modell är med avseende till mätfel. Vi visar att en robust version av det underliggande optimeringsproblemet i artikel A kan konstrueras samt att kolumngenerering kan appliceras för att identifiera EFM dynamiskt. Artikel C och D behandlar en kinetisk makroskopisk modell. Vi visar i artikel C hur en sådan modell kan konstrueras från EFM.Denna makroskopiska modell är skapad genom att anta att flödet genom varje EFM beter sig enligt Michaelis-Menten-typ av kinetik. Denna modelleringsmetod har förmågan att fånga cellernas beteende i olika typer av media, men storleken på nätverket är en begränsning.I artikel D hanterar vi denna begränsing genom att utveckla en approximationsalgoritm som identifierar EFM dynamiskt för en kinetisk modell.

QC 20150827

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of cross-listing on companies' performance. It is divided into two aspects, one in short-term and the other in long-term. In short-run study, 6 companies cross-listing in NYSE and Chinese market are in the sample. In pre-cross-listing period, the abnormal returns are mostly positive and remain stable; the cumulative abnormal returns are close to 0 and the difference among them is very small; but on the cross-listing day, all the companies' abnormal returns decline, and after that day, the abnormal returns still fluctuate around 0 while most of them are negative, and the difference among each company's cumulative abnormal return become large. In long-run study, by using multiple regression of 99 Chinese companies listed in th U.S. markets form 2007 to 2012, there is a significant positive relationship between total asset turnover and cross-listing at 5% significance level and there is a significantly negative relation between market value and cross-listing at 10%significance level; return on equity and return on asset are both positive with cross-llisting, but not significant.

碩士
中原大學
商業設計研究所
105
Abstract For survival and adaption reason, ancestors constantly tried to resist and prevent some disease in the natural world. The experience of taking medicine keeps tried and spread. People still use the theory of Chinese medicine to prevent and cure illness nowadays. So the culture of Chinese medicine means a lot to Easterner in wisdom and worth. The change of life pattern is accompanied by overwork and security issue in food. People start to emphasize the idea of health preservation. Taking Chinese medicine is not only for medical treatment, but also for health care. How to link the element of Chinese medicine with daily life and creativity for inheritance its value is the most important thing to the Chinese medicine transactor or manager. The Chinese medicine pharmacy which is described in this paper is located at An-Pin Town, Taoyuan City. This district has progressed in its construction, landscape, building and short range trip guide. It has some encouragement stories, unique building structure and environment. In order to earn local residents’ support and continue its culture, it must combine the tourism to bestow its new valuable meaning. In other words, the traditional Chinese pharmacy offer not only the medicine selling and medical treatment, but also expand with branding strategies which involve visual identity and package design. They are helpful to pass on and continue this culture indeed. To rebuild Chinese medicine industry, it needs diversified developments. It involves many directions, like the culture history memorial hall, the establishment of products, the design of wrapping, the training of guide, the establishment of product, and so on. The design of logotype and the use of wrapping in goods are the main subjects in this paper. On the other hand, the main design ideas come from the figure of its pharmacy utensil and its building characteristic. These finished goods are emphasized its local uniqueness and visual difference from other products. To found Big Tile House Chinese Culture Workshop’s trademark and design its product wrapping is the main part of this paper. The idea of local style logotype and wrapping way comes from different documents, case analysis and local characteristic. It contents three parts as follows,’’ medicine cuisine, healthful tea, and daily application stuff.” The design blends into handmade illustrations of Chinese medicine plants, and pair up sackcloth wrapping in cowhide-color. It also use woody case in Big Tile House shape and sackcloth or paper decomposable bag to match as a present in need. The whole simple and unadorned design with culture traits can intensify Big Tile House Chinese Culture Workshop’s Chinese medicine feature and the value of its culture. Key: Big Tile House, An-Pin Town, Local industry of Chinese medicine culture

Intellectual elites have been the collective agents responsible for many democratic transitions worldwide since the early twentieth century. Intellectuals, however, have also been blamed for the evils in modern times. Instead of engaging in abstract debates about who the intellectuals are and what they do, this project studies intellectuals and their ideas within historical contexts. More specifically, it examines the social forces behind the evolving political attitudes of Chinese intellectuals from the late 1970s to the present. Chinese politics has received an enormous amount of attention from social scientists, but intellectuals have been much less explored systematically in social sciences, despite their significant role in China’s political life. Chinese intellectuals have been more fully investigated in the humanities, but existing research either treats different “school of thought” as given, or gives insufficient attention to the division among the intellectuals. It should also be noted that many studies explicitly take sides by engaging in polemics. To date, little work has thoroughly addressed the diversity and evolution, let alone origins, of political ideas in post-Mao China. As a result, scholars unfamiliar with Chinese politics are often confused about the labels in the Chinese intelligentsia, such as the association of nationalism with the Left and human rights with the Right. More important, without considering how the ideas took shape, we would not adequately understand the political trajectory of communist China, where elite politics and local policies have been profoundly shaped by intellectual debates. This dissertation takes a relational approach to the intellectual debates in contemporary China by analyzing the formation of political ideas and crystallization of intellectual positions. It asks two questions: who are the Chinese liberals, and how were their distinctive bundles of political views formed? Drawing on 67 semi-structured interviews with Chinese intellectual elites across the ideological spectrum, as well as detailed historical and textual analyses, this dissertation examines the social forces that have shaped the political attitudes of liberal intellectuals in contemporary China. It argues against the prevailing attempts to define Chinese liberalism as a social category with a coherent ideology comparable to its Western counterpart; rather, as a community of discourse that contains a number of competing and contradictory discourses, it is embedded in China’s social reality as an authoritarian regime governed by a communist party, and contingent on China’s history straddling the Maoist and post-Mao eras. Rather than a monolithic or tight-knit group, Chinese liberals are comprised of an array of social actors, including scholars, journalists, lawyers, activists, and house church leaders. They are liberal not because of what they are for, but because of what they are against; more specifically, Chinese liberals are united by an anti-authoritarian mentality, which is a historical product of the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. In addition to biographical factors, the views of Chinese liberals have been shaped by structural factors represented by the neoliberal reforms and the rise and growth of the intellectual field since the 1990s, as well as interactive factors manifested by the polar opposition between the liberals and the New Leftists. On the one hand, as state-driven capitalism unleashed China’s economic potential, China was well on its way to becoming a major player in the international community toward the end of the 1990s; on the other hand, the fusion of the free market and political power led to rampant corruption and social injustice. How to make sense of China’s crony capitalism became an important dividing line between the New Left and liberalism. As the intellectual debates were increasingly cast as part of global cultural production, how to appropriate Western thinkers and concepts became a site of contestation. While the dramatic expansion of higher education led to the growth of the intellectual field with its own logic and rules, in which both liberals and New Left intellectuals were struggling for symbolic power, the penetration of the political field remained, not only in terms of visible incentives and punishments, but also in terms of its subtle influence on the manner of problem construction and debate. Through combative interactions, the liberals and the New Leftists have defined themselves by reference to each other. In the process of binary opposition, the views of both sides have moved further and further apart with little overlap. This dissertation contributes to political sociology and the sociology of knowledge in three ways. First, departing from the conventional approach that takes political orientations for granted, it takes a relational approach by analyzing the dynamic processes of ideological formation and polarization. Second, it traces the process of ideological alignment and differentiation on three levels: structural, interactive, and biographical. Third, while it has been observed that intellectual elites have been the collective agents responsible for many democratic transitions worldwide since the early twentieth century, the internal division of the intellectuals has received much less attention. My work addresses this issue by analyzing how the Chinese intelligentsia has structuralized into binary opposition since the Tiananmen Square protests. In particular, I treat political ideas as historical contingencies, rather than fixed properties, that are internally shaped by “fractal distinctions.”

碩士
國立嘉義大學
視覺藝術研究所
92
Abstract Transformation and Transcendence through the Forms of Squares and Circles--A Study on Shueh-wu Dong’s Chinese Ink Paintings The purpose of this study was to construct a visual realm of “no inside, no outside” and “unity of objects and humans” by the visual transformation created by the inner drive and dynamic power of the geometric forms of squares and circles. In other words, this study purposed to create a spiritual form of the inter-perception between the external world and the internal world. By explaining and using the purity, primordiality, nature, and pulsation of the elements of forms, and by using the precise construction, images, symbols, and metaphors of geometric forms, this study tries to open up our visual horizon and expand the width and depth of our ability to express our consciousness, as well as to discover the essence of being. Hence, connotations in artistic works can be inspired and developed. This study applied the philosophical method, creation quality thinking method, and art history research method to explore the transformation and transcendence of the forms of squares and circles in the ink paintings of the author of this paper. Based on the problems derived from the forms of squares and circles, this study considered the relevant theories in order to examine and analyze creation concepts and practical examples representing the transformation and transcendence of squares and circles. This author’s experience of life and his own introspection on the experience of creating were integrated into this study. Artistic creations include three aspects. 1) The connotation, symbols, and characteristics of squares and circles. 2) The transformation of the forms of squares and circles in artistic creations. 3) The transcendence created by the artistic conception of squares and circles in artistic creations. In terms of the practice of artistic creation, three intersecting subtopics were drafted based on the transformation of the forms of squares and circles to visualize abstract concepts of creation and to project the internal life and tension of artistic works. These three subtopics are the remains of life, the transformation of mind and sprit, and harmonic transcendence. Through these subtopics, this study laid out the author’s realization and interpretation of the application of the forms of squares and circles in ink paintings. Through ink paintings, symbols, metaphors, surrealistic juxtaposition, and other diverse expressive devices were used to present a harmonic perfection of paintings. To sum up, the purposes of this study were: 1. To probe into theories derived from the symbols, forms and artistic concepts of squares and circles, and to look into their connotations in artistic works. 2. To develop this author’s creative concept of ink paintings by means of exploring the theories of the forms of squares and circles. 3. To implement and verify creative concepts by processing ink paintings. To transform abstract concepts into concrete visual forms and to improve the quality of the creative work. 4. To interpret the three subtopics of the transformation and transcendence of the forms of squares and circles, the remains of life, transformation of mind and sprit, and harmonic transcendence in terms of the creativity concepts, contents, themes, styles, skills, and overall representation. 5. Through introspection on this series of artistic works, this study attempted to broaden our mind and probe the direction for future creative works. The following conclusions were drawn after an exploration of theories and a series of practical works. 1. This study transformed visual, psychological, or imaginary images into perceivable new forms through the perception and creation of squares and circles. Research on the transformation from symbols to forms and squares and circles as artistic signs, then back to the free transformation and harmonic integration of the essence of life in the thoughts of Lao-Tzu and Chuang-Tzu (Chinese philosophers in the Spring and Autumn Period) has provided utmost inspiration and space to enable this author to transcend a concrete world and to build the notion of “harmonic wholeness” of artistic creation. 2. The uniqueness of creative works lies in each individual’s different experiences and feelings toward life and nature. Creative works are also a new representation of the transformation of personal emotions and ideas. Through exploring the theories of the forms of squares and circles, this author has broadened his own creativity and thoughts. This author also realizes that transforming spiritual images into works using personal visual language can even help to develop creativity and freedom in creating. The exhibition and interaction among spiritual intuition, the materials in ink painting, and artistic works not only makes manifest an artist’s personal style and uniqueness but also helps construct aesthetic and creation concepts suitable for this author. 3. The construction of geometric squares and circles are considered to be a representation of a spiritual organism. Geometric squares and circles endow images with vitality that cannot be expressed by brush or ink. This study transformed creative concepts into concrete visual forms to represent the internal life and tension of works, as well as this author’s practice and interpretation of squares and circles which are applied to ink paintings. This assists this author to discover himself and to clarify his thoughts. In addition, based on the free, expressive, and relaxing spirit of the ink paintings, this author attempted to deal with the harmonic relations between form and substance when creating, to break down the boundary of space and time, and to achieve an integration of nature and humans, as well as a realm of harmonic perfection. 4. The value of art lies in the fact that both artistic works and thoughts are able to return to the essence of life. From the artistic works on the subtopics, the remains of life, transformation of mind and sprit, and harmonic transcendence, we can explore and penetrate into the core of life’s tempo, and liberate ourselves from the limitation of natural substances to satisfy our spiritual needs and realize the free essence of life. Hence, creators are able to have the space to express their true selves with rich and diverse creativity. Art can thus be extended and developed. 5. Through introspection and generalization of the series of works, the spiritual images of this author are expected to be internalized into artistic works and to enrich vitality in these simple works. We are expected to accept different artistic theories and concepts from the east and the west with an open mind and broad spiritual vision. Moreover, we are also expected to explore the essence of human beings and nature, to establish personal philosophical notions, and to continue with further research. By intuition and using life experiences , we examine the essence of human beings and nature in daily life. By learning contents and forms, we gradually form our personal style in creative works, then refine and make sublime the spirit of ink paintings, and furthermore, raise ink paintings to a new level of infinitude.

Chinese media control has been repressive, systematic, and successful. This thesis explores how it has been achieved in Post-Tiananmen China. Many outstanding scholars and authors of Chinese media politics assert that such a Chinese media control has been attained by the Party censorship system. Though this was the case before the 1989 Tiananmen Massacre and during the suppressive period from June 1989 to January 1992, I argue that the major part of Chinese media control since 1992 has been accomplished not by the Party censorship, but by marketizing media control. Marketizing media control is triggered by the job responsibility system. Job responsibility for media managers or contract responsibility for journalists in Chinese media imposes both a survival pressure and a compliance pressure on media professionals and organizations. Under the backdrop of the predatory Chinese political economy, the “Survival of the Fittest” logic encourages media professionals to begin their psychological transformation for pursuing their personal interests. The rich material compensation resulting from marketizing media control consolidates such a psychological transformation. Collective interest protection of media organizations reinforces collective self-censorship. Yet punishment pushes them further into compliance with the Party ideology. Marketizing media control works well as long as the Party-state structure remains unchanged and as long as the Chinese economy is still running.

This thesis is the first comprehensive study of the history of China-orientated nationalism in post-World War II (WWII) colonial Hong Kong. The thesis examines events in each decade diachronically and links them together in a broader perspective. It shows the continuities and changes in the meaning and politics of China-orientated nationalism and how the focus of that nationalism became increasingly on what was happening in Hong Kong rather than China in the long period from 1949 to 1997. Three types of China-orientated nationalism emerged in Hong Kong during the 1949-1997 period: cultural nationalism, political nationalism, and popular nationalism. Some of the exiled Chinese intellectuals in the 1950s promoted cultural nationalism, while political nationalism in Hong Kong revolved around the Chinese Communist Party-Guomindang (CCP-GMD) struggle. Popular nationalism in the post-1967 period was tied primarily to Hong Kong politics. This thesis demonstrates how the various nationalist sentiments were a product of the China factor, the Hong Kong factor, and colonialism. China-orientated nationalism was open to interpretation and its rise and evolution was a haphazard process. Over time, the rhetoric of political nationalism that revolved around the CCP-GMD struggle became less significant as younger generations of Hong Kong Chinese who had little interest in Chinese politics became politically active in the 1970s. In this new phase, nationalism was tied not to the pro-CCP/pro-GMD rhetoric of the 1950s and 1960s, but to young Hong Kong peoples concern about problems in Hong Kong society and Hong Kong politics. In the 1980s and 1990s, expressions of popular nationalism were linked to Hong Kong peoples concern over the future of Hong Kong following the Tiananmen Square incident and on the eve of the 1997 handover. This study of the evolution of China-orientated nationalism in colonial Hong Kong also provides an understanding of how the colonial government responded, and how some sectors of the Hong Kong Chinese community manoeuvred vis-Ã -vis the colonial administration and other Hong Kong-based groups by using their own strategically constructed nationalism.

碩士
國立成功大學
歷史學系碩博士班
95
There are three topics of this research. First of all, to discover the Chinese square-pallet chain pump application scope and its structure that maintains the invariable reasons during the Tang Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. The second topic is to discuss the distributed areas and the characteristics of the vertical shaft type wind-power Chinese square-pallet chain pump in from the time period of Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Third, the craftsmen use the traditional way to reconstruct the vertical shaft type wind-power Chinese square-pallet chain pump. In this way, I can record the technology and the craft of the traditional machinery. The Chinese square-pallet chain pump has the historical data and existent objects. In the Tang Dynasty, farmer began to use the Chinese square-pallet chain pump for irrigation. The farmers, who lived in the Yangtze valley at the period of the Sung Dynasty, generally stockpiled the Chinese square-pallet chain pump in order to irrigate their crops. In the time of Southern Song Dynasty, it started to have the records of the vertical shaft type wind-power Chinese square-pallet chain pump. After Ming Dynasty, people who lived in coastal areas in north of Yangtze River began to use the vertical shaft type wind-power Chinese square-pallet chain pump to draw water in the farmland irrigation and the salt field. According to the production pattern characteristics during the period of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties; I separate the square-pallet chain pump into two types. First, the intensive labor type, this type included square-pallet chain pump that was operated by men. Secondly, the capital intensive type, this type included square-pallet chain pump which was operated by livestock, water power or wind power. During the period of the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese square-pallet chain pump was widely used in the high field, the dry season irrigation, draining the floods, and the water conservancy projects. By analyzing the distributed regions of the vertical shaft type wind-power Chinese square-pallet chain pump in the period of the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the windmills in north were often used in the salt industry, but the southern windmills were used in the agriculture industry. From the prospect of economical factor, most of the windmills were owned by the landlords and the rich salt merchants. Furthermore, by comparing the documents about the irrigation efficiencies, it would outstand the economical superiority and the technical characteristic from the demonstration of the vertical shaft type wind-power Chinese square-pallet chain pump. Chen Ya, the carpenter who lived in Haihe Town, Yan-Cheng City, Northern Jiang-Su Province, followed ancient techniques to reconstruct the vertical shaft type wind-power Chinese square-pallet chain pump. By restoring the windmill, it showed the characteristic of the Chinese traditional technology. Through the interview of carpenter and the observation the restoration, it also revealed the cultural image of performance in the sailing ship, the agrarian civilization integration, the sex division of labors, and the reproduction culture. The farmer widely made use of the Chinese square-pallet chain pump in the irrigation of rice for a long time, and it made the Chinese square-pallet chain pump an important irrigation machinery at that time. Key word: the Chinese Square-Pallet Chain Pump, the Vertical Shaft Type Wind-power Chinese Square-Pallet Chain Pump, Agriculture, Irrigation, Chinese History of Science and Technology