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Shen, Yiming. "Public and private international laws, aspects of the resolution of disputes between foreign banks and Chinese sovereign borrowers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0027/NQ39308.pdf.
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Ladouceur, Kevin. "L’insécurité juridique dans la détermination de la loi applicable aux contrats internationaux par le juge dans les systèmes juridiques français, américain et chinois." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB033.
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L'insécurité juridique se rencontre à plusieurs étapes dans le processus de détermination de la loi applicable aux contrats internationaux par le juge dans les systèmes juridiques français, américain et chinois. En matière de conflit de lois, la sécurité juridique est appréciée principalement en fonction de deux considérations, d'une part, la prévisibilité juridique et, d'autre part, la protection des parties faibles. La prévisibilité juridique vise particulièrement les contrats égalitaires et la protection des parties faibles s'adresse exclusivement aux contrats inégalitaires. En dépit des efforts considérables réalisés par la France, les États-Unis et la Chine, l'insécurité juridique demeure sous trois aspects. D'abord, les règles de conflit sont éparpillées dans plusieurs instruments juridiques en France et en Chine. Aux États-Unis, la matière étant à peine codifiée, chaque juge applique sa propre règle de conflit. Ensuite, le contenu des règles de conflit de ces trois pays est incomplet, désuet et complexe. En effet, les juges américains appliquent les mêmes règles de conflit depuis plus de 50 ans. Ces règles sont, par ailleurs, complexes et ne répondent plus aux besoins du marché international actuel. Nonobstant la nouvelle réforme du droit international privé chinois, la matière contractuelle n'est que brièvement traitée. Seuls quelques articles lui sont consacrés. À l'opposé, le droit international privé français est actuellement un des plus complets et modernes. Même si, certaines règles peuvent être très complexes voire inutiles. Et enfin mais non des moindres, la mise en œuvre de ces règles pose également difficulté. Ainsi, l'application d'une même règle peut désigner des lois différentes. De plus, la liberté laissée à certains juges leur permet soit d'écarter la loi d'autonomie soit de désigner la loi de leur choix en manipulant les règles. Cette insécurité juridique peut être réduite voire résolue par deux moyens. D'une part, en prévoyant une clause d'electio juris et une clause d'electio fori dans le contrat international. Et d'autre part, par l'adoption d'une convention internationale qui non seulement unifierai les règles de conflit de lois de ces trois pays mais éventuellement celles des autres paysWhen determining the law applicable to international contracts in the French, American and Chinese legal systems, legal practitioners undeniably encounter legal uncertainty at several stages. With regards to conflict-of-law rules, the determination of legal certainty is primarily undermined by the considerations of : - legal predictability and - the protection of weaker contracting parties. Legal predictability is particularly considered when dealing with contracts underpinned by relationships of relatively equal bargaining power whereas the protection of weaker contracting parties is considered exclusively when dealing with unfair contracts. Nevertheless, despite considerable efforts made by these three countries, legal uncertainty still persists, especially in three separate areas. First, conflict-of-law rules are scattered across several legal instruments in the French and Chinese jurisdictions. In the United States, the subject matter being largely uncodified judges apply their own rules when deciding on conflict-of-law. Second, the substance of conflict-of-law rules in these three countries is incomplete, obsolete and complex. American judges who have been applying the same conflict rules for over 50 years are now faced with rules which, in addition to their complexity, no longer meet the needs of the current international market. Notwithstanding new reforms in Chinese private international law, attention to the contractual matters is albeit brief, with only a few articles devoted to that particular topic. In contrast, French private international law is currently seen as one of the most complete and modern existing laws on the subject matter. However, some rules are very complex, if not unnecessary. And third, the implementation of these same rules can also result in enigmatic conundrums. The enforcement of a rule can point to different laws. Besides, the discretion conferred to some judges bestows upon the latter a significant degree of freedom. Consequently, these judges have the power to dismiss the law of autonomy in several cases. Furthermore, in the absence of choice, the scope of interpretation is much greater to enable them to designate a law of their choice to reach a judicial decision. This element of legal uncertainty can be removed, if not reduced, in two ways, namely: - by providing for an electio juris clause as well as an electio fori clause in the international contract or - by the adoption of an international convention unifying the conflict-of-laws rules of these three countries, in the hope that the same convention could eventually be extended to all other countries
3
Panagopoulos, George C. "Restitution in private international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340238.
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Rushworth, A. "Remedies and international private law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550578.
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This thesis seeks to determine how remedies inter-relate with the European rules on international private law. The thesis is broadly separated into two Parts, the first Part discussing the relationship between remedies and the general part of European international private law, and the second Part discussing the relationship between remedies and the specific parts of European international private law. From this analysis, three threads can be drawn. First, primary right, secondary right and the court order vindicating them are so closely related that, ideally, the same law ought to apply to all. They form a unit which should remain unbroken. Second, the distinction between substantive and ancillary rights is of crucial importance for remedies in the context of both jurisdiction and choice of law. Ancillary rights are those which arise by virtue of the trial process itself, whereas substantive rights are, or are perceived to be, created prior to the trial. The orthodox jurisdictional and choice of law rules only apply to substantive rights. Ancillary rights have their own, separate, rules. With one exception, the only court with jurisdiction over those ancillary rights is the court with jurisdiction over the substantive right to which they are ancillary. Furthermore, the lex fori must be applied to determine the nature of the ancillary right. Third, there exists a rule of exclusion which is of crucial importance for remedies in the context of both the enforcement of foreign judgments and choice of law. This rule of exclusion applies where the application of the foreign court order, whether applied by virtue of enforcing a foreign judgment, or applied by virtue of applying a foreign governing law under the choice of law process, would be too inconvenient for the forum court's machinery. Under such circumstances, the forum court can disapply the foreign law and substitute the closest order it can from its own legal system.
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Neuwirth, Rostam Josef. "International law and the public/private law distinction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64296.pdf.
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Smith, Henry Forbes. "The scope of private international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620468.
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Lindsay, Bobby William Milroy. "The exclusion of foreign law in international private law." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30593/.
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It is an axiom of the conflict of laws that one state will not enforce the revenue, penal, or ‘other public’ laws of another. This thesis shall criticise this position, arguing that these exclusionary principles should be replaced with a general principle of enforceability, subject to the control of public policy. It shall begin by sketching the general landscape of the exclusion of foreign law in Anglo-Scots international private law. Thereafter, a detailed account shall be given – for each of the revenue, penal, and ‘other public’ law rules – of the historical development of those exclusions, and their present scope of operation. This exposition provides a foundation for a critical examination of those rules.
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Saranovic, Filip. "Private international law aspects of freezing injunctions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270457.
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The Commercial Court in London is frequently dealing with applications for a freezing injunction. The vast majority of academic literature and court decisions directly or indirectly adopt the view that freezing injunctions have stood the test of time and are so frequently granted in commercial litigation that there is no need for any serious concern about their scope, let alone the need to identify and question the legitimacy of the justifications for their existence. Contrary to the traditional view, this thesis has identified equipage equality as the primary function of freezing injunctions. This recognition that freezing injunctions seek to establish a level-playing field in litigation has led the author to conclude that the current scope of the relief is excessively claimant-friendly and involves illegitimate interference with the sovereignty of foreign states. Taking into account the tactical reasons for seeking a freezing injunction, the author challenges the current interpretation of the substantive preconditions for granting the relief. Their current interpretation does not strike a fair balance between the interests of the parties. The author argues that these concerns are exacerbated by the current international scope of freezing injunctions due to the insufficient regard for the principles of public international law. The encroachment on the jurisdiction of foreign states undermines equipage equality by enabling claimants to make multiple applications for interim relief in respect of the same assets. In the light of the above, the author has sought to make a range of proposals to restrict the scope of freezing injunctions with the aim of bringing the relief in line with equipage equality.
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Ruiz, Abou-Nigm Verónica. "Arrest of ships in Private International Law : analysis of English, Scots and international law on the arrest of ships from a private international law perspective." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27318.
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The arrest of ships is a truly Private International Law (PIL) institution. Its main rationale is to provide a useful device for international commerce and to compensate for the difficulty of enforcing judgments abroad. The arrest of ships is the typical provisional measure used in maritime claims; but it is as typical for maritime claims as it is atypical as a provisional measure. Arrest of ships is also a typical jurisdictional basis in the maritime sphere; but outside maritime claims it is nowadays completely atypical as a jurisdictional basis, i.e. arrest of non -maritime property to found jurisdiction is regarded as unacceptably exorbitant. Moreover, arrest of ships is a means of security, but its security- related effects are differently understood in comparative law. What is it about the arrest of ships that makes it so distinctive, particularly from a PIL perspective? This thesis analyses the theme in English and Scots law in the light of the international Conventions in the field. It examines the three main functions of arrest of ships, i.e. its protective function, its security function and its jurisdictional function, within the three classical domains of PIL, i.e. applicable law, jurisdiction, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. It looks at the role of the lex fori; its impact on characterization issues; its subtleties when applied qua lex causae; and its so often too far -reaching scope when applied qua lex fori. In practice its influence is unhelpful and poses a drawback to the uniformity sought by the international community. Its downside is apparent in English law where the frame in which arrest of ships currently develops is the action in rem, and where the impossibility to separate the two has complicated matters in various ways. In Scots law, due to the fact that arrestment of ships pertains to the broader law of diligence, the distinction between the different functions of the arrest of ships is clearer. Furthermore, recent law reform has brought the arrestment of ships in Scotland into line with the latest international trends in the sphere of provisional and protective measures. Central to this thesis is the jurisdictional function of arrest of ships. Forum arresti, the paradigmatic forum selection criterion in English and Scots law, has survived as a specific jurisdictional basis for maritime claims in the process of Europeanization of PIL. This thesis establishes that forum arresti in the case of arrest of ships is a cooperative forum. It advances the dynamic objective of PIL, i.e. the juridical continuity of legal relations across national borders. In this context, the conceptual distinction between jurisdiction on the merits and jurisdiction for the sole purpose of interim relief becomes paramount. Ultimately, the whole analysis shows that the combination of civilian legacy, common law creativity and international attempts for uniformity has profoundly affected the nature of arrest of ships; not only in England and in Scotland, but, through their influence on international Conventions, in the entire shipping world.
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Mills, Alex. "The confluence of public and private international law : justice, pluralism and subsidiarity in the international constitutional ordering of private law /." Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9780521731300.
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Rose, Cecily Elizabeth. "International regulation of private sector corruption." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648506.
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Bianco, Giuseppe. "Restructuring Sovereign Debt : Private Creditors and International Law." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D075.
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La thèse examine le cadre juridique de la restructuration de la dette souveraine vis-à-vis des créanciers privés et le rôle joué par le droit international public. La problématique est la suivante : Quel est le rôle actuel et potentiel du droit international public dans la restructuration de dettes souveraines ? Le cadre juridique actuel est fragmenté, avec une multitude d'acteurs et de pratiques. Le contexte politique influence le processus plus que des coutumes ou des principes généraux. La jurisprudence révèle les défis pour les cours nationales et les tribunaux internationaux. L'approche contractuelle incite les créanciers à un contentieux créatif, qui perturbe les négociations. L'arbitrage relatif aux investissements s'est révélé inadéquat. Les incohérences entre les différents fora entraînent des résultats insatisfaisants pour les créanciers et les débiteurs, au détriment de la sécurité juridique. Pour les perspectives d'avenir, les concepts de dette odieuse et d'état de nécessité ne peuvent offrir que des améliorations limitées. Leur contenu apparaît trop peu défini pour protéger une restructuration. La réforme du cadre juridique de la restructuration de la dette souveraine a mis en concurrence les approches fondées sur le droit international public et sur le droit privé. Cela a été le plus évident avec le processus à l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies et la modification concomitante des clauses contractuelles. Un cadre futur pourrait inclure une réduction de l'accès au contentieux, un rôle plus important reconnu aux droits de l'homme de la population débitrice et une action de l'Union européenne à mi-chemin entre les deux approchesThis thesis considers the legal framework of sovereign debt restructuring in relation to private creditors and the relevant rules of public international law. The research question is : What is the actual and potential role of public international law in sovereign debt restructurings ? The current legal framework is fragmented, and a multitude of actors and practices coexist. Political expediency governs the process and the outcomes, with little room for customary rules or general principles of law. The case law reveals the challenges for both domestic courts and international tribunals in dealing with sovereign debt restructurings. The contractual approach provides incentives for creditors to attempt creative litigation, which disrupts negotiations. Investment arbitration has proved an inadequate response. The inconsistencies among the different fora bring about unsatisfactory results for creditors and debtors alike, let alone the implications for legal certainty. For the future prospects, the concepts of odious debt and state of necessity can provide limited improvements, at best. Their content and contours appear too ill-defined to be relied upon by States wishing to shield a restructuring. The reform of the legal framework for sovereign debt restructuring has set a competition between approaches based on public international law and on private law. This has been most evident with the process at the United Nations General Assembly and the concomitant modification of contractual clauses. A future framework could potentially feature less avenues for litigation, a focus on the human rights of the debtor population, and a middle ground shaped by the European Union
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Lagerberg, Eric M. "Conflicts of laws in private international air law." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59992.
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The thesis deals with problems of conflict of laws and its latest developments, especially in Europe, in relation to international air transport. (1) The contractual situations connected with air transport are analysed in light of the applicable international air law conventions and of a comparative survey of the conflict of laws rules of some states and international conventions on conflict of laws concerning contracts. Where the international air law conventions do not supply the solution or where they are not applicable resort has to be made to the conflict of laws. (2) Conflict of laws also arises in the legal interaction (contracts, sale of goods, transfer of ownership--res in transitu, torts, marriages, wills, etc.) between persons onboard an aircraft in flight. (3) The aircraft as an expensive and highly mobile chattel poses problems from the rights in rem point of view in the conflict of laws. (4) Aircraft accidents and the tortious liability of persons and entities involved as well as obligations arising from assistance and rescue operations pose conflict of laws problems.
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Seatzu, Francesco. "Insurance in private international law : a European perspective." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364461.
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Johnson, Phillip Michael. "Private international law, intellectual property and the Internet." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1829.
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Intellectual property is a territorial right; yet despite this there are a number of international treaties mandating standards. Historically, this has allowed private international law and intellectual Property to ignore each other. With the advent of the Internet this benign neglect has not only ended, but there has been a flood of new ideas on reconciling the territoriality of intellectual property with the global nature of the Internet. These new approaches attempt to deal with the problems associated with international intellectual property litigation - the uncertainty of which law applies, multiplicity of claims andforum shopping - each of which increases the cost for both users and proprietors of intellectual property. This thesis examines these approaches, using wealth maximisation and economic efficiency, and determines that none of themfits within the constructs of an efficient solution. However, the proposalfor a single applicable law, enabling consolidation, is seized upon as efficient. It then follows that the principle of consensual exchange, enabling private parties to agree which court has jurisdiction and which law applies (rather than States mandating these matters), is the efficient solution to the selection problem. This consensual exchange proposal contains two paradigms - the bilateral and the unilateral - which in turn are broken down into ten propositions. The bilateral paradigm permits parties to select not only the jurisdiction to adjudicate the dispute, but also the universal applicable law. The unilateral Paradigm uses the doctrine actor sequitur forum rei, with the universal applicable law being selected ex ante by the proprietor. Finally the propositions are placed within the context of international, regional and domestic law (of the four target jurisdictions: England and Wales, the United States, France and Germany) and questions of compatibility are assessed.
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Foresi, Chiara <1993>. "Domestic and international sale in Chinese law." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12258.
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The contract of sale is the backbone of both national and international trade in all countries, regardless their legal tradition or their level of economic development.
Despite this kind of agreement is the simpliest type between the existing ones, being a contractual form present since the origins of economic relations, is still today one of the most used instruments in trade.
In this dissertation, the analysis of the contract of sale will have both an internal view inside the People’s Republic of China - now become the world’s largest economy - through the study of the related Contract Law of 1999, and an external international view of the trade through a comparison with the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (known as the Vienna convention of 1980, CISG).
As for a structural point of view, the first part is focused on the Chinese contract of sale itself, on its definition and features, on the obligations of the two parties involved, the seller and buyer, and on the other concerned contractual clauses, also with a comparative approach with our Italian Civil Code.
The second part is instead centred on a more broad and cross border prospective of the international law with the focus on the CISG, and on its apllication, requirement and structure.
The third and last part is reserved to the relation between the international Convention and the national Chinese contract law through a comparative approach.
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Zhao, Yi. "La loi de police en droit international privé français et chinois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0001.
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Le mécanisme des lois de police en droit international privé chinois est un produit importé et sa définition législative est influencée par la définition européenne. Bien que la définition française de loi de police et la définition chinoise ne soient pas textuellement identiques, il nous semble que la notion de loi de police ne change pas selon qu’il s’agit de droit français ou de droit chinois. Cependant, n’étant prévu par le droit positif chinois que depuis 2011, le mécanisme des lois de police est relativement jeune, non seulement au regard de ce mécanisme lui-même mais aussi au regard de ses relations avec d’autres mécanismes de droit international privé ayant des liens avec lui, comme l’exception d’ordre public international. Nous chercherons les expériences françaises en la matière et étudierons la notion française et chinoise de loi de police, d’autres mécanismes de droit international privé en lien avec le mécanisme des lois de police et les illustrations des lois de police dans la jurisprudence. Malgré les critiques, l’application immédiate et impérative est toujours le caractère le plus important des lois de police du for dans l’instance directe, mais ce n’est le cas ni pour l’instance indirecte ni pour les lois de police étrangères. Selon la jurisprudence française et chinoise, le non-respect par le juge étranger ou par un tribunal arbitral de la loi de police de l’État requis n’entraîne pas automatiquement le refus de reconnaissance ou d’exécution. Concernant les lois de police étrangères, le texte législatif chinois est muet, mais cela ne signifie pas que l’application ou la prise en considération de la loi de police étrangère est interdite en droit chinoisThe overriding mandatory provisions in Chinese private international law is imported and its legislative definition is incorporated by the European one. Although the French definition of overriding mandatory provisions and the Chinese definition are not textually identical, it seems to us that the notion of overriding mandatory provisions does not change depending on whether it is French law or Chinese law. However, having been provided for by Chinese positive law only since 2011, the overriding mandatory provisions mechanism is relatively young, not only with regard to this mechanism itself but also to its relations with other mechanisms of private international law having links with it, such as the international public policy exception. We will seek French experiences in this area and study the French and Chinese notion of overriding mandatory provisions, other mechanisms of private international law in connection with them and their illustrations in case law. Despite the criticisms, the immediate and mandatory application is always the most important character of the overriding mandatory provisions of the forum in the direct instance, but this is not the case for foreign overriding mandatory provisions or for the indirect instance. According to French and Chinese case law, the non-respect by the foreign judge or by an arbitral tribunal of the overriding mandatory provisions of the requested state does not automatically result in the refusal of recognition or enforcement. Regarding the foreign overriding mandatory provisions, the Chinese legislative text is silent, but this does not mean that their application or take into consideration is prohibited in Chinese law
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Zhang, Huang. "Directors’ liability from the perspective of private international law." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284240.
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La responsabilidad de los administradores es una buena herramienta que nos permite revelar las diversas teorías y ideologías en materia de gobierno corporativo. Se trata de un tema societario muy importante en el ámbito jurídico internacional. Esta tesis aborda el problema de la aplicación de las normas del Derecho internacional privado a la responsabilidad de los administradores.
La primera parte de la tesis realiza un análisis profundo del ordenamiento sustantivo de Francia, Reino Unido, Alemania, España y China, partiendo de una perspectiva comparada. A través de una comparación entre los diferentes sistemas jurídicos se obtiene un panorama general de los ordenamientos sustantivos sobre la responsabilidad de administradores. También se estudian las medidas que se adoptan en los países al establecer sus propios sistemas con el objetivo de tener un buen gobierno corporativo.
La segunda parte de la tesis se ocupa de los problemas de competencia judicial internacional en la materia de la responsabilidad de los administradores. Por un lado, se tienen en cuenta aspectos tales como el domicilio del demandado, competencia exclusiva, sumisión de las partes, y obligaciones contractuales y extra-contractuales. El examen se centra en la aplicabilidad del Reglamento Bruselas I en este sector. Por otro lado, se procede tanto a la interacción entre el Reglamento de Insolvencia y el Reglamento Bruselas I, como a la articulación del Derecho europeo con el Derecho nacional. Asimismo, también se presta atención a la búsqueda de una solución para los problemas que se derivan del recurso a los tribunales estatales, y por tanto se tiene en cuenta la aplicabilidad de arbitraje en dicha materia.
La tercera parte de la tesis se dedica a la determinación de la ley aplicable a las cuestiones derivadas de la responsabilidad de administradores. Por un lado, se estudia la articulación entre lex societatis, lex concursus, lex contractus, lex loci delicti y lex fori. Por tanto, se examinan tanto la aplicabilidad del Reglamento Roma I, Reglamento Roma II, Reglamento de Insolvencia, como la de las normas nacionales del Derecho internacional privado. Por otro lado, se tiene en cuenta tanto el principio de la libertad de establecimiento garantizado por el Derecho europeo, así como en qué medida este principio afecta al régimen de la responsabilidad de administradoresDirectors’ liability is an excellent vehicle for revealing the diverse theoretical and ideological approaches to corporate governance. It is a subject of corporate legal work all over the world. Based on directors’ liability, this dissertation focuses on how the private international law rules apply in dealing with this kind of liability. The first part of the dissertation examines comprehensively with detailed analysis the legal systems in France, the UK, Germany, Spain and China from a comparative perspective. By comparing competitive legal systems of different countries, we try to give a panorama on the substantive rules on directors’ liability, and to clarify how the legal systems of different countries are designed to ensure good corporate governance. The second part of the dissertation deals with jurisdictional problems in the regime of directors’ liability. On one hand, we take into account the aspects such as defendant’s domicile, exclusive jurisdiction, party autonomy, and contractual and non-contractual obligations and investigate the applicability of Brussels I Regulation in directors’ liability. On the other hand, we also examine the interaction of Insolvency Regulation with Brussels I Regulation, and the articulation of the EU law and national law in this area. Furthermore, we try to offer another solution to the jurisdictional problems existing in directors’ liability by referring to arbitration as well. The third part of the dissertation deals with the problems relating to applicable law in the regime of directors’ liability. On one hand, we investigate the articulation of lex societatis, lex concursus, lex contractus, lex loci delicti and lex fori. And therefore we examine the applicability of Rome I Regulation, Rome II Regulation, Insolvency Regulation as well as national private international law rules in this area. On the other hand, we also take into account the EU principle of freedom of establishment and therefore study on how it affects the regime of directors’ liability on the basis of ECJ’s interpretation.
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Alen, Balde. "Private antitrust law enforcement in cases with international elements." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7060/.
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The Supreme Court of the United States consented in its Empagran decision that the foreign antitrust injury that is in a dependency relationship with anticompetitive effects (antitrust injury) in the U.S. is to be litigated before the U.S. courts. Since this decision antitrust law litigation in an international context does not depend merely on anticompetitive effects in the U.S., but also on the relationship between anticompetitive effect and (foreign) private antitrust injury. This is something that was not present in pre-Empagran cases. The Supreme Court did not provide conditions on the basis of which the relationship between anticompetitive effects and private antitrust injury could be classified as one of dependency. This means that the Supreme Court left the determination of these conditions to lower U.S. courts. The lower U.S. courts, instead of attempting to determine these conditions, have made foreign private antitrust injury even more difficult to litigate before the U.S. courts. There are three factors that contributed to this development in U.S. case law: the understanding of the Empagran litigation; the understanding of the nature of the international context, and U.S. courts taking a pro-active role in delivering their decisions for which the reasoning is difficult to understand. The greatest obstacle that post-Empagran U.S. courts have placed in front of private antitrust litigants is the requirement that instead of ‘dependency connection’ there should be ‘direct causation’ between anticompetitive effects in the U.S. and litigated (foreign) private antitrust injury. This thesis considers the existing theoretical and practical problems of the current analytical framework under which antitrust violation is analysed in an international context. The thesis introduces the new legal concept of a ‘transborder standard’. This is necessitated by the starting position of this thesis that a factual situation under adjudication cannot be only either ‘domestic’ or ‘foreign’, but can also be ‘transborder’. The introduction of the transborder standard to the existing theoretical framework enables (and requires) the analysis of the factual situation under adjudication in its integrity, bearing in mind also the purpose of private antitrust law enforcement and the right of private parties to be compensated for suffered antitrust injury. The transborder standard provides a framework to analyse antitrust claims brought before the U.S. courts by those private parties who satisfy their private antitrust injury outside the U.S. At the same time, the transborder standard does not enable private litigants to take advantage of simultaneous antitrust litigation before U.S. courts and the courts of non-U.S. countries. ‘Transborder standard’ is a new legal concept. Nevertheless, the existing system of U.S. antitrust law enforcement does support it and, consequently, the transborder standard can be directly applied.
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Chun, Changmin. "Intermediated securities and systems in substantive law and in private international law." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18739.
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With the advancement of intermediated systems coupled with the rapid development of information technology, securities holding patterns have drastically changed from direct holdings to intermediated holdings, which facilitated the explosive increase of securities transactions during the last half century. In intermediated systems, traditional functions of securities certificates have faded away and intermediated securities credited to securities account books play a key role in determining proprietary issues. In spite of the innovative development of intermediated systems, legal regimes for the systems have not kept up with the development of the systems. Specifically, there has been much legal hindrance in cross-border securities transactions. In this regard, this thesis first attempts to research substantive laws for intermediated systems in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan and Korea. The Unidroit draft convention on intermediated securities is also discussed as neutral fact-centred international substantive rules. In the substantive law analysis, this thesis suggests preparing new rules that are internally sound and internationally compatible, friendly to users and markets, and readily accessible clear, intuitive rules which satisfy basic legal needs of intermediated securities holders and ensure market efficiency and stability. In the private international law analysis, this thesis finds the traditional lex rei sitae (or the lex situs), which calls for application of the law of the place where securities are located, is no longer a proper connecting factor in proprietary issues of an intermediated securities disposition, given that the location of securities has no meaningful function in intermediated systems. The Hague Securities Convention, which refers to the PRIMA (Place of Relevant InterMediary Approach) that localises an intermediary, went beyond the PRIMA and selected its primary rule in an account agreement between an account holdAvec l'avancement des systèmes d'intermédiaires et les développements technologiques récents, les modèles de détentions des titres d'investissement ont changé dramatiquement au cours des cinquante dernières années. ce qui a facilité l'expansion accrue des transactions. Dans les systèmes intermédiés, la fonction traditionnelle des titres certifiées est en train de se dégrader, et ainsi les titres intermédiés crédités aux livrets de comptes sécuritaires jouent un rôle important dans la détermination des droits de propriété et des droits prioritaires. Malgré les innovations des systèmes d'intermédiaires, les régiments juridiques applicables à ces systèmes n'ont pas évolués au même rythme. Ceci affecte particulièrement les opérations transfrontalières. Cette thèse débute donc avec un examen du droit matériel applicable aux systèmes intermédiés aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni, au Canada, au Japon et en Corée. Le projet de convention d'Unidroit sur les systèmes intermédiés est aussi considéré comme option neutre et centrée sur la dimension factuelle des transactions. Suite à cette analyse du droit matériel, cette thèse recommande l'adoption de nouvelles règles basées sur des fondements juridiques solides et compatibles avec la dimension transfrontalière des échanges; ces règles cherchent à être simples et accessibles, utiles aux usagers et à augmenter la prévisibilité tout en assurant la stabilité et l'efficacité des marchés. Passant ensuite à l'analyse du droit international privé, cette thèse rejette la règle de conflit traditionnelle de la lex rei sitae (ou la lex situs), qui n'est plus adéquate pour régler les problèmes liées à la propriété en matière de disposition des titres intermédiés, puisque la localisation concrètes des titres n'a plus de fonction significative dans les systèmes intermédiés. La Convention de La Haye sur les Titres qui s'inspire plutôt de la règle PRIM
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Jacobs, Faizel. "Concept and evolvement of Chinese Contract Law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19740.
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This dissertation discusses the evolvement of Chinese Contractual law and establishes as to whether it converges or has any similarity with any Western legal norms and standards. I will view the recent history and early sources of Chinese law as influenced by political changes and tradition; as well as the influence of international commercial transaction agreements. The formation of a contract, standard terms and modification of contracts and the dissolution and breach in Chinese contracts will be discussed and also whether parties do in fact have the freedom to enter agreements with each other without third party interference. The role played by the Judiciary when addressing the issue of contractual disputes and in particular the Interpretations and Opinions of the Supreme Peoples' Court of China on the new Chinese Contract Law will be considered, as well as whether the concept of Doctrine of Precedent as practiced in the West does in fact exist in China. My motivation for choosing this topic is based on the fact that China is (1) the second largest economy in the world and her consequential impact on world trade, (2) its economic influence in the world especially Africa, (3) the fact that China is South Africa's largest trade partner, (4) South Africa's membership of BRICS [1] , and (5), China's growing influence in the world in the creation of parallel institutions to the West, such as the New Development Bank (formerly known as the BRICS Development Bank) rivalling current Western institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
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Sjösvärd, Eira. "Legal Approaches to Child Marriage Concluded Abroad : A Comparison between Swedish Private International Law and English and Scottish Private International Law on Child Marriage." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431944.
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Elias, Olusoji. "Judicial remedies in English private international law : a critical analysis." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338735.
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Posman, Kisakiu Pomalat. "Compensation for nationalization of private foreign investment international law standards." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5078.
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Alhoudail, Mamdouh Ali. "Air carrier liability : unfinished unification of private international air law." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98601.
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On 31 November 2003 the 1999 Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air entered into force. Its purpose was to consolidate and modernize the Warsaw system and to reunify the provisions of several international instruments of private international air law under one legal instrument. The Montreal Convention consolidates the positive elements of the Warsaw Convention, the Hague Protocol, the Guadalajara Convention, the Guatemala City Protocol and Additional Protocol Numbers 3 and 4. It also simplifies and modernizes the requirements of documentation relating to the carriage by air of passengers, baggage and cargo. Most importantly, the Montreal Convention modernizes of the liability regime for death and injury to passengers by adopting the passenger liability regime in the IATA Inter-carrier Agreement. It also modernizes the liability regime for damage to baggage and cargo and the delay. In spite of the foregoing, the Montreal Convention fails to advance the unification of private international air law any further than the Warsaw Convention.This thesis analyzes the provisions of liability regimes under the Warsaw System and the 1999 Montreal Convention. Chapter one studies the liability regime established under the original Warsaw Convention and the subsequent attempts by states, air carriers and other interested entities to update it. Chapter two analyzes the new regime of unlimited liability established by the 1999 Montreal Convention. Chapter three examines the liability of the air carrier for damage caused by terrorist activities. In an effort to demonstrate the innovative elements of the new Convention and to encourage states to ratify it, chapter four surveys the main benefits that have accrued to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its national air carrier upon ratification of the 1999 Montreal Convention.
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Tan, Yvette S. "Public Policy in Adult Relationships in English Private International Law." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532232.
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Verhagen, Hendrikus Leonardus Engelbertus. "Agency in private international law : The Hague Convention on the law applicable to agency /." Dordrecht : The Hague : M. Nijhoff ; TMC Asser instituut, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37761452c.
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Bigos, Oren. "Private international law aspects of cross-border wrongs on the internet." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b93606c0-d750-4a00-9635-3b1d16b14d5f.
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Private international law divides the world into territories, each with its own court system and laws. The internet presents challenges to this neat division. It is difficult to identify where an activity takes place on the internet. Wrongs on the internet leave many questions unanswered in transnational litigation. This paper addresses the private international law aspects of cross-border civil wrongs on the internet. Chapter A introduces the internet, and aims to simplify the technical issues. Chapter B asks which court has jurisdiction in a case of wrongs on the internet. The focus is on two sets of rules commonly applied around the globe: the service abroad provisions and the special jurisdiction provisions. The chapter aims to advance general principles applicable in cases of cross-border wrongs committed on the internet, as to the place where a wrong is committed, and the place where damage is suffered. The issue whether a court can grant an injunction against a foreign defendant in respect of foreign conduct is also explored. The exercise of jurisdiction under the service abroad provisions is discretionary. Chapter C examines the forum (non) conveniens discretion in the context of wrongs on the internet. It concludes that, of the US jurisdictional principles developed in internet cases, the sliding scale test should be treated with caution, but the effects test (targeting) should be a factor that is taken into account, in exercising the discretion. Chapter D asks which law applies to a wrong on the internet, concentrating on the divergent choice of law rules in tort in Australia, Canada, the UK and those proposed in the EU. The two chapters that follow consider wrongs to which the internet environment is particularly susceptible, and which deserve separate treatment: intellectual property infringements (Chapter E) and defamation (Chapter F). The final topic, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments relating to wrongs on the internet, is the subject of Chapter G. The paper rejects the suggestions that new rules should be developed for wrongs on the internet, and concludes that the existing private international law rules are largely workable in the internet context, but require some flexibility in order to be adaptable.
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Abousuwa, Ali Ahmed. "Liability in private international air law for aircraft repair caused accident." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63393.
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Grušić, Uglješa. "The international employment contract : ideal, reality and regulatory function of European private international law of employment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/583/.
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Private international law has traditionally been perceived as a field of law concerned with resolving individual private disputes and achieving private justice and fairness in individual cases. This dissertation challenges this view by examining the systemic function of European private international law of employment, one of allocating and protecting regulatory (i.e. legislative and adjudicatory) authority of states in the field of labour law, thus maintaining and managing the diversity of European national labour law systems and safeguarding the objectives of uniform and harmonised EU employment legislation. This dissertation also explores the changes that the ‘Europeanization’ of private international law of employment has brought about in the traditional rules and perception in this field of law in England. In addition to introducing special rules of jurisdiction in employment matters that had not existed before, the European private international law instruments have largely merged the traditionally perceived contractual, statutory and tortious claims into one type of claim for choice-of-law purposes, thereby also abolishing concurrent causes of action. The conceptualisation of this field of law in terms of its regulatory function reveals something about the nature of private international law as a whole. The fact that European private international law of employment performs a regulatory function is a piece of evidence for the proposition that the division between the ‘private’ and the ‘public’, traditionally perceived as embedded in the foundations of the discipline and even expressed in its very name, has faded away.
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Paschalidis, Paschalis. "The impact of freedom of establishment on private international law for corporations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2a154a6-22de-42b8-a745-5ddf3a8bf5a5.
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The present thesis is concerned with private international law for corporate and insolvency disputes in the context of freedom of establishment. First, it presents the traditional rules of conflict applicable to corporate disputes that have been implemented in some major jurisdictions. Second, it analyses the relevant leading judgments of the European Court of Justice and it demonstrates the way in which, contrary to popular belief, the real seat theory has not been held contrary to freedom of establishment. The thesis then deals with the concept of letter-box companies and examines the limitations that are being placed to the use of freedom of establishment. This is followed by a juxtaposition of the factors that have lead and could lead to regulatory competition for corporate law in the USA and the EU respectively. A modest approach is taken towards the possibility of the latter occurring in the EU. Third, the thesis examines the treatment of insolency disputes in this context. A substantial part of it is dedicated to the definition of the basis for international jurisdiction for the opening of insolvency proceedings, namely the centre of main interests. It argues in favour of an objective test for the identification of the centre of main interests (COMI) and the allocations of certain burdens on both the debtor and the creditors. It then focuses on the treatment of forum shopping in the context on international insolvencies. Based on considerations of consent and economic efficiency, it suggests a definition, according to which certain transfers of the COMI should not amount to forum shopping. Finally, the thesis examines the possibility of a regulatory competition for insolvencies in the EU and seeks to demonstrate that the conditions for such a competition are more analogous between US corporate law and EU insolvency, rather than company, law.
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Mills, Alexander David. "Private international law in international perspective : justice, pluralism and the constitutional ordering of regulatory authority." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613337.
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Chen, Yi. "Food safety and international trade : international legal issues and challenges facing Chinese food exports /." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580105.
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Xie, Yang Wei. "Protection of minority rights : issues and challenges in international law and Chinese law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2157184.
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Che, Luyao. "Chinese state capitalism and the international economic order." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41892/.
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State capitalism, which refers to an economic system wherein the state maintains a guiding role in the economy based on the functioning of a market mechanism that is instrumental to the state, has experienced a rapid proliferation during recent decades. As a typical example of a state capitalist country, China has developed a highly institutionalised economic system characterised by a deep integration between the state and the market. This thesis aims to answer the questions as to how and why the rise of Chinese state capitalism has challenged the existing international economic order. It begins with an exploration of the ways in which Chinese state capitalism functions, submitting that the state simultaneously fulfils a triple role when intervening in the market, namely that of a planner, competitor, and a regulator. This research then doctrinally analyses the legal instruments adopted by China to advance its state capitalist practice, through which it argues that, compared to public law, private law has assumed greater importance in underpinning Chinese state capitalism. Next, by exploring both the world trading system and the international investment regime, the thesis contends that the international economic order has a limited ability to properly respond to the development of China’s state capitalism. The reason behind the limitation results from a failure to understand China’s contemporary state capitalism as an economic model that transcends the traditional market-state paradigm long-held by orthodox capitalism.
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Kayser, Valérie. "Legal aspects of private launch services in the United States." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60462.
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The last decade has witnessed the development of a private launch industry. Under international space law, in particular the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, States shall supervise and authorize the activities of their nationals, including private launch companies, in Outer Space. In the United States, a substantial set of regulations has been elaborated to exercise this control over the activities of the private launch industry. This thesis analyzes, in a first chapter, the evolution which led to these regulations. The Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 and the subsequent regulations issued by the Office of Commercial Space Transportation, regarding the licensing process are dealt with in the second chapter. The third chapter examines the most important practical legal issue relating to private launch services, namely liability and insurance.
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Torremans, Paul Leo Carl. "Bankruptcy and insolvency in European private international law : towards a harmonised approach?" Thesis, University of Leicester, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31102.
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This thesis is written from a private international law point of view and applies a conflicts analysis to cross-border insolvencies. A comparative approach is adopted. The jurisdictions chosen are Belgium and England and Wales. Belgian law was chosen because it is a good example of a radical adherence to the principles of unity and universality. In the light of this theoretical starting point a single set of proceedings is preferred and ancillary or territorial proceedings in any form are virtually impossible. English law, whilst accepting the universality principle, rejects the unity principle. This leads to a very different approach, with plenty of space for ancillary proceedings. The two legal systems are therefore highly suitable for a comparative analysis with the aim to discover whether existing national systems of private international law are capable of dealing effectively and efficiently with ever increasingly complex cross-border insolvencies. The analysis of the two legal systems involved leads to the clear conclusion that each system has its advantages, but that nevertheless neither of them is able to deal with cross-border insolvencies on its own. In a second stage the thesis therefore analysis transnational initiatives that could address this problem. The EU Regulation and the UNCITRAL Model Law have been chosen because the first one will enter into force in 2002 and because the latter one has a good chance of being implemented. Both initiatives come as packages and all their provisions are therefore analysed. At the end of this analysis the clear conclusion is that national systems can no longer cover things alone. Ideally measures such as those contained in the Regulation should be adopted globally, as a starting point. Since that may not yet be possible, the slightly weaker alternative in the Model Law can be a good starting point. This is clearly an area in full evolution.
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Draf, Oliver. "Selected issues of private international law and of contracts on the Internet." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64271.pdf.
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Nyer, Damien. "Jurisdictional fairness and freezing measures : an analysis in Canadian private international law." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81243.
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Over the last decade the law of judicial jurisdiction has undergone profound changes in Canada. Chief among the factors that prompted evolution is the recognition of fairness as a guiding principle in the elaboration of jurisdictional rules. This thesis presents the consequences such recognition has already had and should have on the granting of freezing measures, those specific provisional measures aimed at freezing a defendant's assets pending litigation.Having reviewed the freezing measures that can be obtained from Canadian courts, this thesis shows how concerns of fairness to the parties have questioned traditional grounds of jurisdiction and how it has affected the very availability of freezing measures. However, out of concerns of fairness to the plaintiff, Canadian courts with no jurisdiction to hear the merits of a dispute should be ready to assert jurisdiction for the limited purpose of freezing assets.
Finally, turning to the scope of those measures, this thesis deals with the issue of extraterritoriality. It is argued that out of concerns of fairness to innocent third parties courts should be extremely cautious in granting extraterritorial measures.
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Raulus, Helena. "Private international law in the European Union : from conventions to community instruments." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430053.
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This thesis is about the transposition of the Conventions adopted by the Member States of the Community in private international into internal Community measures. Article 65 of the EC Treaty as amended by the Treaty of Amsterdam allowed the Community to adopt general measures in private international law for the first time. This competence has been used by the Community to adopt the Brussels I Regulation on jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, the insolvency Regulation, the service of documents Regulation, evidence Regulation and the Brussels II and Brussels II bis Regulations on jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility. All these measures have in common, apart from the Evidence Regulation, the fact that they were adopted first as Community conventions. The thesis aims to analyse the various issues arising out of the transposition of these Conventions into Community Regulations. The Brussels I Convention, which was originally adopted under Article 293(4) (ex 220(4)) EC Treaty, is the main focus of the thesis. This Convention was the only successful Convention adopted under this Treaty basis and it was adopted by the Member States in 1968. Because it has been in force for such a long time, it is possible to analyse the Convention negotiation and amendment process, to examine European Court of Justice’s approach to Community conventions and to compare the effectiveness of the convention process of adopting internal Community measures. In relation to the Community Regulations, the main question to be explored is: whether these instruments fulfil the purposes set out in the Treaty. Article 65 EC allows the Community to adopt private international law measures that are “necessary for the proper functioning of the internal market”. By looking at the substantive provisions adopted, other international instruments in the field, and other legislative options open to the Community an assessment will be made of whether the purposes of the Treaty were achieved in the best possible manner by adopting these instruments. Finally, the relationship of the Community with the Hague Conference on Private International Law is analysed. The Hague Conference is a prestigious international organisation with specialty and expertise in private international law. The effects, if any, that the communitarisation of private international law will have for the working of the Conference, and the position of the Member States in the Conference, will be examined.
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DUTRA, DEO CAMPOS. "ENFORCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS ON FAMILY MAINTENANCE AS EXPRESSION OF CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL FAMILY LAW." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35051@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO Direito Internacional Privado, tendo como eixo axiológico o homem, é um dos mais importantes instrumentos da ciência jurídica no reconhecimento e preservação da dignidade e dos direitos humanos. Em se tratando de família, essa propriedade vem sendo notada no decorrer de sua história, fornecendo ao homem a oportunidade de ter sua dignidade respeitada das mais diversas formas. A uniformização e a codificação do Direito Internacional Privado, através da composição de grandes ambientes de debates e negociação, como a Convenção Permanente da Haia, possibilitam o respeito às diferenças culturais e sociais. Consequentemente, no momento da construção da melhor lei a ser aplicada ou até mesmo da lei material adotada pela Convenção, constrói-se um conjunto normativo sólido e legítimo que fornece ao indivíduo sua promoção.
The Private international law, having as the axiological axis the man, is one of the most important tools of legal science in the recognition and preservation of dignity and human rights. When it comes to family, this property has been recognized in the course of its history, giving the man the opportunity to have their dignity respected in many different ways. The standardization and codification of Private International Law, through the composition of large spaces of debate and negotiation, as the Permanent Convention Hague, allow respect for cultural and social differences. Consequently, during the construction of the best law to be applied or even the substantive law adopted by the Convention, it s built a solid and legitimate set of rules that provides promotion to the individual.
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Areal, Ludeña Santiago. "Oil platforms and private security in spanish law: An approach." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118997.
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Within the scope of the Spanish legislation, in this article we will develop the regulation about private security on oil rigs. In this sense, it is necessary to give a possible legal responses to this fact, because of the current drawbacks for proper regulation in the European country. It is therefore necessary to provide answers from the different perspectives of law such as the Public, Private International Law, Administrative Law, Commercial Law and Labor Law, International Law which will lead us to determine what should be the role of State.Dentro del ámbito de aplicación de la legislación española, en el presente artículo desarrollaremos la regulación que existe respecto a la seguridad privada en las plataformas petroleras. En este sentido, es necesario dar unas posibles respuestas jurídicas ante este hecho, debido a los actuales inconvenientes para su adecuada regulación en el país europeo. Por ello, es necesario proporcionar respuestas desde las distintas perspectivas del derecho como son el Derecho Internacional Público, Derecho Internacional Privado, Derecho Administrativo, Derecho Mercantil y Derecho Laboral, lo que nos guiará a determinar cuál debería ser el papel de Estado.
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Savin, Andrej. "Community principles and choice of law : the transformation of private international law in the European Union." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620952.
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Roberts, Anthea Elizabeth. "Is International Law International?" Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/124611.
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International lawyers are familiar with the question:
“Is international law law?” But this thesis instead asks the
question: “Is international law international?” Using a
variety of methods, this work sheds light on some of the ways in
which international law as a transnational legal field is
constructed by international law academics, and is conceptualized
in international law textbooks, in the five permanent members of
the Security Council: the People’s Republic of China, the
French Republic, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of
America. It explores how different national communities of
international lawyers construct and pass on their understandings
of “international law” in ways that belie the field’s claim
to universality, perpetuating certain forms of difference and
dominance. By adopting a comparative approach, it aims to make
international lawyers more aware of the frames that shape their
own understandings of and approaches to the field, as well as how
these might be similar to or different from the frames adopted by
those coming from other states, regions or geopolitical
groupings. It also examines how some of these patterns might be
disrupted as a result of shifts in geopolitical power, such as
the movement from unipolar power toward greater multipolarity and
the growing confrontations between Western liberal democratic
states (like the United States, the United Kingdom, and France)
and non-Western authoritarian states (like China and Russia).
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Lu, Angela Cheng-Jui. "The crisis of unification of private air law : problems and solutions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29834.pdf.
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Bahri, Amrita. "Public private partnership in WTO dispute settlement : enabling developing countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6242/.
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The doctoral research investigates the nature and elements of domestic mechanisms, including public private partnership (PPP) procedures, devised for the management of WTO disputes in selected developed and developing countries. With China, Brazil and India as its case-studies, the research explores various strategies to devise an effective PPP mechanism for handling international trade disputes in developing countries. The research objective is to explore the benefits of engaging the private sector in the intergovernmental process of WTO dispute settlement, and to identify the reforms that will be needed for devising a workable domestic framework for handling foreign trade disputes through PPP arrangements. The research highlights important issues and concerns that need consideration before any legal, institutional, regulatory and procedural reforms are carried out. Moreover, the research seeks to enable developing countries to critically evaluate a diverse range of PPP strategies employed so far, and to determine their individual approaches towards PPP and dispute management. The thesis constitutes a practical guidebook for policymakers in those developing countries which have the motivation to strengthen their WTO dispute settlement capacities. The topical area of research and pragmatic approach towards research questions, together with an empirical research methodology makes this study an original contribution to existing literature and knowledge.
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Toope, Stephen John. "Arbitrations involving states and foreign private parties : a study in contemporary legal process." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285973.
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Arbitrations involving states and foreign private parties are a complex phenomenon, sharing certain animating values with other forms of adjudication, particularly international arbitrations of private commercial disputes, but reflecting at the same time singular values that must be fostered if the institution is to play a beneficial role in the international community. A study of institutional forms of arbitration designed primarily to resolve commercial disputes between private parties reveals that their emphasis upon stability and upon the certainty and predictability of rules can make such institutions inappropriate for the arbitration of disputes involving states. Regimes designed specifically to regulate arbitrations between states and foreign private entities may be more successful in displaying sensitivity to the needs and aspirations of both public and private parties, but the work of the largest specialised institution, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, is hampered by its governing Treaty for it does not deal adequately with the enforcement of awards against states. Ad hoc arbitration continues to be a useful means of resolving commercial disputes between states and foreign private parties, especially because the parties are free to design or to choose a delocalised procedural law which need not hinder enforcement. The great difficulty with all forms of arbitration between states and private entities is the substantive law to be applied by such tribunals. Under the principle of the autonomy of the will, the parties are free to choose the governing law, and they may select international law. If they do so, however, the choice does not imply that the foreign private party is assimilated to a state or that the international responsibility of the state party is engaged directly vis-a-vis the private party. The enforcement of arbitral awards is also a troubling problem, but recent municipal case law reveals a growing pro-enforcement bias. Nevertheless, the experience of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal reveals the significant advantages that accrue to the parties if they agree in advance upon an independent enforcement mechanism. The political tensions inherent in most "mixed" arbitrations demand flexibility in the application of procedural and substantive rules, and require an approach to dispute resolution that emphasises the value of compromise. As such, the awards that emerge from mixed arbitrations are likely to be idiosyncratic or, at the very least, vague. Nevertheless, if one stresses the importance of process values rather than the elaboration of substantive rules, arbitration between states and foreign private parties can play an important role in the enhancement of the international rule of law.
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Hardjowahono, Bajuseto. "The unification of private international law on international commercial contracts within the regional legal system of ASEAN /." Groningen : Ulrik Huber Inst. for Private International Law, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/52443056X.pdf.
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Hettiarachchi, Lasantha. "The profound subtleties of the Warsaw private international air law regime : then, now and tomorrow." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69527.
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Today, air transport is undoubtedly the most used mode of travel for carrying persons and goods between different countries.Of the many and diverse legal complications arising in transportation by air, private liability of the air carrier in international law towards passengers and shippers of cargo, remains one of the most discussed yet complicated areas of civil aviation.
This thesis is an overall examination of the international law conventions that presently govern the rights and duties of the air carrier vis a vis the passengers and shippers of cargo, and the legal implications of the changes proposed to the present legal regime.
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Kostromov, Alexey V. "International unification of the law of agency." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64286.pdf.
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