Journal articles: 'Chinese Maritime Customs Service'

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VAN DE VEN, HANS. "Robert Hart and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 3 (July 2006): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0600206x.

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In September 2003, academics from China, Europe and the USA gathered at Queen's University Belfast. They came first to attend an exhibition and then to present and discuss papers on the career in China of Robert Hart. Largely forgotten in Britain and even Northern Ireland, although not in the academic field of Chinese Studies, Robert Hart was born in County Armagh and studied at Queen's before travelling to Hong Kong in 1854 as a young recruit to the British Consular Service for China and Japan. He soon found himself despatched to the British consulate at Ningbo to study consular procedures and learn Chinese with the aid of a Chinese tutor and one of the Confucian classics, the Mencius. At this time, much of south China was engulfed by the Taiping Rebellion, which was inspired by Christianity.

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Bickers, Robert. "Revisiting the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854–1950." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 36, no. 2 (June 2008): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530802180676.

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BICKERS, ROBERT. "Purloined letters: History and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 3 (July 2006): 691–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002083.

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For John King Fairbank the establishment of the foreign inspectorate of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service was a key symbolic moment in modern Chinese history. His landmark 1953 volume Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast culminates with the 1854 Inspectorate agreement, which, he argued, ‘foreshadowed the eventual compromise between China and the West—a joint Chinese and Western administration of the modern centers of Chinese life and trade in the treaty ports’. Without the CMCS, he implied, there could be no modern China. It was the ‘the institution most thoroughly representative of the whole period’ after the opening of the treaty ports down to 1943, he wrote. By 1986 he was arguing that it was the ‘central core’ of the system. ‘Modernity, however defined, was a Western, not a Chinese, invention’, he claimed, and Sir Robert Hart's Customs Service was its mediator.

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Chang, Chihyun. "The Chinese Maritime Customs Service: A Chinese, Western, or Global Agency?" China Review International 23, no. 3 (2016): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2016.0117.

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WHITE, BENJAMIN GEOFFREY. "‘A Question of Principle with Political Implications’ – Investigating Collaboration in the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1945–1946." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 3 (May 12, 2009): 517–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09003941.

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AbstractIn the winter of 1945, the multinational Chinese Maritime Customs Service opened an inquiry into the cooperation of hundreds of its own employees with Japanese occupation forces in China. This was, as far as the historical record allows us to say, the most thorough investigation undertaken in China into collaboration during World War Two. This paper represents the first historical analysis of the Customs ‘Staff Investigation Committee.’ It argues that the investigation represented a new direction for the Customs Service in China. The investigation's underpinning rationale was that Customs staff, Chinese and foreign, served the Kuomintang government before any other notion of Chinese or Service interests—a dramatic change in direction for an organisation that had been emblematic of treaty-port China. The investigation thus offers historians an insight into the understudied final years of the Customs Service, into the late Republican government's efforts to deal with the legacy of imperialism, and into the extent and rationale of collaboration in Nationalist China.

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van de Ven, Hans. "China's Maritime Customs and China's Trade Statistics, 1859–1948. By Thomas P. Lyons. [Trumansburg, NY: Willow Creek Press, 2003. 171 pp. $34.95. ISBN 0-97291475-7.]." China Quarterly 178 (June 2004): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004330298.

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Any historian with a serious interest in China's modern economic history will be grateful for Thomas Lyons's study of the trade statistics produced by the Chinese Maritime Customs Service. Those wishing to use the Customs' statistics will find it indispensable. By means of a detailed demonstration of how to reconstruct statistics for the Fujian tea trade between 1862 and 1948, Lyons shows all the pitfalls and dangers of using Customs data, and how to deal with them.Lyons, who has published on Fujian's and China's economic history in the past, constructs his study as a test of the tea trade statistics used by Robert Gardella and Chen Ciyu. He convincingly demonstrates that both made errors, which in the case of Gardella were of relatively minor consequence but in that of Chen of a much more serious nature. But his study is not a pedantic exercise in cliometric propriety. Rather, Lyons provides us with a sourcebook to the statistical publications of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service. He sets out in brief form the Service's organizational history and its bureaucratic structures. He then explains the Maritime Customs Service's accounts, the statistics it produced, and their dangers. He finally applies the lessons learned to a reconstruction of the Fujian tea trade.

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BICKERS, ROBERT. "INFRASTRUCTURAL GLOBALIZATION: LIGHTING THE CHINA COAST, 1860s–1930s." Historical Journal 56, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 431–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000010.

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ABSTRACTThis article calls for attention to be paid to the infrastructures that underpinned nineteenth-century globalization, and the use of better-known technological developments and global patterns of professional migration. It does so by outlining the work of the Marine Department of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service after 1868, focusing on its development of a network of lighthouses along the coast of China in its political and comparative contexts. These lights were at once local sites and nodes within a developing national and global system, and evolving practices around circulation of data and best practice, accepted international standards, technology transfer, and maritime safety. The Customs Service was a Chinese government agency, albeit within the British orbit of influence, but acted as a buffer between China and foreign interests and pressures.

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Harris, Lane J. "Britain’s Imperial Cornerstone in China: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854–1949 (review)." China Review International 13, no. 2 (2007): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2008.0000.

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Vynckier, Henk, and Chihyun Chang. "Imperium in Imperio: Robert Hart, the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, and Its (Self-)Representations." Biography 37, no. 1 (2014): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2014.0000.

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O'LEARY, RICHARD. "Robert Hart in China: The Significance of his Irish Roots." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 3 (July 2006): 583–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002046.

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As Inspector General of the Maritime Customs Service, Robert Hart (1835–1911), born in County Armagh in Ireland, was a chief fiscal administrator of the Chinese Empire. Hart was a British citizen, yet he was employed by the Chinese government and was responsible for hundreds of Western (mostly British) and thousands of Chinese employees. His ability to straddle cultures has been noted by the historians Bruner, Fairbank and Smith who refer to a trait of cultural sensitivity that was unusual among the merchants of the treaty ports in China. The source of this cultural sensitivity is of interest and some insights can be gleaned from his Irish origins. The employment under Hart of many persons from Ireland, family and others, in the Chinese Maritime Customs (CMC) has also raised questions about nepotism and favouritism. We will see that Hart did not only favour his family but was generally well disposed to long-standing acquaintances, whether they were Irish or not. Furthermore, his Irish contacts in both Ireland and China were of advantage to him in his career and his attainment of higher social status. Our examination of Hart's network of Irish contacts and his ideas about Ireland also reveal his multi-national identity. This seemed to allow Hart to be both pro-British while also retaining a critical perspective, as might be expected by someone who by place of birth, social class and religion was not from the heart of the English establishment.

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Harris, Lane J. "Government, Imperialism, and Nationalism in China: The Maritime Customs Service and Its Chinese Staff by Chihyun Chang." China Review International 20, no. 3-4 (2016): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2016.0037.

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TSAI, WEIPIN. "The Qing Empire's Last Flowering: The expansion of China's Post Office at the turn of the twentieth century." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 3 (March 6, 2015): 895–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000013.

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AbstractThe Great Qing Imperial Post Office was set up in 1896, soon after the First Sino-Japanese War. It provided the first national postal service for the general public in the whole of Chinese history, and was a symbol of China's increasing engagement with the rest of the globe. Much of the preparation for the launch was carried out by the high-ranking foreign staff of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, an influential institution established after the first Opium War.With a mission to promote modernization and project Qing power, the Imperial Post Office was established with a centrally controlled set of unified methods and procedures, and its success was rooted in integration with the new railway network, a strategy at the heart of its ambitious plans for expansion. This article explores the history of this postal expansion through railways, the use of which allowed its creators to plan networks in an integrated way—from urban centres on the coasts and great rivers through to China's interior.

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HOROWITZ, RICHARD S. "Politics, Power and the Chinese Maritime Customs: the Qing Restoration and the Ascent of Robert Hart." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 3 (July 2006): 549–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002113.

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On 6 November 1865, Robert Hart, the 30-year-old Inspector General (I.G.) of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service, presented to his supervisors in the Zongli Yamen, the Qing Empire's new foreign office, a long memorandum critiquing Chinese administrative practices and offering suggestions for improvement. He criticized corruption and inefficiency at all levels of government, called for tax reform, greater specialization and better technical education of officials, improving contacts with the outside world, and promoting foreign methods and technology. The memorandum, written in Chinese, was entitled the ‘Bystander's View’ (juwai pangguan lun). A few months later it was submitted by the Zongli Yamen to the throne, and together with a similar tract by British diplomat Thomas Wade, distributed to senior Qing officials for comment. It had little impact at the time. But forty years later, when the Empress Dowager Cixi reportedly told the author that she wished she had followed his advice, it became a foundation stone of the mythology of Robert Hart, a symbol of the failure of the Qing court to take full advantage of the Portadown native's wisdom. Hart's premise, encapsulated in the title, was that as an outsider to the Qing system he could see problems that insiders could not. ‘The true face of Mount Lu can only be seen in its entirety by one who stands away from it.’ But the memorandum, for all of its notoriety, was uncharacteristic of Hart.

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TSAI, WEIPIN. "Breaking the Ice: The establishment of overland winter postal routes in the late Qing China." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 6 (July 22, 2013): 1749–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000012.

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AbstractThis paper looks at the establishment of experimental winter overland postal routes in the late 1870s and 1880s, which eventually led to the creation of the Great Qing Imperial Post Office in 1896. The history of this experiment sheds much light on important issues in the establishment of what was to become the country's most crucial information-bearing network, in particular those related to collaboration and negotiation between foreign and Chinese officials, and those between local interests and the central authorities. It also explores how foreign processes and management had to be adapted in order to function in a Chinese context.In March 1878, Robert Hart, inspector general of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, instructed Gustav Detring, commissioner of Tianjin Port, to investigate the possibility of introducing overland public postal routes in China, beginning with Beijing to Tianijn, Niuzhuang, Yantai, and then to Zhenjiang, a treaty port on the lower Yangtze River.The three main challenges involved were: to establish a reliable workforce, to design appropriate routes, and to win the cooperation of local governing officials. Although the winter service was initiated on time, problems repeatedly arose from each one of these challenges.

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BOECKING, FELIX. "Unmaking the Chinese Nationalist State: Administrative Reform among Fiscal Collapse, 1937–1945." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (February 22, 2011): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000011.

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AbstractThe defeat of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang) in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 is often explained as a consequence of Nationalist fiscal incompetence during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led to the collapse of the Nationalist state. In this paper, I argue that from 1937 until 1940, GMD fiscal policy managed to preserve a degree of relative stability even though, by early 1939, the Nationalists had already lost control over ports yielding 80 per cent of Customs revenue which, during the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), had accounted for more than 40 per cent of annual central government revenue. The loss of this revenue forced the Nationalists to introduce wartime fiscal instruments, taxation in kind, and transit taxes, both previously condemned as outdated and inequitable by the Nationalists. Further territorial losses led to the introduction of deficit financing, which in turn became a cause of hyperinflation. The introduction of war-time fiscal instruments led to administrative changes in the revenue-collecting agencies of the Nationalist state, and to the demise of the Maritime Customs Service as the pre-eminent revenue-collecting and anti-smuggling organization. The administrative upheavals of the war facilitated the rise of other central government organizations nominally charged with smuggling suppression, which in fact frequently engaged in trade with the Japanese-occupied areas of China. Hence, administrative reforms at a time of fiscal collapse, far from strengthening the war-time state, created one of the preconditions for the disintegration of the Nationalist state, which facilitated the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) victory in 1949.

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Thai, Philip. "Law, Sovereignty, and the War on Smuggling in Coastal China, 1928–1937." Law and History Review 34, no. 1 (December 28, 2015): 75–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248015000668.

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In October 1934, agents from the Chinese Maritime Customs Service received a hot tip that an otherwise unremarkable village off the coast of Shandong was hiding valuable contraband. A search party dispatched to investigate verified the claim after raiding several homes and uncovering sixty-nine bags of sugar. Seeking to add to this already sizeable haul, agents then scaled the walls of another home and discovered ten more bags hidden in the backyard. This time, however, they were met by incensed homeowner Yu Guangbo, who charged at the intruders with a pitchfork and seriously injured an officer when he tried to seize a handgun. His resistance was fierce but, ultimately, futile. Outnumbered, Yu was quickly subdued, beaten, and bound. Left alone in the village temple, he untied himself the next day before reporting his harsh treatment to a local court and inaugurating a lawsuit that would last almost a decade.

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Chang, Chihyun. "Sir Robert Hart and the Writing of Modern Chinese History." International Journal of Asian Studies 17, no. 2 (July 2020): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591420000200.

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AbstractThis article examines the conflicts in writing the imperial modern history of China among various stakeholders, particularly Chinese and American historians, and their dealing with a set of personal documents of Sir Robert Hart, Inspector-General of the Chinese Maritime Customs Services (CMCS) during the Qing period. This set of documents is called “Hart Industry” and contains Hart's personal papers and seventy-seven volumes of diaries, among others. Revealing the imperial Inspector-General's view on “westernization” in modern China, the Hart Industry played a key role in the development of the history of modern China throughout the twentieth century. From around 1957 until 1995, the diaries became a source of a highly politicized academic debate between Chinese Communist historians of the People's Republic of China and western historians of the Hart Industry. By providing a “study of studies” on the historiography of the colonial modern history of China, this article argues that the Hart diaries were critical to historians’ understanding of their own academic discourse.

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VAN DE VEN, HANS. "Robert Hart and Gustav Detring during the Boxer Rebellion." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 3 (July 2006): 631–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002058.

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This article focuses on Robert Hart during the Boxer Rebellion. My reconstruction of his activities is based on a recently discovered file in the archives of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service held at the Second Historical Archives in Nanjing. While it has long been known that Hart corresponded with Qing officials during the Siege itself and while a few letters have been published, the file contains more than one hundred exchanges between Hart and Qing officials written after the end of the Siege of the Legations. I have further relied on a box of documents dealing with the Boxer Rebellion in the Hart Manuscript Collection at the Queen's University of Belfast, including Hart's notes on his meetings with Qing officials. These materials provide insight into the way Hart was able to persuade the Qing and foreign countries to begin negotiations and illustrate the critical role he played in fashioning the Boxer Protocol signed on 7 September 1901.

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Sun, Shichao, Yuanqian Liu, Yukun Yao, Zhengyu Duan, and Xiaokun Wang. "The Determinants to Promote College Students’ Use of Car-Sharing: An Empirical Study at Dalian Maritime University, China." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 6627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126627.

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Sustaining the development of car-sharing is considered an efficient way to counter environmental issues worldwide. Against this background, college students are recognized as a promising customer group of car-sharing service providers in China. However, the determinants that promote students’ willingness to use car-sharing services are rarely studied, and the uniqueness of college students in China in the context of car-sharing is justified. Therefore, this paper examines the key factors that affect Chinese college students’ adoption of car-sharing. An empirical study using samples from Dalian Maritime University was conducted, and survey data were collected via the Internet. Specifically, respondents’ socio-demographics were obtained, and their latent attitudes on car-sharing services were measured in terms of willingness to use car-sharing services, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and safety concerns. In addition, nine hypothetical travel scenarios were defined, and regarding each travel scenario, the respondents were asked to state whether they were willing or not to use car-sharing services. On this basis, a hybrid logit model was established to investigate the key factors that influenced the willingness to use car-sharing services. Aside from the common findings in line with previous studies, the results indicate that with the increase in the number of travel fellows, willingness to use car-sharing services went up. Furthermore, college students’ willingness to use car-sharing services was significantly affected by money costs rather than time costs. Additionally, college students in China are more likely to use car-sharing services during workday off-peak hours and weekends. Separately, among the respondents’ latent attitudes, only the perceived usefulness of car-sharing services was found to have a significant and positive impact on students’ willingness to use them. Relevant policy implications with regards to theoretical findings are also offered in this paper to car-sharing service providers in China.

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HOROWITZ, RICHARD S. "Britain's Imperial Cornerstone in China: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854–1949. DONNA BRUNERO. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. xiv + 200 pp. £65.00. ISBN 0-415-32619-2." China Quarterly 189 (March 2007): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006001184.

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Forman, Ross G. "PEKING PLOTS: FICTIONALIZING THE BOXER REBELLION OF 1900." Victorian Literature and Culture 27, no. 1 (March 1999): 19–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150399271021.

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“A handful of foreigners have shown China what they can do against murderous thousands, and it only remains for the Powers to stamp the lesson deeper, and exact punishment for the guilty and full compensation for losses sustained.”— W. Murray Graydon, The Perils of Pekin (1904)“To find something akin in its savage barbarity you must go back to Lucknow, where a mixed multitude shut up in the Residency were holding out against fearful odds in expectation of relief by Havelock’s Highlanders, resolved to perish of starvation rather than surrender, for the fate of Cawnpore stared them in the face. “It adds point to this parallel to remember that the Tartar rulers of China are cousin german to the Great Moghul who headed the Sepoy Mutiny. “It was some excuse for the King of Delhi that he was seeking to regain his throne. No such apology can be offered for the Empress Dowager of China. She has made war not without provocation, but wholly unjustifiable, on all nations of the civilized world.”— W. A. P. Martin, The Siege in Peking (1900)THIS ESSAY REVIEWS THE LITERARY PRODUCTION — primarily adventure novels, and several of them bestsellers — centered around the events of the 1900 Boxer Rebellion, in which a Chinese “secret society,” with the collusion of certain Manchu authorities, carried out a systematic attempt to annihilate all Westerners and “native Christians” living in China.1 The Boxers, so-called because their “superstitious” practices looked like magic boxing, swept across North China from the spring of 1900, eventually throwing much of the imperial capital of Peking (Beijing) into confusion.2 Forced to hole up in the Legations and other barricaded areas, the Westerners of the region joined forces under largely British leadership and fought against incredible odds to protect themselves, holding out until an international resistance force, led by the British, rescued them fifty-five days later, and the Rebellion subsided.3 Important as a turning point in Chinese international relations and as a mark of the increasing weakness of the central authority of the Middle Kingdom, the Boxer Rebellion served an even more important function with regard to British conceptualizations of the empire in its formal and informal forms. It threw into question non-interventionist trade strategies and underscored the tenuous nature of imperial authority both in formal colonies such as India (where fledgling nationalist movements were evolving) and in areas bordering on these formal colonies and largely dominated through foreign authority. (The central Chinese government, for instance, though not dependent on imports and loans to any great degree, at this point gathered all of its significant income from the British-led Imperial Maritime Customs Service.)

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Chung, Yuehtsen. "Donna Brunero, Britain's Imperial Cornerstone in China: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854–1949. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia 36. London and New York, NY: Routledge, 2006. xvi + 200 pp. ISBN: 978-0-415-32619-3 (hbk.). £65.00; $120.00." Itinerario 31, no. 2 (July 2007): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300000826.

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Bickers, Robert. "The Chinese Maritime Customs at War, 1941–45." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 36, no. 2 (June 2008): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530802180643.

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EBERHARD-BRÉARD, ANDREA. "Robert Hart and China's Statistical Revolution." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 3 (July 2006): 605–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002101.

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In 1890 Robert Hart was elected Honorary Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. Hart had sent copies of the statistical publications of the Maritime Customs Service regularly to the Society, but he himself was no statistician. He did publish one piece in the Journal of the Statistical Society of London, but this was no more than an extract of a conclusion Hart wrote to reports written by the Commissioners at China's Treaty Ports on local opium consumption. But Hart, as Inspector General of the Maritime Customs Service, bore general responsibility for its publications and involved himself deeply in its statistical projects. H. B. Morse, who would serve as Statistical Secretary, wrote: ‘while weak in the fiscal and economic field, he was a marvel in organisation and the direction of the work of others’. Within the Customs Service, it was the Statistical Secretary who had immediate responsibility for the statistical publications of the Customs. He was stationed in Shanghai, China's busiest port, rather than Beijing, where the Inspectorate had its offices close to the Zongli Yamen, the Qing agency overseeing China's relations with Western countries.

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WASSERSTROM, JEFFREY N. "A Big Ben with Chinese characteristics: the Customs House as urban icon in Old and New Shanghai." Urban History 33, no. 1 (May 2006): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392680600352x.

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A huge clock, made at Whitechurch by Messrs. J. B. Joyce and Co … has been sent to Shanghai, for the new Chinese Maritime Customs House. The clock, weighing nearly 30 tons, will probably be the Big Ben of the Far East.

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Ali, Abdul Latheef, and Muhammad Salman. "Maritime Security Dynamics of Archipelagic States with Focus on Maldives." Polaris – Journal of Maritime Research 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.53963/pjmr.2021.002.3.

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Archipelagic waters are created when an archipelagic state meeting the qualifications of article 47 of the Law of the Sea (LOS) convention draws archipelagic baselines joining the outermost points of the outermost islands and drying reefs of the archipelago. Maldives is an archipelagic state with 99.7% of the area is sea situated in the birthplace of maritime civilization- the Indian Ocean. In recent years, Maldives has seen a growing inclination towards its maritime environment with the expanding economy fuelled by growing international tourism, shipping, overseas trade and fisheries. Owing to the strategic position of the country and its proximity to vital Sea Line of Communication (SLOC) that are infested with rising threats and crimes. Though Maldives does not have any territorial disputes with neighboring countries, country is facing great challenges in dealing with narcotics, ERF and other non- traditional maritime threats especially environmental challenges. Maldives is facing various threats for her existence other than the issues faced due to climate changes. To deal with these challenges Maldives maritime agencies need to be conceptualized, instead of Marine Police under the Maldives Police Service, and other government institutions such as Customs Marine Department under Maldives Customs Service and Immigration Marine Department under Maldives Immigration working independently. Maldives Maritime Authority can be formed to work under one umbrella to oversee functions of the above mentioned departments. Hence law enforcement at sea will be more effective, economizing the effort and resources while serving the people effectively to deter future threats and uncertainty.

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Liang, Yaoshen. "From Text to Field: Study on the Intercultural Communication of Music in Collection of Chinese Works and Translations by Matteo Ricci from the Perspective of Maritime Silk Road." Review of Educational Theory 3, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/ret.v3i2.1790.

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In this paper, with Collection of Chinese Works by Matteo Ricci written by Zhu Weizheng and A summary Interpretation of Chinese literature of Matteo Ricci in Ming and Qing Dynasties written by Tang Kaijian as major research texts and historical basis, as well as intercultural communication as the major research method, the aesthetic adaptation of native music of traditional Chinese music, etiquette, sacrifice and religious customs under the description of Matteo Ricci is discussed and interpreted from the perspective of the spread of musical culture of the Maritime Silk Road, four stages of field investigation are planned, and related musical activities and local musical phenomena appearing in his literature have an on-site visit. In this way, the vital position and historical significance of Matteo Ricci’s cultural missionary activities in the music communication on the Maritime Silk Road are obtained.

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Villamin, Jojo M. "AVAILMENT OF FUNERAL PLANNING MANAGEMENT SERVICE AMONG CHINESE AND FILIPINO: PREPARATION OF A SERVICE DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE FOR A FUNERAL EVENT BUSINESS." Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v2i1.78.

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The funeral industry has grown rapidly over the years. It is very evident that in the Philippines, many funeral parlors are sprouting all over the country as well funeral insurance policy companies. The funeral industry has taken more major roles in the burial rituals, funeral arrangements, body disposition procedures, last rites, and after care services to attend to the special needs. One of the richest customs in celebrating a funeral event was the Chinese society. Chinese was well known for their custom of following a lot of superstitions. Filipinos also believed in superstitions like the Chinese, but their way of celebrating the funeral rites was different. These customs make managing a funeral event difficult. That is why seeking professional guidance and support is a good idea. The study looks into the comparative study of the availment of the funeral planning management service among Chinese and Filipino to observe the difference and similarities on the level of awareness, interest, the desire and actions of the two different cultures regarding the funeral planning management service. The researcher’s purpose was to make a basis for developing an event strategy that would facilitate the acceptability of the funeral planning management service in the Philippines.

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CHUNG, STEPHANIE PO-YIN. "Chinese Tong as British Trust: Institutional Collisions and Legal Disputes in Urban Hong Kong, 1860s–1980s." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 6 (June 29, 2010): 1409–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0900016x.

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AbstractBy the nineteenth century, with the advance of British colonial activities, British corporate laws had been transplanted to maritime Asia with varying degrees of vigour. In British Hong Kong, these laws often clashed with native customs. Through a reconstruction of the legal disputes found in urban Hong Kong, this paper discusses how British and Chinese business traditions interacted with each other during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Before assessing the historical implications and consequences of these legal decisions, this paper will also explore whether the Chinese institution of tong is compatible with British law in urban Hong Kong.

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Adamowicz, Magdalena. "Deregulation of laws and border facilitations, and their impact on the increase of competitiveness of Polish seaports." SHS Web of Conferences 58 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185801001.

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This article attempts to explore the effects caused by the implementation of facilities for maritime entrepreneurs introduced under the act deregulating economic law (hereinafter: "Ports 24h" or port package). Moreover it was analysed whether the procedures implemented by the Customs Service and border units, and in particular the simplified procedure, one stop shop and single window, shortened the time of customs clearance in ports. It was examined whether new solutions affected seaports in Poland and helped to build their competitive advantage over the Baltic Sea. The port of Gdansk was particularly interested due to the annual increase in transhipments. There is a surprising lack of studies on customs conveniences in sea ports. The bulk of academic work focuses on the competitiveness of sea ports as seen through infrastructural investments, with no consideration given to factors such as stable, clear and reliable law which does not impede enterprises in their business.

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Tsai, Weipin. "The Inspector General's Last Prize: The Chinese Native Customs Service, 1901–31." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 36, no. 2 (June 2008): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530802180734.

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Horowitz, Richard S. "The Ambiguities of an Imperial Institution: Crisis and Transition in the Chinese Maritime Customs, 1899–1911." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 36, no. 2 (June 2008): 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530802180825.

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Chang, Zheng, Dong Yang, Yulai Wan, and Tingting Han. "Analysis on the features of Chinese dry ports: Ownership, customs service, rail service and regional competition." Transport Policy 82 (October 2019): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.06.008.

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Brunero, Donna. "Breaking with the past: the Maritime Customs Service and the global origins of modernity in China." Asian Studies Review 40, no. 1 (November 19, 2015): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2015.1105186.

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Chang, Chia-Hsun, and Po-Lin Lai. "An evaluation of logistics policy enablers between Taiwan and the UK." Maritime Business Review 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-09-2016-0018.

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Purpose This paper aims to empirically identify crucial international logistics policy enablers and to examine their impacts on logistics performance using survey data collected from 169 responding firms in Taiwan and 109 responding firms in the UK including logistics companies, freight forwarders, shipping companies, agencies and airline companies. Design/methodology/approach A multiple regression analysis is used as a method to empirically validate the research model. Findings Results indicate the five most important logistics policy enablers according to Taiwanese logistics firms are information technology system, inland transport linkage, simplifying the customs clearance procedures, ports and maritime transport and having a policy to ensure efficient service operation and multiplicity of services. In contrast, for the UK logistics firms, the five most important logistics policy enablers are telecommunications, information technology system, avoidance of unnecessary regulation, inland transport linkage and ports and maritime transport. Results also indicate that logistics policy dimensions in terms of regulation, integration, infrastructure and logistics education have a positive influence on firms’ logistics service quality and efficiency. Originality/value Theoretical and policy implications from the research findings on logistics policy between these two countries are discussed in this paper.

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Cassel, Pär. "Hansvan de Ven. Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China." American Historical Review 120, no. 1 (February 2015): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.1.204a.

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孔德維, HUNG Tak Wai. "After Diu: The Forgotten Islamic Trade in Early Nineteenth Century Cantonese Confucian Historiography (After Diu: Perdagangan Islam yand Kian dilupakan pada Awal Abad kesembilan belas Historiografi Cantonese Confucioan)." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077) 16, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v16i1.775.

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Since the early 20th century, historians have studied interactions between China and Islamic communities. Most of them focused on the prosperity brought by the maritime trade between Muslims and Chinese in the earlier eras. How this trade ended, however, has not been extensively studied. This article studies the narratives regarding Arabs and Muslims participating in the Canton trade, as recorded in Yuehai guanzhi粵海關志 [Gazetteer of Canton Customs]. Yuehai guanzhi was published by Liang Tingnan 梁廷枏 (1796–1861), a Cantonese Confucian elite, with the first-hand government records in 1838, by which time non-Chinese speaking Muslim merchants had already became rare in the region. This article investigates how Islamic trade was recorded during the early 19th century. In particular, it will illustrate how the trade ended and was forgotten due to the diminishing presence of Muslim merchants after the Battle of Diu in 1509. Keywords: Chinese Islam, Canton trade, customs system, Yuehai guanzhi, Leung Tingnan. Abstrak Sejak awal abad ke-20, sejarawan telah mengkaji interaksi yang berlaku antara komuniti Cina dan Islam. Kebanyakan mereka memberi tumpuan terhadap kemasyhuran perdagangan maritim antara Muslim dan Cina pada era tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, kisah berakhirnya perdagangan ini tidak dikaji secara meluas oleh para sejarawan. Artikel ini mengkaji naratif mengenai orang Arab dan Muslim yang terlibat dalam perdagangan Canton, seperti yang dicatatkan dalam Yuehai guanzhi 粵海關志 [Gazetteer of Canton Customs]. Yuehai guanzhi telah diterbitkan oleh Liang See 梁廷枏 (1796-1861), seorang elit Confucian Kantonis, dengan menggunakan rekod pertama kerajaan pada tahun 1838, dimana ketika itu para peniaga Muslim yang tidak fasih berbahasa Cina telah menjadi asing di rantau ini. Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana perdagangan Islam direkodkan pada awal abad ke-19. Secara khususnya, artikel ini menggambarkan bagaimana perdagangan maritim antara Muslim dan Cina berakhir dan dilupakan setelah berkurangnya jumlah pedagang-pedagang Muslim selepas Pertempuran Diu pada tahun 1509. Kata Kunci: Cina muslim,canton trade, sistem budaya, Yuehai guanzhi Leung Tingnan.

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Lauren, Lauren. "Pengaruh Clearance In Dan Out Terhadap Jumlah Kunjungan Kapal Yang Diageni Oleh PT Buana Lintas Lautan Jakarta." Prosiding Seminar Pelayaran dan Teknologi Terapan 4, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36101/pcsa.v4i1.229.

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Shipping is part of a very strategic marine transportation facility for the maritime world and is a vital means that supports the goals of national unity and integrity and realizes Indonesia's ideals as a world maritime axis and to support the Indonesian economic sector. One of the shipping companies in Indonesia where I practice is PT. Buana Lintas Lautan Jakarta which was founded in 2005. Since its inception PT. Buana Lintas Lautan Jakarta is required to provide the best and maximum possible service to service users, because in the shipping world, service is prioritized, so that service users feel satisfied and have confidence in the management and transportation of their goods. Clearance services in and out of ships is one type of service provided by the company to service users. To maintain the trust of service users who use ship agency services to the company, the service must be carried out briefly and smoothly without being constrained. short and smooth, without experiencing any obstacles. The clearance process for these agencies as a whole should be able to be done in less than 24 hours. However, in the course of handling in and out clearance services, they often encounter several obstacles, including: preparation of complete ship clearance documents at PT. Ocean Crossings is not optimal, the information provided by the agent to the ship regarding the readiness of the ship, both in terms of documentation and physically when the ship arrives, is felt to be lacking, so that when the ship arrives the ship is not ready to do clearance. The lack of communication between agents and related agencies such as (Customs and Excise, KSOP, Immigration, Quarantine and Pelindo) also hampers ship clearance services so that it takes longer. So companies need to reduce clearance processing time so that the number of ships that the company agency can be more more and faster service.

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McDougall, David J. "The Origins and Growth of the Canadian Customs Preventive Service Fleet in the Maritime Provinces and Eastern Québec, 1892-1932." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 5, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.740.

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Hoare, J. E. "Hans van de Ven. Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China." Asian Affairs 45, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 558–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2014.954424.

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Elman, Benjamin A. "Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China by Hans van de Ven." Enterprise & Society 16, no. 2 (2015): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ens.2015.0021.

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Zanasi, Margherita. "Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China by Hans van de Ven." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 75, no. 2 (2015): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jas.2015.0034.

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Cun, Xiaogang. "Public service motivation and job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior." Chinese Management Studies 6, no. 2 (June 8, 2012): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506141211236758.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the cause‐effect chain between public services motivation (PSM) and consequences variables, which include organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and job satisfaction (JS) of employees in the public sector of Guangzhou. Another purpose of the paper is to discuss the structure of behavior under the Chinese public sector's traditional culture, from the perspective of integration of three different mechanisms of behavior (ration, norm and affective).Design/methodology/approachThe paper modified the PSM questionnaire, based on Perry's PSM scale, according to Chinese cultural customs. The data of public service motivation, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior were collected by randomly sampling from the employees in the public sector of Guangzhou. Results were obtained through structural equation modelling for the examination of multiple relationships between PSM and its dimensions, and the consequences; and ANOVA for testing the difference between groups.FindingsIt was found that there are significant differences between groups in the PSM level and correlations exist between PSM, and JS, OCB.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature regarding PSM by examining the relationship between the dimensions of PSM and the consequence variables of OCB and JS against a Chinese cultural background. The paper presents the findings as a model to show the dynamics in these relationships. The integration of three different mechanisms of behavior is novel in the field of human resource management (HRM). The paper not only contributes to the further development of the field, but also implies healthier and more sustainable practices in public HRM.

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Nish, Ian. "Politics, Trade and Communications in East Asia: Thoughts on Anglo-Russian Relations, 1861–1907." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 4 (October 1987): 667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009276.

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As Britain saw it, trade was not the prime motivating force for Russian expansion in east Asia or, put another way, the Russian frontiersmen were not driven by the actual amount of their trade there or its future potentialities. While Russia was primarily concerned with the tea trade over land frontiers, Britain was concerned with the seaborne commerce of China. The customs revenue paid to China in the year 1894 worked out as follows:Judging from the returns of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Organization, British ships carried 83.5% of China's total trade. But Britain's commercial dominance affected her political stance because she wanted to preserve China's stability for most of the second half of the nineteenth century. This was at the root of the political tensions between Britain and Russia which emerged in China after 1860 and especially those which derived from the spate of railway building which took place from 1890 onwards. It would be foolish to deny that intense rivalry did exist in the area from time to time or that detailed observations of the actions of the one were regularly conducted by the other—what we should now call ‘intelligence operations’. But what I shall suggest in this paper is that, despite all the admitted antagonism and suspicion between Britain and Russia in east Asia, Britain regularly made efforts to reach accommodations with Russia in north-east Asia.

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Gui, Yong-Jie, and Yoon-Say Jeong. "A Study Of the Effects of the Quality of Logstics(Clearance) Service And Characteristics of the Shopping Mall on the Customer Satisfaction And Loyalty to Chinese Bonded Direct Shopping Malls." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.2.3.

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Due to the development of China's economy or increase in national income, Chinese consumers' purchasing ability has increased and people have been unable to go out due to Corona 19, so there are more cases of purchasing overseas products using bonded direct shopping malls. In this paper, empirical analysis was carried out using SPSS 26 and AMOS 26 by setting up a model to derive the factors affecting the customer satisfaction and loyalty of the bonded shopping mall logistics and customs clearance service factors. As a result of the analysis, it was found that all logistics/customs clearance service quality factors of the bonded shopping mall had a statistically significant positive (+) effect on satisfaction. Also It was analyzed only the corporate image factor did not have a significant positive (+) effect on satisfaction. And proving that satisfaction has a significant positive (+) effect on loyalty. Through the results of this study, the implications of providing a new channel for exporting Korean products to China are suggested as it can be helpful for companies that operate a bonded direct purchase shopping mall when setting up a marketing strategy.

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Li, Ruiqin, Yipeng Liu, and Oscar F. Bustinza. "FDI, service intensity, and international marketing agility." International Marketing Review 36, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-01-2018-0031.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a nuanced understanding of international marketing agility by connecting organizational capability literature with that of standardization and adaptation. The focus of the research is to clarify whether managing the tension between product standardization and service customization generates an extra premium in international markets.Design/methodology/approachTwo disaggregated Chinese data sets, the Annual Survey of Industrial Enterprises and the China Customs Database, are used for developing an econometric model. Export quality improvement is the outcome variable in reflecting the effect of international marketing agility on performance.FindingsInternational marketing agility is reached through upstream FDI intensity, particularly in the context of service FDI. Manufacturing sectors with higher service intensity have more agility, being more likely to generate export quality.Research limitations/implicationsThis study makes three theoretical contributions by clarifying the concept of international marketing agility as an organizational capability generated by manufacturing standardization and service customization; investigating the influence of upstream FDI intensity for export quality while taking into account the industry contexts; and obtaining an enhanced understanding of the service intensity of manufacturing firms on export quality.Originality/valueThe authors offer a nuanced and contextualized understanding of international marketing agility and explore the complex relationships between FDI, service intensity and export quality.

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Lee, Sanghoun. "The Financial Problem of the Qing Dynasty and the Establishment of the Chinese Maritime Customs in the 1840s: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province." Journal of Chinese Studies 101 (August 30, 2022): 455–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35982/jcs.101.18.

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Cui, Wei, Bao Gang Zhao, Yang Liu, Si Yu Qian, Jia Ye, Hai Feng Yang, and Ya Jun Li. "A Research of CIM Model in Education Fields." Advanced Materials Research 267 (June 2011): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.267.64.

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This article has been supported by Chinese National Natural Science Fund in 2010, “Strategy research of using supply chain partner’s knowledge in enterprise knowledge creation process”, Project approving code: 71072124. It was also supported by Fund of Liaoning Province reform of higher education "Research of service outsourcing personnel training mode" in 2007, Fund of Dalian Science and Technology Plan "Research of ways expanding Dalian outsourcing service industry market" in 2008, Fund of Dalian Science and Technology Plan "Research of Dalian comprehensive prediction system of electric power and energy" in 2009, Fund of Chongqing Electric Power Corporation "Research of Chongqing comprehensive prediction system of electric power and energy" in 2008 and Project of Dalian Maritime University reform of graduate education and teaching “Construction of teaching content system of Management Science and Engineering based on the platform of motion and internet of things ” in 2010.

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Wu, Chunyang, Muhammad Fauzan Abu Bakar, and Boo Ho Voon. "Aesthetics of Hui Folk Dance as Audience Service to Leverage Audience Satisfaction." International Journal of Service Management and Sustainability 7, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ijsms.v7i1.17783.

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Hui folk dance has its unique charm as an indispensable part of Chinese folk dance. It reflects the customs and cultural characteristics of the Hui nationality. This article explores the historical formation of Hui folk dance, analyses its formation process in different periods of history, analyses the culture, the body vocabulary of the folk dance, the music, the rhythm of the dance, the influence on the folk dance, and the expression of aesthetic consciousness. Folk dances of the Hui nationality originate from the folk, and they also show their unique living habits, combining dance with the details of life to outline their unique dance posture. Hui folk dance expresses the value of aesthetic emotions, aesthetic knowledge, and aesthetic ideals of dance through historical portraits, national spirits, and traditional canons. The formation, aesthetic consciousness, and aesthetic characteristics of Hui folk dance were analysed to better understand the history and culture of Hui folk dance, learn it, inherit it, promote it, and enrich it for sustainability. Dance aesthetics as part of audience service. The audience will be aesthetically satisfied and this will affect their behavioural intentions.

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Ladds, Catherine. "‘Youthful, Likely Men, Able to Read, Write and Count’:1 Joining the Foreign Staff of the Chinese Customs Service, 1854–1927." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 36, no. 2 (June 2008): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530802180718.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese Maritime Customs Service'

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