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Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese lexicography'
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1
Chen, Wenge. "Lexicography, discourse and power." Pragmatics and Society 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 601–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.4.06che.
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Abstract This paper conceptualizes dictionary bilingualization as a recontextualizing practice and explores how ideology and power play out in the recontextualization of lexicographic discourse across languages and cultures to result in the transformation of meaning. It first proposes viewing the (bilingualized) dictionary as discourse and emphasizes bilingual lexicography as a site of an asymmetrical linguistic and cultural power dynamics. The paper then argues that a synergy of critical discourse analysis and postcolonial studies can reveal the inter-cultural ideological struggle implicit in the bilingualizing lexicographic practice. The body of the study is devoted to the analysis of those shifts taking place in the entries, definition, illustrative examples and pragmatic labels in a bilingualized English-Chinese dictionary, which, when viewed cumulatively, significantly reshape the ideological positioning of the dictionary. The paper discusses the implications for critical lexicographic studies and for research into the interplay between power and resistance between dominating and dominated cultures. It concludes that Periphery English dictionary compilers are able to negotiate the different subjectivities and ideologies inherent in dictionary making and to adopt a subject position favorable to their empowerment in the international English lexicography, although such resistance is far from capable of restructuring the order of lexicography.
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Hu, Cui, and Ben G. Li. "Chinese lexicography and stock trading." International Review of Economics & Finance 73 (May 2021): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2020.12.032.
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Gao, Yongwei. "Whither Chinese–English lexicography? – From a historical perspective." Lexicography 8, no. 2 (December 17, 2021): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/lexi.20869.
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2020 marked the 200th anniversary of the publication of the second part of Robert Morrison’s A Dictionary of the Chinese Language which has been widely recognized as the first Chinese–English (hereinafter abbreviated to C–E) dictionary and signaled the beginning of C–E lexicography. From the late Qing Dynasty to the present, literally several hundred C–E dictionaries, small or large, have been compiled, though the number of noteworthy ones is rather limited. Nevertheless, research into C–E lexicography has gradually developed into a distinct field of study as witnessed by thousands of academic papers and over a dozen books devoted to its research. A search of (Chinese–English dictionary) as the keyword in CNKI, a database of journal articles, theses, and dissertations written in the Chinese language, came up with 8,365 results. Most of the discussions center round topics such as dictionary criticism, history of dictionary-making, theoretical construction, and case studies. The history of bilingual lexicography in China, for instance, was under-researched in the past as a result of the lack of original copies of early dictionaries, which, however, has been improved thanks to the reprinting and wide availability of such dictionaries since the beginning of the 21st century. Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911 (Heming Yong et al., 2008), for instance, devoted only a few pages to the earliest history of C–E lexicography which spans more than 70 years. But now dozens of academic papers and even several books (e.g. Yang, 2012; Gao, 2014) have been written about the early bilingual dictionary-makers and their lexicographical works, presenting a clear picture of the evolution of C–E lexicography. Today more than two decades into the 21st century, the C–E lexicography scene is not as crowded as its English–Chinese counterpart as there are only a few major players. The paper aims to present a brief history of C–E lexicography with a focus on lexicographical tradition and creativity, elaborate on the deficiencies or problems found within the major C–E dictionaries, and finally discuss the future directions of C–E lexicography.
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Considine, John. "Towards a History of Chinese Lexicography." Historiographia Linguistica 37, no. 1-2 (May 21, 2010): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.37.1-2.05con.
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Considine, John. "Towards a History of Chinese Lexicography." Historiographia Linguistica 37, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.37.1/2.05con.
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Tarp, Sven. "Revival of a Dusty Old Profession." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 21, no. 41 (August 28, 2017): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v21i41.96819.
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This text is the inaugural lecture presented by Professor Sven Tarp at the Aarhus School of Business on March 14, 2008. Firstly, the text provides a brief retrospect of the history of lexicography with emphasis on the experience of the big Chinese encyclopedias and the fi rst big National Danish Dictionary. On this basis, it calls for the further development of an independent theory of lexicography in order to go beyond the experience of past and present lexicographic works and project the discipline into the future. It then discusses some of the problems hampering this process. With a call for innovation, it urges the lexicographers to produce the works that are really needed by users and the State to fi nance the production of such tools of national, cultural, social and economic importance in the present information era. Finally, it concludes that the researchers in lexicography need the audacity to go beyond the usual boundaries and generate new ideas, even if they are initially not welcomed or even understood.
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Qin, Melissa Xiaohui, and Jingyang Gao. "The Chinese English dictionary : An online resource for Chinese English lexicography." World Englishes 39, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/weng.12390.
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Ding, Jun. "Sinicization as glocalization in The Chinese English Dictionary." Lexicography 8, no. 2 (December 17, 2021): 166–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/lexi.20870.
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This study explores the Chineseness on different levels as displayed in the lexicographic text of The Chinese English Dictionary (unabridged, 1st volume, 2015) (CED) and interprets it as Sinicization informed by the spirit of glocalization. Adopting the discourse approach proposed by Chen (2019) as CLDS (Critical Lexicographical Discourse Studies), it views CED as discourse and aims to examine and reveal how the dominant ideological powers within Chinese society may have borne on the dictionary's distinct Sinicizing efforts. It proposes that CED has effectively challenged the established norms of bilingual lexicography involving English in mainland China in its negotiating Chinese into sharing the status of target language with English and infusing the dictionary text with rich traditional Chinese culture. Meanwhile, CED also demonstrates strong glocalizing tendencies in its consistent 'de-ideologizing' efforts in the treatment of historic-political and cultural terms, as well as its unusual emphasis on acculturation as a translation guideline which serves well to universalize the local and vice versa.
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Xue, Mei. "Presenting Examples in Learners’ Dictionaries to Assist Chinese Learners in Writing English Texts." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 24, no. 46 (October 24, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v24i46.97367.
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It has been widely acknowledged that exemplification plays a very significant role in foreign language learning. Many studies have been conducted on dictionary examples, but little attention has been paid to how examples can assist a specific group of foreign learners engaged in a specific learning activity. The present study is intended to fill this gap by investigating how to optimize examples in English learners’ dictionaries to help Chinese learners with writing in English. The functional theory of lexicography will be employed in this study. This investigation will be carried out in two stages. The first one consists in identifying the lexicographic needs of foreign learners engaged in the task of English writing and consulting dictionary examples. The second stage is a demonstration of some proposals for exemplification in learners’ dictionaries through model articles. The purpose of this study is to give new insights into exemplification in learners’ dictionaries for future lexicographic research and practice.
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Zgusta, Ladislav. "The Czech-Chinese Dictionary and the theory of lexicography (Svākośavidyaśāstrakaran˙yam)." International Journal of Lexicography 5, no. 2 (1992): 85–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/5.2.85.
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Yunsheng, Ju. "COGNITIVE SCIENCES IN CHINA: THE BASIC TENDENCIES OF DEVELOPMENT." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 66 (2) (2019): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2019.2.20.
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Currently, cognitive studies of language in China are very popular. There are different views on the theoretical aspects of this direction. The article discusses the current level of cognitive science in China, as well as the main trends in its development in relation to the study of the Chinese language. Some recommendations of Chinese scientists concerning the study of complex paradigms of cognitive science, especially in cognitive linguistics, cognitive terminology, cognitive lexicography, are offered in our article.
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ALTEHENGER, JENNIFER E. "On Difficult New Terms: The business of lexicography in Mao Era China." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 3 (May 2017): 622–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000147.
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AbstractEntries in Mao Era reference works today serve as windows into the world of words and meanings of a bygone era. Dictionaries and encyclopaedias, though, did not speak with one voice, even under Communist Party control. Lexicography and the question of who would get to publish on and explain the meaning of the ‘new terms’ and ‘new knowledge’ of ‘New China’ were subject to constant debates. Lexicographers, editors, and publishers specialized in the business of setting up categories and, together with readers and state censors, they policed them. Following on their heels, this article examines four moments in Mao Era lexicography, ranging from the early years of transition to Chinese Communist Party rule to the height of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Internal reports and letter exchanges on the production and circulation of single-volume encyclopaedic dictionaries show who contributed to encyclopaedic work, how it was controlled, and why control and censorship were often far from simple. Taking lexicography seriously as a component of the socialist information economy after 1949 sheds light on complex processes of knowledge transmission that defy simple models of socialist state propaganda.
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Söderblom Saarela, Mårten. "The Qing Tradition and the Return of Manchu Lexicography to China (1970s–1990s)." Historiographia Linguistica 41, no. 2-3 (October 30, 2014): 323–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.2-3.05sod.
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Summary In Qing China (1644–1911), many bilingual dictionaries of Manchu and Chinese were compiled to serve the needs of a multilingual empire. They were largely forgotten in the 20th century. In the 1970s, government initiatives to organize and research the historical heritage meant greater interaction with the Manchu language of the millions of Qing administrative documents still extant. Several projects to compile Manchu-Chinese dictionaries were thus undertaken, leading to the simultaneous publication of several titles in the early 1990s. The new Manchu dictionaries appealed to the Qing lexicographical tradition in their arrangement. By comparing the organization of two recent Manchu dictionaries, compiled respectively by An Shuangcheng (b.1942) and Hu Zengyi (b.1936), two scholars based in Beijing, this paper reveals that although no one pointed it out, the allegedly traditional arrangement in fact differed substantially between dictionaries.
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Bladey, Steve. "Chinese Lexicography — A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911 (review)." Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 30, no. 1 (2009): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dic.2009.0005.
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Liu, Zequan, and Dandan Zhang. "Some problems of The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (6th ed.): With a call for a corpus-based Chinese lexicography." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 43, no. 1A (2015): 196–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2015.0012.
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Yang, Huiling. "The Making of the First Chinese-English Dictionary." Historiographia Linguistica 41, no. 2-3 (October 30, 2014): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.2-3.04yan.
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Summary The first printed Chinese–English dictionary was the Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts compiled by Robert Morrison (1782–1834) published between 1815 and 1823. Two hundred years later it is still in use. This paper traces the tradition of missionary bilingual lexicography in China from its origins down to Morrison. While early manuscript bilingual dictionaries solved the problems of transliteration, alphabetical arrangement of Chinese entries, definition and grammatical information, Morrison improved the transliteration system which he had inherited, invented a new index system matching alphabetically arranged transliterations with Chinese characters, and provided a large number of citations from Chinese classics and popular contemporary Chinese books. Morrison’s lexicographical legacy is reflected in the fact that his transliteration was adopted as the basis for the Wade-Giles system and that the macrostructure and microstructure of his dictionary became a model for Samuel Wells Williams’ (1812–1884) Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language 漢英韻府 (1874, re-edited until 1909) and Henry Allen Giles’ (1845–1935) Chinese-English Dictionary (1892, last ed., 1972.)
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Li, Qian, and Sven Tarp. "Differentiated Treatment of Cultural Items in Lexicographical Products: A Necessary Adaptation to the Digital Environment." Lexikos 32 (2022): 90–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5788/32-1-1706.
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The paper focuses on the lexicographical treatment of cultural objects. It argues that second-language learning requires second-culture learning and that digital technologies call for new solutions to both old and new challenges. As an example, it takes traditional Chinese musical instruments and starts with a critical analysis of their treatment in five Chinese–English dictionaries for both foreign learners and native speakers. It continues with some reflections on media convergence and its consequences for lexicography and reaches the conclusion that the one-size-fits-all dictionary must be replaced with a variety of lexicographical products on different platforms. Lexicographers' focus must therefore move from the dictionary to the database that supports these products. This leads to a discussion of equivalent and explanation types and the need to prepare four different database fields for equivalents and two for explanations. To exemplify this, the paper presents a lexicographical database with equivalents, explanations, and other types of culturally relevant items. It then uses a few examples to show how these lexicographical items stored in the database can be selectively employed on different platforms and adapted to specific user needs. The paper links directly to sound files and video clips with some of the discussed instruments. Finally, the paper provides some conclusions and perspectives for further improving the cultural dimension of learners' lexicography.
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Zhang, Yihua, and Hanfu Mi. "Enhancing the role of culture-specific constructs in Chinese (-English) dictionaries for international learners." Lexicographica 36, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0004.
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AbstractThe growing number of people learning Chinese as a second language (CSL) appears to precipitate an increasing demand for Chinese dictionaries for international learners (CDIL). However, many of these dictionaries are not accepted by Chinese learners around the world. This paper, starting with the status quo and the current challenges of the CDIL, attempts to highlight the role of culture-specific constructs (CSCs) in compiling dictionaries for learners from various perspectives. The discussion is directed to the inseparable relationship between CDIL and Chinese CSCs from the viewpoint of cultural differences, the characteristics and classification of CSCs in the light of cultural anthropology and lexicography, as well as the culture enhancement in entry-word selection and definition according to the characteristics of second language acquisition and users’ dictionary needs. Finally, based on the analysis of the CSCs extracted from the Chinese-Related English Corpus, the translational definition method and principles of the CDIL are proposed. In addition, the conceptual integration mechanism for cross-cultural memetic calque of CSCs is profiled with practical instances drawn from the Corpus.
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Wang, Hai, and Daiming Huang. "The Rise and Development of Lexicography & Dictionary Craft in Tiechiu-Swatow Dialect during Late Qing Dynasty." World Journal of English Language 10, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v10n1p38.
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In the first half of the 19th century, the Christian churches of Britain and America successively sent missionaries to the southeast Asia. American Baptist missionaries William Dean and Josiah Goddard, who preached in Bangkok, published First Lessons in the Tiechiw Dialect 1841 and A Chinese and English Vocabulary in the Tiechiu Dialect in 1847. They started the activities of missionaries and foreigners in China to compile dictionaries of Tiechiw-Swatow dialects. After the second Opium War, missionaries went deep into the hinterland of China, and the activities of compiling dictionaries of Chinese dialects became more active. The compilation techniques such as content design, Roman pronunciation scheme and tone annotation, and Chinese-English comparison, became more perfect. From the 1870s to 1911, foreign missionaries in Tiechiw-Swatow area compiled and published nine dictionaries. The purpose of this paper is to sort out the compilation process of Tiechiw-Swatow dialect dictionaries in the late Qing dynasty and the recognition of the regularity of compilation techniques, so as to provide reference for the study of compilation techniques of Tiechiw-Swatow dialect dictionaries and the dissemination of Tiechiw-Swatow regional culture in the English world.
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Baker, Hugh D. R. "Appetites: Food and Sex in Post-Socialist China. By Judith Farquhar. [Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2002. xii+341 pp. £14.50. ISBN 0-8223-2921-2.]." China Quarterly 175 (September 2003): 836–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003280474.
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The author is an anthropologist with a heavy list towards Chinese medicine, and it is from a medico-anthropological stance that she views aspects of food and sex in China. The works of neither Chang Kwang-chih nor Robert van Gulik will be made redundant by this book, for it is eating rather than food, and relationships between the sexes rather than the mechanics of sexual practice which are focused on, and a whole battery of lenses, from philosophy to literary criticism and from ethnographic fieldwork to lexicography, is employed.
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Palfi, L. L., and B. Nielsen. "Heming Yong & Jing Peng. Chinese Lexicography - A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911." International Journal of Lexicography 22, no. 3 (April 17, 2009): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecp010.
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Инь, Ч. "Teaching Chinese Students to use Russian Adverblal Prepositions Using а Multilingual Translated Educational Dictionary." Higher education today, no. 7 (September 30, 2022): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/rnu.het.22.07.p.043.
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Рассматривается возможность обучения китайских студентов, изучающих русский язык как иностранный, употреблению наречных предлогов с помощью учебного пособия словарного типа, в котором сопоставляется материал русского, английского и китайского языков для каждой из выделенных функций наречных предлогов и далее для каждого лексико-семантического варианта. Предлагается представление словарной информации на основе конкретных языковых примеров. Делается вывод о том, что данный способ лексикографирования наречных предлогов в учебных целях повышает эффективность обучения не только для китайских, но и для англоговорящих обучающихся. The article considers the possibility of teaching Chinese students studying Russian as a foreign language the use of adverbial prepositions using a dictionary-type textbook that compares the material of Russian, English and Chinese for each of the selected functions of adverbial prepositions and then for each lexico-semantic variant. The presentation of vocabulary information based on specifi c language examples is proposed. It is concluded that this method of lexicography of adverbial prepositions for educational purposes increases the eff ectiveness of learning not only for Chinese, but also for English-speaking students.
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Chen, Wenge. "Bilingual Lexicography as Recontextualization: A Case Study of Illustrative Examples in A New English–Chinese Dictionary." Australian Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 4 (September 17, 2015): 311–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2015.1067133.
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Scrimgeour, Andrew. "Between lexicography and intercultural mediation: linguistic and cultural challenges in developing the first Chinese–English dictionary." Perspectives 24, no. 3 (March 23, 2016): 444–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2015.1069859.
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Valenti, Federico. "Explicit and hidden zoological categories in early Chinese taxonomies." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 74, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 609–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2019-0049.
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Abstract The present article investigates the problems of zoological taxonomical categories in texts that range from the Warring States (ca. 453–221 BCE) to the Eastern Han periods (25–220 CE). It focuses its attention on the Erya (attested 3rd c. BCE), a work that had a pivotal role during the development of Chinese lexicography. This terse glossary is probably one of the first texts that deal with the problem of taxonomical classification in early China through the use of syntactical devices that I call “categorical markers”, i.e. normalised characters that introduce an ontologically independent category of entities. By dint of the analysis of selected case studies, it will be shown that along fairly well attested “categorical markers” that constitute dichotomous systems (such as shou 獸 “quadruped furred creatures” versus niao 鳥 “bipedal winged creatures”), early Chinese taxonomies reveal less explicit linguistic devices that are implied in zoological classification, e.g. the presence of “sub-categorical markers” as noun modifiers (chou 醜 “being physically similar” or shu 屬 “to belong to a category”) used in order to create embedded taxonomies within the standard “categorical markers”. This complexity reveals an organised taxonomical system that helps us to better define the early Chinese conception of the natural world.
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Ford, Graeme. "Review of Yong, H. & J. Peng (2008) Chinese Lexicography: A History From 1046 BC to AD 1911." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 32, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): 16.1–16.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0916.
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dummy contact - do not alter, ZZZ. "Review of Yong, H. & J. Peng (2008)Chinese lexicography: A history from 1046 BC to AD 1911." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 32, no. 2 (2009): 16.1–16.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.32.2.07for.
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Матвеева, Наталия. "Лексика письменных текстов как сокровищница культуры носителей языка и источник ее повышения." Studia Rossica Posnaniensia, no. 39 (February 23, 2016): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2014.39.21.
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The article focuses on the origin of and studies obligatory written textswhich are regarded as a source of knowledge about the culture of native speakers of ancient Indian, ancient Chinese, classic Greek and Latin as well as Arabic and eastern Slavic languages.Much attention is paid to the theory of “correctness” as regards the necessity for native speakers to improve their cultural and linguistic literacy. This article shows the necessity of identifying a specific field within lexicology, i.e. “glossology”, which focuses on analyzing semantically difficult lexis (obsolete words, terms, neologisms, etc.) in obligatory written texts.As a result of a theoretical study of such lexemes, a special field within lexicography, i.e. “glossography”, was identified; this field deals with studying and developing the theoretical and practical basis for creating dictionaries of lexical-semantic difficulties in written texts.
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Gao, Guang Xia, Zhi Wang Zhang, and Shi Yong Kang. "Chinese Semantic Word-Formation Analysis Using FKP-MCO Classifier Based on Layered and Weighted GED." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 3044–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.3044.
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For Chinese information processing, automatic classification based on a large-scale database for different patterns of semantic word-formation can remarkably improve the identification for the unregistered word, automatic lexicography, semantic analysis, and other applications. However, owing to noise, anomalies, nonlinear characteristics, class-imbalance, and other uncertainties in word-formation data, the predictive performance of multi-criteria optimization classifier (MCOC) and other traditional data mining approaches will rapidly degenerate. In this paper we put forward an novel MCOC with fuzzification, kernel, and penalty factors (FKP-MCOC) based on layered and weighted graph edit distance (GED): firstly the layered and weighted GEDs between each semantic word-formation graph and prototype graphs are calculated and used for the dissimilarity measure, then the normalized GEDs are embedded into a new feature vector space, and FKP-MCO classifier based on the feature vector space is built for predicting the patterns of semantic word-formation. Our experimental results of Chinese word-formation analysis and comparison with support vector machine (SVM) show that our proposed approach can increase the separation of different patterns, the predictive performance of semantic pattern of a new compound word.
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BOTTÉRO, Françoise. "Heming YONG & Jing PENG (2008). Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911. New York: Oxford University Press, 458p." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 39, no. 1 (2010): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602810x00070.
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BEKEŠ, Andrej. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 3, no. 1 (April 11, 2013): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.3.1.5-6.
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With this volume, Acta Linguistica Asiatica is entering its 3rd year. After the second half of last year, focusing on research in “Lexicography of Japanese as a Second/Foreign Language” we begin this year with selection of papers covering various perspectives and languages, from South Asian Languages, via Indian subcontinent and China all the way to Japan.The first paper, by Pritha CHANDRA and Anindita SAHOO, entitled Passives in South Asian Languages, discusses continuum of passive constructions, spreading over three language families , Indo-Aryan (Oriya), Dravidian (Malayalam) and Austro-Asiatic (Kharia), and forming a kind of sprachbund, based on a generalized notion of passive. This approach also shows that Tibeto-Burman languages such as Meitei and Ao also can be said to have passives.The second paper, by Kalyanamalini SAHOO, entitled Politeness Strategies in Odia, discusses the conceptual basis for politnesess strategies in Odia (spelled also Oriya as in the first paper), pointing out inadequacy of Brown and Levinson’s model of politness, and proposing a new, “community of practice” based model of politeness for Odia.The next two papers deal with neologisms in Chinese language. LIN Ming-chang in his paper A New Perspective on the Creation of Neologisms focuses on the language user’s psychological requirements for devising neologisms, and therefore proposes a new research perspective towards the reasons for devising neologisms. Mateja PETROVČIČ in her paper The Fifth Milestone in the Development of Chinese Language investigates the structure and features of neologisms in the last century. The author suggests that the widening gap between rich and poor should be considered as the fifth milestone for changes in Chinese language.In the fifth paper, We Have It too: A Strategy Which Helps to Grasp the Japanese Writing System for Students from Outside of the Chinese Character Cultural Zone, the author, Andrej BEKEŠ, argues for employment of analogy transfer strategies to help beginner learners of Japanese to overcome cognitive and affecctive blocade when facing the complexities of Japanese writing system.
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Šarčević, Susan. "Bilingual and Multilingual Legal Dictionaries: New Standards for the Future." Chronique d’expression juridique 19, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 961–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058506ar.
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Alarmed by the notorious inaccuracy of “traditional” bilingual and multilingual legal dictionaries, legal lexicographers began experimenting with new methods of improving user reliability about 15 years ago. Analyzing numerous bilingual and multilingual legal dictionaries of various languages (combinations of English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch and Chinese), the author claims that one can now speak of a special methodology of legal lexicography which has set new standards for the future. Focusing on the problems of interlingual transfer in the field of law, the author deals with the problem of equivalence, pointing out that, in the majority of cases, the functional equivalents of different legal systems are only partially equivalent. This has led to the need to measure the degree of their equivalence in order to determine their acceptability in dictionary entries. For this purpose, methods of comparative conceptual analysis can be used. Moreover, bilingual legal dictionaries are now equipped with a more or less elaborate documentary apparatus including definitions of both the source term and its equivalent, contextual data and geographic information on the usage of target language variants. In conclusion, the question is raised as to the role of dictionaries in the standardization of legal terminology at the national level (Canada), the regional level (EEC, CMEA) and at the international level (UN).
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Demidova, Kaleriya Ivanovna. "ON SOME FORMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW MODERN TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION PROCESS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF STUDYING THE COURSE "BILINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHY" BY CHINESE STUDENTS)." Pedagogical Education in Russia, no. 12 (2016): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/po16-12-12.
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Александра Викторовна, Михайлова,. "Cultural connotation of Chinese and English phraseological units." Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University, no. 4(90) (January 13, 2023): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2022.50.90.011.
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Роль фразеологических единиц в качестве «экспонентов культурных знаков» рассматривалась известными учёными в разных аспектах. Являясь носителями культурно-значимой информации, фразеологизмы выполняют особую роль в процессе концептуализации мира. Из-за своей особой и тесной связи с культурой устойчивые выражения достаточно трудно понять и перевести. Ввиду сложности и значимости изучения фразеологизмов должное внимание следует уделять культурной коннотации английских и китайских устойчивых выражений. Культурная коннотация - это категория, позволяющая соотнести две семиотические системы: язык и культуру. Каждый фразеологизм, если он содержит культурную коннотацию, вносит свой вклад в общую картину национальной культуры. В данной статье предпринята попытка анализа культурных феноменов, отражающихся в культурном сравнении и в различиях между китайским и английским языками. Вводя знания о культурных совпадениях, культурных различиях, статья анализирует идиомы с относительно новой культурной точки зрения. Анализ культурной коннотации фразеологизмов предполагает выяснение многих вопросов и прежде всего того, каким образом культура воплощается во фразеологических единицах. Статья также может послужить в качестве совершенствования знаний о культурных коннотациях английских и китайских фразеологизмов. Следовательно, обогащённая культурная осведомлённость помогла бы учащимся избавиться от вмешательства родного языка. В то же время их владение иностранным языком и межкультурная компетентность будут улучшены. На разных этапах работы применялись различные методы исследования: метод сплошной выборки при сборе материала; дефиниционный анализ при исследовании фразеологизмов; контекстный анализ, включающий в себя метод наблюдения и метод интерпретации текста при выявлении актуальных смыслов. На всех этапах работы использовались методы этимологического и синхронно-сопоставительного анализа. Практическая значимость исследования обусловлена тем, что полученные результаты могут быть использованы в обучении английского, китайского языков, при разработке учебных пособий, словарей справочников, использоваться в теории и практике перевода, в учебной лексикографии. Well-known scientists in different aspects considered the role of phraseological units as «exhibitors of cultural signs». Being carriers of culturally significant information, phraseological units play a special role in the process of conceptualization of the world. Due to their special and close connection with culture, set expressions are quite difficult to understand and translate. In view of the complexity and significance of the study of phraseological units, due attention should be paid to the cultural connotations of English and Chinese set expressions. Cultural connotation is a category that allows us to correlate two semiotic systems: language and culture. Each phraseological unit, if it contains a cultural connotation, contributes to the overall picture of the national culture. This article attempts to analyze cultural phenomena reflected in cultural comparisons and differences between Chinese and English. By introducing knowledge about cultural coincidences, cultural differences, the article analyzes idioms from a relatively new cultural point of view. The analysis of the cultural connotation of phraseological units involves the clarification of many issues and, above all, how culture is embodied in phraseological units. The article can also serve as an improvement of knowledge about the cultural connotations of English and Chinese phraseological units. Therefore, an enriched cultural awareness would help students to get rid of the interference of their native language. At the same time, their foreign language skills and intercultural competence will be improved. At different stages of the work, various research methods were used: the method of continuous sampling - when collecting material; definitional analysis - in the study of phraseological units; contextual analysis, which includes the method of observation and the method of interpreting the text - in identifying relevant meanings. At all stages of the work, the methods of etymological and synchronic-comparative analysis were used. The practical significance of the study is because the results obtained can be used in teaching English, Chinese in the development of teaching aids, dictionaries, reference books, used in the theory and practice of translation, in educational lexicography.
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HMELJAK SANGAWA, Kristina. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 2, no. 3 (December 20, 2012): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.2.3.5-6.
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Having received a lively response to our call for papers on the lexicography of Japanese as a second language, the editorial board decided to dedicate two issues of this year's ALA to this theme, and I am happy to introduce the second round of papers, after the first thematic issue published in October this year.This issue is again divided into two parts. The first two papers offer analyses of two aspects of existing dictionaries from the point of view of Japanese language learners, while the following four papers present particular lexicographic projects for learners of Japanese as a foreign language.The first paper, by Kanako Maebo, entitled A survey of register labelling in Japanese dictionaries - Towards the labelling of words in dictionaries for learners of Japanese, analyses register labelling in existing dictionaries of Japanese, both in those expressly intended for learners of Japanese as a second language and those intended for native speakers, pointing out how register information provided by such dictionaries is not sufficient for L2 language production. After stressing the usefulness of usage examples for learners trying to write in Japanese, she offers an example of a corpus-based register analysis and proposes a typology of labels to be assigned to dictionary entries, calling for the development of corpora of different genres to be used for lexical analysis.In the second paper, An analysis of the efficiency of existing kanji indexes and development of a coding-based index, Galina N. Vorobеva and Victor M. Vorobеv tackle one of the most time-consuming tasks learners of Japanese are confronted with: looking up unknown Chinese characters. After a comprehensive description of existing indexes, including less known indexing systems developed by Japanese, Chinese, Russian and German researchers, they compare the efficiency of these systems using the concept of selectivity, and propose their own coding-based system. Although searching for unknown characters is becoming increasingly easy with the use of optical character recognition included in portable electronic dictionaries, tablets and smart-phones, not all learners have yet access to such devices. Efficient indexes for accessing information on Chinese characters are therefore still a valuable tool to support language learners in this most tedious task, while the ability to decompose a character into component parts remains an important basis for character memorisation.The second part of this issue presents four projects aimed at supporting particular lexical needs of learners of Japanese as a second language.In the first paper, Development of a learners' dictionary of polysemous Japanese words and some proposals for learners’ lexicography, Shingo Imai presents a new lexicographic approach to the description of polysemous words. As Imai rightfully stresses, the most basic and common words learned by beginning language learners are actually often very polysemous; being deceivingly simple at first glance, they are often introduced with simple glosses or basic prototypical examples at the first stages of learning, and later treated as known words in intermediate or advanced textbooks, even if used for less common senses which are still unknown to the learners, causing much confusion. In the dictionary series presented here, polysemous headwords are thoroughly and systematically described within their semantic networks, where the connections between core and derived meanings are schematically visualised and exemplified.The following two papers present two of the first and most popular web-based systems for Japanese language learning support, both of which have been developing for more than a decade, supporting Japanese language learners all over the world.Reading Tutor, a reading support system for Japanese language learners, presented by Yoshiko Kawamura, is a widely known and used system based at Tokyo International University, which offers automatic glossing of Japanese text with Japanese definitions and examples, and translations into 28 languages. After introducing the system, its development, functionalities and its tools for signalling the level of difficulty of single words, characters, or whole Japanese texts, the author describes its possible uses in language instruction and autonomous learning, and one concrete example of its application to the development of learning material for a specific segment of learners, foreign candidates to the Japanese national examination for certified care workers, mostly Filipino and Indonesian nurses working in Japan. The author concludes with suggestions for fostering autonomous vocabulary learning.The other Japanese language learning support system with an equally long and successful tradition, developed at Tokyo Institute of Technology, is presented by its initiator, Kikuko Nishina, and one of its younger developers, Bor Hodošček, in Japanese Learning Support Systems: Hinoki Project Report. The article presents the many components of this successful system, including Asunaro, a reading support system aimed especially at science and engineering students and speakers of underrepresented Asian languages, Natsume, a writing assistance system using large-scale corpora to support collocation search, Natane, a learner corpus, and Nutmeg, an automatic error correction system for learners' writing.The last project report, by Tomaž Erjavec and myself, introduces resources and tools being developed at the University of Ljubljana and at Jožef Stefan Institute: JaSlo: Integration of a Japanese-Slovene Bilingual Dictionary with a Corpus Search System. The dictionary, corpora and search tools are being developed primarily for Slovene speaking learners of Japanese, but part of the tools, particularly the corpus of sentences from the web-harvested texts, divided into five difficulty levels, can be used by any learner or teacher of Japanese.I hope you will enjoy reading these articles as much as I did, and wish you a peaceful New Year.
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Shuchun, Zhang. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POLYSEMIC NOUN «REAL’NOST’» IN RUSSIAN NEWSPAPER TEXTS." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 13, no. 1 (2021): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2021-1-64-72.
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In this paper, the abstract noun real’nost’ is studied based on the newspaper texts included in the electronic corpus ‘Russian Newspapers of the End of the 20th Century’, developed by the Laboratory for General and Computational Lexicology and Lexicography, Lomonosov Moscow State University. The studied word, as well as other polysemic nouns formed with the productive suffix -ost’, may obtain regular concrete meanings besides the meaning of abstract attribute. Due to the polysemic nature of this particular type of nouns, contexts play a rather significant role in understanding and studying them. The purpose of the paper is to identify the semantic and contextual characteristics of the given noun while being used in different meanings in newspaper texts. Based on the corpus data, we have revealed the most frequently used meaning of the word and the contextual characteristics of each particular meaning. The study has shown that in Russian newspaper texts created in the late 20th century, the concrete meaning of the word real’nost’ demonstrates a considerably higher usage frequency than its abstract meaning. The noun also developed a third meaning, as a result of which it can be used in the plural form. In addition, the studied word has been analyzed in a comparative perspective. When it is used in the position of the subject or an actant in original texts in Russian, its abstract meaning can only be expressed by predicates or attributes (subordinate clauses) in Chinese. This proves that the Russian language has a comparatively higher level of ‘communicative fragmentation’, which is mainly based on nouns formed with the suffix -ost’.
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Kruglov, Vladislav, Tatiana Uryvskaya, and Dmitrii Rusak. "Cross-lexicographic analysis of the concepts of sociopolitical discourse of the Chinese language." Litera, no. 10 (October 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.10.36254.
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The object of this research is the concepts of sociopolitical discourse of the Chinese language, selected by the continuous sampling method. The subject of this research is the cross-lexicographic coefficient, which is derived mathematically within the framework of the cross-lexicographic analysis of these concepts. The goal is set to determine the diachronic changes in the meanings of lexemes of sociopolitical discourse via cross-lexicographic analysis based on dictionary materials compiled by the prominent Russian and foreign sinologists over the period from 1888 to 2002. Attention is drawn to such theoretical concepts as semantics, pragmatics and discourse. Description is given to the key characteristics of sociopolitical discourse, as well as the methodology of formation of the corresponding conceptual apparatus. The research leans on the method of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources. The scientific novelty lies in the development of innovative methods of statistical analysis of the conceptual apparatus of sociopolitical discourse of the modern Chinese language. Among the acquired results, the author notes the transformation of meanings of the selected lexemes through the analysis of metalanguage of the dictionaries. The uniqueness of this article consists in the analysis of the vast range of the previously unpublished archival lexicographic sources of the Chinese language. The author also reveals the dynamics of changes in the selected lexical means by means of the derived cross-lexicographic coefficient, as well as determines the key vectors of their discursive transformations and evolution of linguopragmatic functions.
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Romagnoli, C. "The Lexicographic Approach to Modern Chinese Synonyms." International Journal of Lexicography 26, no. 4 (August 16, 2013): 407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ect024.
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Сюй, Х., Н. Г. Брагина, and У. Мэнчжу. "Russian-Chinese topical classifier: lexicographic description of zoonyms." Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, no. 5(294) (November 7, 2022): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2022.294.5.011.
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Статья посвящена принципам построения русско-китайского тематического классификатора. Приводятся материалы словарных статей с устойчивыми сравнениями с зоонимами осел, лиса, медведь, сорока, воробей, журавль в русском и китайском языках. The article is devoted to the principles of building a Russian-Chinese Topical Classifier. The model of the dictionary entry of stable comparisons with zoonyms is given: donkey, fox, bear, magpie, sparrow, crane in Russian and Chinese.
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BRANNER, DAVID PRAGER, and YUAN-YUAN MENG. "Curious Lexicographic Relic of the Cultural Revolution." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 23, no. 4 (July 22, 2013): 551–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618631300031x.
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AbstractThis paper considers the fact that many verbal Chinese idioms are defined in recent Chinese-English dictionaries with misleading parts of speech — they are generally described only as being nouns. This situation originates in the 1978 Hàn-Yīng cídiǎn 汉英词典 of Wú Jǐngróng 吴景荣, whose definitions have exerted overwhelming influence on the field since then. We document Wú's principal sources and the viewpoints that motivated him, including the heavy political pressure to which his lexicographic team were subjected in the late Cultural Revolution. In addition, we consider Wú's anomalous misreading of the purpose of the influential Giles and Mathews dictionaries, which had been to document the many senses of each character with multi-character words, rather than to document multi-character words per se.
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HMELJAK SANGAWA, Kristina. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 2, no. 2 (October 23, 2012): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.2.2.5-6.
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It is my pleasure to introduce this thematic issue dedicated to the lexicography of Japanese as a second or foreign language, the first thematic issue in Acta Linguistica Asiatica since its inception.Japanese has an outstandingly long and rich lexicographical tradition, but there have been relatively few dictionaries of Japanese targeted at learners of Japanese as a foreign or second language until the end of the twentieth century. With the growth of Japanese language teaching and learning around the world, the rapid development of very large scale linguistic resources and language processing technologies for Japanese, a new generation of aggregated, collectively developed or crowd-sourced resources evolving in the context of the social web, a shift from static paper to constantly developing electronic resources, the spread of internet access on hand-held devices, and new approaches to the use of language reference resources stemming from these developments, dictionaries and other reference resources for learners, teachers and users of Japanese as a foreign/second language are being developed and used in new ways in different user communities. However, information about such developments often does not reach researchers, lexicographers, dictionary users and language teachers in other user communities or research spheres. This special issues wishes to contribute to the spread of such information by presenting some recent developments in this growing field.Having received a very lively response to our call for papers, not all papers selected for publishing could fit into this issue, and part of them will be included in the December issue of ALA, which is also going to be dedicated to Japanese lexicography.The first round of papers included in this issue presents a varied cross-section of current JFL lexicographical work and research. All papers in this issue point out the relative scarcity of appropriate reference works for learners of Japanese as a foreign language, especially when compared to lexicographical resources for Japanese native speakers, and each of the endeavours presented here confronts this lack with its own original approach. Reflecting the paradigm shift in Japanese language research, where corpus research is again playing a central role, most papers presented here take advantage of the bounty of newly available corpora and web data, most prominent among which is the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese developed by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics in Tokyo, and which is used by Mogi, Pardeshi et al. and Sunakawa et al. in their lexicographical research and projects, while Blin taps data for his research from the web, another increasingly important linguistic resource.The first two papers offer two perspectives on existing Japanese dictionaries. Tom Gally in his paper Kokugo Dictionaries as Tools for Learners: Problems and Potential points out the drawbacks of currently available Japanese dictionaries from the perspective of learners of Japanese as a foreign language, but at the same time offers a very detailed and convincing explanation of the merits of monolingual Japanese dictionaries for native speakers (kokugo dictionaries), such as their comprehensiveness, detailedness and quantity of contextual information, when compared to bilingual dictionaries, which make them a potentially useful resource even for an audience they are not targeting - foreign language learners. His detailed explanation of possible uses and potential hurdles and pitfalls learners may encounter in using them, is not only accurate and informative, but also of immediate practical value for language teachers and lexicographers.Toshinobu Mogi, in his paper Towards the Lexicographic Description of the Grammatical Behaviour of Japanese Loanwords: A Case Study, investigates the lexicographic description of loanwords in Japanese reference works and notes how information offered by currently available dictionaries, especially regarding the grammatical aspects of loanword use, is not sufficient for learners of Japanese as a foreign language. After pointing our the deficiencies of current dictionary descriptions and noting how dictionaries sense divisions do not reflect the frequency of different senses in actual use, as reflected in a large-scale representative general corpus of Japanese, he uses a fascinatingly detailed analysis of the behaviour of a Japanese loanword verb to describe a corpus-based method of lexical description, based on the correspondence between usage forms and senses, which could be used for the compilation of Japanese learners' dictionaries meant for the reception and production of Japanese.The second part of this special issue is composed of four reports on particular aspects of ongoing lexicographical work targeted at learners of Japanese as a foreign language.Prashant Pardeshi, Shingo Imai, Kazuyuki Kiryu, Sangmok Lee, Shiro Akasegawa and Yasunari Imamura in their paper Compilation of Japanese Basic Verb Usage Handbook for JFL Learners: A Project Report, after pointing out - as other authors in this issue - the lack of a detailed and pedagogically sound lexicographical description of Japanese basic vocabulary for foreign learners, propose a corpus-based on-line system which incorporates insights from cognitive grammar, contrastive studies and second language acquisition research to solve this problem. They present their current implementation of such a system, which includes audio-visual material and translations into Chinese, Korean and Marathi. The system also uses natural language processing techniques to support lexicographers who need to process daunting amounts of corpus data in order to produce detailed lexical descriptions based on actual use.The next article by Marcella Maria Mariotti and Alessandro Mantelli, ITADICT Project and Japanese Language Learning, focus on the learner's perspective. They present a collaborative project in which Italian learners of Japanese compiled an on-line Japanese-Italian dictionary using a purposely developed on-line dictionary editing system, under the supervision of a small group of teachers. One practical and obvious outcome of the project is a Japanese-Italian freely accessible lexical database, but the authors also highlight the pedagogical value of such an approach, which stimulates students' motivation for learning, hones their ICT skills, makes them more aware of the structure and usability of existing lexicographic and language learning resources, and helps them learn to cooperate on a shared task and exchange peer support.The third project report by Raoul Blin, Automatic Addition of Genre Information in a Japanese Dictionary, focuses on the labelling of lexical genre, an aspect of word usage which is not satisfactorily presented in current Japanese dictionaries, despite its importance for foreign language learners when using dictionaries for production tasks. The article describes a procedure for automatic labelling of genre by means of a statistical analysis of internet-derived genre-specific corpora. The automatisation of the process simplifies its later reiteration, thus making it possible to observe lexical genre development over time.The final paper in this issue is a report on The Construction of a Database to Support the Compilation of Japanese Learners’ Dictionaries, by Yuriko Sunakawa, Jae-ho Lee and Mari Takahara. Motivated by the lack of Japanese bilingual learners' dictionaries for speakers of most languages in the world, the authors engaged in the development of a database of detailed corpus-based descriptions of the vocabulary needed by learners of Japanese from beginning to advanced level. By freely offering online the basic data needed for bilingual dictionary compilation, they are building the basis from which editors in under-resourced language areas will be able to compile richer and more up-to-date contents even with limited human and financial resources. This project is certainly going to greatly contribute to the solution of existing problems in Japanese learners' lexicography.
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Eremkina, Ekaterina Sergeevna, and Tatiana Victorovna Gofman. "The PATRIOT Concept in the Focus of Lexicographic Sources in Chinese." Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 3 (March 2022): 920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20220131.
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Li, Rui, and Annette Skovsted Hansen. "A remarkable compilation shift." Historiographia Linguistica 45, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00027.li.
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Summary During his work on his Chinese and English Dictionary (1842–1843) Walter Henry Medhurst (1796–1857) dramatically changed his compilation strategy by shifting from depending almost exclusively on Robert Morrison’s (1782–1834) Chinese-English dictionary, Zidian 字典 (1815–1823) to depending on multiple sources including Kangxi zidian 康熙字典 (1716), Morrison’s Wuche yunfu 五車韻府 (1819–1820), and Medhurst’s own A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language (1832). By applying Lexicographic Archaeology to four linguistic case studies, this article discusses the reasons for this unusual lexicographical phenomenon. The authors argue that changes in information in Morrison’s Zidian after the 41st radical influenced Medhurst’s choices.
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Kubat, Łukasz, and Jan Okniński. "Gröbner-Shirshov Bases for Plactic Algebras." Algebra Colloquium 21, no. 04 (October 6, 2014): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1005386714000534.
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A finite Gröbner-Shirshov basis is constructed for the plactic algebra of rank 3 over a field K. It is also shown that plactic algebras of rank exceeding 3 do not have finite Gröbner-Shirshov bases associated to the natural degree-lexicographic ordering on the corresponding free algebra. The latter is in contrast with the case of a strongly related class of algebras, called Chinese algebras.
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Barrett, T. H. "The Chinese for ‘Confucius’ confirmed." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63, no. 3 (January 2000): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0000848x.
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In February 1999 I published a review article in the Bulletin (62/1) pointing to the difficulties encountered in trying to confirm the derivation of the Latin term ‘ Confucius’ from its supposed Chinese original, ‘ Kong Fuzi’. Briefly, the only general lexicographer to cite the Chinese term from premodern materials, Morohashi Tetsuji, does no more than quote a memorial inscription from the early nineteenth century, long after the Jesuit coinage of the Latin term, for a Mongol period figure from amongst the descendants of Confucius. Other earlier sources on this figure do not confirm the usage ‘ Kong Fuzi’ in his memorial materials, but only the more usual‘ Kong Zi’. Consequently, my own speculation was that ‘ Kong Fuzi’ could have represented a deliberate barbarism on the part of the nineteenth-century author, Cai Jinquan. The expression ‘Kong Fuzi’, therefore, remained unattested before the Jesuits, raising the suspicion that it might even be a back-formation from Latin rather than genuinely Chinese.
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Li, L. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES IN THE RUSSIAN AND CHINESE LEXICOGRAPHIC TRADITION." Vestnik of Lobachevsky University of Nizhni Novgorod, no. 4 (2022): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52452/19931778_2022_4_175.
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Yimo, Li. "RUSSIAN ZOOSEMISMS IN THE MIRROR OF THE RUSSIAN-CHINESE DICTIONARY." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 12, no. 3 (2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2020-3-49-58.
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This research explores Russian zoosemisms as they are presented in the Russian Semantic Dictionary and the Dictionary of Offensive Words by L. V. Dulichenko and studies differences in the assortment of these words in the dictionaries. By comparing Russian zoosemisms with how they are rendered in the newest Large Russian-Chinese Explanatory Dictionary of the New Era, the author reveals inconsistencies between the original Russian interpretations and their Chinese translations. Only one-fourth of Russian zoosemisms are translated precisely in the Russian-Chinese dictionary. As for the rest of Russian zoosemisms, zoosemic meanings provided in Russian dictionaries are either not presented or their Chinese translations do not match the original interpretations. The research describes in detail the methods of interpreting Russian metaphorical meaning in the bilingual Russian-Chinese dictionary in a lexicographic perspective. It has been revealed that when translating Russian zoosemisms scholars mainly apply the description method, without using the respective Chinese metaphors; differences in interpretations provided by Russian and Russian-Chinese dictionaries are discussed in the article. The first method of translating Russian zoosemisms into Chinese is based on using Chinese zoosemisms stemming from the same zoonyms, having similar meanings. The second method is to use Chinese zoosemisms stemming from other zoonyms. The third one is to use comparisons, metonymy or metaphors not based on zoonyms. Various translation methods used demonstrate the difficulty in adapting Russian zoosemisms for Chinese learners and also reveal the common and distinguishing features of Russian and Chinese linguistic cultures.
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Xuhaoran, Bai. "REASONS FOR MISTAKES IN FOREIGN SPEECH PERCEPTION: BASED ON RUSSIAN AND CHINESE." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 4 (2019): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2019_5_4_26_32.
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Fluencyin a foreignlanguagepresupposesadvancementinvariousskills. When learning a foreign language, listening is one of the most difficult types of language practices for non-native speakers. The results of the present research based on the survey of 52 Chinese and 50 Russian L2 learners, aged 18-28 (Bachelor, Master and PhD levels) in Chelyabinsk support this viewpoint. The current paper analyzes the causes of mistakes in listening comprehension made by Chinese learners of Russian and Russian learners of Chinese. The causes can be of psychological nature (anxiety and the lack of motivation), of linguistic nature reflected on the phonetic (number of sounds, syllable tone vs lexical stress, connected speech processes), lexicographic, lexical-grammatical (the lack of vocabulary, differences of grammatical categories and syntactic sentence patterns) levels, as well as the lack of knowledge regarding cultural realities. These mistakes are a naturally expected as a result of the negative interference of the mother tongue.
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Song, Chan Hee, and Arijit Sehanobish. "Using Chinese Glyphs for Named Entity Recognition (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 10 (April 3, 2020): 13921–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i10.7233.
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Most Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems use additional features like part-of-speech (POS) tags, shallow parsing, gazetteers, etc. Adding these external features to NER systems have been shown to have a positive impact. However, creating gazetteers or taggers can take a lot of time and may require extensive data cleaning. In this work instead of using these traditional features we use lexicographic features of Chinese characters. Chinese characters are composed of graphical components called radicals and these components often have some semantic indicators. We propose CNN based models that incorporate this semantic information and use them for NER. Our models show an improvement over the baseline BERT-BiLSTM-CRF model. We present one of the first studies on Chinese OntoNotes v5.0 and show an improvement of + .64 F1 score over the baseline. We present a state-of-the-art (SOTA) F1 score of 71.81 on the Weibo dataset, show a competitive improvement of + 0.72 over baseline on the ResumeNER dataset, and a SOTA F1 score of 96.49 on the MSRA dataset.
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Ion, Hamish. "James Curtis Hepburn and the Translation of the New Testament into Japanese." Social Sciences and Missions 27, no. 1 (2014): 56–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-02701004.
Full textAbstract:
This study focuses on the role of James Curtis Hepburn (1815–1911), the pioneer Presbyterian missionary doctor in Japan and a lexicographer who gave his name to the standard form of transliteration of Japanese into English, in the translation of the New Testament into Japanese. Hepburn’s earlier experiences as a medical missionary in China had a significant impact on his attitude toward language study and translation work after his arrival in Kanagawa in 1859. This study shows the importance of the Chinese language Christian tracts, and Bible translations made by China missionaries in serving as a cultural bridge to help open and to expedite the transmission of Christian and Western ideas into Japan as Hepburn and his missionary colleagues struggled to master the Japanese language and to translate the Gospels. However, after 1873 when the open propagation of Christianity among the Japanese began, the greater fluency of missionaries in Japanese and the growing desire of the Japanese to learn English and to concentrate on Western rather than Chinese learning led to the decline in the importance of Chinese language both in the evangelization of Japan and in Bible translation.