Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese Indonesian novel'

This article is aimed at describing the lives of dominated people of both Indonesia and America. Among the dominated people in Indonesian community are Indonesian Chinese people, and those in American community are African American people. The discussion on some Indonesia novels of post tragedy of 1998 shows that personally Chinese faced a hard life; and socially they were dominated. Therefore, it can be concluded that: (1) the personal behaviour of Indonesian Chinese is represented through the hard life, (2) social behaviour of Indonesian Chinese is represented through the dominated social life, and (3) cultural behavior is represented through the religious life with many problems.This is say that the cultural behaviour of Indonesian Chinese in Indonesia novels is represented through cultural violence. The similar result of discussion on some American novels of post slavery shows that (1) the black man as the representation of Black people (African-Americans) was always in a dilemmatic condition leaving him without any options. Whatever he chose, will have negative consequences, (2) the struggle for ‘equality’ through ‘violence’ will result in a ‘tragic fate’, and (3) the novel reflected the black people who yearned for freedom from white domination and expected to have good education, good employment, and equality in political opportunity, law enforcement/law protection, and in other sociocultural life.

The "descent" label has created a distance between the Tionghoa ethnic and the indigenous people in Indonesia. The "descent" label creates the impression that the Tionghoa ethnic are ethically and morally different from the natives. The 1998 May riots in Jakarta further exacerbated ethnic Tionghoa sentiment in Indonesia. The Tionghoa community is considered as "others" in terms of physical and cultural attributes, so they are not considered part of Indonesian society, even though they are Chinese Indonesians. This has caused the Chinese community in Indonesia to experience an identity crisis. Ethnic Tionghoa are faced with two identities between, Indonesian and Chinese, to blend into Indonesian society. This research seeks to describe the identity crisis of ethnic Tionghoa through female characters in the novel Naga Kuning by Yusiana Basuki. The intersection of gender theory and identity theory is used to analyze the phenomenon of the Tionghoa ethnic identity crisis in Indonesia. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative. Data collection was done through literary studies. The results showed that Yusiana Basuki, through the novel Naga Kuning depicts discrimination and violence against Tionghoa women in Indonesia during the 1998 riots. The discrimination and violence caused an identity crisis in Tionghoa women. The identity that is built is a blurred identity caused by socio-political conditions. The form of identity crisis described in this novel is the downturn, fear, and alienation of women from the social life they live. Despite being a victim of harassment and violence, the character Lily is a Chinese woman who survives and tries to continue to rise in the face of various conflicts as a discriminated ethnicity.

The object of this research is Nia Dinata’s film, Ca Bau Kan, which was adapted from Remy Sylado’s novel. The research focuses on the representation of Chinese-Indonesians which pertains to the context of the maritime spice trade route and the concept of nationalism. Set in Batavia in three different decades, namely the 1930s, 1940s, and 1960s, the film depicts the journey of a Chinese-Indonesian character from the Dutch colonial era and the Japanese colonial era to the era of the independence revolution. The research method used is a qualitative method through the theory of film studies, which is juxtaposed with the historical approach to see how Chinese-Indonesians are represented in the film. The findings show that the film attempts to represent the Chinese-Indonesians accurately, albeit with the continuous presence of inaccurate stereotypes. The findings show Chinese-Indonesians’ economic contribution that reflects the history of the spice trade maritime route in Indonesia.

The presence of literary works translated from foreign languages in Indonesia enriches the literary readership in region (Adi, 2016). In addition to gaining a wider readership, the understanding of the literary text will improve. Readers who may not fully understand the version in the original language have the opportunity to digest the story thoroughly. The comprehensive understanding becomes more important when dealing with foreign literature talking about Indonesia, such as Kevin Kwan's Crazy Rich Asians trilogy. The trilogy was translated into Bahasa as Kaya Tujuh Turunan (2016), Kekasih Kaya Raya (2017), and Masalah Orang Kaya (2018). This article examines how Indonesia is represented in the trilogy what factors influence the construction. The three novels were analyzed using the representation theory proposed by Stuart Hall with the descriptive-qualitative method. There are two representations of Indonesia, as a nation and as a state. Indonesian is represented of as a nation Chinese-Indonesians with their newly acquired wealth who are obsessed with having white skin and foreign husbands, on the one hand, non-Chinese Indonesians who work as manual due to lack of education on the other hand. Meanwhile, Indonesia as a state is represented as a developing rural country with rich and beautiful natural resources, yet are exploited by other countries and stolen by few government officials, resulting in weak economic and military situation.

This creative project is an autobiographical novel that tells the story of Hero Widjaja, a Chinese Indonesian man who embarks on his journey to Hong Kong, Macau, and Mainland China to find his true identity. Having raised in a pretty conservative Chinese Indonesian family background, Hero learns that there is an unfinished business in finding his identity as a Chinese Indonesian man. His parents unconsciously indoctrinate him to identify himself just like Mainland Chinese people. On the other hand, Hero surely does not have Chinese citizenship or even speak Mandarin. One morning, his father offers him a free trip to visit his relatives in Mainland China. Keeping the desire to find his true identity, Hero decides to take the trip and prove it himself whether he is eligible to regard himself as Chinese. I decide to use Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development to identify Hero’s identity crisis. This theory aims to help me create problems and believable characterization for my characters to represent the identity crisis that Chinese Indonesian people may have in real life. As for the genre, I decide to choose biographical novel as the genre of my creative work. I mix my personal family experiences as a Chinese Indonesian man with fictional elements so that I can still catch my readers’ attention from the beginning to the end.

Diaspora literature studies have been extensively conducted in the world of literature. However, Indonesian diaspora literature has not been conducted widely in the Indonesian literature studies. To begin with, this study will examine the diaspora literature written by Indonesian immigrants in America in the 2010s. The first genre of Indonesian diaspora literature by Indonesian immigrants in America in the 2010s includes the history novel, Only a Girl: Menantang Phoenix (by Lian Gouw) which talks about the history of Chinese society in the Dutch-Indonesian era until the Indonesian independence and Candik Ala 1965 (by Tinuk R. Yampolsky) which tells the history of G/30/S/PKI. The second is the short story genre, which is Mantra Maia (by Sofie Dewayani) and the third are memory stories, which is This is America, Beibeh (by Dian Nugraheni) both of which raise the issue of Indonesian migrant communities in America. Diaspora problems are always related to the identity construction. The identity in Only a Girl: Menantang Phoenix is the migratory tendency and avoidance of racial conflicts inherent in Chinese people, who migrated to Indonesia, and who eventually migrated to America. The identity in Candik Ala 1965 is the Indonesian political migrant in America who position themselves as the victims of violence in the Suharto regime. The identity contained in the Mantra Maia short stories collection is a new world (America) that makes the migrants experience the psychological tension between success and failure of adaptation. The identity depicted in the memory stories of This is America, Beibeh is the identity of the Indonesian migrants who are able to adapt positively, by always comparing their new experiences with their old experiences in Indonesia.DOI:https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.2018.010201

Self-actualisation is an interesting topic to be talked about in Indonesia, as Indonesian families still uphold filial piety very highly. Thus, the concept of putting forwards one’s dreams and wishes for one’s own future and brushing aside one’s parents’ wants and plans is mostly unheard of. I made this creative work, in form of a novel, to highlight this highly-relevant phenomena and initiate the talk between parents and their descendants. This story is written from the perspective of the son of a family who wants to be an artist, but faces hurdles in the form of his chasing tiger mother and how that affected him and his decision-making in relation of becoming the best version of himself.Keywords: Artistry, Chinese-Indonesian, Filial piety, Poetry, Realistic fiction, Self-actualisation.

Sastra Peranakan Tionghoa adalah karya sastra dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dihasilkan oleh orang Tionghoa yang dilahirkan di Indonesia. Seusai Perang Dunia II, sastra peranakan tetap berkembang. Bentuknya bukan lagi novel tetapi cerpen. Namun, berbeda dengan keadaan sebelum Perang Dunia II, pada zaman Pasca-Perang itu tidak lagi terdapat majalah seperti Tjerita Romans atau Penghidoepan. Kebanyakan karya dimuat dalam majalah-majalah umum atau berita, seperti Star Weekly, Liberal, dan Pantjawarna. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melihat kontribusi majalah Star Weekly, Pantjawarna, dan Liberal pada tahun 1950-an terhadap publikasi karya penulis Tionghoa. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cerpen dalam majalah Star Weekly, Liberal, dan Pantjawarna menggambarkan religiositas masyarakat Tionghoa dalam menjalani kehidupan yang multikultural di Indonesia. Konsep kemanusiaan dalam ajaran Konghucu erat kaitannya dengan konsep Tepa Sarira dalam kebudayaan Jawa. Chinese Literature is literary works in Indonesian produced by Chinese people who were born in Indonesia. After World War II, peranakan literature continued to flourish. The form is no longer a novel but a short story. However, in contrast to the situation before World War II, the Post-War era there were no magazines anymore, such as Tjerita Romans or Penghidoepan. Most of his work is published in public magazines or news, such as Star Weekly, Liberal, and Pantja Warna. The purpose of this study is to look at the contributions of Star Weekly, Pantja Warna and Liberal magazines in the 1950s to the publication of works by Chinese writers. The method used is qualitative and descriptive methods. The results showed that short stories in Star Weekly, Liberal, and Pantjawarna, magazines illustrate the religiosity of the Chinese community in leading a multicultural life in Indonesia. The concept of humanity in Confucianism is closely related to the concept of Tepa Sarira in Javanese culture.

The novel the Good Earth is one of the popular novels that tell the story about Chinese culture. Some sentences contain an adverb of manner and its translation from English into Indonesian. The text is analyzed and viewed to find the translation of the adverb of manner. The purpose of this study is to analyze the source translation and get the meaning and its sentence. As we know that an adverb is a word that changes the meaning of a verb, adjective, and a sentence. Adverbs are words like hurriedly, quickly, slowly, and instantly. It modifies a verb or verb phrase. An adverb gives information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or certainty. Adverbials are words groups in which an adverbial phrase tells us something about the verb. They could be taken in the forms of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Some classifications of adverbial are found in the novel. It is called adverbial of manner. The research aims to find out the translation of manner adverb. The theory used is Brown and Miller (1992) describing that adverb of manner indicating how the event described by the verb.

This paper investigates the non-culminating, zero change-of-state construal of causative accomplishment verbs as well as its origin in Indonesian in order to shed light on the event/conceptual structure of this verb class. The paper first presents novel data illustrating that this construal is possible with an agentive subject, but not with a causer subject, thereby lending support to the Agent Control Hypothesis (Demirdache and Martin 2015), which is known to regulate the relationship between agentivity and non-culmination. The paper then addresses the question of why Indonesian exhibits this agentive-sensitive distribution of the non-culminating interpretation. This fact is argued to follow from a close interaction of Martin’s (2019) event-tokenization theory of two types of causation with the maximality requirement of the weak perfective operator (Altshuler 2014) independently developed for languages such as Thai, Hindi and Chinese. The proposed analysis receives support from time-frame adverbials and different interpretations imposed on VP complementation under aspectual predicates.

In this article, the author-researcher presents three intertwined texts: excerpts from an autobiographical novel, extracts from a reflexive journal written during the writing of that novel, as well as a theorized account and analysis of the overarching creative process. These texts talk to each other as a form of intertextuality in the similar way that the three generations of a Chinese Indonesian family depicted in the novel interact with one another and present differing perspectives and fresh insights. The issues of the writer’s inner voices and multiplicity of the self feature prominently in this work, the result of a deep and critical engagement with the author-researcher’s creative writing and reflective thinking processes. Together, these three interrelated texts capture and explore multiple perspectives interacting during the writing process while at the same time present how the self and sites of meaning-making can be constructed through writing.

This study aims to determine the social reality in the novel Pulang Leila Chudori works were assessed on the basis of genetic structuralism approach. Social reality examined in this study extend short story structure, social structure, and the author's view of the world (world view). The method used in this study is a qualitative method that is supported by the study of genetic structuralism.The results showed that there subfokus social reality in a novel structure Pulang Leila Chudori work, especially in the theme of the story. Social reality contained in the theme in the form of the struggle of the political exiles to return to set foot into the ground water. Events experienced by the characters in the story according to the social aspect that occurs in the political exiles in Indonesia. In addition to the social reality theme also appears in the background, viewpoint, and the characterizations. In the next subfokus realtas society in terms of social structure can be seen that there is a social reality in the novel in accordance with the social structure of which is G30SPKI events, events supersmar, Chinese ethnic cleansing, as well as the May Tragedy. While the authors found subfokus world view through a problematic figure in the story that the author in an interview stated that political eksil an Indonesian citizen who is entitled to a decent living as citizens of Indonesia in general. Based on these results until it can be understood thoroughly and deeply concerning novel Leila Chudori when viewed from the study of genetic structuralism. Research results obtained show that the novel Pulang to contain social reality that can be used as reading material for students and the general public to broaden insight into the history.Keywords: social reality, history, genetic structuralism

Korean dramas are increasingly in demand in Indonesia. Its themes related to gender and sexuality are now in great demand, because the issue of gender inequality is increasingly being voiced in South Korea and Indonesia. One of the most talked about dramas in Indonesia when broadcasted was Mr. Queen by TVN (South Korean cable TV channel) in 2020. The drama consists of twenty episodes and can be watched by global fans through video on demand platform Viu, on smartphone and pc. There is even a version that has been dubbed in Indonesian, showing that the drama is very popular within the Indonesian audience. Mr. Queen is a Saeguk (drama set in the Joseon era) and is a remake of the popular Chinese web drama Go Princess Go (2015), which is an adaptation of the novel of the same title. Mr. Queen–like Go Princess Go–can be categorized in the genre of fusion and gender bender, because it tells the story of a male chef named Jang Bong Hwan from the Modern era whose soul crosses space and time until he entered the body of the Queen in the Joseon period (Queen Cheorin), presenting a new depiction of the queen; instead of the traditional feminine queen, Queen Cheorin portrays a masculine woman. Mr. Queen overturns gender and its relation to gender discourse in South Korea. However, using Sara Mills' critical discourse analysis, it is evident that the gender representation in Mr. Queen is paradoxical; as if offering a gender discourse that breaks the dominant discourse, but in fact it still represents woman as passive subject who continues to be exploited.

The translation is a process of transferring meaning from the source language to the target language. The translation process itself requires appropriate translation techniques in order to produce an acceptable translation in source language. Likewise, idiom or chengyu has its own translation techniques. This study aims to analyze the chengyu translation technique in the Chinese web novel “Di Yi Qi Shao” which has been translated to the Indonesian version called “Menantu Palsu” using the idiom translation theory introduced by Nida and Taber which are from idioms to non-idioms; from idioms to idioms; and from non-idioms to idioms. This research is a qualitative descriptive analysis using the content analysis technique as a data analysis technique. The research uses the idiom translation method from Nida and Taber as a reference. The data of this study consists of 196 chengyu contained in chapter 1 until chapter 25 of the web novel.The study results showed that 155 chengyu (79.08%) were translated from idioms to non-idioms technique and six chengyu (3.06%) were translated by from idioms to idioms technique. Apart from using those two techniques, 35 chengyu (17.86%) were not translated. The results of the study also show that in the process of translation, there is a similar chengyu, each being translated by the same translation technique, but there is also a similar chengyu on several occurrences: some were not translated. In addition, there are similar chengyu which on its several occurernces, were translated by similar techniques but resulted in different translations.

Traditional medicine continues to play an essential role in the healthcare systems of many cultures. In some Asian and African countries up to 80% of the population depend on these ancient and culturally based medicinal practices for their primary healthcare needs. Plants and their derived natural products are frequently employed as traditional medicine and such plants are viewed as attractive targets for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents in natural product investigations. A variety of useful drugs has been discovered following the investigation of traditional herbs, such as morphine (analgesic), digitoxin (cariotonic) and ephedrine (sympathomimetic). These ethnopharmacology approaches to drug discovery are based on the premise that plants used as traditional medicines have shown some form of bioactivity and have the increased likelihood of containing bioactive compounds in comparison to plants selected at random. Three systems of traditional medicine that are relevant to Australian drug discovery researchers include the Chinese, Australian Aboriginal and Indonesian systems.

Crime and romance were common themes in Chinese Indonesian literature during the colonial era. Although this literary genre falls into a subgenre, it aesthetically provides a covert narration of intermixing worlds: East and West. This paper examines the practices of liminality and identity construction in Tan Boen Kim’s Tjerita Nona Gan Jan Nio atawa Pertjinta’an dalem Resia (1914). The construction of identity in liminal spaces in the novel is interpreted through postcolonial lens, especially based on the concepts of hybridity and ambivalence. The material object of this study is the novel, and the formal object is the meeting of the subjects in the liminal space. The data are collected from the content of the text, the topic, the social context, and other relevant sources. The interpretation technique is performed through deconstructive reading and circular reading between the text and the social context. Based on the analysis, it is found that Tan Boen Kim preserved the moral traditions on the one hand but promoted liberalism on the other hand. It is also found that the author’s attitude in “moderation” (moderate-tradition) position is based upon his choices of cultural construction which is between moderate and tradition—thus making his strategy characterized by ambivalence.

The comparative study aimed to describe the characteristics of Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences. The research contributed to teaching Chinese as a second language and the field of translation as well. Chinese was being studied all over the world, and Indonesia was no exception. Nevertheless, contrastive analysis between Chinese and Indonesian in the field of syntax were still limited. Nominal sentences are one of the classifications of sentences based on the predicate form. Accordingly, Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences have similar definitions but differed in the words or phrases that form the predicate. The data in the contrastive analysis study were Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences from short stories, novels, other literary works, and examples of related grammatical works. The data were analyzed using the James procedure and the contrastive analysis method with four steps described by Di Pietro. The finding of the contrastive analysis indicates that in both languages, nominal sentence usage is limited under certain conditions; some Chinese nominal sentences will become verb sentences when translated into Indonesian. Also, Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences differ in their negative forms. The error analysis indicates that Indonesian students still lack knowledge of Chinese nominal sentences and characteristics.

This study investigates children's books published after the collapse in 1998 of an authoritarian regime in Indonesia that spanned more than three decades. During these years, Indonesians with Chinese ancestry were silenced from expressing their culture, tradition, and language in public. A dichotomy between Chinese Indonesians and the ‘indigenous’ Indonesians was also employed as a political strategy that resulted in negative stereotypes of the ethnic group that persist long after the regime's demise. As the current post-authoritarian government attempts to reinstate Chinese Indonesians’ rights in observing their culture, children's literature in the country is also embracing this ethnic group. This article employs a critical multicultural reading to examine the representation of Chinese Indonesians across a range of picturebooks and middle-grade novels.

-Stephen J. Appold, Heidi Dahles ,Tourism and small entrepreneurs; Development, national policy, and entrepreneurial culture: Indonesian cases. Elmsford, New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation, 1999, vi + 165 pp., Karin Bras (eds) -Jean-Pascal Bassino, Peter Boothroyd ,Socioeconomic renovation in Vietnam; The origin, evolution and impact of Doi Moi. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2001, xv + 175 pp., Pham Xuan Nam (eds) -Peter Boomgaard, Patrick Vinton Kirch, The wet and the dry; Irrigation and agricultural intensification in Polynesia. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994, xxii + 385 pp. -A.Th. Boone, Chr.G.F. de Jong, De Gereformeerde Zending in Midden-Java 1931-1975; Een bronnenpublicatie. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 1997, xxiv + 890 pp. [Uitgaven van de Werkgroep voor de Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Zending en Overzeese Kerken, Grote Reeks 6.] -Okke Braadbaart, Colin Barlow, Institutions and economic change in Southeast Asia; The context of development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, xi + 204 pp. -Freek Colombijn, Abidin Kusno, Behind the postcolonial; Architecture, urban space, and political cultures in Indonesia. London: Routledge, 2000, xiv + 250 pp. -Raymond Corbey, Michael O'Hanlon ,Hunting the gatherers; Ethnographic collectors, agents and agency in Melanesia, 1870s -1930s. Oxford: Bergahn Books, 2000, xviii + 286 pp. [Methodology and History in Anthropology 6.], Robert L. Welsch (eds) -Olga Deshpande, Hans Penth, A brief histroy of Lan Na; Civilizations of North Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2000, v + 74 pp. -Aone van Engelenhoven, I Ketut Artawa, Ergativity and Balinese syntax. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggaran Seri NUSA, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, 1998, v + 169 pp (in 3 volumes). [NUSA Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia 42, 43, 44.] -Rens Heringa, Jill Forshee, Between the folds; Stories of cloth, lives, and travels from Sumba. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2001, xiv + 266 pp. -Roy E. Jordaan, Marijke J. Klokke ,Fruits of inspiration; Studies in honour of Prof. J.G. de Casparis, retired Professor of the Early History and Archeology of South and Southeast Asia at the University of Leiden, the Netherlands on the occasion of his 85th birthday. Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 2001, xxiii + 566 pp. [Gonda Indological Studies 11.], Karel R. van Kooij (eds) -Gerrit Knaap, Germen Boelens ,Natuur en samenleving van de Molukken, (met medewerking van Nanneke Wigard). Utrecht: Landelijk Steunpunt Educatie Molukkers, 2001, 375 pp., Chris van Fraassen, Hans Straver (eds) -Henk Maier, Virginia Matheson Hooker, Writing a new society; Social change through the novel in Malay. Leiden: KITLV Press (in association with the Asian Studies Association of Australia), 2000, xix + 492 pp. -Niels Mulder, Penny van Esterik, Materializing Thailand. Oxford: Berg, 2000, xi + 274 pp. -Jean Robert Opgenort, Ger P. Reesink, Studies in Irian Languages; Part II. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. [NUSA Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia 47.] 2000, iv + 151 pp. -Gerard Termorshuizen, Kester Freriks, Geheim Indië; Het leven van Maria Dermoût, 1888-1962. Amsterdam: Querido, 2000 (herdurk 2001), 357 pp. -Donald Tuzin, Eric Kline Silverman, Masculinity, motherhood, and mockery; Psychoanalyzing culture and the naven rite in New Guinea. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001, vi + 243 pp. -Alexander Verpoorte, Jet Bakels, Het verbond met de tijger; Visies op mensenetende dieren in Kerinci, Sumatra. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), 2000, XV + 378 pp. [CNWS Publications 93.] -Sikko Visscher, Twang Peck Yang, The Chinese business elite in Indonesia and the transition to independence, 1940-1950. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1998, xix + 372 pp. -René Vos, Gerard Termorshuizen, Journalisten en heethoofden; Een geschiedenis van de Indisch-Nederlandse dagbladpers, 1744-1905. Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 2001, 862 pp. -Edwin Wieringa, Marijke J. Klokke, Narrative sculpture and literary traditions in South and Southeast Asia. Leiden: Brill, 2000, xiv + 127 pp. [Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology (continuation of: Studies in South Asian Culture) 23.] -Catharina Williams-van Klinken, Mark Donohue, A grammar of Tukang Besi. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999, xxvi + 576 pp. [Mouton Grammar Library 20.] -Kees Zandvliet, Thomas Suárez, Early mapping of Southeast Asia. Singapore: Periplus Editions, 1999, 280 pp. -Claudia Zingerli, Bernhard Dahm ,Vietnamese villages in transition; Background and consequences of reform policies in rural Vietnam. Passau: Department of Southeast Asian Studies, University of Passau, 1999, xiv + 224 pp. [Passau Contributions to Southeast Asian Studies 7.], Vincent J.H. Houben (eds)

This article talks about mini-novels in the new period of Indonesian Chinese Literature. Through the overall developing trend of mini-novels’ corpuses, analyzes the individual creative features: firstly, the humor of Mo Mingmiao’s Mini-novels; secondly, the compassion of Xiao Xing’s Mini-novels; thirdly, Yuan Ni’s emotional sonata of The Lost Key-ring. By combination of themes and techniques of the three mini-novels corpuses, the article focuses on the analysis of three writers’ distinctive writing style.

Politeness is mainly investigated in verbal and written communicative encounters. This study novelistically examines politeness and politic behavior as a nonverbal communicative event concerning driving habits in Asia. Politeness is investigated based on four variables that are the country of origin, gender, age, and level of education. The novel framework is based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory. This study revealed that Asian drivers use deference, hedges, and indirectness to minimize imposition while driving. The study showed that Hong Konger, Singaporean and Malaysian drivers are the most polite in Asia. This study also revealed that Hong Konger female drivers and Malaysian male drivers are the most polite in Asia concerning giving signals before changing lanes. It also revealed that Malaysian female drivers and Singaporean male drivers are the most polite in Asia concerning following traffic signs and speed limits. The study also found that Malaysian, Indonesian, Thai, Indian, Filippo, and Singaporean male drivers are more polite than their female counterparts with respect to following signs, while Hong Konger, Singaporean, and Taiwanese female drivers are more polite than their male counterparts pertaining to giving signals before changing lanes. It is also apparent that Malaysian, Chinese, Thai, Indian, Sri Lankan, Nepali, Pakistani, and Filipino male drivers are more polite than their female counterparts pertaining to giving signals before changing lanes. This study also established that old drivers are more polite than young drivers and old female drivers are more polite than old male drivers. In reference to the level of education, the study revealed a positive correlation between politic driving behavior and high level of education. Interestingly, highly educated male drivers are more polite than highly educated female drivers in Asia.

One of literature form that can be examined related to the results of what the authorwanted to tell is a novel. The novel chosen in this study was Kancing yang Terlepas byHandry T.M. This novel is interesting because it was written by a Semarang writer "originallyJavanese" not the descent of Chinese, and it told about a Chinese woman with various curvesof life in Indonesia, which in the past had politically unstable for the Chinese descendants tolive here.The purpose of this study was to describe the things that related in the politics ofmulticulturalism in Kancing yang Terlepas novel by Handry T.M. The theory used in thisresearch was the political theory of multiculturalism from Will Kymlicka. The politics ofmulticulturalism is the politics of recognition. Political recognition here means not only toaccept the diversity that exists but also appreciate, respect, even celebrate the diversity. Themethod used in this research was qualitative method. Data collection techniques useddocumentation, and the data analysis techniques used in this research are; classify,

<p>The novel <em>Putri Cina</em> or <em>The Chinese Princess</em> by Sindhunata builds on the intertextuality of various texts such as myths, chronicles, history, and pop culture. In the light of René Girard’s theory of desire, revenge, and scapegoating, this study aims (1) to show the inter-relationship among the texts in question; and (2) placing this novel in the work of World Literature. Through qualitative research methods and close reading techniques, this study finds out that <em>Putri Cina</em> recounts the history of conflicts to promote peace rather than revenge. The novel narrates such conflicts as the war between the descendants of the Javanese kings; the feud between the Chinese and Javanese people in colonial time; and the May 1998 ethnic riots in Indonesia. It concludes that it is necessary to circulate the narrative of the Chinese Princess as a peace ambassador in World Literature through the process of adaptation and translation. In a world prone to conflict, literary works can be effective agents of transformation.</p>

Purpose: The 2019 novel coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak is projected to have unprecedented effects on the global tourism especially to the hospitality industry. This paper aims to examine how the outbreak may alter Chinese tourists’ travel behavior, lifestyle changes and tourism preferences in the short and long term. Research methods: This paper employs qualitative research method to understand the most aspect influence towards Indonesia and China partnership in the tourism post-pandemic. It is based on the synthesis of news broadcasted by several media outlets to be supported by an overview of the related literature on online travel, tourism marketing, tourism management and tourist behavior. Findings: China have that hidden potential in the tourism sector awaiting to be awaken. Data shows that only about one-tenth of China's 1.4 billion people hold passports, a relatively small figure. It is reported that Chinese travelers spent more than 120 billion U.S. dollars overseas last year, surpassing other countries. Implication: China should be the focus for Indonesia’s tourism rebound post Covid-19. The massive volume and projected spending of travelers could support the economy of Indonesia both in short and long period of time.

This study explores oppression and trauma to ethnic Chinese minority women in Indonesia who experienced rape on the 12 May 1998 tragedy through literary data. The research method used was qualitative-narrative. The data source used was a novel titled Mei Merah (MM). The data analysis technique was carried out through stages that identified literary texts related to women's oppression from ethnic minorities; clarification of literary texts related to the oppression of women from ethnic minorities; data exposure; and data validation. The results show that ethnic Chinese women in Indonesia who experienced rape undergo trauma, impacting their psychological conditions. This was shown through Humaira, the novel’s character, who experienced a phase of trauma, a phase of madness, and a phase of suicide due to rape. It happened because of a profound traumatic experience. Moreover, ethnic minority women who are raped often go abroad to remove traces because they feel ashamed and traumatized by being raped.

This paper observes the struggle for life of East Asia people that was portrayed in the novel The Good Earth. The Good Earth is also portrayal of a true account experienced by its author, Pearl S Buck. She got inspiration from the life of farmer in China. She wrote this novel using the original name as the main character. Those names are Wang Lung and O Lan. They are couple and their life is on farm. The objectives of this study are to find the pragmatic and sociological aspects of the Novel. This research applies content analysis approach to understand the pragmatic and sociological life in Chinese society, especially in the novel. The finding of the study shows that the utterances in the novel reflect various speech acts i.e. expressive, assertive, commisive, persuasive, directive, and phatic. In the sociological aspect, the life of rural people in Chine is somewhat similar with that of in Indonesia. Otherwise, rural people have life style in common i.e. working hard, struggle for life, defending their belonging, and loving the nature. Keywords: pragmatic analysis; sociological perspective; Good Earth.

ABSTRACTThis study uses novel Kisah Tragis Oei Hui Lan Putri Orang Terkaya di Indonesia as material object and theory of representation and orientalism initiated by Edward Said become object formal. The study tries to answer research problem namely how the form of limitations and dependence shown by the character of Chinese descent as a representation of Eastern Society of the West. The results shows that every character as representatives of Eastern society had shown dependence on the West. Oei Tiong Ham, Oei Hui Lan’s Father need the help of Dutch officials and government to run his business. Wellington Koo, Oei Hui Lan's husband depends a lot on the West in politic. It is because there are some opinions that west has tremendous power and advance in technology, military, science that still deeply rooted in Eastern societies today and difficult to avoid so creates dependence which is definition of limited condition.Key Words: East-West, Novel, Orientalism, RepresentationABSTRAKPenelitian ini menggunakan novel Kisah Tragis Oei Hui Lan Putri Orang Terkaya di Indonesia sebagai objek materil, serta teori representasi dan orientalisme yang digagas oleh Edward Said menjadi objek formal. Penelitian berusaha menjawab rumusan masalah yakni bagaimana bentuk keterbatasan serta ketergantungan yang ditunjukkan para tokoh keturunan Tionghoa sebagai representasi Masyarakat Timur pada dunia Barat dalam novel ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa para tokoh sebagai representasi masyarakat Timur telah menunjukkan ketergantungan pada dunia Barat. Oei Tiong Ham, Ayah dari Oei Hui Lan membutuhkan bantuan pejabat dan pemerintah Belanda untuk melancarkan bisnisnya. Wellington Koo, suami Oei Hui Lan banyak bergantung pada Barat dalam hal politik. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya pandangan bahwa Barat memiliki kekuatan yang luar biasa karena kemajuannya pada bidang teknologi, militer, ilmu pengetahuan yang masih mengakar kuat dalam pikiran masyarakat Timur bahkan hingga saat ini dan sulit dihindari sehingga menimbulkan ketergantungan yang tidak lain merupakan definisi dari keadaan terbatas. Kata Kunci: Novel, Orientalisme, Representasi, Timur – Barat

摘要修辞在文学作品扮演重要角色。修辞的运用不但使作品更有趣而不乏味, 还提高作品的美学价值起作用。《天虹战队小学》原名“Laskar Pelangi”是印度尼西亚国安德烈·伊拉塔写出的一部优越的文学作品，不仅在本地文学界享有很高的威望也受到国外的注目。此小说的普及性甚广，因已被翻译成各种外语，而中文是其中之一。本文以语言学理论和修辞理论为理论基础，通过定性文献分析法来研究《天虹战队小学》小说中所运用的修辞格式以及所蕴含的文化内容，采用该小说文献形式，有关研究的图书，论文等来收集资料。本研究的目的是分析该中文翻译版小说中汉语修辞格的使用，并描述其中所蕴含的文化隐喻。研究发现：该小说使用了24 种修辞格，使用特色之处在于“对比性”辞格占主导，以“明喻”作为作品中最突出的修辞格式，此外，当中的6 种修辞形式：异语、引用、比喻、排比、叠字和比拟修辞格式隐喻了印尼的文化价值。关键词：天虹战队小学；修辞格；文化隐喻 AbstractRhetoric plays an important role in literature. The use of rhetoric not only makes theliterature more interesting and not vapidity, but also enhances its aesthetic value. "TheRainbow Team Primary School" is the Chinese translated novel of "Laskar Pelangi", whichis an excellent literary work written by Andrea Hirata from Indonesia. It not only enjoys highprestige in the local literary world, but also attracts attention from abroad. The popularity ofthis novel is so wide that it has been translated into various foreign languages, and Chinese isone of them. Based on linguistic theory and rhetoric theory, this article uses qualitative literature analysis to study the rhetorical format and cultural contained in the novel "TheRainbow Team Primary School", using the form of the novel literature, books and papersrelated to collect the research information. The purpose of this research is to analyze the useof Chinese rhetoric in the Chinese translated novel and describe the cultural metaphorscontained in it. The research found that: The novel uses 24 types of rhetoric. Thecharacteristic of the use is that the “contrastive” rhetoric is dominant, and the “simile” is themost prominent rhetoric format in the literature. In addition, there are 6 rhetoric forms:foreign language , quotation, metaphor, parallelism, repetition, and metaphorical rhetoricformat metaphors the cultural content of Indonesia.Keywords: The Rainbow Team Primary School; Rhetoric; Cultural Metaphor

This article addressed identity reconstruction through an analysis of two of the most prominent fictional works by one of the Chinese Indonesian young writers, Audrey Yu Jia Hui. In encompassing the idea of identity rewriting, I addressed Hui’s second and third novels respectively, Mellow Yellow Drama (2014) and Mencari Sila Kelima (Searching for the Fifth Principle, 2015), through the post-structural concepts of Derrida’s deconstruction, and also in relation to cultural studies views on identity. The works were analyzed through close-reading technique. The novels were published during the Reformation (Reformasi) era, where politics had served to be a profound aspect that directed the cultural identity and social attitude of the society. In a range of aspects, from narrative structure to their deeper themes, Hui’s literary works were found to draw on a distinguishable set of strategies which enabled Hui to establish her own identity as someone who was liberated, culturally accepted and free to embrace local colors. This article also showed that Audrey Yu Jia Hui’s narratives have served as an acceptance of an individual’s multiple identities, which often depends on the problem at hand as well as the context of choices.

Background: COVID-19 is caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) which was identified on 7 January 2020 by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from the throat swab sample of a patient. This novel coronavirus is phylogenetically similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that caused SARS outbreak in 2002.Objective: To describe a case of a COVID -19 patient in a hospital in Indonesia.Case Report: A 55-year-old male was admitted to the Emergency Department of Arifin Achmad Hospital on 31 March 2020. He was transferred from a private hospital after three days of hospitalization. Previously, he came to another hospital complaining palpitation, cough, having difficulty of breathing, and intermittent fever. He then was advised to be admitted and tested for a COVID-19 test. At first, he did not admit to having traveled recently. After three days, the pharyngeal swab test was received confirming that he was contracted with COVID-19. The patient was then transferred to our hospital and hospitalized for ten days.Discussion: The patient was fully recovered after ten days of treatment with antiviral drug namely Oseltamivir 75 mg orally twice a day and chloroquine phosphate 500 mg twice a day orally. The combination of both drugs showed an immune-modulating activity which might increase its antiviral effects. Therefore, the use of this agent in COVID-19 patients might be worthwhile. During hospitalization, reducing patient anxiety was also one of our main goals as many studies has found that anxiety is associated with poor immune system.Conclusion: This case report demonstrated the current situation in Indonesia where people become reluctant to fully disclose their symptoms or travel history to the health care workers, which may put many others on the risk of being transmitted with the virus. Although the proven efficacy of chloroquine is still lacking, it has become the favorable choice at this moment as indicated in our study. Reducing the patient’s anxiety towards the disease may help to speed the patient’s recovery. Also, we need to educate public that COVID-19 might be a life-threatening disease but it is also a treatable disease.

Background and aims: Studies of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv amyloidosis) in South-East Asia are underrepresented in the literature. We report the unique phenotypic and genetic characteristics of this disorder in a multiracial South-East Asian cohort. Methods: Patients with genetically proven ATTRv amyloidosis were identified over a 13-year period (2007–2020) at the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. Clinical, laboratory, genotypic and electrophysiological features were retrospectively reviewed. Results: 29 patients comprising Chinese, Malay, Burmese, Vietnamese and Indonesians with ATTRv amyloidosis were identified. Somatic neuropathy was the most common initial presentation, followed by carpal tunnel syndrome, autonomic dysfunction and cardiac dysfunction. ATTR-A97S (p.Ala117Ser) was the most common variant found in 14 patients, constituting 66.7%of ethnic Chinese patients and 48.3%of the entire cohort. Five patients had early-onset disease (age < 50 years) with the following variants: ATTR-V30M (p.Val50Met), ATTR-G47A (p.Gly67Ala), ATTR-S50I (p.Ser70Ile) and ATTR-A97S (p.Ala117Ser); one patient with ATTR-A97S (p.Ala117Ser) had isolated unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome with amyloid deposits identified on histological examination of the transverse carpal ligament. All early-onset patients had a positive parental history; two patients, with ATTR-S50I (p.Ser70Ile) and ATTR-Ala97Ser (p.Ala117Ser) respectively, demonstrated anticipation with mother-to-daughter inheritance. Amongst the 24 patients with late-onset disease (age≥50 years), two patients had novel variants, ATTR-G66D (p.Glu86Asp) and ATTR-A81V (p.Ala101Val) that were confirmed to be pathogenic based on the histological identification of transthyretin amyloid. Other identified variants included ATTR-V30M (p.Val50Met), ATTR-R34T (p.Arg54Thr), ATTR-S50I (p.Ser70Ile), ATTR-H88R (p.His108Arg) and ATTR-A97S (p.Ala117Ser). Conclusion: Our study further expands the genotypic and phenotypic knowledge regarding ATTRv amyloidosis.

Predicting the export price of shrimp is important for Vietnam’s fisheries. It not only promotes product quality but also helps policy makers determine strategies to develop the national shrimp industry. Competition in global markets is considered to be an important factor, one that significantly influences price. In this study, we predicted trends in the export price of Vietnamese shrimp based on competitive information from six leading exporters (China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Ecuador, and Chile) who, alongside Vietnam, also export shrimp to the US. The prediction was based on a dataset collected from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) (May-1995 to May-2019) that included price, required farming certificates, and disease outbreak data. A super learner technique, which combined 10 single algorithms, was used to make predictions in selected base periods (3, 6, 9, and 12 months). It was found that the super learner obtained results in all base periods that were more accurate and stable than any candidate algorithms. The impacts of variables in the predictive model were interpreted by a SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis to determine their influence on the price of Vietnamese exports. The price of Indian, Thai, and Chinese exports highlighted the advantages of being a World Trade Organization member and the disadvantages of the prevalence of shrimp disease in Vietnam, which has had a significant impact on the Vietnamese shrimp export price.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji spillover effect indeks saham syariah Amerika Serikat dan Cina terhadap indeks saham syariah ASEAN dengan menggunakan metode Nonlinier Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) untuk menemukan spillover effect yang bersifat asimetris selama pandemi Covid-19. Data yang diamati dimulai pada 1 Januari 2020 sampai dengan 30 September 2021 dengan total observasi sebanyak 336 data untuk masing-masing indeks saham. Penelitian ini mendapatkan beberapa temuan. Pertama, indeks saham syariah Amerika Serikat dan Cina memiliki pengaruh asimetris jangka pendek terhadap indeks saham syariah Indonesia, Malaysia dan Thailand selama pandemi Covid-19. Kedua, indeks saham syariah Amerika Serikat dan Cina hanya memiliki pengaruh asimetris jangka panjang terhadap indeks saham syariah Malaysia selama pandemi Covid-19. Ketiga, efek ketika terjadi penurunan indeks saham syariah Amerika Serikat dan Cina lebih besar dibandingkan pada saat terjadi kenaikan terhadap indeks saham syariah Malaysia selama pandemi Covid-19. Salah satu penyebab hubungan tersebut adalah karena adanya hubungan dagang yang sangat erat antara Amerika Serikat dan Cina terhadap Malaysia. Adapun implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah investor internasional dapat menjadikan hasil penelitian ini sebagai bahan pengambilan keputusan apabila terjadi kontraksi akibat krisis seperti pada saat pandemi Covid-19 terhadap indeks saham syariah Amerika Serikat dan Cina untuk mempertahankan maupun menjual portofolio investasi mereka. Kata Kunci: Spillover, Indeks Syariah, Asimetris, Covid-19. ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the spillover effect of Islamic stock indexes of the United States and China on the ASEAN Islamic stock index using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) method to find asymmetric spillover effects during the Covid-19 pandemic. The observed data starts on January 1, 2020, until September 30, 2021, with a total of 336 observations for each stock index. This study found some findings. First, the Islamic stock indexes of the United States and China have a short-term asymmetric influence on the Islamic stock indices of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand during the Covid-19 pandemic. Second, the Islamic stock indexes of the United States and China have only a long-term asymmetric influence on Malaysia's sharia stock indexes during the Covid-19 pandemic. 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Nyai (the Javanese term for concubine) is one of the themes that is widely discussed in the realm of Indonesian literature starting from peranakan Chinese literature, literature during the colonial period, as well as modern Indonesian literature; both written by native writers and non-indigenous writers (Indonesians and peranakan Chinese). Based on these phenomena, this study will discuss the image of Nyai in literary works with a descriptive qualitative research method. The object materials of this research are the novels Nyai Wonokromo by Mayon Sutrisno, Tjerita Njai Isah by Ferdinand Wiggers, and Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang by Kwee Tek Hoay. In Nyai Wonokromo and Tjerita Njai Isah, the characters of Nyai presented in both novels are fool-blooded Dutch Nyai, while the novel Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang presents a Chinese Nyai. This study will compare the representation of Nyai as belonging to the Dutch and that of the Chinese, as well as comparing the images of Nyai written by indigenous writers and non-indigenous writers. The discussion of nyai includes the position of nyai in the social construction of society and its relationship with the people around it. Key words: nyai, women, colonial, peranakan Chinese, Europe

Among Indonesian-Chinese authors, Yuan Ni is very well known. This paper analyzes her miniature novels by using Wolfgang Iser’s blank theory to explore her writing on love and the values behind it. Firstly, Yuan Ni’s view of love shows a call for genuine feelings, and the artistic blank in some of her novels leads readers to think critically. Secondly, her novels also show the notion that perfect love should be sublimated in the family, which is the result of Indonesian-Chinese women’s conscious identification with traditional Chinese ethics. The concept of family is an important point in this traditional ethical view. However, in some of her works, the novel presents blank the meaning of the text, which reflects the fact that the family, a symbol of patriarchal power, often hinders love, and this feature of the text reveals the author’s inner entanglement. Keywords: Yuan Ni, novel, Indonesian Chinese fiction writing

Tionghoa literature is a literary work in the Indonesian language produced by Chinese people who were born in Indonesia. In the literary treasures of Indonesia, its literary works are still marginalized. Studies of Chinese literary works are also small. Therefore, the authors challenged to examine some literary works produced by peranakan citizens. As for the literary work of peranakan which is the source of this study data are three novels. The novel is (1) Lo Fen Koei (hereinafter abbreviated LFK) by Gauw Pe Liang, (2) Nyai Soemirah Story (hereinafter abbreviated as CNS) by Thio Tjin Boen, and (3) Flower Roos from Djikembang (hereinafter abbreviated BRDD) by Kwee Tech Hoay. The focal point of this research lies in the views or judgments of the novel authors on indigenous women. To help explore the novel, the author uses two research approaches namely, structural and sociological literature.

This paper examines the recollections of civilians about the May 1998 riots in Indonesia, as told in an anonymous online survey. These riots caused the deaths of an estimated 1000 people and saw targeted attacks on Indonesia's ethnic Chinese community, including state-led mass sexual violence against Chinese-Indonesian women and girls. Despite their scale, there has never been any official redress for these riots and they remain a taboo topic in Indonesia, rarely discussed publicly. Little is known about how Indonesians remember these events, with research into the personal or collective memories about the riots challenging, given the public silencing by the government. Here, we present findings from an anonymous survey completed by 235 Indonesians in which they revealed sometimes deeply personal memories about the riots. Examined thematically, these memories both confirm general understandings of the riots and reveal novel information about how communities coped during the violence.

Chinese society is a part of Indonesian society. Chinese people or now familiar with Tionghoa names in Indonesia are an ethnic part that is recognized in the law. Although it has received recognition from the government, there are still many negative views about the Chinese community. Chinese ethnic women also experience injustice. The injustice experienced by ethnic Chinese women is caused by the constructs of the Chinese community which adheres to patriarchy. This study aims to describe the forms of struggle of ethnic Tinghoa women leaders to end injustice in novel Pecinan: Suara Hati Tionghoa by Ratna Indraswari Ibrahim. This study uses a liberal feminist theory that emphasizes equality between men and women. The results of this study are (1) efforts to educate women through education, (2) women must be economically independent, and (3) women's actions against adultery.

This research study intends to reveal the extent to which Larung (2001), as arecent Indonesian novel, shows postmodern features, especially in its construction,concerning the worlds under erasure and the Chinese box worlds.The theory adopted in the study is that of postmodern fiction by Brian McHale.The method employed is semiotics by Hurshovsky. The theory and method are basedon the assumption that postmodern fiction is ontological in nature. This is differentfrom modern fiction, which is epistemological in nature. According to McHale, theontological nature comprises zones, construction, words, and groundings. Thisstudy investigates, in particular, the construction in Larung.The research findings show that in Larung there are features classified by McHaleinto construction, covering the worlds under erasure and the Chinese box worlds.In the former, Larung explores the features proposed by McHale, namely somethingalways happening, something always existing, excluded middles, forking paths,and a sense of a (non) ending. In the latter Larung also explores features proposedby McHale, namely moving toward infinite regression, trompe-l’oell, strange loops,characters in search of an author, abysmal fictions, and something real. However,in terms of moving toward infinite regression Larung shows opposite features; itdoes not narrate things backward continuously, but it moves backward and forwardto the present. Therefore, Larung can be classified as novel with a postmodernconstruction.

The Indonesian government introduced the compulsory-nation-wide National Exam (called Ujian Nasional in Bahasa Indonesia shortened to UN) since 2005. The systems required the students of class 6,9 and 12 to pass the National Exam in certain courses. This paper limits to class 12 as they will enroll to higher education. For class 12 there are threee compulsory courses, that are Indonesian Language, English and mathematics. As class 12 was divided into three departments (i.e. natural sciences, social sciences and language), each students must participate in the related-courseexams such those who choose natural sciences must take Physics, Chemistry, Biology; for social sciences the students must take Economics, Geography, Sociology while those from language department must take Indonesian literature, Anthropology and selected foreign languages (Chinese n, Japanese, German, Arab language) respectively. As the National Exam are compulsory, then the schools teach the students mostly in those subjects, sometime sacrificing other courses, the students are crammed only the required courses. Indirectly the students supported by the teachers are involved in information literacy activities albeit limited to certain subjects and usually using widely internet and google (a disadvantage for students with limited technological infrastructure and not 24 hours-electricity facilitiy). As being drilled into National Exam required courses, then the students are not really complete information literate person, they just partly information literate. Sacrificing other subjects, the students do not read literary books, they just read the novel excerps(!) This findings supported the acclaimed Indonesian poet Taufik Ismail who denoted that the Indonesian high school students since 1970s do not literary works at all. Apart from the (controversial) National Exam systems, from library point-of-view it is suggested that the school libraries actively took part in the information literacy holistically not partially in order to support the life long learning through information literacy program.

Abstract Background The transcription factor NKX2–5 is essential for heart development during embryonic stages. The genetic variant of NKX2–5 is founded in many congenital heart diseases, especially atrial septal defect (ASD). Most of NKX2–5 variants in Asia based on Chinese population are single nucleotide polymorphisms. Whether the same variant of NKX2–5 is also involved in Southeast Asia population is still unknown. Therefore, we investigate the NKX2–5 variant in atrial septal defect population in Indonesia. Purpose To investigate the genetic variation of NKX2–5 in ASD in Indonesian population. Methods We screened 97 patients with ASD (including 23 familial patients) for sequence variant in NKX2–5. DNA samples were extracted from venous blood samples. The whole two coding exons of the NKX2–5 gene from DNA samples were amplified by multiplex PCR and directly sequenced. Variations were detected by comparison with the standard reference genome. The distribution of genotype frequency in atrial septal disease familial and non-familial were analyzed. Results We identified a novel heterozygous DNA sequence double variant (c413 G&gt;A, rs1366528649 and c561 G&gt;C, rs767559311) in exon 2 of NKX2–5 gene was identified only in 3 familial ASD patients. These patients are related to first-degree relatives. Patients with these double variants have septal defects and arrhythmias in young-to middle-aged adults (sinus node dysfunction dan atrial tachycardia). Moreover, one reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (c63 A&gt;G, rs2277923) was detected in 83 patients (85.6%), as 20 patients (87%) were present among the familial group, and 63 patients (85.1%) were found from the non-familial group. The distribution of rs2277923 variation among the familial and non-familial groups was not different. Variation of rs2277923 has 2 genotypes: homozygous AG presented in 42 patients (43.3%) and heterozygous AG shown in 41 patients (42.3%). The distribution of both genotypes is also similar between familial and non-familial groups. Conclusions We discovered that the novel NKX2–5 double variants (rs1366528649 and rs767559311) might contribute to familial ASD risk, although the rs2277923 is the most commonly found variant in ASD patients in Indonesia. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Dana Masyarakat Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing UGM fiscal years 2020

Abstract How do states secure and maintain political authority over territory? In Settling for Less: Why States Colonize and Why They Stop, Lachlan McNamee explores one common mechanism for building authority, namely settler colonialism, that should be of interest to scholars beyond those interested in colonialism per se. Building a novel theory, he explains when settler colonialism is employed by states and, importantly, why it typically becomes obsolete with economic development. Using new data, he surveys paired cases of Indonesian settlement in New Guinea and Australia's failed attempt in Papua New Guinea, as well as two periods of Chinese settlement in Xinjiang. One underdeveloped dimension of this otherwise outstanding book is the strategic choices of the indigenes. A second dimension is the alternatives to settler colonialism, including direct and indirect rule through indigenous proxies. While McNamee pushes the research frontier outwards, exerting and consolidating state authority over peripheries remain a challenge. To the extent settler colonialism “works,” that is, migrants from a majority group move into and dominate the periphery so as to attach the region more firmly to the national-state, the indigenous community is not only displaced and exploited in the moment but it is economically and politically undermined for the future. The indigenes are not credibly protected against future exploitation but, at the extreme, are eliminated in genocidal wars.

ABSTRACT Viral gene sequences from an enlarged set of about 200 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strains, including many primary isolates, have been used to investigate variation in key viral genetic regions, particularly LMP1, Zp, gp350, EBNA1, and the BART microRNA (miRNA) cluster 2. Determination of type 1 and type 2 EBV in saliva samples from people from a wide range of geographic and ethnic backgrounds demonstrates a small percentage of healthy white Caucasian British people carrying predominantly type 2 EBV. Linkage of Zp and gp350 variants to type 2 EBV is likely to be due to their genes being adjacent to the EBNA3 locus, which is one of the major determinants of the type 1/type 2 distinction. A novel classification of EBNA1 DNA binding domains, named QCIGP, results from phylogeny analysis of their protein sequences but is not linked to the type 1/type 2 classification. The BART cluster 2 miRNA region is classified into three major variants through single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the primary miRNA outside the mature miRNA sequences. These SNPs can result in altered levels of expression of some miRNAs from the BART variant frequently present in Chinese and Indonesian nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) samples. The EBV genetic variants identified here provide a basis for future, more directed analysis of association of specific EBV variations with EBV biology and EBV-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE Incidence of diseases associated with EBV varies greatly in different parts of the world. Thus, relationships between EBV genome sequence variation and health, disease, geography, and ethnicity of the host may be important for understanding the role of EBV in diseases and for development of an effective EBV vaccine. This paper provides the most comprehensive analysis so far of variation in specific EBV genes relevant to these diseases and proposed EBV vaccines. By focusing on variation in LMP1, Zp, gp350, EBNA1, and the BART miRNA cluster 2, new relationships with the known type 1/type 2 strains are demonstrated, and a novel classification of EBNA1 and the BART miRNAs is proposed.

This article tries to explore the relationship between Javanese and Chinese ethnicgroups in Tunggak-Tunggak Jati, a Javanese novel by Esmiet. The novel describes theolder Javanese generation’ views of the Chinese ethnic group and vice versa based onprejudice and stereotype. But the younger Javanese and Chinese generations try toeradicate the prejudice and ethnic partition. The young Chinese generation’sconsciousness that Indonesia is their country results in the feeling that they are not differentfrom the Javanese ethnic group and they are not strangers in Indonesia. The youngJavanese generation also tries to accept the Chinese ethnic group as part of Indonesia. Thisnovel also shows that the Javanese and Chinese ethnic groups need each other in socialinteraction to establish true relationship and to respect each other through, for example,marriage.Keywords: relationship, ethnic group, Javanese, Chinese

Discussing the issues of the humanities, as well as other fields of science, does not seem to be endless, as long as we are still living in this world, because it exists in every part of the world and in every generation. As is the case in our journal, every issue always contains various problems about humanities from various countries. As contained in the description of this journal that the scope of this journal are matters relating to culture from around the world with various aspects. Likewise, in this July 2019 issue, readers can enjoy various cultural discussions from various countries, such as writing from China, which discusses multiculturalism thinking from Ho Chi Minh, then which discusses about Nigeria's cultural policy and the needs of performing arts, written by author from Nigeria.Besides these two countries, as well as in previous publications, this journal was dominated by articles originating from Indonesia, because this journal was indeed published in that country. However, it does not rule out the possibility for readers who want to see cultural problems in other countries, because even though the author comes from Indonesia, but the discussion is not necessarily about the problem of Indonesian culture, but about culture in other countries, such as an article on semiotic studies about communism in the film ЧЕБУРАШКА (ČEBURAŠKA). In addition, there are also articles made by Indonesian authors in which discuss the culture of other countries that are related to culture in Indonesia, such as articles on the reasons why Indonesians must learn Arabic and about translating Indonesian fatigue expressions into Arabic.In addition to writing about culture from outside the country, Indonesian authors also write about the culture of the country, especially about regional culture. As is known that the country of Indonesia consists of various tribes, each of which has its own culture. Among the discussions about regional culture written in this issue, is an analysis of Javanese regional novels by Javanese novelist Tulus Setiadi, about functions, meanings and messages of the natural environment from the story of "Keong Emas", about denotation, connotation and mythical meaning of The Cio Tao's ritual's wedding ceremony of the Chinese-fortress community through The semio-pragmatics approach and about slipping into the shadows of Kyai’s figures: woman participation in Indonesian Pesantren’s web of powerAnother article that is also interesting to be observed by readers in this issue is articles relating to issues of religion and belief, both from Indonesian and foreign authors, for example about the reality and non-peculiarity of The Yoruba's belief in reincarnation, written by an author from Nigeria and about bird symbols in Persian mystical poetry, written by an author from Indonesia. In addition, there are articles on religion and belief, in this issue, there are also articles on other cultural fields, such as philosophy, namely, about Hannah Arendt's "Political Beings" as a representation of political existentialism for human existing in the world and in the field of archeology, namely, about archeological artifacts as expressive desire of Hindu-Buddha religions in Java in the 8th-15th centuries.Like the previous issue, this journal always presents interesting articles about humanities from various parts of the world. Hopefully the readers can benefit from reading the articles displayed in this journal and are interested in participating in submitting articles about culture in their respective countries to exchange treasures about the field of humanities, both for ourselves and others.

March 2020 marks the coming of bad news to this country. COVID-19 pandemic began to strike and its domino impacts have affected almost all aspects of life, including academic and scientific writing on journal. In the midst of the spirit of working and researching from home, the International Review of Humanities Studies Journal is back to publish for July 2020 edition. The issues discussed are increasingly diverse, marked by the diverse expertises of the respective authors. Domestic contributions can be seen from the articles of the researchers from Universitas Indonesia, particularly from the Faculty of Humanities and the School of Strategic and Global Studies which are interconnected with the scholars from the Indonesian Police College and Al Azhar University.Since this journal is intended to be available internationally, it is also necessary to pay attention to the contributions of foreign authors. Researchers from the University of Uyo, the University of Ilorin, the University of Benin, the University of Lagos, and Delta State University provide interesting views on the issues of humanities in Nigeria. Five articles from various universities in Nigeria are interconnected with independent researchers from the People's Republic of China, who without links to universities or colleges have sent their own independent research articles.This edition begins with Darmoko's writing that discusses the moral complexities of Javanese in the Asmara Djibrat Ludira novel. Darmoko's research emphasises the spiritual role of knight figures who defended their territory and romance. The second article is from Letmiros who also discusses Java. Letmiros saw a mosque in Jogjakarta, namely the Jogokariyan Mosque, as an agent of change as well as a legend. Letmiros argued that by having activities – whether it is spiritual, economic, cultural, or politics – that are conducted in the mosque, mosque can be ordained as an agent of change and branded as legendary, especially in the city of Jogjakarta.The third article is a research carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fera Belinda saw how a new normality, in a tourist village in the Badung-Bali area, is interconnected with local wisdom and health protocols. Fera Belinda's study shows that health science on pandemic like COVID-19 can be analysed together using the humanities approach. Then in the fourth article, we are invited to take a walk to explore Nigerian drama. Inegbe and Rebecca see that a theatre, titled Cemetary Road, has a significant impact on Nigerian society; to the extent that it can be considered a radical impact. Inegbe and Rebecca's research provides new treasure of knowledge, especially for readers in the regions outside Nigeria.In the fifth article, we are invited to see how online studies, especially the use of video technology, are utilised by teachers. Silalahi and Halimi see how the use of two methods, namely the use of video teaching and the use of textual textbook teaching, are compared between the experimental class and the control class. In conclusion, they find that video-based teaching provides better results in the learning process. The next article, by Soekarba and Rosyidah, invites us to see the contribution of the Hadrami group to a community in the Tegal area, Central Java.The impact of the Hadrami (Al Irsyad) group movement was mostly felt in the social and educational fields in the area.The seventh article invites us to get to know Nigeria. Okpevra's research discusses pre-colonial aspects in the Delta State, Nigeria. This research concludes that intergroup relations in the region are influenced by factors of origin, equality of geographical conditions, and similarity of cultural practices. The eighth article invites us to get acquainted with humanities research that is associated with psychological studies of the police. Mayastinasari and Suseno discussed how strengthening the current role of the police influences the public satisfaction, especially in North Sumatra where this research took place.The ninth article is an issue that has been discussed lately. Nwosu discusses the issue of homosexuality in the Catholic group in Nigeria which is interconnected with its society. Although the discussed issues are quite sensitive, the scientific explanation could vividly answers the questions regarding these issues. Next, the tenth article from Akpan and Edem discusses how a film, in this case Frozen, is examined from the perspective of digital technology and digital costumes which is a new contribution in analysing a child-friendly content. The eleventh article of Ademakinwa and Smith discusses a film adapted from a well-known Nigerian novelist in the United States, Chimamanda Adichie. Ademakinwa and Smith's findings state that collective memory, reconstructed through film, can have a more significant impact than that of novels. It can even create a crisis within society if not properly controlled.The twelfth article from Filia and Nurfitri invites us to explore the expression of confessions of love in Japanese. Data on love expressions from these researchers were collected via video interviews. It is interesting to find that the expression of love turns out to depend on the cultural context associated with togetherness and sustainability. The next article, the thirteenth, is a contribution of an independent Chinese researcher named Zhang Guanan. He analysed Chinese folklore, Pi Ying, with wayang kulit – leather puppet – stories. It is interesting to follow how Guanan managed to find the uniqueness of both in his research.The fourteenth article by Sugiharto and Puspitasari discusses the online stalking activities of urban millennial. It is their second research which found that cyber stalking is a natural thing for millennial generation living in urban areas, including following colleagues, friends, spouses, even ex-spouses and friends who have not been associated for a long time. The fifteenth paper from Guanah Akbanu and Obi discusses the practice of online journalism in Nigeria, using artificial intelligence. The case study they chose was how journalists in Edo, Nigeria, perceived the use of AI in their journalistic methods. It was found that the use of AI turned out to be more positive for journalism in the area.The sixteenth article by Sonya Suganda discusses how a commemorative object, stolperschwelle, is useful as an object for narrative of the death. The object that was initially used to commemorate Nazi victims has developed to be the object to commemorate those who are marginalized, including homosexuals, gypsies, and those who are exiled because of political differences. The next contribution, the seventeenth, comes from Zaqiatul, Al Azhar University who discusses how the functioning of suffixes and verbs is interconnected in the realm of Arabic conjugation. The eighteenth article by Hutapea discusses a quite sensitive issue, namely the conflict between the native people of Jogja and the Papuans living in Jogjakarta. This conflict was examined from the perspective of the police, especially how they controlled it. The nineteenth article from Arif Budiman discusses the strategy used by the French interpreter in the film Marlina Murder in Four Acts. The last article by Basuni discusses the problem of the Arabic-Indonesian translation, in the context of the increasingly contextual scripture.Hopefully, this current edition along with the entire articles can enlighten the readers and contribute significantly to the knowledge of humanities studies.