Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese Education Policy Implementation'
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1
Xia, Yuanyuan, Dongxu Qu, Nataliya Stoyanets, and Hejun Zhao. "Policy evolution of personnel management in Chinese educational institutions: A comprehensive policy circle analysis." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 4 (December 23, 2022): 544–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(4).2022.41.
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The reform of education personnel management policies has been carried out progressively to ensure the achievement of educational goals. A systematic analysis of the personnel management policy circle, including policy design, content, and implementation, is crucial to improving the accuracy and effectiveness of such policies. Through a comprehensive review of policy evolution, this study aims to systematize the design and content of policies on personnel management in educational institutions in China. It was determined that personnel management is increasingly concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of goal achievement, policy design, system reform, and mixed-used management methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 420 respondents in 25 preschool institutions in five cities of Henan province in China. A total of 362 questionnaires were deemed valid out of 397 retrieved, including 24 from principals and 338 from teachers. The statistical analysis results identified the problems in policy implementation, including the laxly enforced teacher qualification system, inadequate teacher professional development, poorly implemented training policies, unattractive salaries and benefits, and the undesirable assessment system. For example, 5.89% of the respondents still need teaching qualification certificates. Only 1.1% of the respondents had senior titles. 2.76% of the respondents are still paid less than the minimum standard. In response to the situation, this study suggests effective countermeasures for educational administrative authorities and institutions. The findings could provide a reference for further optimization and development of personnel management policies. AcknowledgmentsThis study is supported by Sumy National Agrarian University in Ukraine and the Talent Special Support Program for Doctoral Studies of Henan Institute of Science and Technology in China.
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Sun, Maojia. "Nine Year Compulsory Education Policy in China." International Journal of Curriculum Development and Learning Measurement 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcdlm.315580.
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The education system in China has brought many benefits to Chinese education through decades of continuous reform and development. This is because many of China's education policies have shaped the Chinese education system as it is today. It reflects a global trend in education. Education in China is different from that of other countries. This article will select the Chinese specific education policy - nine-year compulsory education - as the subject of the evaluation analysis, describing the development, policy formulation such as background, objectives and implementation, and the main target groups. The needs, objectives and content of the nine years of compulsory education will be analysed. Using the SWOT analysis of the policy, it will also be necessary to develop some elements of the policy that can be improved as recommendations (expected impact of improvement measures).
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Ding, Xiaojiong. "Policy Metamorphosis in China: A Case Study of Minban Education in Shanghai." China Quarterly 195 (September 2008): 656–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741008000817.
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AbstractBy taking minban education at the level of basic education in Shanghai as an example, this article studies the processes of policy implementation in mainland China. Based on 65 interviews conducted during 2001 and 2004, the article analyses two policies on minban education which have metamorphosed during implementation. It argues that the Chinese mode of state governance has shifted from Party despotism to a mode that tolerates and embraces local deviation.
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Ngok, Kinglun, and Weiqing Guo. "The Quest for World Class Universities in China: Critical Reflections." Policy Futures in Education 6, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2008.6.5.545.
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Building world-class universities has become a national policy priority in China since then-President Jiang Zemin announced in May 1998 that China must have several world-class universities of international advanced level. This article aims to offer critical reflections on the policy in relation to building world-class universities in China. It begins by introducing the policy context of China's world-class universities initiatives. Then, it examines Chinese perceptions of world-class universities, and assesses the related policy options adopted by the government and universities. It concludes that the formation and implementation of the policy of building the world-class universities in China reflects the ambition of both the Chinese government and Chinese universities to develop high quality higher education in the context of globalization and the knowledge-based economy.
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Zhou, Yi. "THE CAMBODIAN SOLUTION TO CHINESE ETHNIC BILINGUAL EDUCATION PROGRAM." International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 05, no. 05 (2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2022.0446.
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Chinese ethnic bilingual education program is a mean to leverage ethnic minorities to more social upward opportunities in the Mandarin (Han language)-dominated society. After investigating contemporary papers about the remaining issues, the present article qualifies the existing inequality of ethnic bilingual education rooted from the irrationality of government’s policy, the weakness of policy implementation, and the contradicted culture environment for ethnic bilingual education. Shared a similar ethnic population structure, the Cambodian’s Highland Children’s Education Project (HCEP) provided inspirations to Chinese ethnic bilingual education in the utilization of NGOs power, the setting of community school board, the design of teacher training program and curriculum system. Deliberatively considered Chinese political environment and government funding availability, this article suggests that selected Chinese local government can partnership with domestic NGOs to run experimental school based on HCEP model and the practical insights for future ethnic bilingual innovative programs in Chinese rural ethnic area.
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Lee, Cher Leng, and Chiew Pheng Phua. "Singapore bilingual education." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 30, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2020): 90–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.00046.lee.
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Abstract Bilingualism has always been emphasized in Singapore’s education system. Since 1959, Singapore government leaders have repeatedly stressed that bilingualism is the cornerstone of Singapore’s language policy. Scholars researching language policy and planning in Singapore have also assumed that Singapore has always maintained a consistent stand on bilingualism. This paper cites the case of Chinese language (Mandarin) education as evidence to show how “bilingual” education has undergone significant changes in Singapore by tracing the historical changes and examining how bilingual education has evolved since its implementation. The findings show that the once-compulsory bilingual requirements gave way to differentiated ones in the history of Singapore’s bilingual policy. This finding will help researchers have a better understanding of Singapore’s “bilingual education” today and its position compared to other bilingual education systems in the world.
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Zhang, Hui, Xueqin Qian, and George HS Singer. "Experiences of Chinese Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Advocating for Inclusive Education." International Journal of Special Education (IJSE) 37, no. 1 (August 5, 2022): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52291/ijse.2022.37.27.
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"The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of Chinese parents’ experiences advocating for their children with autism spectrum disorder to be educated in a regular classroom setting. Sixteen parents of children with ASD in China were interviewed to understand their experiences with the ‘learning in the regular classroom policy’(LRC)and its implementation. Our findings revealed three themes: (a) guanxi (social capital) is critical for parental advocacy, (b) Parents’ commentary on educational rights features a self-deprecating tone, and (c) parents indicate they accept and even agree with the stigma attached to children with ASD. The interpretive phenomenological analysis approach is used to gain insight into the policy implementation of inclusive education in China from the perspective of parents. This study demonstrates the toll that social stigma takes on parents when they interact with the Chinese school system within the context of LRC."
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Yang, Xiaozhe. "Accelerated Move for AI Education in China." ECNU Review of Education 2, no. 3 (September 2019): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2096531119878590.
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Purpose: This article summarizes recent developments in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in Chinese education, paying particular attention to the different applications of AI at a number of different levels. The article reviews key government policies and guidelines and suggests a course for future development. Design/Approach/Methods: The article analyzes key government policies relevant to the implementation of AI in Chinese education. Additionally, the article leverages the author’s experience as a key member of national information technology curriculum development, which involved participation in the drafting of various curriculum standards and policy documents and discussions with numerous administrative officials, teachers, and researchers. Findings: This article argues that the use of AI in Chinese education varies at different levels. AI implementation is at its early stage in elementary education; more prevalent in higher education, and even more common in the field of civic education. As a result, in multiple dimensions, Chinese students are becoming better trained to face an age of AI and working together to create an informatized education environment. Originality/Value: This article describes how China is searching for the point where top-down system design meets bottom-up applications to chart its own course for the use of AI in education.
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Dong, Yueyan, Nannan Yu, Tao Hong, and Jinxing Yue. "City Administrative Level and Tertiary Educational Opportunities: Evidence From China’s Higher Education Expansion Policy." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402210899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221089931.
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In 1999, the Chinese government implemented a higher education enrollment expansion policy to improve education equality. Now, its positive impact on educational equality is contested. This study attempts to identify the link between city administrative level and tertiary attainment in the context of the policy. Our empirical findings indicate that after implementation of the policy, inequality increased. Students from political and economic centers had more opportunities for tertiary education attainment. This policy has a greater impact on disparities in access to undergraduate education for individuals living in different administrative hierarchies than it does on specialist education.
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Zheng (郑丽洁), Lijie, Mariëtte de Haan, and Willem Koops. "Overseas Chinese Educational Strategies and Its Policy Implications." Journal of Chinese Overseas 15, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341401.
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Abstract This paper assesses whether China’s policies for providing educational support to overseas Chinese match the educational needs of current Chinese immigrants around the world. Firstly, the paper presents the different migration backgrounds of four waves of Chinese global migration in contemporary history: labor immigrants to the Global North, international students in the Global North, businessmen in the Global South and the new rich investors in the Global North. Using the concept of intergenerational contract, we found the four waves have distinct parental investment strategies in relation to their migration background, which comes along with their different educational needs. After carefully reviewing China’s policies in overseas education in terms of the assumptions, purpose and background of their implementation, we argue that these policies are outdated and serve the needs of only a limited number of Chinese immigrants due to their ignoring the variety of certain intergenerational contracts. Lastly, some specific suggestions for policy makers are given.
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Im, In Jae. "Kuomintang’s Education Policy to Overseas Chinese: The Establishment and the Implementation of the Policy in East and Southeast Asia." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.9.1.50.
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Deng, Shiping. "Exploration of Teacher Agency in the Implementation of the ESP Language Education Policy in a Chinese University." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1103.10.
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This case study investigates language teacher agency in the context of ESP curriculum reform in a Chinese university. Data collected from classroom observations and semi-structured interviews with both teachers and students from five ESP classes are analyzed by conducting a thorough thematic analysis. It is revealed that instead of following the national curriculum and institutional requirements, language teachers as policy arbiters make their own implicit policies which are creating spaces for their own discourses, and in this sense, they are “adjusting” the curriculum policy rather than “implementing” it. Teachers’ academic background, their views on the nature of language learning, their profound distrust of the efficacy of ESP courses, and students’ explicit performance are the main causes of teachers’ actual resistance to the policy. Unlike previous studies of teacher agency, an analysis of students’ needs and implicit discourses indicates that teachers’ agency excised through their hidden agenda may turn out to be a defense of their unwillingness to change, to the detriment of students’ academic performance. This study then suggests that policymakers should notice the negative side of teacher agency and stresses the necessity of a bottom-up survey on teachers’ ideologies in the implementation of a language education policy, and argues that creating spaces for negotiating and adjusting the policy at the instructional level, and offering effective teacher education programs are the key to the enactment of the national curriculum.
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Zhou, Yangnan. "Analysis of The Transformation of China's K12 Education Model under The New Trend." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 5 (November 23, 2022): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v5i.2976.
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Education for children is a fundamental part of the country, and China is committed to reforming education for fair, public, and public welfare. Based on the global trend of digitalization and the implementation of China's "double reduction" policy, China's K12 education model has undergone a new transformation. This paper has found through extensive literature research that the implementation of the double reduction policy, the outbreak of Covid-19, and the spread of digitalization have all had a certain degree of impact on the teaching and learning models of Chinese schools and supplementary education, and have accelerated the transformation of China's K12 education model. For example, school education has started to adopt a hybrid education model, and the subject-based training institutions in supplemental education have started to transform to other aspects such as quality education.
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Yongling, Chen. "Applied Ethnology and the Implementation of Policy Regarding Ethnic Minorities in China." Practicing Anthropology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.13.1.t3m2716wg756m177.
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Applied Ethnology and Sociocultural Anthropology have had significance since they were first disseminated in China in the 1920s. Professor Cai Yuanpei, the founder of modern Chinese ethnology and the late Chancellor of Beijing University, viewed ethnology and anthropology from the very beginning not only as theoretical sciences, but also as applied sciences. The study of ethnology developed simultaneously as an academic discipline and as a source of practical information. It guided policy and its implementation in the context of frontier politics and administration as well as education and cultural development among the ethnic minorities living in remote and underdeveloped border areas.
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Liu, Yuying, and Tao Xiong. "Situated Task-based Language Teaching in Chinese Colleges: Teacher Education." English Language Teaching 9, no. 5 (April 5, 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n5p22.
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<p>This study investigated college EFL teachers’ attitudes toward task-based language teaching (TBLT), regarding their familiarity with the idea of TBLT, their actual use of TBLT, and contextual factors that impede the implementation of TBLT in the higher education context in China. The study described here is a questionnaire survey with 26 valid responses. Results of this study are derived from discussion concerned with qualitative and quantitative data. The findings in the study show that though there are constraints from various aspects (including, the teaching materials, large class size etc.) for the successful implementation of TBLT, TBLT as a communicative teaching approach received very positive feedback from teachers. The majority of the teachers in this study hold positive views towards TBLT even though they have a low-level understanding of principles and practices of TBLT. The results addressed the issues existed in the pre-service and in-service training of Chinese EFL teachers. This study also highlighted the need for the Chinese ELT teachers to further develop their professional skills in terms of their competence to deal with large class size teaching, material development and English proficiency. Based on the findings, suggestions for teacher education and further development were made. This research is intended to yield informative insights regarding sustainable curriculum change management, policy implementation and professional development of English teachers in the Chinese EFL context.</p>
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Zheng, Sisi. "Process drama in Chinese education: Possibilities and challenges in governmental policy papers and the curriculum of moral education." Applied Theatre Research 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/atr_00055_1.
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The article explores the potential of applying process drama in moral education in Chinese schools. By conducting a thematic review of the current national curriculum and policy documents from both historical and contemporary perspectives, the interconnection between the role of art and moral cultivation in China is discussed. Through an analysis of the national curriculum, the article suggests that applying process drama in school education can contribute to learning in the curriculum areas of both aesthetic and moral education. However, the existing commingling of concepts and definitions influences the actual drama practices in China. Consequently, a discussion of terminology is brought in, as well as an argument for the need to include drama as a discrete subject in schools, in addition to its function as a method for educational purposes. A process drama sample from the author’s drama praxis is included. The overall aim of the article is to contribute to an extended understanding of educational drama and theatre in a Chinese context and to gain new insights into possibilities and challenges for the future implementation of drama in education in China.
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Luova, Outi. "Local environmental governance and policy implementation: Variegated environmental education in three districts in Tianjin, China." Urban Studies 57, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 490–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019862230.
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Variation in the implementation of environmental policies in urban China has received widespread scholarly attention, but the extensive heterogeneity in local governance frameworks has remained under-studied. Leaning on the abundant, new institutionalism theory, this article suggests that the concept of institutional configuration can bring structure to the analysis of local complex governance frameworks and help identify factors that create different approaches to environmental policies. This study analyses the construction of approaches to new environmental education policies in three urban districts in Tianjin to illustrate how the suggested conceptual framework applies to centrally administered Chinese cities. The findings show that different combinations of formal and socio-cultural factors emerge as decisive in the institutional configuration of each district. This study also reveals new interesting nuances in the motivations behind environmental policy implementation.
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Du, Zenghui. "Based on research on the demand for “Chinese + vocational skills” project by Confucius institutes in Asia and Africa, discussing on Chinese professional standards going global." Lifelong Education 9, no. 5 (August 2, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/le.v9i5.1194.
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The implementation of the “One Belt and One Road” initiative and Chinese education opening policy have created conditions for comprehensively promoting vocational education reform and high-quality development. Through the questionnaire survey of 70 countries in Asia and Africa on the demand for vocational skills and vocational skill level certificates, this paper analyzes the needs of Asia and Africa respectively, and then takes 8 countries as the pilot to analyze the specific needs of each country. Domestic vocational colleges can seek the corresponding state to cooperate according to what high level professional they owned which help China’s vocational education model and education standards go global, and help Chinese-funded enterprises train local employees, and help China’s technical and industrial standards go global.
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Liu, Peng, and Qi Xiu. "Teacher Professional Collaboration in China: Practices and Issues." Beijing International Review of Education 1, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25902547-00101012.
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Fostering higher-order thinking skills of students is important aim for 21st century education. Teachers, as important elements in a positive learning environment, are the key to high quality education. As for the importance of teacher professional collaboration in teacher development, Hargreaves and Fullan (2012) pointed out that teachers’ professional collaboration will benefit not only students but also the whole school community, and even society at large. In Chinese context, the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (2010) issued a policy in 2010 promoting teacher professional collaboration and development as a background of this study, implying that teachers must be collaborating actively with colleagues in daily professional life to achieve collective growth for the purpose of improving student learning.Based on the policy reality, this study explored teacher professional collaboration in the Chinese education context. It looked in particular at practices and issues in teacher professional collaboration. This article begins with the definitions of teacher professional collaboration, followed by a detailed exploration of this type of collaboration in Chinese education and issues related to its implementation. This study will provide holistic picture of teacher collaboration in China for contributing to theoretical development and educational practice.
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Schnack, Hans-Christian. "Testing the Spaces of Discretion: School Personnel as Implementers of Minority-Language Policy in China." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 45, no. 1 (April 2016): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261604500104.
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Following international trends to reform school management, the Chinese government has proposed school-based decisionmaking as a measure to raise the “quality” of education, but at the same time it has imposed new institutions of accountability for teachers and school administrators. In order to understand how this interplay between accountability and discretion affects Chinese educational reforms, this paper analyses policy implementation through the lens of decision-making by principals and teachers as street-level bureaucrats. In the case of minority-language education in Xishuangbanna, a subject where institutions provide comparatively large spaces for discretionary decisions, I argue that the current institutions on accountability in minority-language education in China trigger processes by which implementers must interpret vague institutions in order to make decisions for their classroom. These purposefully wide spaces of “interpretational discretion” enable the party-state to make good on its promise to support local diversity, without threatening its own authority to prescribe educational goals.
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Filipovic, Sanja, and Jelena Ignjatovic. "The effects оf Chinese population policy оn the labour market." Stanovnistvo, no. 00 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv220609003f.
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Faced with high levels of poverty, China introduced its "one-child policy" in 1980 and began economic and systemic reforms that led to the country's strong economic development. Thanks to the improvement in the average standard of living, certain socioeconomic aspects related to women's employment, the pursuit of higher education, delays in childbirth, and the number of children have changed. These changes have not only reduced the number of children being born and led to population aging, but have also affected the labour market. The aim of this paper is to determine the effects of Chinese population policy on selected labour market indicators: labour force by age and sex in rural/urban areas, the labour force participation rate, and the unemployment rate. Research results from 2010 to 2020 show the growth of the labour force, while the unemployment rate has been growing since 2018. It is noticeable that the number of workers in the labour force is growing in cities, while it is declining in rural areas. On the other hand, the unemployment rate is lower in rural areas, while the growth of unemployment is evident in urban areas. The research shows that the long-term implementation of this population policy has resulted in a larger number of men, leading to greater participation of men in the labour force. Despite measures to improve the position of women at work, women's social security is still not guaranteed, and it is more difficult for women to decide to expand their families. As China has ambitious plans for economic development, defining adequate population and social policies is crucial for their implementation.
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Ma, Xinxin, and Chengcheng Zhang. "Higher Education Expansion and Return to Education in China: Evidence from CGSS2005 and CGSS2013." International Journal of Financial Research 8, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v8n3p85.
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We conducted an empirical study to estimate the private internal rate of return to years of schooling (IRR) in China during the period after the implementation of higher education expansion policy using data from the Chinese General Social Survey data conducted in 2006 and 2014 (CGSS2005, CGSS2013). The major conclusions are as follows: first, from 2005 to 2013, IRR decreased from 8.6% to 7.8% for the whole sample, IRR decreased from 8.3% to 7.4% for men, and IRR decreased from 9.0% to 8.2% for women. Second, IRR values among various education category groups are different. IRR is greater for the high-level education group than that for the middle and low-level education groups in both 2005 and 2013. Third, to consider the impact of the higher education expansion policy on IRR, the IRR of the university graduates decreased from 15.4% (2005) to 11.2% (2013), whereas the IRR of the graduate school graduates rose from 10.1% (2005) to 19.0% (2013). The effect of the policy on IRR differs between the university and graduate school graduates. Fourth, the IRR is higher for women than for men. There is a gender disparity for IRR; IRR is different by ownership types, registration system types, industrial and regional groups in both 2005 and 2013.
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Liang, Luyao, Hui Li, and Alice Chik. "Micro Language Planning for Sustainable Early English Language Education: A Case Study on Chinese Educators’ Agency." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 14212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114212.
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In language education research, micro-level language policy and planning (LPP) primarily concerns local actors’ decision making on matters in relation to language(s) and its users. Despite a growing body of literature focusing on micro-level language planning in educational settings, there is a scarcity of research examining early childhood education settings as the micro-level LPP context for young English language learners. By adopting a qualitative case study approach and drawing on an ecological approach to LPP, the present study examined the educators’ enactment of agency in micro-planning the English language education policy (LEP) in one Chinese kindergarten and the associated factors shaping their agency. Deploying a grounded theory analytical method, this study revealed that the sustainable implementation of the kindergarten English LEP depended on the principal, native English-speaking teachers, and the Chinese assistant teachers’ different degrees of agency. Additionally, the research findings indicated an array of contextual and individual factors nested in a hierarchical structure that facilitated, guided, and constrained the educators’ agency in a role-and circumstance-dependent manner. This study contributes to the pertinent literature by casting nuanced light on the different educators’ contributions to the micro-level LPP against a national policy that does not endorse early-year English language education.
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Murphy, Rachel. "Turning Peasants into Modern Chinese Citizens: “Population Quality” Discourse, Demographic Transition and Primary Education." China Quarterly 177 (March 2004): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004000025.
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The all-embracing discourse of population quality (suzhi) is put to work through rural primary schools in ways that help state institutions implement policies such as accelerating demographic transition, restructuring the education system, professionalizing labour markets, promoting agricultural skills training, instituting economic liberalism and carrying out patriotic education. Suzhi discourse facilitates policy implementation in four ways. First, it imbues disparate policies with seeming coherence. Secondly, by articulating a diverse set of policies through suzhi discourse, including state retreat from welfare provisioning, state institutions can be seen to be working to improve people's well-being. Thirdly, in making people responsible for raising their own quality, the need to improve suzhi is an explanation and a prescription when individuals are adversely affected by policies. Finally, suzhi discourse encourages individuals to regulate their conduct in accordance with the political drift of society. By enfolding suzhi norms into identity formation, the education system shapes each individual's ongoing process of “becoming” in ways that parallel the nation's modernization, thereby reducing the costs of policy enforcement.
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Yan, Karl. "Strategic groups and local railway development in China." Asian Education and Development Studies 9, no. 3 (April 28, 2020): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-10-2019-0164.
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PurposeWhat are the mechanisms through which Chinese municipal leaders overcome implementation breakdown? This study, through process tracing, archival work and semi-structured interviews, examines the implementation of three sub-municipal-level railway projects involving the same principals and agents over the same period of time.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis was guided by the hypothesis that political coordination and the exercise of political and Party leadership played an indispensable role in the two cases of successful policy implementation, and its absence accounts for the case of implementation breakdown.FindingsThe principal finding is that an informal “strategic group” was created to “herd” cadres to overcome the problem of implementation. Herding here refers to the idea that Party leadership, through the use of moral persuasion, encourages cadres moving towards a desired common goal and direction.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is limited in the number of secondary resources (government documents and government and media releases) available to the field interviewees, which the author heavily relied on to complete the study.Originality/valueBuilding on the conceptual work of “strategic groups” by Thomas Heberer, Anna Ahlers, and Gunter Schubert, this study makes an empirical contribution by tracing the process through which an informal strategic group exercises its power to overcome implementation breakdown.
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Оliinyk, О. "FROM THE BUILDING OF SOCIALISM WITH "CHINESE SPECIFICITY" TO THE PROCLAMATION OF THE "POLICY OF REFORMS AND EXTERNAL OPENNESS"." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 152-153 (2022): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2022.152-153.7.
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The article is devoted to the study of the socio-economic development of China from the beginning of the country’s formation to the present. Thus, the historical prerequisites for the formation of the concept of building socialism with "Chinese specificity" were clarified. The basic principles of public administration in China have been established. The definition of the historical stages of the country’s development from the beginning of its formation to the present with a description of the main historical events and the formulation of their characteristic features. Studying the reasons for the transition to the policy of reforms and openness, its content and implementation results. The role of the architect of Chinese reforms – Deng Xiaoping – is considered. The importance of education, science and innovation in the development of the country has been proven. The impact of reforms on Chinese society was monitored and the quality of changes in the lives of Chinese people was assessed. The future prospects of implementing the policy of reforms and openness are analyzed.
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Conroy, R. J. "The Role of the Higher Education Sector in China's Research and Development System." China Quarterly 117 (March 1989): 38–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100002364x.
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Since 1978 science and technology (S&T) have been officially seen as the motors of future growth and modernization of the Chinese economy. Much effort has been devoted to the formulation and implementation of policy to reform the S&T sector to ensure that it will contribute much more than it has in the past to social and economic development. One objective of the reforms has been to mobilize under-utilized resources to expand research and develop ment (R&D) activities. It is in this context that policy-makers in China started to focus their attention on the higher education sector (HES). The sector's potential role as an important R&D performer has been progressively articulated over time in breadth and depth as policy-makers’ concerns have expanded, to examine the relationship between training S&T personnel and scientific research in the context of the rapid changes wrought by the “new technological revolution” (xin jishu geming).
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Fu, Wangqian, and Frank Okai Larbi. "The rebirth of the Chinese higher education: analysis of higher education policies from the economic reform to date." International Journal of Comparative Education and Development 24, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijced-04-2021-0044.
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PurposeThere have been regular policy enactment and dynamism to ensure progress and sustainability in the development of higher education (HE) in China after the Cultural Revolution. This study was purposed to reveal the processes of the Chinese higher education (CHE) development through series of policy implementations from the epoch of economic reformation and opening-up policy.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employed document analysis, and selected and critically analyzed documents that include published articles and books, the official website of the Chinese Ministry of Education, and historical documentaries of the Chinese Cultural Revolution and their HE aftermath. Again, a semi-structured interview was utilized with a sample size of 20 academics vested in the CHE history. Five academics from four universities in China were interviewed to analyze the historical events of the CHE transformation and current policies about the CHE development.FindingsThe authors established that enrollment in the CHE has increased since the economic reformation; there has been the enhancement of the CHE internationalization in recent decades and the emergence of world-class universities and programs in the CHE as a result of the world class policies and projects. For consistency of the innovative programs toward HE development, the authors have posited some challenges, future goals and the global impacts of the CHE development and its sustainability.Originality/valueThe utilization of document analysis cements the claims by the interviewees, which enriches the value of the results. This study would provide literature guidance to international researchers to critically concoct theoretical assumptions from the findings to critically investigate the developmental policy pattern of HE institutions.
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Huang, Rong, Lei Wang, and Gaozhu Zhou. "Feasibility on the Integrated Teaching Method of Machine Learning Algorithm inside and outside Physical Education Class." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (September 7, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8200907.
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School education, especially physical education, directly undertakes the tasks of “student physical fitness” and “student health promotion.” In the context of the policy to further strengthen quality training and promote education in all aspects, it is explicitly pointed out that “a sound physical fitness is a primary demand for serving the motherland and the country as a result of youth, and it reflects the vitality of the Chinese nation.” Therefore, the implementation of the National Physical Education Curriculum Guidelines and curriculum criteria for sports for Chinese College Students is the primary task of physical education. This study proposes machine learning-based teaching methods as an integrated teaching method inside and outside physical education. After conducting research and experiments on it, the experimental data show that after machine learning improves the integrated teaching of sports inside and outside, 50.51% of students are satisfied with the teaching, 40.4% are relatively satisfied, 6.06% feel average, and only 6.06% are dissatisfied. Compared with the previous part, the satisfaction rate has increased by 16.51%, the more satisfaction rate has increased by 4.4%, and the dissatisfaction rate has decreased by 16.97%. The practice has proved that the implementation of comprehensive teaching based on machine learning in physical education, integration of a student-led approach with a teacher-led role, promotes students’ interest in sports and improves students’ health concepts, which is in line with the current development trend of physical education.
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Torshin, M. P. "Public diplomacy of the people's republic of China in the context of post-Afghan events." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 1 (2022): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2201-06.
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The article discusses the particular issues of the PRC’s modern public diplomacy. It is widely known that the rapid development of telecommunication technologies in the last decade has contributed to the active informational globalization processes in the modern world. Under these circumstances, the non-state actors’ activity has drastically increased. China is a prime example of effective implementation of such activities into public diplomacy by resorting to the “soft power”, which serves as the foundation of Chinese foreign policy. This article demonstrates the evolution and main stages of public diplomacy development in China. It is highlighted that the Chinese government has designated creating favorable international environment and modernization of the country as the main task of the public diplomacy. The article also demonstrates how the highest governing bodies of the Chinese Communist party and government, as well as specialized “think tanks”, devise the general vector of the foreign policy and public diplomacy both at home and overseas; the aforementioned organizations include the institutions engaged in economic and cultural cooperation, sports and education. Thus, the delegation of devising “soft power” policy to cultural institutions instead of foreign policy oriented organizations constitutes a specific trait of the Chinese public diplomacy. The article highlights issues of China’s economic development and the historical and political place of that country in the world. The main directions and methods of the Chinese public diplomacy are thoroughly analyzed in this article. The Confucius Institute, Chinese cultural centers, mass media, educational systems and numerous Chinese diaspora constitute the major actors of the “soft power”, which methods include such elements as Chinese economic influence and initiatives in Chinese language training. The author also draws attention to the questions regarding the One Belt One Road Initiative and its place in the development of modern economy. The article also analyzes the PRC authorities’ concept of “Community of Common Destiny”, which represents a global project of establishing the new world order. The author indicates that China faces a number of problems with the “soft power” despite significant progress in this sphere. For instance, the global community has its doubts whether Chinese economic aid and trade agreements are implementations of “soft power” or just other forms of political and economic pressure; many developing countries are disapproving of the Chinese investment mechanisms.
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Liu, Zhongkai. "An Analysis on the Importance of Habit-Forming Education." Learning & Education 10, no. 3 (November 7, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i3.2402.
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The Chinese nation is undergoing great changes, and all people are working together to achieve great rejuvenation and two centenary goals. Education bears the mission and the future. The opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on deepening the reform of education and teaching and improving the quality of compulsory education in an all-round way clearly requires “to establish a scientific outlook on education quality, deepen the reform, build an education system of all-round cultivation of morality, intelligence, physical education, beauty and labor, and improve the implementation mechanism of establishing morality and cultivating talents” . In order to carry out the national policy of education, we must attach importance to the cultivation of children’s habits in the process of growth, and attach importance to the cultivation of students by society, family, school and teachers.
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Kuznetsova, Valentina Vilevna, and Olga Anatolyevna Mashkina. "Historical foundations of modern educational concepts in China." Moscow University Pedagogical Education Bulletin, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51314/2073-2635-2020-3-71-93.
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The article attempts to show the interconnections and evolution of the Chinese education system, to analyze the problems that the country faces in modernizing education, which is considered as the most important factor in the country's innovative development and nation consolidation. In its search for the most effective solutions, China relies on both borrowing successful foreign models of education and at the same time striving to revive its own cultural, historical and educational traditions and concepts. In the speeches of the Chinese leaders, the development of education plays an important role in the consolidation of the whole nation for the implementation of the national strategy for achieving world leadership by 2050. To realize this “Chinese dream” requires a lot of creatively thinking personalities. At present, in China there is a real contradiction between the government’s orientation to training personnel capable of creating new technologies and the practice of learning based on the mechanical storage of knowledge. The article shows what measures are being taken to change the consciousness and thinking of the younger generations of Chinese, how the model of school and university education is changing. The analysis confirms that the attitude to education as one of the most important life and cultural values has been preserved in Chinese society. After the events in Tiananmen Square (1989), ideological control over students and teachers intensified in the country. In general, the current educational policy is pragmatic and includes both the import of knowledge and technology from abroad, and the maintenance of Maoist ideals and traditional values.
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Lan, Jian. "Research on Hengqin Model of Ecological Protection and Enterprise Compliance Development in Tobacco Control Cities." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.4.4.
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Objectives: Analyze the situation of tobacco control in Chinese cities and the development of Hengqin enterprises and the implementation of national tobacco control policies, to provide the theoretical reference for tobacco control, ecological protection and enterprise compliance development in Hengqin city. Methods: Make statistics on the tobacco control policies and the effects of Chinese cities, and analyze the behavioral role of enterprises in the ecological construction of tobacco control cities. Results: Although most cities support indoor smoking prohibition in various public places, the awareness rate of smoking prohibition regulations in public places is low. Relevant departments need to take more targeted publicity and education measures to increase the awareness rate and implementation effect of tobacco control policies and regulations, which is not only conducive to the ecological environment protection of tobacco control cities, but also conducive to the compliance development of enterprises. Conclusion: It is necessary that the healthy development of ecological protection in Chinese cities be combined with tobacco control policies, laws and regulations; Enterprises shall play an important guiding role, with the full participation of stakeholders at the planning level, to optimize the design of tobacco control policies; The implementation level shall strengthen the protection of minors and play the role of various policy tools.
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Dong, Jiahui, Lin Mo, Yan Shi, Dongsheng Lu, Chen Guo, Zicheng Wan, and Bingjun Wan. "Effects of the Policy of Physical Education Entrance Examination for Senior High School on Health in Middle School Students." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021701.
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Background: The policy of the Physical Education (PE) Entrance Examination for Senior High School (PEESHS) is an operable and measurable educational policy proposed by the Chinese government to solve the youth’s physical health problems and promote health in middle school students. In recent years, the reform of PEESHS policy has brought youth sports to a new climax, and determining how to achieve the maximum benefit of health promotion with the PEESHS policy is the current focus of the Chinese government, society, schools, and families. The primary purpose was to investigate the health promotion benefits of PE on junior high school students under PEESHS policy and clarify the differences and correlation of overall health, physical fitness, sports participation, social adaptation, and learning facilitation. The secondary aim was to assess the practical value of PEESHS policy implementation on health promotion. Methods: The questionnaire of this study was compiled in four steps, and 31 provincial capitals across China were selected as sampling areas, using the convenience sampling method and snowball sampling method, respectively. The number of questionnaires collected was 11,373 (5703 online; 5670 offline), of which 8574 were valid, with an efficiency rate of 75.4%. Ultimately, 8574 students (4199 girls; 4375 boys) were recruited from junior high schools in 31 provinces and municipalities. Data analyses were performed using ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson bivariate correlation. Results: The results showed that the PEESHS significantly improved participants’ physical fitness, interpersonal relationships, exercise participation, learning efficiency, and psychological health after preparing for PEESHS. Exercise participation and physical fitness showed the most significant positive correlation. Excessive sports intensity was detrimental to health promotion. Conclusion: The PEESHS policy has significantly impacted the health of students participating in PEESHS.
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Hudie, Luo. "From the experience of teaching the Russian language at Xi’an Petroleum University." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 4 (April 2022): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.04-22.110.
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Based on the analysis of publications it has been revealed that one of the priority directions of state policy in the leading countries of the world is internationalization of education as a set of purposeful measures of integration of educational content in order to form cross-cultural competences. The process of internationalization of education in China is characterized by an increase in research and educational programs, expansion of faculty mobility, improvement of the legal framework for international mobility. The implementation of the international Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Road” has put forward new requirements for the training of highly qualified specialists in the Russian language. Chairs of the Russian language in Chinese universities are constantly reforming and updating training models to meet the requirements of the new situation. In this article we analyze the practice of the joint Chinese-Russian educational program for the training of Russian-speaking bachelors. The measures to improve the model of joint training of Russian-speaking specialists in Xi’an Oil University are named: a wide implementation of digital technologies, pre-training curriculum, international teaching teams, administration and support of the educational process, adaptation of professional competencies in Russian language for technical, engineering and military professions; creation of a translation methodology of academic grades; support for students to address academic and social issues during foreign.
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Li, Shuyuan. "Satisfaction of Postoperative Patients on Pain Management Program its Relationship to the Knowledge and Attitudes of Chinese Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Survey." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 6 (November 3, 2021): 6609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.6.134.
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This study is a cross-sectional survey of the satisfaction of postoperative patients its relationship to the knowledge and attitudes of Chinese nurses on pain management. Data were sourced out from two groups of respondents participated in the study, 75 post-operative patients and 97 in-service nurses from the health institutions China. The study was conducted for five-months. Ethics protocols were observed before and after the conduct of the study. Findings showed that post-operative pain management program among the participating medical institutions in China were assessed to have moderate level of satiation by the patients. All the components namely pain relief experience, care provided by the nurses, education provided as to pain management, and therapeutic dialogue provided by the nurses were all assessed by postoperative Chinese patients at a fair level. Meanwhile, gender and education of post-operative patients can be considered as factors in the planning and implementation of pain management program. Consequently, similar to studies conducted worldwide, Chinese nurses do not establish yet an optimal level of knowledge and attitude towards pain management. Meanwhile age, experience, education are factors on the knowledge and attitude on pain management among nurses. Finally, positive moderate relationship is established between patient satisfaction and knowledge and attitudes of nursing staff towards pain management. The findings of these study call for action and reform in the implementation of pain management program focusing on the major role and development of 21st century nurses. Practical implications of the study are discussed.
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Fang, Fan (Gabriel). "Review of English as a medium of instruction in Chinese universities today: current trends and future directions." English Today 34, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078417000360.
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The use of the English language in China, and especially in Chinese education has been increasing for several decades, despite various attitudes towards its use (Hu, 2009; Niu & Wolff, 2003; Wang, 2015). In the traditional perspective of world Englishes (Kachru, 1992), China lies in the expanding circle, where English is regarded as a foreign language. However, since China's implementation of the opening-up policy, the teaching of the English language has gained momentum by becoming a key subject in China's education system. Currently, policies in China make English a subject of study from grade three at primary school and as one of the three compulsory subjects in the national university entrance exam (Gaokao), and a compulsory course for university students of all majors (Hu, 2003; Li, 2016).
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Zhang, Leibao, Qiuxian Hu, Shuai Zhang, and Wenyu Zhang. "Understanding Chinese Residents’ Waste Classification from a Perspective of Intention–Behavior Gap." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 4135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104135.
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It remains uncertain as to whether people who support waste classification end up transforming such environmental initiation into reality. Thus, to investigate the intention and actual behavior of Chinese residents on waste classification and the influencing factors, this study integrated the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and norm activation model (NAM), and extended them by adding external information factors, namely information publicity type and information quality. A questionnaire survey was conducted in mainland China, and the primary data from 349 individuals were analyzed by partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to verify the model. The conclusions confirmed that personal norm was a major predictor of residents’ waste classification intention, and there exists a gap between Chinese residents’ waste classification intentions and actual behaviors. Furthermore, strategies such as moral education and information publicity are important in policy implementation. These findings are helpful for Chinese policymakers in promoting and planning waste classification, and also provide experiences to other countries for combating similar waste problems in their metropolises.
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Guo, Xuesong, Jun Zhang, Zhiwei Xu, Xin Cong, and Zhenli Zhu. "The efficiency of provincial government health care expenditure after China’s new health care reform." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): e0258274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258274.
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Objective We aim to estimate the total factor productivity and analyze factors related to the Chinese government’s health care expenditure in each of its provinces after its implementation of new health care reform in the period after 2009. Materials and methods We use the Malmquist DEA model to measure efficiency and apply the Tobit regression to explore factors that influence the efficiency of government health care expenditure. Data are taken from the China statistics yearbook (2004–2020). Results We find that the average TFP of China’s 31 provincial health care expenditure was lower than 1 in the period 2009–2019. We note that the average TFP was much higher after new health care reform was implemented, and note this in the eastern, central and western regions. But per capita GDP, population density and new health care reform implementation are found to have a statistically significant impact on the technical efficiency of the provincial government’s health care expenditure (P<0.05); meanwhile, region, education, urbanization and per capita provincial government health care expenditure are not found to have a statistically significant impact. Conclusion Although the implementation of the new medical reform has improved the efficiency of the government’s health expenditure, it is remains low in 31 provinces in China. In addition, the government should consider per capita GDP, population density and other factors when coordinating the allocation of health care input. Significance This study systematically analyzes the efficiency and influencing factors of the Chinese government’s health expenditure after it introduced new health care reforms. The results show that China’s new medical reform will help to improve the government’s health expenditure. The Chinese government can continue to adhere to the new medical reform policy, and should pay attention to demographic and economic factors when implementing the policy.
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Choi, Chi-cheung. "Beyond hegemony and sisterhood: transnational Tianhou-Mazu cult in East Asia." Asian Education and Development Studies 9, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-01-2018-0014.
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Purpose Studies of Tianhou-Mazu cult have been focused on three themes: studies in Taiwan emphasize hegemonic order; studies in Hong Kong reveal a relationship of “sisterhood” alliances; and studies in Singapore highlight the important role of ethnic groups. The rebuilding of the goddess’s ancestral temple in early 1980s and her acquiring a world intangible cultural heritage status in the early twenty-first century facilitate the redefinition of overseas Chinese’s religious affiliation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss this global development of the cult from the 1980s and its ritual implication in overseas Chinese communities. Design/methodology/approach This paper, by comparing the Tianhou-Mazu cult in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asian Chinese settlements, argues that from sisters to descended replicas, or from local alliances to global hegemony, the cult of Tianhou-Mazu since the 1980s has not only replaced local culture with an emphasis on “high culture,” but also represents a religious strategy regarding local people’s interpretation of correctness and authority. Findings This paper argues that despite the imposition of hegemonic power from various authorities, popular religion is a matter of choice. This reflects how local religious practice is construed according to the interpretation of global cultural languages by the elite Chinese; their decision of when and how to reconnect with the goddess’s ancestral temple or the “imperial state,” or to form alliances with other local communities; and the implementation of the local government’s cultural policy. Originality/value This paper is one of the few attempts comparing development of a folk cult in various communities.
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Lee, Yen-Han, Timothy Chiang, and Ching-Ti Liu. "Residents’ educational attainment and preventive care utilization in China." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 31, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-01-2017-0001.
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Purpose China launched a comprehensive health reform in 2009 to improve healthcare quality. Because preventive care utilization in China has not been frequently discussed, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the association between education level and preventive care before and after the initiation of the reform. Education has been referred to as the best health outcome indicator and China’s educational reform has been progressive, such as the health reform. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyzed data from four China Health and Nutrition Surveys (CHNS): 2004 (n=9,617); 2006 (n=9,527); 2009 (n=9,873); and 2011 (n=9,430). Variables were selected based on Andersen’s healthcare utilization model (predisposing, enabling and need factors). Multivariable logistic regression models, odds ratios (ORs) and 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI) were conducted and reported. Findings In the adjusted multivariable logistic regression models, the authors found that general education was associated (p<0.05) with access to preventive care in 2004, 2009 and 2011, but not in 2006. Individuals with higher education had higher ORs for utilizing preventive care, compared with lower education (primary school education or none). Practical implications Policy implications include providing educational protocols regarding preventive care’s significance to residents educated at lower level schools, especially younger individuals. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comparative assessment on education level and preventive care utilization before and after the implementation of the Chinese health reform.
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Gerile, Wuyun. "Changes of Labor Education in the Past 70 Years Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China." Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 5, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v5i11.2766.
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Throughout the development of labor education in the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, its development characteristics are different along with the varying stages of economic development. The development of labor education has an important relationship with the political system, economic policy, and cultural foundation. This article reviews the development process of labor education in the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, analyzes the characteristics of labor education in each period, and proposes suggestions to promote the development of labor education in China, whereby the development of labor education should follow the basic rules of education development, grasp the characteristics of the times of labor education, and build a new system of labor education; adhere to people-oriented education and establish proper educational orientation; innovate the labor education system and build a labor education model with Chinese characteristics; improve the support and guarantee system of labor education and earnestly promote the implementation of labor education; enhance the internationalization of labor education and the international competitiveness of labor education.
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Li, Mingming, and Jiayun Wang. "Influence of UTCP on the employment of female workers and the supply of labor force." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): e0259843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259843.
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In recent years, China has introduced the Universal Two-Child Policy (UTCP), which means that a couple can have two children. The implementation of this policy may affect female employment. Based on this background, this work aims to the impact of UTCP on the number and employment of Chinese women workers, and find out the countermeasures for the adverse impact of the policy. Firstly, the role of the Propensity Score Matching-Differences in Differences model is introduced, and the average and dynamic effects of UTCP on women’s employment are discussed by using the Propensity Score Matching model. Secondly, the survey data on issues related to female employment after the implementation of UTCP from 2016 to 2020 is analyzed. Finally, a conclusion is drawn according to the survey data. The results demonstrate that the implementation of UTCP widens the income gap between men and women. Meanwhile, the younger the couple, the greater the income gap. Besides, the unemployment rate changes slightly after the introduction of the policy. As the growth rate of female income is significantly lower than that of men of the same age, UTCP has little impact on the employment of Chinese female workers, but has a great impact on the quality of employment. Among all the respondents, the proportion of employed men is higher than employed women, which is about 64% ~ 65%. However, it is still unknown whether age, education, family characteristics, nationality, occupations, and economic development of the province have a certain impact on female income, which is worth noting by follow-up research. On the whole, the full liberalization of the second child has little impact on the employment of female workers in China, but has a great impact on the quality of employment. The present work lays a foundation for the study of the impact of UTCT on female employment in future, and offers a certain reference for the further study of the impact of the policy on employment in the future.
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Cabestan, Jean-Pierre. "China's Foreign- and Security-policy Decision-making Processes under Hu Jintao." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 38, no. 3 (September 2009): 63–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810260903800304.
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Since 1979, foreign- and security-policy-making and implementation processes have gradually and substantially changed. New modes of operation that have consolidated under Hu Jintao, actually took shape under Jiang Zemin in the 1990s, and some, under Deng Xiaoping. While the military's role has diminished, that of diplomats, experts, and bureaucracies dealing with trade, international economic relations, energy, propaganda and education has increased. Decision making in this area has remained highly centralized and concentrated in the supreme leading bodies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). However, China's globalization and decentralization, as well as the increasing complexity of its international interests, have intensified the need to better coordinate the activities of the various CCP and state organs involved in foreign and security policy; hence, the growing importance of the CCP leading small groups (foreign affairs, national security, Taiwan, etc.). But the rigidity of the current institutional pattern has so far foiled repeated attempts to establish a National Security Council.
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Vu, Jo, and Tran Van Hoa. "Contribution of Chinese and Indian tourism to Australia: A comparative econometric study." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.81.7498.
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Under the current widespread economic integration of new international trade theory, the world’s two most populous countries, China and India, have achieved high growth, reducing poverty, increasing income and living standards and, as a result, provided good sources of much needed income-generating tourism to international destinations in recent years. The trend in rising tourism including education from China and India to Australia is exponential, and particularly important where the country’s geographical, cultural and educational quality attributes are internationally key attractions. Appropriate studies of this trend and economic outcomes, with robust and reliable empirical findings for credible analysis have been inadequate to date. The project addresses this gap by proposing to investigate the economic contributions of China and India’s tourism to Australia, and their determination for strategic international policy analysis. Significantly, this is done from an economic integration framework, which is also the expenditure (as opposed to production or income) perspective of the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993/2008. A multi-simultaneous equation model of endogenous Australian growth and Chinese and Indian tourism determination is developed. The model novelly incorporates gravity theory and classical consumer demand contributors, Ironmonger-Lancaster commodity attributes and Johansen policy impact add-and sub-factors explicitly in the economic integration framework, and is estimated by system methods with official economic and tourism 1992-2016 data. The findings will provide appropriate and much needed evidence-based inputs on the major economic integration contributors to Australia’s growth, Chinese and Indian tourism causality to key stake-holders such as tourism policy-makers, analysts and operators for international strategic policy analysis and practical implementation.
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Andrianov, K. N., Y. V. Popkov, A. K. Markov, and E. E. Mozhaev. "FIELDS OF POSSIBLE USING THE CHINESE EXPERIENCE OF STRATEGIC PLANNING SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 1820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-9-1820-1828.
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In this article, the authors assess the possibilities and formulate the directions of potential using Chinese experience of scientific and technological strategic planning in the Russian Federation. Analysis of the development and experience in managing strategic planning of scientific and technological development of the PRC made it possible to identify some areas of improving the system of strategic planning and management of scientific and technological development in Russia. The main directions of improving the innovative economic policy of Russia are proposed: to actively develop the private sector; to reduce the role of government intervention in the economy; to attract foreign investors for stimulating the economy at the macro and micro levels; to support all spheres of production, to create favorable conditions for national enterprises; to stimulate the development of production, to develop infrastructure: transport, construction, communications, the financial sector; to increase investment in education and health; to raise the standard of living of the population; to develop and improve innovation policy (in particular, increase funding for R&D, development of high technologies, improvement of the sphere of innovation and implementation services). A conclusion was made about the possibility of using various elements of the “Chinese economic miracle” in Russia, first of all, it is a systematic, consistent approach to the formation of medium-term and long-term development plans; and appropriate recommendations were given. The authors give recommendations on the possible using in Russia the Chinese experience in the development and implementation of the strategic program “China Manufacturing 2025”. The main provisions that determine the successful technological development of China, which may be of interest for use in the Russian Federation, are formulated.
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Zhang, YuJiao, Yifan Cao, Mengzhen Xia, Zewei Deng, Min Liu, Yankun Qi, Mingrui Ouyang, Chuangxin Sheng, and Feng Tong. "THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC POLICY ON THE MOTIVATION AND ANXIETY SENSITIVITY OF STUDYING ABROAD: A REVIEW OF THE PROCESS OF CHINA'S CHOICE OF STUDENTS TO STUDY IN THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1950S." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): A36—A37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac032.050.
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Abstract Background In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's higher education was very backward and could not meet the needs of the society. At that time, higher education in the Soviet Union was relatively developed and China Soviet relations were friendly, but China's relations with most western countries were not good. Therefore, the Chinese government chose and sent students to the Soviet Union for higher education. With the change of policy, the willingness of young people to study abroad has also changed. This political environment also has an impact on the anxiety sensitivity of groups studying abroad. Subjects and Methods In order to accurately grasp the motivation of Chinese students to study abroad and return home, this paper selects credible historical archives and data as the basis of the research. This paper reviews the process of selecting foreign students in the Soviet Union in the 1950s, analyzes the impact of public policy on the willingness to study abroad, and draws lessons from it. SPSS 22.0 software was used for data statistical analysis. The measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (x ± s). The statistical method was as follows: descriptive statistics was used for general demographic characteristics, t-test was used for the comparison of the mean of two independent samples, nonparametric Kruskal Wallis test was used for ordered classification data, and regression analysis was used to verify the mediating effect of RS between as and anxiety level according to the mediating effect test model. P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Results Our review of the selection process shows that the willingness to study in the Soviet Union is relatively weak, mainly for two reasons: (1) the deterioration of Sino Soviet relations in 1955; (2) Due to the uneven level of education in China, universal education is more in line with China's reality than elite education, but the selection strictly follows the standards of elite education. For China's future development, we propose to implement a comprehensive and flexible study abroad policy. The study also found that there was a negative correlation between study abroad anxiety and education level. Similarly, there is a significant negative correlation between study abroad anxiety and self-efficacy. There is a very significant positive correlation among state anxiety, trait anxiety and study abroad anxiety. The “anxiety” component of learners' personality characteristics plays a great role in the anxiety of studying abroad. The correlation coefficient between LCAS and trait anxiety was 0.408, while the correlation coefficient between LCAS and state anxiety was 0.395. Both reached a significant level (P < 0.01). There is a positive correlation between self-efficacy and willingness to study abroad. Research shows that anxiety, gender and self-efficacy can be used as comprehensive variables to measure willingness to study abroad. Conclusion In the 1950s, because most Chinese people did not have enough willingness, knowledge and funds to study abroad, it was necessary and reasonable for the Chinese government to provide financial support and students to study abroad. Although young people's willingness to study in the Soviet Union was relatively weak, and the results of the Soviet policy did not fully meet expectations, the policy at that time was probably the best. Since China implemented the market reform in the 1980s, the old education policy has become obsolete. Therefore, the role of the government in education has changed from a strict social planner to a leader in time. Although some people have the ability to study abroad, the government must provide financial support for people in certain fields according to the needs of the country. From this review, we can see that the Chinese government has timely adjusted its education strategy to stimulate the motivation to study abroad. In the 1950s, China's universal education was ahead of elite education. To sum up, through the comparative study on the impact of foreign students' ideas of studying abroad, this study found that the policy has a good role in promoting foreign students' ideas of studying abroad, which can not only effectively improve China's education level, but also enable them to face difficulties and setbacks rationally and better adapt to the society. Acknowledgements Supported by projects grant from The 2021 Guangdong Provincial College Ideological and Political Education Project “Comparative Research on National History Education after the Return of Hong Kong and Macao from the Perspective of the United Front” (Project No.: 2021GXSZ012) ,the 2020 key project of the Chinese National Cohesion Research Institute of Jinan University “Comparative Study on the Implementation of National History Education after the Return of Hong Kong” (Grant No.20ZHMZNJLZD05); the 2020 project of the Institute of Party Regulations of Jinan University “Guangdong from the Perspective of National Governance” Research on the Coupling Mechanism of Inner Party Laws, Regulations and Talents in the Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area” (Grant No.JNUD2020004); Guangdong Philosophy and Social Sciences “13th Five-Year Plan” Special Commissioned Project “Research on the History of Cantonese Chinese in South Pacific Island Countries” (Grant No.GD18TW18-08)
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Ma, Maggie, and Gavin Bui. "Chinese secondary school teachers’ conceptions of L2 assessment: A mixed-methods study." Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 11, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 445–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2021.11.3.7.
Full textAbstract:
Teacher conceptions of assessment influence their implementation of learning-focused assessment initiatives as advocated in many educational policy documents. This mixed-methods study investigated Chinese secondary school teachers’ conceptions of L2 assessment in the context of an exam-oriented educational system which emphasizes English grammar, vocabulary and reading comprehension skills. For the quantitative part of the study, survey data were collected to gauge the conceptions of assessment held by 66 senior secondary EFL teachers from six schools in Eastern China. For the qualitative part, case studies of two teachers from schools with different rankings were conducted. Quantitative results showed that the teacher participants as a group agreed most with the view that assessment is to help learning. However, there was a strong association between two factors, that is, the assessment as accurate for examination and teacher/school control factor, and the assessment as accurate for student development factor. The strong association indicated that it may be less likely for the group of teachers to adopt the formative assessment initiatives emphasizing student development as promoted in the English curriculum reform. Qualitative findings further revealed individual differences in the two case study teachers’ conceptions and practices of assessment as well as the interplay among meso-level (e.g., school factor), micro-level (e.g., student factor), and macro-level (e.g., sociocultural and policy contexts) factors in shaping the teachers’ different conceptions and practices of assessment. A situated approach has been proposed to enhance teachers’ assessment literacy.
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Liu, Haohui, Zhihua Yin, Sitong Chen, Youcai Yang, and Hengxing Tian. "Development of an Assessment of Ethics for Chinese Physical Education Teachers: A Study Using the Delphi and Expert Ranking Methods." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911905.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Developing the ethics of physical education (PE) teachers is important for promoting the overall development of students. However, it is unclear which indicators can be used to assess the ethics of PE teachers in China. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an assessment of ethics for Chinese physical education teachers (AECPET) using the Delphi and expert ranking methods. Methods: Two rounds of the Delphi method were performed to develop the assessment. An expert ranking method was used to determine the weight of each domain and indicator. Results: The developed AECPET is a multi-dimensional model with eight domains: (1) Policy Implementation (PI), (2) Legal Compliance and Patriotism (LCP), (3) Love for Students (LS), (4) Daily Performance (DP), (5) Philosophy of Educating Students (PES), (6) Attitude towards Scientific Research (ASR), (7) Awareness of Self-discipline and Honesty (ASH), and (8) Attitude towards Serving Society (ASS); and 42 indicators. The weight of PI, LCP, LS, DP, PES, ASR, ASH, and ASS are 18.1%, 19.1%, 16.2%, 11.1%, 16.3%, 7.2%, 9.1%, and 4.6%, respectively. Conclusions: The AECPET is an evaluating system constructed based on the perspective of Chinese PE teachers, which also has a potentially global perspective and can be used by PE teachers with different cultural views. Applied by the government, schools, PE teachers, and students, the AECPET can improve the level of ethics of Chinese PE teachers.
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Guan, Shiqi, Yubing Fan, and Zeng Tang. "Herders' willingness-to-participate in the Grassland Ecological Compensation and Award Policy in China: a meta-analysis." Rangeland Journal 43, no. 4 (2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj20115.
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Since implementation of its first phase, the Grassland Ecological Compensation and Award Policy (GECAP; 2011–2015) has significantly influenced participants’ livelihoods in China. Willingness-to-participate (WTP) is an important component of successful policy implementation. The effects of influential factors on herders’ WTP have received considerable research effort, although no systematic literature review or quantitative analysis has been conducted to provide evidence-based policy insights. Focusing on 3405 observations extracted from 13 empirical studies, this research conducted a meta-analysis and aggregated the effects of factors affecting Chinese herders’ WTP in the GECAP. The study also analysed the heterogeneity in influential factors and its sources. Factors increasing herders’ WTP included a higher formal education level, a higher farm income from raising livestock, access to larger grassland area, improved grassland condition, and better policy understanding. The cumulative effects of the number of livestock and grassland area on herders’ WTP had increased since the policy was implemented. We examined publication bias that may arise from research with favourable results being more likely to be published and found that publication bias was statistically insignificant for the selected case studies. However, we found significant heterogeneity in household income and number of livestock. The sources of heterogeneity included regional differences, publication year, and sampling method. Future policy modification and formulation should better incentivise active participation of herders by targeting specific pastoral regions and herder groups at certain income levels and/or herd size.