Dissertations / Theses: 'Chinese Australians'

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Tan, Carole A. "'Chinese Inscriptions': Australian-born Chinese Lives." Thesis, University of Queensland, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/1826/1/1826_abstract.pdf.

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This thesis represents a transdisciplinary study based on qualitative research and critical analysis of oral history interviews and the personal narratives of sixty-seven Australian-born Chinese. It uses cultural studies approaches to investigate the diverse ways Chineseness becomes inscribed into the lives of Australian-born Chinese. It investigates diverse ways Chineseness becomes inscribed into the lives of Australian-born Chinese within three social and cultural spaces Australian-born Chinese inhabit. These are the family, mainstream Australian society and Chinese diasporic spaces located in China and Australia. In examining these three social and cultural spaces, this study seeks to demonstrate that Chineseness represents an inescapable ‘reality’ Australian-born Chinese are compelled to confront in their everyday lives. This ‘reality’ exists despite rights of birth, generational longevity, and strong national and cultural identities and identifications grounded in Australia, and whether or not Australian-born Chinese willingly choose to identify as ‘Chinese’. Nevertheless, despite the limits of Chineseness Australian-born Chinese experience in their lives, this study demonstrates that Australian-born Chinese are individual agents who devise a range of strategies and tactics which empower them to negotiate Chineseness in relevant and meaningful ways of their own choosing.

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Chan, Kenneth, and n/a. "Chinese history books and other stories." University of Canberra. Creative Communication, 2005. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061020.144139.

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My thesis is a creative writing doctorate which focuses on one Chinese family's adaptation to living in Australia in the mid-twentieth century. The thesis is in two parts. Part I is an examination of Chineseness and identity within the context of the short stories that make up Part I1 of the thesis. In Part I, I have looked at the place of the Chinese within the larger, dominant cultures of America and Australia. In particular, I have discussed the way in which the discourses of the dominant culture have framed Chineseness; and also what it might mean to describe authentic and essential qualities in Chineseness. The question I ask is whether the concept of Chineseness shifts according to time, location, history, and intercultural encounters. This leads me to try to "place" my family and myself. I provide some background on my family and on specific incidents that have served as springboards for the fiction. Part I also discusses some aspects of narrative theory in relation to the stories and considers the stories within the context of other Chinese- Australian fiction and performance. Ln Part 11, I have written a collection of nine short stories about the lives of a fictitious family called the Tangs. The stories can be described as a cycle that is unified and linked by characters who are protagonists in one story but appear in a minor or supporting role in other stories. Composing a linked cycle of stories has given me the opportunity to extend the short story form, especially by giving me scope to expand the lives of the characters beyond a single story. The lives of the characters can take on greater complexity since they confront challenges at different stages of their lives from different perspectives.

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Li, Kam-Chiu (Wilson). "An Examination of the Role of Sport Participation in the Acculturation of Chinese Immigrants in Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367992.

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This thesis examines the role of sport participation in the acculturation process of Chinese immigrants in Australia. In doing so, this thesis offers sport policy makers and managers recommendations on how to facilitate Chinese immigrants’ integration into the local community through sport participation. Chinese immigrants are becoming one of the most dominant immigrants group in Australia (Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2011a, 2011b), and influential to the Australian community politically, economically and socially (Freeman & Birrell, 2001; Jupp, 1995, 1997). Meanwhile, studies (e.g. Kell, 2000; Lock, Taylor and Darcy, 2008; Taylor, Lock and Darcy, 2009) have indicated that sport participation can play an important role in building social capital amongst minority groups, including immigrants. Crawford (2009) indicated that Chinese immigrants are likely to participate in sport, in particular badminton and table tennis, when they settle in Australia. Hence, it is likely that Chinese immigrants use sport participation as a way to seek interaction and adaptation in the local community in their efforts to acculturate. However, acculturation studies have too often neglected the role of sport participation in immigrants’ adaptation to the new life in Australia (Berry, Phinney, Sam, & Vedder, 2006; Phinney, Jacoby, & Silva, 2007; Ward & Masgoret, 2006, 2008).
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Chan, Daniel Kam Yin School of Physiology &amp Pharmacology UNSW. "Genetic and environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease in Chinese and Australians." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Physiology & Pharmacology, 2000. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17795.

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The aim of this work was to study the environmental and genetic factors for Parkinson???s disease (PD) in Chinese and Australian. Using a case-control method, environmental factors for PD were studied in a Chinese population (n=528) in Hong Kong. Current smoking (OR=0.437; p=0.013) and infrequent tea drinking (OR=1.51; p=0.02) were found to be protective factors, whereas family history and pesticide exposure during farming in females were found to be risk factors in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, current smoking reached borderline significance at the 5% level and the variables, years exposed to pesticides and family history were significant at the 10% level. Similarly, a case-control study involving 534 subjects was conducted in Australia. A positive family history was the strongest risk factor (OR=3.4; p<0.001). In addition, rural residency was found to be another risk factor (OR=1.8; p<0.001). Hypertension, stroke and well water ingestion were inversely correlated with PD (OR=0.2; p<0.001, OR=0.2; p<0.001 and OR=0.7; p<0.03 respectively). When genetic factors were examined in the Chinese population, no association to PD were found for the polymorphisms of the following candidate genes: CYP-2D6 debrisoquine hydroxyalse gene, dopamine transporter gene and monamine oxidase B (MAOB) gene. Furthermore, the Ala53Thr and Ala30Pro mutations of the alpha-synuclein gene were not found amongst this large Chinese population, indicating that variations of this gene are probably rare in Chinese. When candidate genes were studied amongst Caucasian Australians, the poor metaboliser genotype of CYP-2D6 was found to be weaky associated with PD (OR=1.36) in a meta-analysis. The length of the GT repeat alleles of MAOB gene were found to be significantly associated with PD (>188 base pair and 186 base pair) while angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism was not found to be associated with PD. A pilot study was then conducted in Randwick, New South Wales to find out the latest prevalence of PD as well as putative risk factors in a random population. A validation study was carried out for a screening tool (questionnaire) for PD, which was then used for the main study. A total of 730 subjects were involved (527 in the community and 203 in institutions). The survey found that PD prevalence was between 3.6% and 4.9% (higher in aged care facilities). The putative risk factors positively identified were ???family history???(p<0.01) and ???exposure to chemicals at work or in surrounding environment??? (p<0.05). The age adjusted prevalence rate of PD revealed at least 42.5 % increase in the disease compared to 1966. We conclude that there may be an increase in the disease in Australia due to aging and other risk factors.

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Hui, Leng. "A study of intercultural discourse between mainland Chinese speakers of English and Anglo-Australians." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/672.

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Intercultural communication between mainland Chinese speakers of English and Anglo-Australians is receiving ever-increasing attention in many fields. These fields include intercultural communication. English language teaching, education and business. This study approached the intercultural communication between mainland Chinese speakers of English and Anglo-Australians from a cognitive perspective by applying the theoretical framework of cultural linguistics. The intercultural discourse produced by mainland Chinese speakers of English in the context of them interacting with Anglo-Australians was analysed. The analysis was made by employing key concepts such as schemas, cultural schemas, discourse scenarios and discourse indexicals. A body of 39 audio-taped conversations between mainland Chinese speakers of English and Anglo-Australians which ran about 50 hours was collected according to the research tradition of the ethnography of communication. The data were transcribed and examined with the “emic” and “etic” insights provided by volunteer participants and informants. Fifty live excerpts of these conversations were analysed in line with cognitive anthropology and cultural linguistics.

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Mu, Guanglun. "Heritage language for Chinese Australians : negotiating 'Chineseness' and, capitalising on resources in the lived world." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63295/1/Guanglun_Mu_Thesis.pdf.

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The ethnic identity and commitment of Heritage Language Learners play salient roles in Heritage Language learning process. The mutually constitutive effect amongst Heritage Language Learner's ethnic identity, commitment, and Heritage Language proficiency has been well documented in social psychological and poststructuralist literatures. Both social psychological and poststructural schools offer meaningful insights into particular contexts but receive critiques from other contexts. In addition, the two schools largely oppose each other. This study uses Bourdieu's sociological triad of habitus, capital, and field to reconcile the two schools through the examination of Chinese Heritage Language Learners in Australia, an idiosyncratic social, cultural, and historical context for these learners. Specifically, this study investigates how young Chinese Australian adults (18-35 in age) negotiate their 'Chineseness' and capitalise on resources through Chinese Heritage Language learning in the lived world. The study adopts an explanatory mixed methods design to combine the quantitative approach with the qualitative approach. The initial quantitative phase addresses the first research question: Is Chinese Heritage Language proficiency of young Chinese Australian adults influenced by their investment of capital, the strength of their habitus of 'Chineseness', or both? The subsequent qualitative phase addresses the second research question: How do young Chinese Australian adults understand their Chinese Heritage Language learning in relation to (potential) profits produced by this linguistic capital in given fields? The initial quantitative phase applies Structural Equation Modelling to analyse the data from an online survey with 230 respondents. Findings indicate the statistically significant positive contribution made by the habitus of 'Chineseness' and by investment of capital to Chinese Heritage Language proficiency (r = .71 and r = .86 respectively). Subsequent multiple regression analysis demonstrates that 62% of the variance of Chinese Heritage Language proficiency can be accounted for by the joint contribution of 'Chineseness' and 'capital'. The qualitative phase of the study uses multiple interviews with five participants. It reveals that Chinese Heritage Language offers meaningful benefits for participants in the forms of capital production and habitus capture or recapture. Findings from the two phases talk to each other in terms of the inherent entanglement amongst habitus of 'Chineseness', investment of capital, and Chinese Heritage Language proficiency. The study offers important contributions. Theoretically, by virtue of Bourdieu's signature concepts of habitus, capital, and field, the study provides answers to questions that both social psychological and poststructuralist theories have long been struggling to answer. Methodologically, the position of 'pluralism' talks back to Bourdieu's theory and forwards to the mixed methods design. Particularly, the study makes a methodological breakthrough: A set of instruments was developed and validated to quantify Bourdieu's key concepts of capital and habitus within certain social fields. Practically, understanding Chinese Australians' heterogeneity and the potential drivers behind Chinese Heritage Language learning contributes to the growing interest in Chinese Australians' contemporary life experiences and helps to better accommodate linguistically diverse Chinese Heritage Language Learners in Chinese language courses. In addition, this study is very timely. It resonates with the recently released Australia in the Asian Century White Paper: Chinese Australians, with sound knowledge of Chinese culture and language obtained through negotiating their 'Chineseness' and capitalising on diverse resources for learning, will help to serve Australia's economic, social, and political needs in unique ways.

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Sun, Christine Yunn-Yu. "The construction of "Chinese" cultural identity : English-language writing by Australian and other authors with Chinese ancestry." Monash University, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5438.

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Malik, Ranbir Singh. "Influence of home and school environments on the academic performance of Chinese-Australian and Anglo-Australian students studying at an academically-oriented high school in Perth, Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1390.

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Although minority status has been associated with low academic achievement, the “high Asian achieving syndrome" remains as one of the unresolved sociological puzzles. Consistent evidence suggests that regardless of the family status, children from the Asian migrant families, settled in the industrialised countries, tend to perform academically better than their counterparts from the dominant group. This disparity is attributed to a number of factors, which taken separately, do not address this complex issue. In Australia little research has been done to compare the home environment and school experiences of children coming from Chinese-Australian and Anglo-Australian families even though the number of children from the Southeast Asian region has steadily increased. This thesis investigates the influence of home and school on the academic performance of high school students coming from Chinese-Australian and Anglo-Australian families who resided in a predominantly middle class suburb and their children attended one particular state school in Perth, Western Australia. By studying children in their homes and classrooms I have attempted in this ethnographic study to construct some theoretically coherent explanations to understand the disparity in academic performance of Chinese-Australian and Anglo-Australian high school students. In order to capture what teachers, parents, and children say and do as a product of how they interpret the complexity of their world this study explores how macro and micro processes are linked to children's academic performance. As this study aims to understand social events from each individual's point of view it assumes that human behaviour is the result of indispensable and continuous interactions between persons and the situations they encounter. The findings of this study, with no claim to generalise beyond these families, suggest that the reason why Chinese-Australian and Anglo-Australian children have different educational outcomes is that these families socialise their children differently. From this study emerge two different models: and academic oriented Chinese-Australian model and a sports oriented Anglo-Australian model. At the start of high school there was no marked difference in ability and performance based on ethnicity. By the time they completed lower secondary school all Chinese-Australian students had improved in English and enrolled in a normal stream in English. Except for one student, they had selected TEE subjects with a university education as their main goal. At this stage, Anglo-Australians, with the exception of two students (who had selected TEE subjects), had decided to study either a mixture of TEE and TAFE subjects or easier TEE subjects. At the end of Year 12 all Chinese-Australian, except for one, had qualified to study at university. From Anglo-Australian group, only two students had qualified to study at university. This pattern of performance is consistent with the high Asian achieving syndrome and lack lustre performance of Anglo-Australian students. However, this study serves some sober reminder about the narrow focus by Chinese-Australians and lack of effort by Anglo-Australian students.

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Choi, Isabella. "Reducing cultural and structural barriers to treatment: feasibility, efficacy, and acceptability of an Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy program for Chinese Australians with depression." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12297.

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iCBT has the potential to overcome barriers and improve access to depression treatment among Chinese migrants. The aim of this thesis was to examine the feasibility, efficacy, and acceptability of culturally adapted Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) depression treatment for Chinese Australians. The first study described the process of modifying an existing iCBT depression treatment for use by Chinese migrants based on cultural adaptation guidelines. Results suggest the adaptations to the iCBT program were relevant to the Chinese participants regardless of acculturation level, but further modifications may improve cultural relevance. Chinese Australian participants with depression were then randomly allocated to receiving the iCBT depression program (n=25) or deferred-treatment waitlist control (n=30) in a CONSORT compliant RCT design. Treatment group participants reported significantly reduced symptoms of depression compared to controls, with moderate to large between-group effect sizes, and gains were maintained at three-month follow-up. A matched samples study comparing Chinese- (n=55) and English- speaking iCBT depression program participants (n=55) found that iCBT reduced structural barriers, and encouraged Chinese participants who had not sought treatment to seek help early, while it was an additional source of help for English-speaking participants. A survey found that Chinese (n=289) and Caucasian Australian primary-care patients (n=106) perceived Internet treatment to reduce treatment barriers, but face-to-face treatment was preferred across symptom severity. However, only 12% of the entire sample refused to try Internet treatment for depression. The overall findings support the feasibility of modifying iCBT for a cultural group and show that guided iCBT treatments for Chinese migrants is efficacious and acceptable. This research supports iCBT reduces treatment barriers and can improve access among Chinese and other cultural groups.

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Pan, Wen. "The Chinese outbound tourist market to Australia : strategies of Australian tourism product suppliers into the Chinese market." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1999. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36331/1/36331_Pan_1999.pdf.

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Understanding the Chinese tourism market to Australia is important for managers of Australian tourism product suppliers, marketing practitioners and academics, when China is an emerging market to Australia. This research examines contemporary issues in the Australian tourism product suppliers tapping into the Chinese tourism market. The research problem in this thesis is: How do Australian tourism product suppliers develop their strategies into the Chinese outbound tourism market? A case study methodology was applied in this research by interviewing the major players of Australian tourism product suppliers. The iterative research design was applied in this research due to the lack of previous research. Data from indepth interviews with key senior managers from case studies is analysed by within-case and cross-case analysis. From the findings, it is evident that cun-ently it is still at the early stage to talk about the Chinese outbound tourism market to Australia, because Australia was granted Approved Destination Status by the Chinese government on 22 April 1999. Nevertheless, the characteristics of Chinese travel patterns, the characteristics of Chinese tourists to Australia, the problems that the Australian tourism product suppliers of Australia have met and their strategies to solve these problems are investigated based on the previous experience of the Australian tourism product suppliers dealing with the Chinese tourism market. The major contribution of this research is the development of the understanding of the Chinese tourism market integrating all the detailed findings of the three research issues to answer the research problem in this research. The thesis also suggests the possible theoretical and practical ways for Australian tourism product suppliers to develop their strategies into the Chinese tourism market.

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Broinowski, Alison Elizabeth, and alison broinowski@anu edu au. "About face : Asian representations of Australia." The Australian National University. Faculty of Asian Studies, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030404.135751.

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This thesis considers the ways in which Australia has been publicly represented in ten Asian societies in the twentieth century. It shows how these representations are at odds with Australian opinion leaders assertions about being a multicultural society, with their claims about engagement with Asia, and with their understanding of what is typically Australian. It reviews the emergence and development of Asian regionalism in the twentieth century, and considers how Occidentalist strategies have come to be used to exclude and marginalise Australia. A historical survey outlines the origins of representations of Australia in each of the ten Asian countries, detecting the enduring influence both of past perceptions and of the interests of each countrys opinion leaders. Three test cases evaluate these findings in the light of events in the late twentieth century: the first considers the response in the region to the One Nation party, the second compares that with opinion leaders reaction to the crisis in East Timor; and the third presents a synthesis of recent Asian Australian fiction and what it reveals about Asian representations of Australia from inside Australian society. The thesis concludes that Australian policies and practices enable opinion leaders in the ten countries to construct representations of Australia in accordance with their own priorities and concerns, and in response to their agendas of Occidentalism, racism, and regionalism.

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Lee, Regina. "Theorising the Chinese diaspora: Chinese Canadian and Chinese Australian narratives." Thesis, Lee, Regina (2005) Theorising the Chinese diaspora: Chinese Canadian and Chinese Australian narratives. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/155/.

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This dissertation presents a study of Chinese diasporic narratives from Canada and Australia and examines the formation and negotiation of diasporic cultural identity and consciousness. Drawing upon theoretical discussions on diasporas in general, it investigates how the Chinese diaspora is imagined and represented, as a visible minority group, within the context of the multicultural nation state. This dissertation begins with a taxonomy of the modes of explaining diaspora and offers three ways of theorising diasporic consciousness. In analysing the filmic and fictional narrative forms of the Chinese in Canada and Australia, the practices of cultural self-representation and of minority group participation and enjoyment of the nation are foregrounded in order to advance critical analysis of the Chinese diaspora. While taking into account the heterogeneity of the imagined diasporic Chinese community, this study also contends that the formation and negotiation of diasporic consciousness and diasporic cultural identity politics is strongly and invariably affected by the multicultural conditions and policies of their host countries. The adaptation and manifestation of minority groups' cultural practices are thus a matter of social, cultural and political contingencies more often aligned with dominant cultural expectations and manipulations than with the assertiveness of more empowered minority group participation. This dissertation therefore argues for a broader and more complex understanding of diasporic cultural and identity politics in the widespread attempts to merge and incorporate minority group narratives into the key foundational ('grand') narratives of the white nation state. The importance of reinscribing Chinese diasporic histories into the cultural landscapes of their receiving countries is moreover increasingly propelled by the speed and momentum of globalisation that has resulted in the growing number of multicultural societies on the one hand but also led to the homogenisation of cultural differences and diversities. In focussing on the fictional and filmic narratives from Canada and Australia, the diversity of the Chinese diasporic community and their conditions are emphasised in order to reflect upon the differences in the administration and practice of multiculturalism in these two countries. The comparative reading of Chinese-Canadian and Chinese-Australian novels and films locates its analysis of notions of 'homeland' and belonging, community and national and cultural citizenship within the context of the development and negotiation of diasporic identity politics.

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Lee, Regina. "Theorising the Chinese diaspora: Chinese Canadian and Chinese Australian narratives." Lee, Regina (2005) Theorising the Chinese diaspora: Chinese Canadian and Chinese Australian narratives. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/155/.

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This dissertation presents a study of Chinese diasporic narratives from Canada and Australia and examines the formation and negotiation of diasporic cultural identity and consciousness. Drawing upon theoretical discussions on diasporas in general, it investigates how the Chinese diaspora is imagined and represented, as a visible minority group, within the context of the multicultural nation state. This dissertation begins with a taxonomy of the modes of explaining diaspora and offers three ways of theorising diasporic consciousness. In analysing the filmic and fictional narrative forms of the Chinese in Canada and Australia, the practices of cultural self-representation and of minority group participation and enjoyment of the nation are foregrounded in order to advance critical analysis of the Chinese diaspora. While taking into account the heterogeneity of the imagined diasporic Chinese community, this study also contends that the formation and negotiation of diasporic consciousness and diasporic cultural identity politics is strongly and invariably affected by the multicultural conditions and policies of their host countries. The adaptation and manifestation of minority groups' cultural practices are thus a matter of social, cultural and political contingencies more often aligned with dominant cultural expectations and manipulations than with the assertiveness of more empowered minority group participation. This dissertation therefore argues for a broader and more complex understanding of diasporic cultural and identity politics in the widespread attempts to merge and incorporate minority group narratives into the key foundational ('grand') narratives of the white nation state. The importance of reinscribing Chinese diasporic histories into the cultural landscapes of their receiving countries is moreover increasingly propelled by the speed and momentum of globalisation that has resulted in the growing number of multicultural societies on the one hand but also led to the homogenisation of cultural differences and diversities. In focussing on the fictional and filmic narratives from Canada and Australia, the diversity of the Chinese diasporic community and their conditions are emphasised in order to reflect upon the differences in the administration and practice of multiculturalism in these two countries. The comparative reading of Chinese-Canadian and Chinese-Australian novels and films locates its analysis of notions of 'homeland' and belonging, community and national and cultural citizenship within the context of the development and negotiation of diasporic identity politics.

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Welch, Ian, and iwe97581@bigpond net au. "Alien Son : The life and times of Cheok Hong Cheong, (Zhang Zhuoxiong) 1851-1928." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20051108.111252.

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This thesis contributes to the ongoing discussion of modern Chinese identity by pro-viding a case study of Cheok Hong CHEONG. It necessarily considers Australian atti-tudes towards the Chinese during the 19th century, not least the White Australia Pol-icy. The emergence of that discriminatory immigration policy over the second half of the 19th century until its national implementation in 1901 provides the background to the thesis. Cheong was the leading figure among Chinese-Australian Christians and a prominent figure in the Australian Chinese community and the thesis seeks to iden-tify a man whose contribution has largely been shadowy in other studies or, more commonly, overlooked by the parochialism of colony/state emphasis in many histo-ries of Australia. His role in the Christian church fills a space in Victorian religious history. Although Cheong accumulated great wealth he was not part of the Chinese mer-chant class of the huagong/huaquiao traditions of the overseas Chinese diaspora of the 19th and 20th centuries. His wealth was accumulated through property investments following the spectacular collapse of the Victorian banking system during the 1890s. His community leadership role arose through his position in the Christian Church rather than, as was generally the case, through business. His English language skills, resulting from his church association, were the key to his role as a Chinese community spokesman.¶ Cheok Hong Cheong left an archive of some 800 documents in the English lan-guage covering the major people, incidents and concerns of his life and times. His Let-terbooks, together with the archives of the various Christian missions to the Chinese in Australia in the 19th and early 20th centuries, shed light on one person’s life and more broadly, through his involvements on the complex relationships of Chinese emigrants, with the often unsympathetic majority of Australians.¶ This is a case study of a Chinese identity formed outside China and influenced by a wider set of cultural influences than any other Chinese-Australian of his time —an identity that justifies the description of him as an ‘Alien Son’. Cheong’s story is a con-tribution to the urban and family history of an important ethnic sub-group within the wider immigrant history of Australia.¶ While Cheong remained a Chinese subject his identification with Australia cannot be questioned. All his children were born in Australia and he left just twice after his arrival in 1863. He visited England in 1891-2 and in 1906 he briefly visited China. Identity and culture issues are growing in importance as part of the revived relation-ship between the Chinese of the diaspora and the economic renewal of the People’s Republic of China and this thesis is offers a contribution to that discussion.

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Pacey, Robyn Lyn. "Coming Ready or Not: Chinese Students in Australia, Their Motivations, Language Proficiency and Impact on Australia's Tertiary Environment." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367970.

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Around one in five of Australia’s tertiary students comes from overseas, with the largest proportion from the People’s Republic of China. Despite needing the revenue from international students to fund domestic tertiary places, there is continuing disquiet over the language preparedness of overseas students, the willingness of universities to allow them to bypass language entry standards, and the subsequent impact on the academics responsible for teaching them. To gauge the experience of typical Chinese students at Australian universities, this study followed a group of five for almost nine years, from when they enrolled in a foundation program in northern China to the present, to establish their motivations for wanting an Australian education, whether their language was sufficient to enable them to participate fully, and whether they were able to integrate into the academic and broader communities. The research had a secondary focus; to examine the impact of large cohorts of international students on Australia’s tertiary environment, and whether international education can be better delivered to achieve a more rewarding experience for all participants. The study began in 2005 with classroom reports and observations of the students during their foundation year, followed by annual interviews and personal contact after their arrival in Australia. To address the secondary focus of the study, data were collected from the Academic Language and Learning (ALL) advisers who assist tertiary students with language development, from the discipline academics who teach them, and from pro-vice chancellors (international) who are responsible within universities for the international education policy framework.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Shool of Education and Professional Studies
Arts, Education and Law
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Xiao, Jun, and n/a. "Cultural identity and communication among the Chinese diaspora in Australia in the 1990s : a Canberra case study." University of Canberra. Professional Communication, 2001. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061110.173255.

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As a contribution to understanding the Chinese immigrants and their community, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the formation and development of cultural identity among members of the Chinese diaspora in Australia. These include Chinese community life, family and professional networks, media use and its influences, and the changes that have taken place over the past ten years. Chinese communities in Australia are not homogeneous. Although they may all call themselves Chinese, they differ among themselves according to dialect, subdialect, clan and family, all of which are linked to their place of ancestral origin in China, as well as by country of birth outside of China. The degree to which these differences are considered important varies from individual to individual, but a community, whether it is constituted for social or business purposes, always comprises individuals who share one or more of these secondary characteristics in addition to their collective cultural characteristics. The study focuses on Canberra as a case study. First, it examines the similarities and differences within the Chinese diaspora coming from different geographical origins. It uses interviews and narrative analysis to examine the nature of Chinese immigrants and to assess their social, political and cultural context, with the aim to challenge the monolithic view that only one kind of Chinese community exists. It investigates how cultural background and other factors affect the formation and development of people's identity. In addition, as a point of secondary comparison, this study also analyses the differences between the Chinese diaspora in Canberra and Sydney. The aim here is to assess how the different locations and different characteristics of these cities communication networks affect migrants' adaptation to Australian society. Special attention will be given to differences between Dalu ren (the mainland Chinese), who came to Australia after the events of Tiananmen Square in 1989, and the other diasporic Chinese groups in Australia, which include Taiwan ren (Taiwanese), Xianggangren' (Honkongese), Malaixiya hua ren (Malaysian Chinese), and Xinjiapo hua ren (Singaporean Chinese). Since mainland China has had a different political system and the Communist Party replaced much Chinese tradition, people from the mainland have kept the least Chinese cultural traditions. Chinese from other regions try to keep the Chinese tradition as it was. However, the culture in mainland China has already changed. Therefore, the understanding of the Chinese tradition and culture among the Chinese from different regions varies greatly. This thesis explores the changing understanding within the members of the diasporic community of cultural identity. It attempts to show the strong influence of the notion of an original culture on the Chinese diaspora and how these ideas influence the way that diasporic Chinese community members interact within Australian society. It will investigate the changing characteristics, both social and individual, of mainlanders and other groups of Chinese immigrants in the 1990s, in the context of their professional, social and family networks. It will examine areas such as media use, languages and involvement with community development activities, and whether there are significant differences in their acculturation according to their different gender and places of origins. 1 Although Hong Kong has become part of China since 1997, there have, however, been different political and social systems in Hong Kong and the mainland, so this study researches Hong Kong in a separate category for the purpose of exploring differences.

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au, r. lee@murdoch edu, and Regina Lee. "Theorising the Chinese Diaspora: Canadian and Australian Narratives." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060418.160334.

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This dissertation presents a study of Chinese diasporic narratives from Canada and Australia and examines the formation and negotiation of diasporic cultural identity and consciousness. Drawing upon theoretical discussions on diasporas in general, it investigates how the Chinese diaspora is imagined and represented, as a visible minority group, within the context of the multicultural nation state. This dissertation begins with a taxonomy of the modes of explaining diaspora and offers three ways of theorising diasporic consciousness. In analysing the filmic and fictional narrative forms of the Chinese in Canada and Australia, the practices of cultural self-representation and of minority group participation and enjoyment of the nation are foregrounded in order to advance critical analysis of the Chinese diaspora. While taking into account the heterogeneity of the imagined diasporic Chinese community, this study also contends that the formation and negotiation of diasporic consciousness and diasporic cultural identity politics is strongly and invariably affected by the multicultural conditions and policies of their host countries. The adaptation and manifestation of minority groups cultural practices are thus a matter of social, cultural and political contingencies more often aligned with dominant cultural expectations and manipulations than with the assertiveness of more empowered minority group participation. This dissertation therefore argues for a broader and more complex understanding of diasporic cultural and identity politics in the widespread attempts to merge and incorporate minority group narratives into the key foundational (grand) narratives of the white nation state. The importance of reinscribing Chinese diasporic histories into the cultural landscapes of their receiving countries is moreover increasingly propelled by the speed and momentum of globalisation that has resulted in the growing number of multicultural societies on the one hand but also led to the homogenisation of cultural differences and diversities. In focussing on the fictional and filmic narratives from Canada and Australia, the diversity of the Chinese diasporic community and their conditions are emphasised in order to reflect upon the differences in the administration and practice of multiculturalism in these two countries. The comparative reading of Chinese-Canadian and Chinese-Australian novels and films locates its analysis of notions of homeland and belonging, community and national and cultural citizenship within the context of the development and negotiation of diasporic identity politics.

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Chung, Mei Ling, and res cand@acu edu au. "Chinese Young People and Spirituality: an Australian study." Australian Catholic University. School of Religious Education, 2006. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp121.25102006.

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The research reported in this thesis is concerned with the spirituality of Chinese young people who attended a Chinese evangelical church in Melbourne, Australia. This research is a case study conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach using ethnographic methods, including fieldwork methods with data triangulation through participant observation, individual interviews and focus group interviews. Grounded theory was used to analyse data collected. The particular group of young people were Chinese in race, and Australian born, or had been living in Australia since early childhood. They attended the English speaking fellowship and services of a Chinese evangelical church in Melbourne, and their ages were between fifteen and eighteen years. They were born or had grown up in Australia, and had been exposed at least to two cultures, the Australian culture in the society, and the Chinese traditional culture in their family, in which the parents were the first generation in Australia. This research aimed to find out the characteristics of the spirituality of the Chinese young people through acknowledging the multicultural context in which they lived. Thus, it began with a cultural perspective and sought to study the cultural contexts that account for their distinctive Christian spirituality. In summary, the research reported in this thesis describes the young participants’ spirituality from their own perspectives, discusses their construction of identity that led to their distinctive spirituality, and studies their parents’ worldviews and the role of cultural institutions that have affected their spirituality. Finally, it concludes with development of theories of spirituality related to Chinese young people in a multicultural society, and proposes ways in which churches and families may encourage the development of spirituality for Chinese young people in a multicultural society.

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19

Chan, Jean L. Y. "The Chinese community and the Chinese language schools in South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EDM/09edmc454.pdf.

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20

Tong, Anne. "Chinese Food in Australia: Diaspora, taste, and affect." Thesis, Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18228.

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This thesis examines the political and cultural significance of Chinese food in Australia by considering its specific discourses and representations. It begins by mapping the politicised history of early Chinese food in the 19th century and considers the circumstances underpinning its emergence and later proliferation. Building on cultural studies scholarship about migration and food from Australia and the United States, this thesis examines the interrelated link between migration and the generation of new cultural products. I reframe westernised Chinese food as an innovative and necessary response from the Chinese community. By identifying the adaptable and creative nature of Chinese food (and people), I problematise the belief that westernised Chinese food is “inauthentic” and a complete victim to western supremacy. This thesis indicates how Chinese food is an effective place from which to understand differences, identity, and power. Situating Chinese food in the 21st century, I analyse how notions and tastes for it have changed over time, within the Chinese Australian diaspora and more broadly. With a focus on material examples and auto-ethnography, I examine how intergenerational and cultural differences in the diaspora can influence what we eat and how we eat. Cautious not to undermine the structuring effects of racism and class privilege in food discourses, I consider how whiteness and middle-upper class “tastemakers” shape how we perceive and relate to Chinese food. Finally, this thesis considers the capacities of Chinese food by looking at the visceral feelings and affects it can produce. I examine how commensality (eating together) can help encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, sharing, and relating. Ultimately, this thesis moves toward a view of Chinese food that embraces multiplicities and variance, as opposed to singularities and tradition.

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Li, Zhifu (Tiger). "Dancing with the Dragon: Australia's Diplomatic Relations with China (1901-1941)." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18400.

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By using little known primary sources in Chinese and English, this thesis will discuss Australia’s diplomatic relations with China, between 1901 and 1941. In March 1909, Liang Lanxun, China’s first consul-general arrived in Melbourne, Australia. Liang’s mission was to promote trade between China and Australia and as well to study the racial relations between Chinese and Australians. In 1921, Edward Little was appointed as Australia’s first trade commissioner in Shanghai, China. In 1929, the Chinese consulate moved from Melbourne to Sydney, due to the fact that Sydney had become the centre of the Chinese communities in the Oceania. I suggest that the Great Depression and the Second World War (Japan's expansion in the Pacific) forced Australian policy-makers to reconsider Australia’s geo-political position in the world. This is the first detailed research that treats Chinese diplomats in Australia and Australian diplomats in China between 1901 and 1941 as key historical subjects. In this thesis, I argue that Chinese diplomats used trade as a tool to fight against the White Australia policy between 1909 and 1941. I further argue Australia was more intertwined and connected with Asia, in this period than the existing literature suggested.

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Chung, Mei Ling. "Chinese young people and spirituality: An Australian study." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2006. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/740d161ccda2275e9481b00ca1ade0ceb2016e715805808ea90fe6de110ea6fc/921319/64825_downloaded_stream_50.pdf.

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The research reported in this thesis is concerned with the spirituality of Chinese young people who attended a Chinese evangelical church in Melbourne, Australia. This research is a case study conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach using ethnographic methods, including fieldwork methods with data triangulation through participant observation, individual interviews and focus group interviews. Grounded theory was used to analyse data collected. The particular group of young people were Chinese in race, and Australian born, or had been living in Australia since early childhood. They attended the English speaking fellowship and services of a Chinese evangelical church in Melbourne, and their ages were between fifteen and eighteen years. They were born or had grown up in Australia, and had been exposed at least to two cultures, the Australian culture in the society, and the Chinese traditional culture in their family, in which the parents were the first generation in Australia. This research aimed to find out the characteristics of the spirituality of the Chinese young people through acknowledging the multicultural context in which they lived. Thus, it began with a cultural perspective and sought to study the cultural contexts that account for their distinctive Christian spirituality. In summary, the research reported in this thesis describes the young participants' spirituality from their own perspectives, discusses their construction of identity that led to their distinctive spirituality, and studies their parents' worldviews and the role of cultural institutions that have affected their spirituality. Finally, it concludes with development of theories of spirituality related to Chinese young people in a multicultural society, and proposes ways in which churches and families may encourage the development of spirituality for Chinese young people in a multicultural society.

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23

Dai, Yin. "The representation of Chinese people in Australian literature." Thesis, Dai, Yin (1994) The representation of Chinese people in Australian literature. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1994. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52952/.

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This thesis is concerned with the representation of Chinese people in Australian literature from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present. The range of texts selected for consideration includes many that have long been out of print, and so a major aim of this thesis is to bring these texts into visibility under the single theme of "The Representation of Chinese People in Australian Literature", a topic to which, as far as I know, no full length study has yet been devoted. Australian literary writings in the period of early colonization share the basic discourses inherited from Europe, creating themes and images of Chinese people according to the European myth of the 'yellow peril ' , which has influenced the perceptions of Chinese people by the 'West' for centuries. Central to this thesis is the argument that in Australian literature, the formation of perceptions and images of Chinese people follows the Western principles of ·the theory of orientalism, as formulated by Edward Said. The first known significant cultural contact between Australia and China took place when a considerable number of Chinese migrants entered Australia from the time of the 1840's. This contact was immediately interpreted as a cultural invasion by the then dominant literary discourse. It is argued here that the anti-Chinese attitudes which are heavily reflected in early literature and conventionally attributed to Australian racism, are the products of Western cultural hegemony, of which racism is a part. The anti-Chinese notions of early nationalism reflected in literature are also rooted in the discourse that spreads the fear of cultural contamination. Chapter One of the thesis produces a general profile of this situation by presenting relevant readings. In this situation, themes and images of Chinese invaders are formed to define the nature of Australia's Chinese contact. Images of negative and aggressive Chinese people are created according to the format of the traditional myth of the 'yellow peril', instead of through practical experiences. Chapter Two surveys a range of such images of invaders and draws the conclusion that those images are the products of texualization of orientalist discourse which can create 'truth' by textual accumulation, as in the case of Chinese goldminers. Chinese people are variously stereotyped by fictional texts. A selection of short stories published in The Bulletin around the turn of the century are brought together in Chapter Three to illustrate the formation of several stereotypes. This part of the thesis argues that various stereotypes of the Chinese can form a system of images which is centred on the vision of ? Chinese disease'. I explain this vision as a symbolic expression of the fear of a threatening and contaminating alien culture. I argue that the themes, images, representations and attitudes generated by this vision are all claiming a single idea which is that Australia is, and should remain. an extension of Europe. Nevertheless, in the history of Australian literary perceptions of China and its people. alternative perspectives have existed alongside the 'yellow peril myth. By surveying a range of texts collected in Chapter Four, the thesis brings this trend to people's notice. In some early sea romances, bush legends, and adventure stories of pioneering life, certain representations of Chinese people cannot be simply categorized as orientalist products, because these representations in relation to the Chinese reflect the consciousness of an independent Australia, which opposes, to some degree. Western discourses of power and cultural hegemony. It is noticed in this study that literary writings after the 1920's express stronger interest in. and pay more attention to aspects of Chinese culture, especially when the topic of the Australian nation is addressed. Chapter Five deals with this issue by presenting a collection of novels that narrate relationships between Australia and China in terms of cultural identity. This part of the thesis demonstrates that when Australia is seen as an independent cultural entity, its location in the orientalist world map can be shifted. Such texts exhibit Australia's movement away from the West towards Asia. Texts presented in the thesis so far indicate a duality in perceptions of China in that it is seen as either the yellow peril' or as a civilized entity associated in a positive way with the idea of an Australian cultural utopia. Chapter Six illustrates this duality by showing how the representation of gender differences can contribute to the construction of opposing images of China. In other words, perceptions of Chinese people can be highly contradictory even within an individual text. Contemporary texts demonstrate a critical break-through in relation to orientalist discourse. Texts selected for Chapter Seven are presented to show significant elements of change in Australian discourses on China. These texts are considered multiculturalist writings which are recognized by this thesis as providing the basis for reconstructing the Australian legend in such a way that Chinese people are included as an aspect of contemporary Australian social reality.

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Zhang, Xiao Jun, and n/a. "Analysis of Chinese literature in Australia during the last decade (1989-2000)." University of Canberra. Languages & International Education, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061112.120716.

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As one of the largest non-English speaking groups in Australia, Chinese immigrants, refugees and sojourners are becoming more visible and have begun to exert more influence on Australian society. These groups can be better understood by reading and analysing Chinese literature in Australia because these contemporary Chinese literary works discuss a numbers of issues, such as how migrants and refugees adapted to the host culture while preserving their traditional culture; how they became involved into the new society and became a part of it; and what anxieties and difficulties they encountered in the process of displacement and transition. The current study uses the theories of both cultural studies and inter-cultural communication theorists to examine literary works written in Chinese by Chinese immigrants to Australia. Literary theory is also used as a methodological tool to analyse the writings. The study compares the works of writers from mainland China with the writings of Chinese from other country ('Chinese outsiders'). Although the two groups write on similar themes, the research shows that the characteristics, and the general perspectives they present are quite different from one another.

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25

Xia, Changhua. "Strategies of churches planting of Chinese Methodist Church in Australia." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.

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26

Chooi, Cheng Yeen. "Blooding a lion in Little Bourke Street : the creation, negotiation and maintenance of Chinese ethnic identity in Melbourne." Title page, contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armc548.pdf.

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27

Yang, Chunyan. "Learning Strategy Use of Chinese PhD Students of Social Sciences in Australian Universities." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366475.

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Extensive research into students’ learning strategy use in classroom settings has convincingly established that effective use of learning strategies enables learners to take responsibility for their own learning, promotes learner autonomy, and positively relates to students’ academic performance. However, little research has systematically examined the learning strategy use of PhD students. Consequently, relatively little is known about how students carry out their doctoral learning, in which learner autonomy is of paramount importance. Even less is known about Chinese PhD students in Australian universities and how they cope with independent doctoral study. Few investigations have explicitly focused on the learning processes of this student cohort, and anecdotal evidence has often described Chinese school and university students as passive, dependent and reproductive learners, even though empirical studies assert otherwise. To better understand the learning processes of Chinese PhD students in Australian universities, this study examines their learning strategy use and the factors influencing their application of learning strategies. Using qualitative research methods, which focused on understanding the phenomenon from the students’ perspectives within the context, this study collected interview data from a group of Mainland Chinese PhD students of social sciences. Computer assisted qualitative analysis was performed to provide an in-depth, grounded understanding of the students, their interactions with the learning environment, and their learning processes. This study shows that the investigation of learning strategies is a powerful tool to reveal how PhD students develop autonomy in the doctoral learning process. The results show that the students adopted a range of learning strategies to improve their learning efficiency, to enhance their self-teaching, and to facilitate development of their research competence. Despite the commonalities in their learning strategy use, the students exhibited significant individual differences in applying specific learning strategies, which were determined by their personal qualities, their perceptions of learning contexts, and the demands of the research tasks. This reveals the idiosyncrasies in the learning behaviours of this group of Chinese students and their learner autonomy. This study demonstrates that theoretical and methodological preparation for PhD study was the most significant influence on the students’ learning experience. By applying effective learning strategies, the students who encountered problems of theoretical deficiency, insufficient methodological knowledge, and underdeveloped research skills were able to develop their knowledge and enhance their research competence through the actual process of doing the research. Nevertheless, it appears that methodological training and support were needed to assist them in further enhancing their learning efficiency. The findings of this study reveal that this group of Chinese PhD students were autonomous learners and their application of learning strategies was a result of dynamic interactions between their personal variables and the contextual demands. This study lends support to the argument that, in cross-cultural settings, it is constructive to develop a contextualised understanding of students’ learning behaviours. Furthermore, from the students’ perspective, supervisors who understand them as individuals at the personal level are better able to assist them in learning. Within the stated limitations, this study recommends that future research on Chinese PhD students’ learning strategy use incorporates the perspectives of both students and their supervisors and involves their counterparts from other ethnic backgrounds in order to further understand the effects of cultural differences on their learning strategy use.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Cognition, Language and Special Education
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28

Guo, Xiumei. "Immigrating to and ageing in Australia: Chinese experiences." Thesis, Guo, Xiumei (2005) Immigrating to and ageing in Australia: Chinese experiences. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/89/.

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Chinese communities, large or small, exist in almost every country in the world. The huge Chinese diaspora has played a big role in the global economy. Those in Australia are no exception. The first significant Chinese immigration to Australia came in the 1850s during the gold rush era. Since then Chinese immigration to Australia has gone through up and down periods. However, only after the diplomatic relationship between Australia and China was established in 1972, did mainland Chinese begin to come to Australia directly from China. Since 1978 when China opened its door to the world and started its economic reform, more and more Chinese students have come to Australia. In particular, after the Tiananmen Square Incident in 1989, a significant number of Chinese became Australian permanent residents and contributed to the fast growth of the established Chinese community in Australia. This thesis analyses immigration and ageing issues relating to the Australian Chinese community, which is now not only one of the oldest in Australia, but also one of the biggest, and economically, one of the most dynamic communities. It draws a historical and contemporary picture of overseas Chinese in Australia, including the Chinese migrants who remained in this country after the Tiananmen Square Incident. This study developed a model to investigate a wide range of factors that drive population movement between Australia and China. The determining factors include a wide range of push and pull forces that change constantly with the overall political, economic and environmental developments. The research findings claim that the pull, push and enabling factors interact with each other to influence Chinese people's decision to migrate from China to Australia. It becomes apparent that there are certain determinants which can help explain, understand and project this complex process in the future. This study further proves that Chinese migrants in Australia have made the smooth, but challenging transition between their native and adopted countries. Being involved into the Australian mainstream society, Chinese Australians have achieved economic adaptation and enjoy living in their new country. In addition, Chinese citizens who are studying as international students in Australia are potential skilled migrants and they are likely to apply for migration status after completing their studies. It is believed that Australia continues to be one of the most desired Western migration destinations for Chinese nationals and the magnitude of the Chinese ethnic community in Australia will continue to grow. In the future, the number of elderly Chinese in Australia is likely to increase as the majority of current economically active Chinese intend to retire in Australia and more older Chinese are expected to migrate to Australia for family reunion. As part of the general issues of Australian ageing population, this study attempts to raise the awareness of the challenging life-style of the Chinese elderly in Australia now and future. This study offers convincing evidence that Chinese immigrants play a vital bridging role in promoting business and trade between Australia and China. Due to China's economic growth, their movement between these two countries will be more frequent. Overall, this study provides important considerations for policy makers and will benefit the broad communities, migrants and policy planners in understanding the model of Chinese immigration into Australia. The insights gained from this study should have important policy implications for a more sustainable way of living not only in Australia, but also in China and other countries with Chinese immigrants.

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Guo, Xiumei. "Immigrating to and ageing in Australia : Chinese experiences /." Guo, Xiumei (2005) Immigrating to and ageing in Australia: Chinese experiences. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/89/.

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Chinese communities, large or small, exist in almost every country in the world. The huge Chinese diaspora has played a big role in the global economy. Those in Australia are no exception. The first significant Chinese immigration to Australia came in the 1850s during the gold rush era. Since then Chinese immigration to Australia has gone through up and down periods. However, only after the diplomatic relationship between Australia and China was established in 1972, did mainland Chinese begin to come to Australia directly from China. Since 1978 when China opened its door to the world and started its economic reform, more and more Chinese students have come to Australia. In particular, after the Tiananmen Square Incident in 1989, a significant number of Chinese became Australian permanent residents and contributed to the fast growth of the established Chinese community in Australia. This thesis analyses immigration and ageing issues relating to the Australian Chinese community, which is now not only one of the oldest in Australia, but also one of the biggest, and economically, one of the most dynamic communities. It draws a historical and contemporary picture of overseas Chinese in Australia, including the Chinese migrants who remained in this country after the Tiananmen Square Incident. This study developed a model to investigate a wide range of factors that drive population movement between Australia and China. The determining factors include a wide range of push and pull forces that change constantly with the overall political, economic and environmental developments. The research findings claim that the pull, push and enabling factors interact with each other to influence Chinese people's decision to migrate from China to Australia. It becomes apparent that there are certain determinants which can help explain, understand and project this complex process in the future. This study further proves that Chinese migrants in Australia have made the smooth, but challenging transition between their native and adopted countries. Being involved into the Australian mainstream society, Chinese Australians have achieved economic adaptation and enjoy living in their new country. In addition, Chinese citizens who are studying as international students in Australia are potential skilled migrants and they are likely to apply for migration status after completing their studies. It is believed that Australia continues to be one of the most desired Western migration destinations for Chinese nationals and the magnitude of the Chinese ethnic community in Australia will continue to grow. In the future, the number of elderly Chinese in Australia is likely to increase as the majority of current economically active Chinese intend to retire in Australia and more older Chinese are expected to migrate to Australia for family reunion. As part of the general issues of Australian ageing population, this study attempts to raise the awareness of the challenging life-style of the Chinese elderly in Australia now and future. This study offers convincing evidence that Chinese immigrants play a vital bridging role in promoting business and trade between Australia and China. Due to China's economic growth, their movement between these two countries will be more frequent. Overall, this study provides important considerations for policy makers and will benefit the broad communities, migrants and policy planners in understanding the model of Chinese immigration into Australia. The insights gained from this study should have important policy implications for a more sustainable way of living not only in Australia, but also in China and other countries with Chinese immigrants.

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Ho, Christina. "Migration as feminisation Chinese women's experiences of work and family in contemporary Australia /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/615.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.
Title from title screen (viewed 8 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Economics and Political Science, Faculty of Economics and Business. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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Jin, Kai. "Cardiovascular health among Chinese immigrants in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19605.

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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major health issue for immigrants in Western countries. However, little is known about cardiovascular health among Chinese immigrants, the largest non-English speaking group in Australia. This thesis aims to explore cardiovascular risk among Chinese immigrants. Firstly, the incidence of CHD and outcome after first CHD diagnosis was determined through systematic review and meta-analysis. Secondly, survey data from the 45 and Up Study examined prevalence of CHD and risk factors among Chinese immigrants compared to other Australians, and acculturation effects on their cardiovascular risk. Finally, a family-centred descriptive, qualitative study explored socio-ecological influences on Chinese immigrants’ engagement with CHD prevention. The systematic review and meta-analysis found Chinese immigrants in Western countries had lower CHD incidence compared with Whites (OR=0.29; P<0.001), yet had higher short-term mortality after CHD events compared with Whites (OR=1.34; P<0.05). The 45 and Up Study data showed higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Chinese Australians, including higher prevalence of current smoking, physical inactivity and diabetes and worse cardiovascular risk profiles. Those who migrated as either a child or adolescent were particularly at risk for diabetes and overweight/obesity. The qualitative findings identified important barriers and facilitators for effective CHD prevention and care among Chinese immigrants. Barriers included individual factors such as health knowledge deficits, widespread non-adherence to primary prevention medication and low English proficiency. The cardiovascular health of Chinese immigrants is influenced by complex individual, environmental and contextual exposure during their life course, both in their country of origin and in their new country. This thesis identifies important gaps in CHD prevention and calls for culturally-specific preventive programs.

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32

Low, Rachel Wai Leng, and n/a. "The cultural identity of Chinese Australian adolescents in Canberra." University of Canberra. School of Professional & Community Education, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060818.161530.

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This research focuses on the cultural identity of Chinese Australian adolescents in Canberra between the ages of 18 and 21. Adolescence is a developmental stage in which young people feel a need to define their cultural identity. According to social identity theory, being a member of the group provides individuals with a sense of belonging that contributes to a positive self-concept. In particular, young people belonging to ethnic minority groups need a firm sense of group identification in order to maintain a sense of wellbeing (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). The purpose and significance of this study is to update our understanding of how adolescents from a specific ethnic minority group (Chinese Australian) adjust to the mainstream Australian culture. The information gathered will be significant to the wellbeing of these individuals in helping them to come to terms with their own identity. It will also provide useful information for effective cross-cultural interaction for a range of services such as education, law, health and social services. The quantitative and qualitative approaches employed in this study include a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. The semi-structured interview complements the questionnaire in confirming the adjustments of these adolescents within an analytical framework that is a replica of Phinney's framework (1994). In her research on bicultural identity orientations of African American and Mexican American adolescents, Phinney categorised these adolescents under four distinct types of interaction with the mainstream culture. These are namely: separation (focus only on the ethnic culture), assimilation (identifying solely with the dominant culture), integration (relating well to both cultures) and marginality (relating to neither culture). In this dissertation the researcher also aims to determine the cultural identity of Chinese Australian adolescents in Canberra in the study using these four categories. The results of this study demonstrate that this framework is an appropriate analytical tool for the study of the cultural identity of Chinese Australian adolescents, most of whom classified themselves as integrated. Overall, Chinese Australian adolescents between the ages of 18 and 21 in the Canberra region were well adjusted and showed little tension or stress in relating to their ethnic culture or to the mainstream Australian culture.

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33

Eastburn, Melanie. "The living specimen: Guan Wei: a Chinese-Australian artist." Thesis, Canberra : Australian National University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/266282.

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34

Abraham, Santosh Mon. "Testing international arbitrage: evidence from Chinese and Australian markets." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1640.

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This paper studies two contrarian strategy; one based on the Law of One Price and another based on the Markov switching strategy. The stock pairs are identified using a new derivation of the partial adjustment model. The Markov strategy is more profitable than the LOP strategy. This paper also tests international momentum effects between Chinese Shanghai Composite Index and Australian resource stocks. The enhanced indexing strategy is more profitable than the index tracking strategy.

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35

au, xiumei@central murdoch edu, and Xiumei Guo. "Immigrating to and ageing in Australia : Chinese experiences." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070828.91039.

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Chinese communities, large or small, exist in almost every country in the world. The huge Chinese diaspora has played a big role in the global economy. Those in Australia are no exception. The first significant Chinese immigration to Australia came in the 1850s during the gold rush era. Since then Chinese immigration to Australia has gone through up and down periods. However, only after the diplomatic relationship between Australia and China was established in 1972, did mainland Chinese begin to come to Australia directly from China. Since 1978 when China opened its door to the world and started its economic reform, more and more Chinese students have come to Australia. In particular, after the Tiananmen Square Incident in 1989, a significant number of Chinese became Australian permanent residents and contributed to the fast growth of the established Chinese community in Australia. This thesis analyses immigration and ageing issues relating to the Australian Chinese community, which is now not only one of the oldest in Australia, but also one of the biggest, and economically, one of the most dynamic communities. It draws a historical and contemporary picture of overseas Chinese in Australia, including the Chinese migrants who remained in this country after the Tiananmen Square Incident. This study developed a model to investigate a wide range of factors that drive population movement between Australia and China. The determining factors include a wide range of push and pull forces that change constantly with the overall political, economic and environmental developments. The research findings claim that the pull, push and enabling factors interact with each other to influence Chinese peoples decision to migrate from China to Australia. It becomes apparent that there are certain determinants which can help explain, understand and project this complex process in the future. This study further proves that Chinese migrants in Australia have made the smooth, but challenging transition between their native and adopted countries. Being involved into the Australian mainstream society, Chinese Australians have achieved economic adaptation and enjoy living in their new country. In addition, Chinese citizens who are studying as international students in Australia are potential skilled migrants and they are likely to apply for migration status after completing their studies. It is believed that Australia continues to be one of the most desired Western migration destinations for Chinese nationals and the magnitude of the Chinese ethnic community in Australia will continue to grow. In the future, the number of elderly Chinese in Australia is likely to increase as the majority of current economically active Chinese intend to retire in Australia and more older Chinese are expected to migrate to Australia for family reunion. As part of the general issues of Australian ageing population, this study attempts to raise the awareness of the challenging life-style of the Chinese elderly in Australia now and future. This study offers convincing evidence that Chinese immigrants play a vital bridging role in promoting business and trade between Australia and China. Due to Chinas economic growth, their movement between these two countries will be more frequent. Overall, this study provides important considerations for policy makers and will benefit the broad communities, migrants and policy planners in understanding the model of Chinese immigration into Australia. The insights gained from this study should have important policy implications for a more sustainable way of living not only in Australia, but also in China and other countries with Chinese immigrants.

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Li, Boli. "Approaches to learning : perceptions about Chinese international undergraduates in Australian Universities." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2021. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/181912.

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Chinese students constitute the largest cohort of international undergraduates in Australian universities, comprising 37.3% in 2019. However, there is a scarcity of research examining perceptions of how Chinese international students (CIS) learn in Australian universities, from the broader context of the students themselves, their Australian teachers and Australian domestic student (ADS) counterparts. Drawing on the 3P (Presage-Process-Product) framework by Biggs, Kember, and Leung (2001), this thesis explored the perceptions of CIS, and their lecturers and classmates regarding their approaches to learning in Australian universities. Utilising a mixed methods approach (Creswell, 2014), surveys were conducted with 156 CIS and 212 ADS incorporating a validated survey by Biggs et al. (2001) called the R-SPQ-2F. Interviews were also conducted with 10 CIS and 10 Australian academics from two Australian universities, one regional and the other metropolitan. The findings demonstrated that perceptions of CIS were characterised by a unique learning structure that differed from ADS in a number of ways, particularly in relation to group learning, the use of understanding and memorisation strategies, and classroom engagement. It was noted that these disparities did not support the generally held view of CIS as mainly surface oriented learners who preferred rote-learning techniques (Grimshaw, 2007). While adopting similar levels to ADS of deep approach strategies in their learning, CIS also used more surface and achieving approaches than ADS, and tended to incorporate memorising with understanding in their learning process. However, it was also evident that the approaches used by CIS in Australia were often more complex than what was easily observed. For instance, their reticence in class was not necessarily indicative of passive learning, but instead, suggestive of the complexity of context that needs to encompass the ‘whole being’ of these students, i.e., their personality, culture, and most of all, the dynamics of their perceived approaches to their learning. This study also investigated negotiations that occurred between CIS and their Australian lecturers. While CIS’ learning approaches were greatly shaped and determined by academics’ instructional decisions involving curriculum, teaching patterns and assessment procedures, it was also found that academics’ instructional activities were reshaped and counter-determined by CIS’ learning approaches. As a result, a Co-constructed Model of Learning and Teaching (CMLT) for CIS in Australian universities, based on the 3P framework (Biggs et al., 2001), was developed to assist future education experiences for international students. This study is significant in that it has given voice to Chinese students, enabling a greater understanding of their experiences in Australian universities to emerge, in conjunction with and supplemented by insights provided by their Australian student counterparts and educators. It has enabled both international and domestic students the opportunity to reflect on possible cultural impacts on learning, hopefully improving their capacities to act as effective global citizens. It has also afforded an opportunity for academics to reflect on their beliefs and practices in relation to teaching diverse student cohorts, which will hopefully deepen their understanding of the complexities that come with the increasing globalisation of education.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Xu, Jinqi. "Becoming a Chinese student: a practice-based study of Chinese students' learning in an Australian university." Thesis, School of Management, Operations and Marketing, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4808.

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A growing concern in studies of internationalisation relates to Chinese students studying in the West. In business studies, Chinese students are the largest cohort of international undergraduates. Areas of concern include differences in learning styles, language and socio-cultural barriers. Institutionally, learning is considered to occur when students can demonstrate the learning outcomes achieved and learning is assured against learning criteria. However, research has shown the limitation of this view or what Hagar et al (Hager, Lee & Reich, 2012) term the dominant paradigm of learning and that learning occurs in many forms (Boud, 2006; Stone, Boud & Hager, 2011). There is an absence of discussion about how learning actually occurs, or the practices that Chinese students use in order to learn. Drawing on Hager and Hodkinson's (2011) use of becoming as a metaphor for learning, this thesis aims to examine the experience and practices of Chinese business students studying in an Australian university. The principle research question focuses on the contribution that a practice-based study makes to investigations of undergraduate Chinese business student learning in an Australian university. Drawing on a practice theoretical framework influenced by the Chinese philosophical concept of Yinyang, and a practice methodology, the research is an in-depth investigation of the everyday practices used by five Chinese business undergraduate students to support their learning. The study uses interpretative methods including interviews, observations, reflexive groups, document analyses, collections of artefacts and field notes. The findings demonstrate how students put things together in different ways that are inseparable from their becoming. Study practices, such as memorising and translating are used by students together with socio-cultural practices. Study and socio-cultural practices are entangled in multiple relationships usefully described using Yinyang concepts (Wang, 2012). The findings highlight how student learning occurs, or becomes, as they adapt and adopt what they see as appropriate study and sociocultural practices in different contexts. A practice-based approach, with the inclusion of the notion of Yinyang, can help explain the tensions and contradictions of students’ performance as learners and the process of becoming that makes up their learning journey. Many institutional and historical tensions and contradictions shape students’ learning practices. I conclude that Chinese students’ learning is characterised by complexity and that the possibility and impossibility of Chinese students’ learning is inseparable from particular practices, settings and arrangements. The implications for students and teachers are that learning cannot be pinpointed in a static snapshot but is better understood as a constant process of becoming and that institutions and teachers need to be able to deal with complexity when supporting students by developing appropriate curricula and structures.

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Heidenreich, Mary Teresa. "Caring at end-of-life: the experience of Chinese immigrant women in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18652.

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The lack of Australian research concerning the experience of Chinese immigrant women caring for a relative at end-of-life at home in Australia emphasized the need for this study to be undertaken. The aim of this study was to 1) explore the specific needs of Chinese carers in supporting a family member dying at home; and 2) to identify the impact of migration and cultural beliefs, and practices on the palliative care experience of Chinese immigrant women. A qualitative design with exploratory, descriptive and interpretive frameworks was chosen for this study to explore the experiences of Chinese immigrant women caring for a relative in the palliative care phase of their illness at home. Data were collected by conducting semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with twelve carers in their homes and analysed employing thematic analysis, using key-words in the context method. The results of the study indicated the under-utilisation of palliative care services within CALD communities in Australia. Three major findings emerged 1) migration experiences, 2) loss of self-determination and autonomy, and 3) caring is a lonely and isolating experience. The study demonstrated that migration experiences and cultural difference had an impact on their caring role experience within an Australian palliative care context. The findings capture the realities and complex interplay of upheld cultural obligation, communication challenges, multiple losses, loneliness and isolation within the pervading situation of migration. A key implication is that regardless of cultural backgrounds, trusting communication relationships can be developed to enable nurses to understand the individual contextually-driven nature of being a Chinese immigrant woman providing end-of-life care at home in Australia. The outcomes of this research will provide nurses with information to redefine their practices to accommodate different worldviews.

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Williams, Michael. "Destination qiaoxiang: Pearl River Delta Villages and Pacific ports, 1849-1949." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30148893.

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Ng, King Hung, and res cand@acu edu au. "Exploring Pastoral Leadership in the Context of an Australian Chinese Congregational Church." Australian Catholic University. __, 2006. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp146.280806.

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The study is an exploration of pastoral leadership from the perspectives of members of the congregation within an Australian Chinese congregational church. The congregational form of church government is one of the governing structures within the Protestant churches. This kind of church operates under a democratic voting system in which each member of the congregation has an equal voice regarding church administration. Most Australian Chinese congregational churches consist of different generations of Chinese Christians. Research indicates that Chinese Australians’ length of residence in Australia is closely linked to their identification with Australian culture. As such, the values, beliefs and attitudes of different generations of Chinese Christians might be different as a result of acculturation. These generational differences will in turn affect the decision making processes of church administration and the approaches to pastoral leadership of the senior pastor. In the past, issues of pastoral leadership have mainly been discussed from theological perspectives. Nowadays, studies of pastoral leadership have been more varied. However, there is still relatively little scholarly empirical research concerning pastoral leadership in a congregational church setting, especially from an intergenerational perspective. In this study, four dimensions of pastoral leadership are identified, namely the personal, organisational, religious and cultural dimensions. The epistemology and theoretical perspective governing the research study is constructionism and interpretivism respectively. Case study has been employed as the methodology. The strategies of data collection include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, direct observation and document analysis. Rich data is analysed by using the framework of Spencer, Ritchie and O’Connor (2003). The findings of the research revealed differing perceptions among different generations of Australian-Chinese Christians about the pastoral leadership of the senior pastor within an Australian Chinese congregational church. Differences in the perceptions about the pastoral leadership of the senior pastor were also found between groups of lay leaders and church members. Results indicated that a variety of leadership approaches were used by church pastors when they were dealing with different generations of Australian-Chinese Christians in the church. The findings identified the personal characteristics of the senior pastor as the most influential factor in the pastor’s leadership effectiveness, with the organisational, religious and cultural factors also perceived to influence the leadership effectiveness of the senior pastor within the research context. The research presents a conceptual framework for the exploration of pastoral leadership which may be useful for further research. This framework draws attention to the four dimensions of pastoral leadership, namely the personal, organisational, religious and cultural dimensions. The research findings suggest that attention given to these dimensions may enhance both the leadership of church pastors and the growth and development of churches in similar contexts.

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Wang, Wan-Sheng, and n/a. "A Study of Relationships Between Educational Activities and the Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Members of Chinese Community Groups." Griffith University. School of Cognition, Language and Special Education, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070104.153050.

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Most immigrants have to adjust their lives to living in a new country, especially when moving from an Eastern to a Western society. Chinese immigrants may face multiple difficulties, including cultural differences and the English language barrier, which are a particularly problem for older immigrants. To overcome these difficulties, many Chinese immigrants either form new community groups or join those currently operating. Normally, Chinese community groups provide a wide range of activities for members. The literature (e.g., Diener, 1984; Cantor & Sanderson, 1999; Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) provides some understanding of the value for new immigrants in attending these group activities. Participating members report improved life satisfaction within new society and have a more positive outcome as a result of their involvement. However, the magnitude of the influence life satisfaction and well-being is not as clear. This research aimed to better understand the relationships between participation in community group activities and the life satisfaction and well-being of participating members. A quantitative research method was adopted for this study to investigate the relationships between the variables. The study utilised a questionnaire that focused on specific demographic characteristics of participants, a 5-item life satisfaction measure (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), a short 18-item measure (Ryff, 1989a) of the six dimensions of psychological well-being, and on other factors likely to impinge on life satisfaction and well-being. The 7-point agreement scale asked participants the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with the statements. The questionnaire was offered to participants in both English and Chinese. Questionnaires were completed by 600 Chinese-speaking immigrants from Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore who were participants in educational activities and/or other activities offered through 21 different Chinese community groups in Brisbane. Four hundred took part in 20 different educational group activities, and 200 in 25 different non-educational group activities. Most participants were female, and approximately two thirds were over 50 years of age. Using AMOS, a number of structural equations models (SEMs) were tested to investigate the conceptually proposed links between the various variables. This study supports other literature, finding that both educational and general activities provided by the community groups positively influence the participating members' life satisfaction and feelings of well-being. The majority of participants in this study reported that they considered participating in community group educational activities (74.2% agreed), and general activities (66.6%), had the most impact on their life satisfaction and well-being. Most participants (70%) found that community group activities, both educational and general, were interesting. However, only around 53% of them claimed to have achieved their goals in these activities. The findings of this study indicate the complexity of the influences on life satisfaction and well-being levels facing this cohort of Chinese immigrants. Although results suggest that demographic variables such as year of migration and employment status have a greater influence on life satisfaction and well-being than educational activities and general activities, the outcomes of this study support the conclusion that the participating members have benefited from the variety of programs offered by Chinese community groups.

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Wang, Wan-Sheng. "A Study of Relationships Between Educational Activities and the Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Members of Chinese Community Groups." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366471.

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Most immigrants have to adjust their lives to living in a new country, especially when moving from an Eastern to a Western society. Chinese immigrants may face multiple difficulties, including cultural differences and the English language barrier, which are a particularly problem for older immigrants. To overcome these difficulties, many Chinese immigrants either form new community groups or join those currently operating. Normally, Chinese community groups provide a wide range of activities for members. The literature (e.g., Diener, 1984; Cantor & Sanderson, 1999; Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) provides some understanding of the value for new immigrants in attending these group activities. Participating members report improved life satisfaction within new society and have a more positive outcome as a result of their involvement. However, the magnitude of the influence life satisfaction and well-being is not as clear. This research aimed to better understand the relationships between participation in community group activities and the life satisfaction and well-being of participating members. A quantitative research method was adopted for this study to investigate the relationships between the variables. The study utilised a questionnaire that focused on specific demographic characteristics of participants, a 5-item life satisfaction measure (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), a short 18-item measure (Ryff, 1989a) of the six dimensions of psychological well-being, and on other factors likely to impinge on life satisfaction and well-being. The 7-point agreement scale asked participants the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with the statements. The questionnaire was offered to participants in both English and Chinese. Educational activities, well-being and the life satisfaction of Chinese community group members Questionnaires were completed by 600 Chinese-speaking immigrants from Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore who were participants in educational activities and/or other activities offered through 21 different Chinese community groups in Brisbane. Four hundred took part in 20 different educational group activities, and 200 in 25 different non-educational group activities. Most participants were female, and approximately two thirds were over 50 years of age. Using AMOS, a number of structural equations models (SEMs) were tested to investigate the conceptually proposed links between the various variables. This study supports other literature, finding that both educational and general activities provided by the community groups positively influence the participating members' life satisfaction and feelings of well-being. The majority of participants in this study reported that they considered participating in community group educational activities (74.2% agreed), and general activities (66.6%), had the most impact on their life satisfaction and well-being. Most participants (70%) found that community group activities, both educational and general, were interesting. However, only around 53% of them claimed to have achieved their goals in these activities. The findings of this study indicate the complexity of the influences on life satisfaction and well-being levels facing this cohort of Chinese immigrants. Although results suggest that demographic variables such as year of migration and employment status have a greater influence on life satisfaction and well-being than educational activities and general activities, the outcomes of this study support the conclusion that the participating members have benefited from the variety of programs offered by Chinese community groups.
Thesis (Professional Doctorate)
Doctor of Education (EdD)
School of Cognition, Language and Special Education
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Teoh, Lay Mui Lucilla. "Happy families : a search for form." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35908/1/35908_Teoh_1998.pdf.

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Based on Iain Chambers' observations in Migrancy, Culture, Identity (1994, pp. 6-24), the process of migration can be summarized as the relentless transformation of a single entity into multiple spaces and tempos while various histories of language, of politics, of culture and of experiences are distilled. The migrant then has to negotiate the shared occupation of the same new signs with the 'natives' of the new host country. This ongoing process is evident as each new community of migrants arrives in Australia. As each new generation matures, they contribute or distill elements of their home cultures into the fabric of multicultural Australian society. The genesis of Happy Families as a play could be attributed to what Chambers calls the 'relentless transformation' of my migrant family as it attempts to negotiate the spaces in the various communities into which it has been transplanted. This transformation has many facets; some painful, some pleasant, and all inevitable. Hence the play is an attempt to analyze the forces and the circumstances surrounding the transformation such as the issue of assimilation with the attendant loss of cultural roots and the recent unprecedented rise in racial tensions in multicultural societies like Australia.

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Zhao, Qing. "Cross-Cultural Comparison of Empathy between Australian Caucasians and Mainland Chinese." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/380990.

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Empathy is an essential social communication skill for sharing and understanding others’ emotional states and experiences. It is deemed to be related to both cultural and personal factors. A few researchers have investigated Western–Asian cross-cultural differences in empathy using self-report questionnaires or behavioural tasks, and some of them found that cultural differences in empathy were evident. Nevertheless, the number of these studies is small and the results reported are inconsistent. Furthermore, reasons underlying the cultural differences have hardly been investigated. The current thesis was conducted to address the limitations in the literature (Chapter II), to bridge some theoretical gaps in the research area (Chapter II), and to provide a better understanding of Western–Asian cross-cultural differences in both self-report and behavioural responses of empathy using Australian and Mainland Chinese participants (Chapters V and VI). Three studies were conducted. In the first study (Chapter IV), the Empathy Quotient (EQ) was validated in a sample of participants (n = 588) from Mainland China. Results confirmed the validity of the EQ for measuring self-report empathy in the Mainland Chinese population. Moreover, with a comparison with previous publications based on Western populations, the mean score of the EQ was found to be lower in the Mainland Chinese participants; the sex differences in the EQ score was found to be smaller in Mainland Chinese participants, relative to Westerners. Furthermore, the best-fit model of the EQ for Mainland Chinese participants was a one-factor model, suggesting that psychometric characteristics of items for measuring emotional empathy and cognitive empathy were undifferentiated, which was different from the dissociable model reported for Western populations. The possible cultural differences in the mean value of the EQ scale and in the effect size of sex differences in the EQ score revealed in the first study implied a culture–sex interaction in self-report empathy. The second study (Chapter V) was conducted to examine Western–Asian cross-cultural differences in self-report empathy, and the possible culture–sex interaction effects in the empathy scores using Australian Caucasian (n = 192; 101 males) and Mainland Chinese Han participants (n = 211; 59 males). Furthermore, the effects of using self-construal and empathy-related personal distress to explain the cultural differences in empathy found between these two cultural groups were measured. Results showed that there were significant culture–sex interactions in self-report emotional empathy, cognitive empathy, and overall empathy scores. Moreover, further analyses indicated that the cultural differences in self-report empathy only existed between the two cultural female groups (i.e., Australian females had higher scores than those of the Mainland Chinese females), but not the male groups. Moreover, the pattern of sex differences in these empathy scores was different between the Australian participants (i.e., females reported higher scores than males did for self-report emotional, cognitive, and overall empathy) and the Mainland Chinese participants (i.e., males reported higher scores than females did on cognitive empathy, and there was no significant sex difference in the emotional and overall empathy scores). Finally, results of mediating effect analyses confirmed that the cross-cultural difference in empathy between these two female groups could be explained, in part, by that the Australian females held a stronger independent self-construal and as a result, suffered less personal distress during empathy-eliciting situations than the Mainland Chinese females. While results of the second study suggested the culture–sex interaction in self-report empathy, it remained to be determined whether similar interaction effects in behavioural responses of empathy could be confirmed in the third study. As empathy is an interpersonal activity, it might be influenced not only by the characteristics of the participants (i.e., culture and sex), but by the characteristics of the targets (i.e., culture and emotion), and also by the relationship between the participants and the targets (i.e., in-group and out-group bias). An in-group bias exists when individuals show more empathy for their in-group than out-group targets, while the out-group bias is the opposite. These phenomena could not be investigated using the self-report empathy scales, but could be investigated by using behavioural tasks. In the third study (Chapter VI), self-report empathy and behavioural responses of empathy were compared between Australian Caucasian (n = 61; 29 males) and Mainland Chinese (n = 68; 32 males) participants. In these behavioural tasks, participants were requested to evaluate their empathy-related responses to targets (i.e, either Caucasian or Asian targets) expressing different emotions (e.g., happiness, sadness, or anger) with or without an emotional background (e.g., in a marathon or before a plain backdrop). Participants’ accuracies in emotion recognition of emotions were statistically controlled. Results of self-report empathy, once again, confirmed the culture–sex interaction as reported in the previous two studies of this thesis. Results of the behavioural tasks illustrated a three-way interaction (participant culture, participant sex, and target culture) in behavioural responses of cognitive empathy for anger within an emotional context. A further analysis of the three-way interaction revealed that the cultural difference was only significant between the two female participant groups (i.e., the Australian females reported higher cognitive empathy than did the Mainland Chinese females for Caucasian targets), the sex difference was found to be only significant in the Australian participants (i.e., the Australian females reported higher cognitive empathy than did the Australian males for both Caucasian and Asian targets), and that the in-group bias was only shown by the Australian females (i.e., they reported more cognitive empathy for Caucasian than Asian targets). Therefore, the three-way interaction in behavioural responses of empathy was in line with the two-way interaction found for self-report empathy. Apart from the three-way interaction, several two-way interactions between participant culture and target culture were found in emotion recognition, emotional empathy, cognitive empathy, and perspective-taking for sadness or happiness. Taken together, results of the third study suggest that empathy is a complex interpersonal activity, and individuals might modulate their empathy responses according to the characteristics of the targets. Finally, an empirical suggestion is that as non-verbal delivered emotions could be misunderstood by the out-group, openly expressing emotions, feelings, and needs might help to improve cross-cultural communication. In summary, this thesis reported new insight into Western–Asian cross-cultural differences in empathy from three dimensions: psychometric characteristics, self-report empathy, and behavioural responses, using Australian and Mainland Chinese participants. In addition, the current study also validated the EQ in Mainland China, and this scale is expected to assist future researchers to study empathy and study cultural differences in empathy based on the Mainland Chinese populations. More importantly, the current results suggest that to understand cultural differences in empathy, researchers should account for the impact of culture–sex interaction, for cultural differences in self-construal, for cultural differences in empathy-related personal distress, and for the relationship between the participants and the targets. In all, the current results demonstrate that empathy is a complex social interpersonal activity, and suggest that any conclusion stating one culture has better ability in empathy than others is too simplistic. Finally, the preliminary results of this thesis illustrated that individuals should learn how to control their personal distress and to keep a clear boundary between self and others in order to be able to exhibit more empathy, and meanwhile, people ought to study how to effectively express emotions to the out-groups so as to have a better cross-cultural communication.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Atkinson, Anne. "Chinese labour and capital in Western Australia, 1847-1947." Thesis, Atkinson, Anne (1991) Chinese labour and capital in Western Australia, 1847-1947. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1991. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/5068/.

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Prior to the 1970s historical writing on Chinese immigration and settlement in Australia presented Chinese as passive participants in a white economy. Since the 1970s, writers have changed this perspective and seen Chinese as active participants in the Australian economy. They have achieved this by exploring the economic, social and political relationships of groups within Chinese communities. This thesis examines the establishment, survival and decline of Chinese labour and capital in Western Australia between 1847 and 1947, investigating the economic, social and political relationships of capital and labour both within the Chinese community and between Chinese and white society. Chinese indentured labour was recruited to serve as a docile, cheap and plentiful labour force for the pastoral, agricultural and pearling industries in the second half of the nineteenth century. Chinese labourers and domestic servants were subjected to official and unofficial controls aimed at creating and preserving a cheap and submissive labour force. This thesis argues that, far from passively accepting this imposed status, Chinese negotiated their position, utilizing strategies ranging from overt resistance to acceptance. While controls over Chinese indentured labour were designed to maximise productivity, those introduced to govern `free' Chinese immigrants were aimed at limiting productivity. Between 1886 and 1920, legislated restrictions limited the participation of `free' Chinese in the Western Australian economy and confined Chinese business to specific industries which posed the least threat to white labour and capital: market gardening, furniture manufacturing, retail and wholesale trading and laundrywork. Chinese firms were small and labour intensive, and used low level technology. They were generally managed by owner/operators and were characterised by personalised labour relations and minimal division of labour. Chinese firms were able to survive because they dominated their particular industry or specialist areas within it. They achieved this through adapting traditional skills to suit local conditions. The organisation of labour and personalised managerial practices helped firms retain staff, minimise costs and maximise productivity. Chinese were active in their responses to controls and restrictions and met with some success, especially with State legislation. However, like Chinese in other States, they were unable to exert any influence over the Commonwealth government's Immigration Restriction Act, 1901. This Act resulted in severe labour shortages in Chinese-owned businesses which made it very difficult for them to continue operating. Without fresh supplies of labour to maintain production in labour intensive industries, it was inevitable that Chinese enterprise would lose its effectiveness in the sectors it was once dominant.

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Wang, Ying. "Analysis of Chinese Tourist Arrivals and Expenditures in Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367749.

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Inbound tourism demand has been a significant contributor to Australia’s national economy. Subsequently, sustaining this industry is critically important. In the past decade, China has emerged as one of the most significant tourist source countries for Australia. Focused on Chinese holiday travellers to Australia, this study examined the demand in this market, both in terms of tourist arrivals and expenditures. Secondary data on historical holiday arrivals from China to Australia was obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, and a univariate time series analysis was performed. A comprehensive comparison of the forecasting performance of various forecasting models found that the Winters’ multiplicative exponential technique is the most suitable forecasting method to project future demand for the Chinese holiday market to Australia. The five-year forecasts show that this market will continue to grow in the mid-term future, however, at a decelerating pace and with a clear seasonal pattern. A questionnaire survey gathered data from 380 Chinese holiday travellers regarding their expenditures and experiences in Australia. On top of the pre-paid package price, Chinese holiday travellers spent considerable amounts of money during the trip, and their expenses have largely flowed into the sectors of duty free shops, restaurants, casinos and night entertainment places. Shopping expenditure was identified as the largest component of Chinese holiday travellers’ expenditure in Australia. Chinese travellers’ total and disaggregated expenditures on various categories of goods and services in Australia were determined by different sets of economic, social demographic and psychological characteristics, which can be used to profile high yield segments in this market. With respect to travellers’ total expenditure, a number of variables were found to differentiate high spending travellers from low spending travellers, including income, age, place of residence, travel party size, length of stay, and visitation to destination(s) other than Australia. Several issues were identified in relation to Chinese travellers’ perception of, and satisfaction with Australia as a tourist destination. Destination attributes related to shopping, accessibility, entertainment/nightlife, museums/art galleries and language were areas where Australia underperformed on perception. In addition, “food”, “shopping” and “tour itinerary” were identified as sources of dissatisfaction. There were also gaps between travellers’ pre- and post-trip perceptions of Australia in various destination attributes. These need to be dealt with immediately to avoid an adverse impact on the future demand in this market. The time series analysis of tourist arrivals and cross-sectional examination of expenditure together provided a comprehensive investigation into the holiday travel demand from China to Australia, resulting in a number of practical implications for Australia in relation to destination planning, management and marketing. A number of directions for future research were suggested, such as examining the role of psychological characteristics in determining travel expenditure, further testing the relationship between expenditure and satisfaction, and using other forecasting techniques.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Hospitality, Sports and Leisure
Griffith Business School
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Fong, Natalie L. "Chinese Merchants in the Northern Territory, 1880-1950: A translocal case study." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/410942.

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This thesis examines a leading group of Chinese merchants (those engaged in overseas trade) and their families who operated businesses in the Northern Territory (‘the Territory’) during the period 1880-1950. This study emphasises the benefits of a translocal approach to understanding the interrelationships of race, class, and gender in this history. But it also provides a framework for investigating the interrelationships of Chinese people in Darwin, of Chinese and Aboriginal people, and of Chinese people in different locations in Australia and overseas. I argue that Chinese merchants and their families based in particular locations should be studied in relation to each other and thus comparatively and transnationally to better understand their various contributions to local, national and international histories. Darwin is one such illuminating example. The Chinese merchants in the Territory are a dynamic and underinvestigated case study in this regard due to several compelling factors. The ongoing presence of Chinese in the Territory spanned a tumultuous era in the Territory and Australia’s path to nationhood: the discovery of gold in the Territory in the 1870s; the advent of the telegraph line, railway and international steamship companies; anti-Chinese sentiment in Australian colonies and overseas in the 1880s; Federation and the infamous Immigration Restriction Act in 1901; the passing of the Territory from South Australian to Commonwealth administration in 1911, and World Wars One and Two. Darwin occupied a pivotal position in Australia’s battle with Japan during World War Two. Moreover, the Territory, together with the northern regions of Western Australia and Queensland, featured in race debates and anti- Chinese rhetoric surrounding Federation. These regions posed a dilemma for Australian colonial then federal governments regarding the need for labour to develop the north without compromising the vision of a ‘White Australia’. Until 1888, the Territory was an ‘open door’ to Chinese immigration. Furthermore, the Territory’s dominant Chinese population affords a manageable but revealing in-depth historical analysis of a microcosm of Chinese of various dialect groups, classes, and occupations. As will be shown, this microcosm was organised and directed by a group of Darwin-based merchants. Darwin was a key node for European and Chinese merchants in the circulation of goods and people, aided by steamships and the telegraph. The tropical climate and challenging terrain prompted authorities to work with Chinese merchants to import labour. Chinese merchants established businesses in the Territory; some had transnational business networks, sometimes in conjunction with Chinese merchants in other parts of Australia, that contributed to economies beyond Australia to the Asia-Pacific. In contrast to mainstream assumptions about the marginalisation of Asians in ‘White Australia’, I demonstrate that in the Territory, Chinese merchants and their families experienced a degree of respect and acceptance from European political and business elites as leaders and representatives of the Chinese. They were also part of the Territory’s complication of global histories of race through the triangulation of European-Chinese-Aboriginal relations. These relations were policed by government regulations but afforded Chinese merchants elevated social status over other Chinese and over Aboriginal people, some of whom were employed by Chinese merchants, a practice later prohibited by law. The considerable political activism of the Territory Chinese leaders on behalf of the Territory Chinese against anti-Asian discrimination is also highlighted in this case study. The economic competitiveness of the Chinese merchants in the Territory was a major factor in the formation of an anti- Chinese faction of European businessmen in the Territory. This faction campaigned for national immigration restrictions in the lead-up to the passing of similar Chinese immigration restrictions by Australian colonies in 1888 and during the formulation of the 1901 federal Immigration Restriction Act. Territory Chinese merchants actively protested these and other ‘White Australia’ policies, producing valuable records of Chinese voices. These records also provide evidence of European support for the Chinese, an aspect of history rarely discussed then or since. My investigation of this aspect of European-Chinese relations places it in critical relationship to the interplay of issues such as the politics of citizenship, the economic agendas of governments and interpersonal exchanges ‘on the ground’. Finally, this case study contributes to another important and developing field of research – the history of Chinese women in Australia. Underused archival sources disclose numerous examples of Territory Chinese women from merchant families who became involved in business despite Australian and Chinese gender norms that restricted women’s activity. Two women who will be profiled in this study even self-identified as merchants. This translocal study of the Chinese merchants of the Territory adds considerably to our understanding of the history of the Territory, of the development of Australian nationhood, and of transnational political, economic and social histories. It is also a study of personal significance in exploring the experiences of my ancestors as the first generation to migrate to Australia. Additionally, being a descendant of one of the merchants and one of the remarkable merchants’ wives presented in this study has given me access to family archives which have been invaluable to my research.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc
Arts, Education and Law
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48

Ho, Christina. "Migration as feminisation: Chinese women's experiences of work and family in contemporary Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/615.

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Throughout the Western world, governments have increasingly viewed migration through the lens of economic efficiency. In the era of globalisation, they argue, migrants should be selected on the basis of their skills and qualifications. Australian governments have been strongly committed to this policy direction, and over the last two decades, have reoriented the country�s migration program from the recruitment of unskilled labour to targeting educated professionals. The current Liberal-National Coalition government claims that this policy redirection has paid off, with migrants more skilled than ever, and successfully contributing to the economy. The government bases these claims on research conducted by scholars of migrant employment, who equate high levels of human capital with successful employment outcomes. Using the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA), these researchers show that migrants with qualifications and English language ability have higher rates of labour force participation, lower unemployment, and higher occupational attainment and incomes, compared to their less skilled counterparts. This thesis critically analyses this �success story� narrative. It argues that the focus on human capital has overshadowed exploration of other important factors shaping migrants� employment experiences, including the gender and birthplace of new arrivals. This thesis shows that male and female migrants, and migrants from English versus non-English speaking backgrounds, can have very different experiences of working in Australia, regardless of their skills or occupational histories. I highlight the importance of these factors by investigating the experiences of Chinese women in Australia today. Using in-depth interviews with women from China and Hong Kong, and quantitative data from the Australian census and LSIA, I show that Chinese women�s employment experiences in Australia do not conform neatly to the prevailing �success story� promoted by the Government and migration researchers. Migration to Australia causes a widespread reduction in Chinese women�s paid work. While it is normal for men to seek work immediately after arrival, women find that migration intensifies their domestic workloads, while depriving them of sources of domestic support, such as relatives and hired help. Consequently, for Chinese women, migration often means moving from full-time to part-time jobs, or withdrawing from the workforce entirely. In the process, they experience a �feminisation� of roles, as they shift from being �career women� to fulfilling the traditional �female� roles of wife and mother. Thus migration and settlement are highly gendered, and the household context is crucial for understanding migrants� employment experiences. Among those women who are in the labour force, employment outcomes vary substantially by birthplace, pointing to the cultural specificity of human capital. Although both mainland Chinese and Hong Kong migrant women tend to be highly educated, mainland women achieve far poorer outcomes than Hong Kong women. Hong Kong women, with their relatively good English language skills and officially-recognised qualifications, are generally able to secure comparable jobs to those they had in Hong Kong, although they often have problems advancing further in Australia. Meanwhile, mainland women tend to have poorer English skills and greater difficulty in having their qualifications recognised, and thus suffer often dramatic downward mobility, moving from highly skilled professions to unskilled, low-paid and low status jobs in Australia. Thus this thesis demonstrates that the value of human capital is context-dependent. It can only be valorised in a new labour market if it is sufficiently culturally compatible with local standards. Therefore, the experiences of Chinese migrant women complicate the �success story� that dominates discussions of migrant employment in Australia. Ultimately, the prevailing economistic approach fails to see the diversity and complexity of migrant experiences. We need to see migrants as social beings, whose settlement in a new country is crucially shaped by their gender and birthplace, and broader institutional factors, which determine how human capital is used and rewarded. This is the mission of this thesis.

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Singatouline, Evgueni Ardinatovich. "In Between: Eluosi people of China and Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21838.

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For many, the Sino-Ruso border line is nothing but the longest geographical division marker between two different states. However, it was once a place where two cultures met, a place where some hundred years ago a unique mixed-race ethnic group emerged. This thesis conducts a study of the Eluosi ethnic minority group, descendants of mixed-ethnic marriages between Russian women and Chinese men. Australia harbours many of them now and in this country these people are better known as Russian Chinese. At this point in time, conducting research on this group, both in Australia and China, is crucial for a number of reasons. Firstly, to my knowledge, there is no existing scholarship of this group in English. Secondly, the original culture of the Eluosi community is dying out while a new hybrid culture is forming with the younger generations providing cultural shifts in the minority group. Thirdly, the Eluosi provide a unique example of a transnational mixed-ethnic and mixed-race group that lives in-between national, ethnic and cultural boundaries. Comparing the histories and experiences of their minority status in both China and Australia will contribute to and extend existing scholarship on ethnos, migration, diaspora, ethnic policy and multiculturalism. Theoretically, Chinese and Russian scholarship on ethnos and ethnogenesis is articulate, especially through the ideas of the Soviet Russian scholar Lev Gumilev. This thesis illuminates the ways in which Chinese government policies and cultural ideas recognise and categorise ethnic difference and construct a new Eluosi identity and how these are similar to and differ from notions of multiculturalism in Australia. Focusing on history of the Eluosi people in context of Sino-Ruso relations, their material and spiritual culture (language, religion, food, art of singing) and gender roles within the ethnic group, this thesis deploys a mixed methodology on Chinese and Australian material. I draw on my multilingual skills (Russian, Chinese and English) to collect and translate a wide variety of sources on this group, including academic publications, newspapers, other periodical publications in Chinese, Russian, and English. I conduct a discourse analysis of policy materials on the Eluosi specifically and ethnic minority groups more generally in China. Finally, I examine publicly available ethnographic data on the Eluosi community in Sydney, Australia and explore their hybrid culture with comparable generations of the Eluosi community in Erguna County of Inner Mongolia, China.

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Li, Feng Edward Education Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "A cross-cultural study of Australian and Chinese university academics?? work motivation." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Education, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42794.

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This study examined university academics?? valence for teaching and research, and the relationships between the valence and self-efficacy for teaching and research, with an Australian and a Chinese sample. In addition, the study also investigated modelling of research activity and Chinese university academics?? attributions, experience of western research activities, and ingroup and outgroup relationships between models and observers. Design and conduct of the research was guided by a theoretical framework. Several hypotheses were generated and tested, and research questions were answered. Quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were used in this study. The quantitative analysis comprised exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, and content analysis was used for free responses in the surveys and the interview data from the sample of Chinese academics. Within the context of the research, the results suggested that valence for academic work may be related to university academics?? cultural orientation and their self-efficacy for academic work. The study also suggested that observing modelling by others may have been related to the Chinese university academics?? self-efficacy for research. Effects of modelling and the Chinese academics?? attributions for models?? success in research appeared to be moderated by ingroup and outgroup relationships between the models and observers. Moreover, overseas experience was found to be the most important external attribution for Chinese models?? success in research.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chinese Australians'

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