Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chines multinational enterprises'

Après une orientation privilégiant l’exportation et les IDE entrants, la Chine continue à poursuivre son intégration à l’économie mondiale en abordant une projection accélérée de son économie vers l’international marquée par les investissements directs à l’étranger des entreprises chinoises. En très peu de temps, la Chine est devenu la principale source de flux d’IDE parmi les pays en développement. Ce phénomène présente des caractéristiques spécifiques et a pris une ampleur inattendue. L’économie étatique de la Chine nous amène à conclure souvent qu’il existe derrière ces mouvements les motivations politiques et la mise en place d’une stratégie d’État au sein de ces activités. Néanmoins, le gouvernement n’a pas vraiment joué un rôle décisif dans ce phénomène. Le comportement du gouvernement du pays d’origine est en fait un des facteurs exogènes qui peuvent affecter la configuration OLI! [Dunning, 1993a] de ses entreprises et donc les caractéristiques des activités d’investissement à l’étranger de ses entreprises. Le dynamisme et les spécificités des investisseurs chinois sont plutôt à l’origine d’une forte volonté entrepreneuriale qui coïncide avec une maturation des entreprises chinoises grâce au développement économique du pays. Une étude approfondie sur les motivations des entreprises chinoises nous montre que la recherche du marché a été la motivation principale des entreprises chinoises et qu’elles possèdent des avantages spécifiques ex ante qui sont à l’origine de sa nationalité, tels que l’imperfection du marché de capital, la flexibilité et le réseautage des entreprises chinoises
After an orientation focusing on export and inward FDI, China continues its integration into worldeconomy by an accelerated projection of its economy to the world, which is demonstrated by Chinesecompanies’ outward direct investment. In a very short time, China has become the main source of FDI flow among developing countries. This phonomenon has shown particular characteristics and has taken off at an unexpected scale and speed. The state economy of China leads us to conclude usually that there is any political motivation and national strategy behind these activities. Nevertheless, the government didn’t play a decisive role in this phenomenon. The behaviors of home country’s government is in fact one of the exogenious factors that can affect the OLI configuration [Dunning, 1993a] of its companies and therefore the characteristics of the outward investment activities of its companies. The dynamic and the specificities of Chinese investors are rather derived from a strong entrepreneurial desire which coincides with a maturation of Chinese companies thanks to the economic development of China. An in-depth study on Chinese companies’ motivations has shown us tha! t market-seeking is the principal motivation of Chinese companie’ outwart investment and they possess ex ante specific advantages derived from their nationality,such as capital market imperfection, flexibility and networking capacity

Durant les dernières décennies, la globalisation de l’économie mondiale s’est non seulement développée à une vitesse accélérée et inattendue, mais elle s’est également complexifiée de manière inédite. Ce processus a induit des changements considérables dans l’organisation de la production industrielle au niveau mondial. Parallèlement au renforcement de la globalisation a émergé le phénomène de la régionalisation. Les firmes multinationales, organisées aujourd’hui en firmes réseaux, sont devenues les acteurs économiques principaux et semblent façonner l’économie mondiale au point d’en déterminer l’évolution future. Elles peuvent également être des moteurs puissants de rattrapage et de mise à niveau du secteur industriel dans une économie donnée. Pour démontrer le développement à la fois global et régional des firmes multinationales, nous avons choisi l’industrie automobile qui, par son étendue et son intensité technologique, permet d’illustrer plus concrètement les principales évolutions économiques de ces dernières années. L’analyse des principaux pays d’Europe Centrale et Orientale et de la Chine permet de montrer le rôle qu’ont joué les firmes multinationales de la construction automobile dans la transition d’une économie planifiée socialiste à un système d’économie de marché, ainsi que de mettre en évidence le processus d’intégration des territoires dans la stratégie globale et régionale des constructeurs
During the last decades, the globalization of the world economy has not simply developed at an accelerated and unexpected pace, but it has also become more complex than ever before. This process led to significant changes in the organization of industrial production at the world level. Parallel to the globalization, the phenomenon of regionalization has emerged. Today multinational firms organized as network enterprises, became the principal actors of the world economy and they seem to shape the direction of its future evolution. They can also serve as the engine for industrial upgrading and catching up for a given economy. To demonstrate the global and regional development of multinational enterprises, we have chosen the automotive industry since it is a wide and technology-intensive sector and can highlight the main stages and changes of the last decades’ economic evolution. The analysis of the main Central and Eastern European Countries and of China enables to shed light on the role that multinational enterprises within the automobile manufacturing sector have played in the transition from a socialist planned economy to a market economy and on the process of integration of these territories in the global and regional strategy of the vehicle manufacturers

Based on the institutional, social exchange, and upper echelons theories, this thesis develops a theoretical framework and examines the factors affecting the quality of headquarters-subsidiary relationship of Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs). Hypotheses were tested using survey data collected from both headquarters and subsidiaries of 354 Chinese MNEs. Data analysis results and findings are presented in the thesis, and the theoretical contributions and practical implications are also discussed.

Cette thèse examine l’imbrication du social et du matériel dans les entreprises multinationales, lors du transfert transnational des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines, et plus particulièrement le transfert des pratiques de gestion de la performance. En me basant sur l’étude de quatre entités chinoises locales d’une entreprise transnationale comme cadre de mon étude de cas, j’explore comment les salariés locaux s’approprient les pratiques de gestion de la performance en internalisation les pratiques globales et en innovant pour les adapter à leur environnement local. Cette étude se fonde sur 60 entretiens, des données secondaires et des observations collectées sur plus de dix ans. Dans la première partie de cette thèse j’explore plus particulièrement l’appropriation des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines au niveau micro et j’identifie quatre archétypes de l’appropriation des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines : formelle, cérémoniale, déviante et innovante. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, je me concentre sur l’appropriation des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines au niveau meso. En me fondant sur la théorie de la Sociomatérialité, je propose une nouvelle définition de l’hybridation comme le processus par lequel des pratiques uniques émergent dans des filiales locales à partir de l’imbrication du social et du matériel entre le siège et les filiales locales des entreprises multinationales. Cette définition me permet d’identifier deux nouvelles formes de gestion de la performance dans les quatre entités de l’entreprise multinationale étudiée que j’ai appelées la pratique harmonieuse confucéenne de gestion de la performance et la pratique harmonieuse instrumentale de gestion de la performance. Dans le troisième chapitre, je me base sur les résultats empiriques des deux chapitres précédents pour conceptualiser un modèle multiniveau intégré du transfert transnational des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines, en développant un autre concept central de la théorie de la Sociomatérialité: la notion de « dispositif ». Cette thèse a ainsi pour objectif de contribuer à la fois à la littérature en gestion internationale des ressources humaines et à la littérature sur la sociologie des outils de gestion
The present dissertation examines the entanglement of the social and material in Multinational Enterprises during the transnational transfer of Human Resource Management Practices, especially Performance Management Practices. Using 4 local Chinese entities of a transnational firm as my case study, I explore how local employees make Performance Management practices their own, both internalizing global practices and innovating to adapt to local environments. This research is based on 60 interviews, secondary materials and direct observations over more than 10 years. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I explore more specifically the adoption of Human Resource Management practices at the micro level, and I identify four archetypes of the adoption of Human Resource Management practices: formal, ceremonial, deviant and innovative. In the second chapter, I focus on the adoption of Performance Management practices in Multinational Enterprises at a meso level. Drawing on sociomaterial theory, I propose a new definition of hybridization as being a process by which unique practices emerge in local subsidiaries from the entanglement of the social and the material at Headquarters and in local subsidiaries. This definition allowed me to identify two new hybrid performance management practices in the four Chinese entities of the Multinational Enterprises under investigation, which I have called the “harmonious Confucian” Performance Management practice and the “harmonious instrumental” Performance Management practice. In the third chapter, I build on the results of the two previous empirical chapters to conceptualize an integrated multilevel model for the transnational transfer of Human Resource Management practices in Multinational Enterprises by expanding another central concept to sociomaterial theory: the notion of “apparatus”. This dissertation aims therefore at contributing both to International Human Resources Management literature and to the literature of the sociology of management tools

The internationalisation of Chinese firms has attracted attention worldwide although most of Chinese MNEs are still in their early stage of internationalisation. Chinese firms internationalisation has unique characteristics due to their home country s unique political environment, culture and economic structure. This thesis aims to investigate the implications of both of short-term stock market performance and long-term operating performance of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by Chinese firms. Drawing on signalling theory and the institution-based view, the thesis firstly examines the extent of stock market reactions to the announcement of cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) deals from a financial perspective, based on an event study of a sample of Chinese firms during the period 2000-2012. The findings indicate that Chinese firms cross-border M&As result in a positive stock market reaction. The shareholders of Chinese firms that acquire a target firm in a host country with a low level of political risk gain higher cumulative abnormal returns than those firms targeting companies in countries with a high level of political risk. However, the shareholders of Chinese state-owned enterprises experience lower abnormal returns compared with those of Chinese privately owned firms when engaging in cross-border M&A deals. The thesis further examines the impact of M&As on Chinese firms post-acquisition operating performance by integrating organisational learning theory with the institution-based view. The findings indicate that firms with serial cross-border M&As achieve better performance than those engaged in first-time cross-border M&As, and those with horizontal M&As perform better than those carrying out vertical M&As. The positive effects of acquisition experience and horizontal acquisitions on the post-acquisition performance of Chinese acquiring firms are reinforced by the institutional quality and language similarity of host countries. Finally, this thesis investigates from a management perspective how Chinese MNEs adopt different management strategies (e.g. expatriates and subsidiary autonomy) to respond to environmental challenges and improve the performance of overseas subsidiaries. Drawing on the resource dependence theory, this thesis examines the indirect effects of expatriates on subsidiary performance via subsidiary autonomy based on a survey sample of Chinese MNEs. The findings show that an increase in expatriates reduces the level of subsidiary autonomy and thus negatively affects subsidiary performance. This study also finds that the institutional quality of host countries reinforces the negative impact of expatriates on subsidiary autonomy, but reduces the importance of the latter on subsidiary performance.

This study analyzes crisis communication strategy of a Chinese multinational technology enterprise on social media and tests the effectiveness of the crisis response. This study conducts quantitative analysis on two social media crises experienced by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd in 2017. The analysis uses Situation Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) as the theoretical framework, and proposes advices of crisis management for multinational technology enterprises in emerging countries represented by Huawei. The results show that when multinational technology enterprises face crisis, it is necessary to analyze the situation of crisis in a rational and localized way according to different social and cultural context, and adopt appropriate crisis communication strategies. While dealing with a complex cultural environment, avoiding cultural conflicts is an effective choice.

In face of the rapid globalization, more and more emerging market MNEs (EMNEs) are assigning expatriates to establish and manage overseas tasks in order to gain the competitive advantages in global markets. Consequently, the issue of expatriate management within the context of EMNEs has become an important concern in the field of IHRM. The purpose of the thesis is to delineate how expatriate management of Chinese MNEs that shaped by unique Chinese informal institutional environment may impact upon the expatriate effectiveness (work adjustment and job performance) in foreign countries. The thesis uses a qualitative research and collects empirical data from 11 Chinese expatriates working in 3 different Chinese MNEs’ Nordic divisions. The empirical results reveal the fact that Harmony is positively related to work adjustment through indoctrinating the specific corporate value, Group Orientation (family attachment) has positive relationship with job performance, Top-down control has negative relationship with work adjustment because of the hierarchy pressure, and Guanxi has no link with expatriate effectiveness under the given regulations and staffing policies. In the context of EMNEs, the influences of four different informal institutional factors are able to intervene the IHRM practices so as to increase or decrease the expatriate effectiveness.

Littéralement « petite soeur travaillant pour un patron », le terme dagongmei désigne la main d’œuvre chinoise féminine salariée non qualifiée composée de jeunes filles non mariées souvent originaires de milieux ruraux, et migrant hors de leur village, parfois hors de leur province pour trouver un emploi. Les dagongmei représentent une catégorie de travailleuses précaires, main d’œuvre occasionnelle facilement interchangeable produite par les politiques de développement économique de la Chine au cours des quatre dernières décennies. Depuis les années 90, la médiatisation de scandales sur les conditions de travail des sujets dagong retentit en Chine et au niveau international, appelant les entreprises à repenser leur rôle social. D’autre part, face aux inégalités socio-économiques et politiques qui déterminent les parcours actuels des Chinoises, le gouvernement adopte un positionnement s’affichant comme résolument en faveur de l’empowerment des femmes. Cette thèse porte sur un groupe de jeunes femmes issues de villages ruraux de la province du Yunnan et employées à Kunming dans une entreprise à capitaux étrangers se définissant comme fonctionnant de manière socialement responsable et pourvoyeuse d’empowerment pour ses employées. Si le projet de modernité et de mondialité de la Chine a façonné de nouveaux sujets-travailleurs dagongmei et dagongzai, par la transformation de corps de migrants ruraux en corps de travailleurs industriels, quels sujets dagongmei un projet d’entreprise socialement responsable se propose-t-il de contribuer à produire ? Comment penser les processus d’individualisation au sein de groupes subalternes selon une perspective prenant en compte les rapports sociaux de sexe ?
Literally "little sister working for a boss", the term dagongmei refers to the unskilled, unmarried, often coming from rural areas female labor force, migrating out of their villages, sometimes out of their province to find a job. The dagongmei represent a category of precarious workers easily interchangeable produced by China's economic development policies over the past four decades. Since the 1990s, the media coverage of scandals on working conditions of dagong subjects increased in China and internationally, calling on companies to rethink their social role. On the other hand, considering the socio-economic and political inequalities that determine the current paths of Chinese women, the government adopts a positioning that is resolutely in favor of women's empowerment. This thesis focuses on a group of young women from rural villages in Yunnan province who are employed in Kunming in a foreign-owned enterprise that defines itself as socially responsible and empowering its employees. If the project of modernity and globality of China has shaped new subjects-workers dagongmei and dagongzai, by the transformation of bodies of rural migrants into bodies of industrial workers, what subjects dagongmei a socially responsible enterprise project to contribute to produce? How can we think of the processes of individualisation within subaltern groups from a perspective that takes into account the gendered relations?

Cette thèse porte sur le rôle des capacités dynamiques dans le processus d’internationalisation des entreprises chinoises depuis l’entrée de la Chine dans l’Organisation mondiale du commerce en 2001 alors que ces entreprises ne disposaient pas d’avantages concurrentiels préalables clairs par rapport à leurs concurrents occidentaux. L’étude de trois multinationales chinoises – Haier Group, Huawei Technologies et TCL Corporation – est menée dans le cadre théorique des capacités dynamiques (Dynamic Capability View - DCV). Elle vise à identifier la nature et les fondations des capacités dynamiques développées par ces entreprises au cours de leur processus d’internationalisation. Ce processus est caractérisé par la combinaison d'un investissement très significatif en innovation technologique et d’une internationalisation accélérée contribuant conjointement à la création d’un avantage concurrentiel durable. Ces deux dimensions de la stratégie des entreprises bénéficient d'un fort soutien du gouvernement chinois
This thesis focuses on the role of dynamic capabilities in the internationalization process of Chinese corporations since China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001, even though these companies did not have a clear prior competitive advantage over their Western competitors. The study of three Chinese multinational enterprises – the Haier Group, Huawei Technologies and TCL Corporation – is conducted in the framework of the Dynamic-Capability View (DCV). It aims at identifying the nature and the foundations of the dynamic capabilities developed by these corporations during the internationalization process.This process is characterized by the combination of a significant investment in technological innovation and an accelerated internationalization, jointly contributing to creating and sustaining of competitive advantage. These two elements of the corporate strategies benefit from the strong support of the Chinese government

Chinese presence in Africa has been rapidly increasing in the past few years and has been speculated to be mainly due to China seeking Africa’s political alliance and access to Africa’s natural resources and growing consumer markets. The growing presence of Chinese organisations in Africa, however, has not been without its challenges. In particular, Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs) in search of consumer markets in Africa have been cited as facing human resource (HR) challenges which may affect their organisational performance. In this regard, literature on human resource management has already established the important role of organisational culture, HR practices and organisational commitment in enabling organisations to achieve superior organisational performance. Given the fact that there is currently little research knowledge of Chinese presence in Africa at the organisational level, this research aimed to contribute empirical knowledge to the growing body of research in this area. Specifically, the main purpose of this research was to examine how the organisational culture of a Chinese MNC’s South African subsidiary has shaped the nature of its high commitment work system (HCWS) and to assess the consequences thereof on organisational commitment. In alignment with the phenomenological paradigm, the research applied a descriptive and explanatory case study methodology in order to generate rich, qualitative data which was required for in-depth descriptions and to uncover the underlying interactions of the researched phenomena at the subsidiary. The selected case for the research was, therefore, a Chinese MNC operating in the personal computer (PC) industry, which had expanded its operations to South Africa in order to reach Africa’s growing consumer markets. In particular, the South African subsidiary served as a PC sales and distribution organisation for the Chinese MNC. There were about 40 employees at the subsidiary who were all South African employees. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with twelve employees from different job functions and across different job levels. Data collection was guided by the theoretical frameworks by Cameron and Freeman (1991) for organisational culture and Xiao and Bjorkman (2006) for the HCWS and organisational commitment. The data collected from interviews was then analysed through a qualitative, content analysis process. The findings of the research thus pointed to the market culture as the dominant organisational culture type at the South African subsidiary of the Chinese MNC; characteristics of the adhocracy and clan cultures were also discovered. The externally oriented market culture was found to be the most relevant for the high performance and market leadership aspirations of the subsidiary. The market culture also appears to be the most appropriate organisational culture that would enable the subsidiary to deal with the competitive nature of the PC industry. Furthermore, it was found that certain cultural values emphasised by the Confucian and Ubuntu value systems could have had a part to play in the formation of the subsidiary’s organisational culture. The market culture was also found to have had the greatest influence in shaping the primarily performance oriented HCWS practices. Of the investigated HR practices at the subsidiary, all were found to be consistent with HCWS practices, with the exception of ownership practices and the performance appraisal system. Finally, although there were generally high levels of organisational commitment reported at the subsidiary, other job and organisational context factors besides the HCWS practices were found to be the major contributors to those feelings of organisational commitment. By investigating the organisational culture, HCWS and organisational commitment of a Chinese MNC in South Africa, this research has added to the body of knowledge concerning the growing presence of Chinese organisations in Africa. Based on the empirical findings of this study, several recommendations have been made in an attempt to assist the Chinese MNC manage the organisational commitment of its South African employees towards superior organisational performance.

Aujourd’hui les chercheurs du commerce international ne peuvent pas négliger la croissance significative et soutenue de l’investissement direct étranger (IDE), à la fois entrant et sortant, réalisé par des pays en voie de développement. Parmi ces pays, la Chine est en position de leader, en démontrant un fort élan en tant que récepteur d’IDE et investisseur, pas seulement dans des pays en voie de développement, mais aussi dans des pays développés. Les principaux acteurs derrière cette scène sont des entreprises multinationales (EMN) chinoises. Etant des retardataires en terme de l’internalisation, des EMN chinoises sont en train de concurrencer leurs compétiteurs plus établis, des EMN pionnières, dans le monde entier, y compris dans leurs marchés domestiques. Les études existantes sur l’internalisation de la Chine ne peuvent pas refléter la grandeur et la profondeur du processus d’internalisation de l’empire au milieu. Spécifiquement, des EMN chinoises démontrent des particularités bien distinctes qui méritent des études plus poussées et focalisées. A cet égard, la question souvent posée est si le processus d’internalisation des EMN chinoises peut être expliqué par les théories classiques dérivées des EMN pionnières, ou par les analyses effectuées dans les littératures sur des EMN retardataires. Dans cette thèse, nous répondons cette question en menant une étude sur les stratégies de Marketing des quatre EMN chinoises majores s’internationalisant dans des marchés développés, notamment l’Europe de l’ouest : Huawei, Haier, Lenovo et Geely, qui sont tous déjà leaders dans le marché domestique. En juxtaposant des propositions dérivées des stratégies des EMN chinoises avec les théories d’internalisation existantes (les théories classiques et alternatives), nous démontrons l’évolution et l’adaptation de ces théories dans le nouveau contexte de la globalisation, qui constitue aussi à une contribution managériale à la fois aux EMN retardataires et aux EMN pionnières
Nowadays researchers of International Business could not possibly fail to notice the phenomenon that the FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) inflows and outflows of the world's developing countries keep increasing at a steady pace, and within this group, China continues to take the lead, showing great momentum both as a recipient of foreign investments and as an investor itself, not only in fellow developing countries, but in developed ones as well. And the main player and driver behind the scene is the country's MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) - latecomers in terms of internationalization, Chinese MNEs are competing their more established competitors, the MNE early-movers, all over the world, including in the home markets of the latter. Existing studies on China’s internationalization fail to reflect its scale and depth; Chinese MNEs as well as the social-economical situation of the country as a whole demonstrate distinct features, which deserve more-focused and case-specific studies. While questions often linger on whether the internationalization process of Chinese MNEs can be explained in terms of mainstream theories derived from early-movers, or in terms of the analyses that have so far been offered for latecomers, we decide to make a contribution to the solution of the question by having a focused examination on the Marketing strategies of four major Chinese MNEs internationalizing into developed country markets, notably West Europe: Huawei, Haier, Lenovo and Geely - all of which are already leaders in the domestic market and actively seeking a global leadership. By juxtaposing propositions derived from the strategic behaviors of Chinese MNEs with existing internationalization theories (both mainstream and alternative), we demonstrate how such theories could evolve in the new context of globalization, and make managerial contributions to both MNE latecomers and early-movers alike

Les syndicats d’entreprise chinois souffrent d’un manque apparent de pertinence pour les salariés. Dans l’intervalle, les gouvernements et les fédérations de syndicats locaux mènent de plus en plus de réformes syndicales d’entreprise en vue de promouvoir la négociation collective et la démocratie syndicale. Ces deux tendances se produisant simultanément, c’est ainsi que les questions de recherche suivantes viennent à l’esprit: (1) D’une manière générale, la négociation collective et la démocratie syndicale améliorent-elles la pertinence des syndicats pour les salariés? (2) Dans le cas chinois, les réformes de la négociation collective et de la démocratie syndicale menées par les gouvernements et les fédérations de syndicats locaux améliorent-elles la pertinence des syndicats d’entreprise pour les salaries? Afin d’explorer et d’expliquer les variations de l’identification syndicale des employés et de l’identification des employés avec l’employeur, cette thèse développe un nouveau cadre théorique composé de quatre lignes d’analyse. Cette thèse examine d’abord les récits instrumentaux et constructivistes de l’identification syndicale des salariés. La possibilité d’une double identification, d’une identification unilatérale, ou d’une double désidentification ouvre une troisième ligne d’analyse, qui se concentre sur la relation entre l’identification des salariés – la configuration combinant l’identification syndicale des salariés et l’identification des salariés à l’employeur – et le cadre de référence pour les relations de travail. Enfin, en prenant en considération la spécificité du système chinois de relations de travail, cette thèse considère l’intervention du Parti-État en vue d’explorer comment une telle intervention affecte la démocratie syndicale et s’il existe ou non d’autres facteurs en jeu dans la relation entre la démocratie syndicale et l’intervention du Parti-Etat. Afin d’explorer ces quatre lignes d’analyse, cette thèse s’est appuyée sur des études de cas comparatives de six filiales d’entreprises multinationales étrangères dans, ce que nous appelons à des fins d’anonymat, la zone de développement économique et technologique de Binhai. Deux iv séries d’enquête sur le terrain comprenaient des entretiens dans chaque entreprise de l’échantillon avec le responsable syndical, trois à cinq membres du comité syndical, quatre ou cinq délégués syndicaux (le cas échéant), et cinq à sept membres syndicaux. Les principaux résultats empiriques sont résumés comme suit. Premièrement, trois types d’identité des syndicats d’entreprise chinois – le pont critique, le pont constructif, et le pont communicatif – à titre de pont entre les salariés et leur employeur et qui est assumé par un syndicat d’entreprise. Il existe par ailleurs une correspondance entre l’identité syndicale et l’identification des salariés. Deuxièmement, l’identification du syndicat des salariés est associée au caractère instrumental de syndicat et à la démocratie syndicale. La démocratie syndicale affecte non seulement directement l’identification du syndicat des salariés, mais affecte également le caractère instrumental de syndicat et, à son tour, a un impact indirect sur l’identification du syndicat des salariés. Les synergies entre le cadre de référence des relations de travail, la capacité stratégique syndicale, et la vitalité délibérative conduisent à la construction de l’identité syndicale. Troisièmement, le cadre de référence va du pluralisme adversarial à l’unitarisme autocratique, puis à l’unitarisme consultatif, et enfin, à l’unitarisme coordonné. En affectant l’instrumentalité syndicale, le cadre de référence affecte indirectement l’identification syndicale des salariés. Le cadre de référence affecte également l’amélioration des intérêts des salariés par un employeur et à son tour, a un impact indirect sur l’identification des salariés à l’employeur. Enfin, l’intervention du Parti-Etat affecte la démocratie syndicale mais comme modérée par la capacité stratégique.
Chinese enterprise unions suffer the apparent absence of relevance for employees. In the meantime, local governments and federations of trade unions are increasingly conducting enterprise union reforms with a view to promoting collective bargaining and union democracy. With these two trends occurring simultaneously, the following research questions come to mind: (1) Do collective bargaining and union democracy improve the relevance of trade unions for employees? (2) Do the reforms of collective bargaining and union democracy conducted by local governments and federations of trade unions in China improve the relevance of enterprise unions for employees? In order to explore and explain the variations in employee union identification and employee identification with the employer, this thesis develops a novel theoretical framework consisting of four lines of analysis. This thesis first examines the instrumental and constructivist accounts of employee union identification. The possibility of dual identification, unilateral identification, or dual disidentification opens up a third line of analysis, which focuses on the relationship between employee identification – the configuration combining employee union identification and employee identification with the employer – and the frame of reference for labour relations. Finally, in taking the specificity of the Chinese labour relations system into consideration, this thesis considers the intervention of the Party-State with a view to exploring how such intervention affects union democracy and whether or not there are other factors at play in the relationship between union democracy and the intervention of the Party-State. In order to pursue these four lines of analysis, this thesis drew on the comparative case studies of six subsidiaries of foreign multinational enterprises in, what we label for the purpose of anonymity, the Binhai Economic-Technological Development Area. Two rounds of fieldwork involved interviews in each sample enterprise with the union officer, three to five union committee members, four or five union stewards (when applicable), and five to seven union vi members. The major empirical findings are summarized as follows. First, three types of identity of the Chinese enterprise unions discussed – critical bridging, constructive bridging, and communicative bridging – emerge in terms of the role of the bridge between employees and their employer, which is played by an enterprise union. There is a link between trade union identity and employee identification. Second, employee union identification is associated with union instrumentality and union democracy. Union democracy not only directly affects employee union identification but also affects union instrumentality and in turn, has an indirect impact on employee union identification. Synergies between the frame of reference for labour relations, union strategic capacity, and deliberative vitality lead to union identity construction. Third, the frame of reference ranges from adversarial pluralism to autocratic unitarism, then to consultative unitarism, and finally, to coordinated unitarism. By affecting union instrumentality, the frame of reference indirectly affects employee union identification. The frame of reference also affects the improvement of employee interests by an employer and in turn, has an indirect impact on employee identification with the employer. Finally, the intervention of the Party-State affects union democracy but as moderated by strategic capacity.

碩士
暨南國際大學
管理學院經營管理碩士學位學程碩士在職專班
100
Along with economic development, the Chinese government relaxed various control gradually. To encourage domestic industries invest in overseas, the Chinese government implement the "going out" strategy in 1998, and looking forward to promote the adjustment of domestic industrial structure, the introduction of technology to expand the export opportunities for China. Since the "going out" strategy of foreign investment in the later 1990s, the ambition of the Chinese government is actively promoting foreign investment. The rapid development of foreign investment in China has attracted widespread attention internationally. The United Nations Economic and Trade Development (OECD) has been inscribed China as an emerging outward investor in 1995. A total of 20 years of data between 1991 and 2010 used to explore the key antecedents of foreign direct investment in Chinese mainland enterprises. The main researches of the theoretical development of internationalization in the past were the international motives, entry modes and the behavior of firms of internationalization. However, we found that there were quite more related empirical literatures of internationalization, but these studies were more than focus on Europe, the United States, Japan and other advanced countries with large-scale enterprises. Therefore, this study use the Chinese official investment data to construct a model of the Chinese multinational foreign direct investment, and focus on the determinants of foreign direct investment in China. This study investigates the antecedents of the foreign direct investment of multinational enterprises in China. This study suggests that the factors of the shareholding structure in the home country and host country level of country risk will affect the degree of MNEs’ internationalization of foreign direct investment. There are two main aspects: (1) imperfectly capital market, including the impact in the market due to differences in capital structure; (2) the risk of the investment country, mainly to explore the host country’s obstacles or restrictions due to political, economic, financial risk. The empirical results shows that due to the policy of Chinese government encourage private enterprises to invest in foreign countries, the proportion of state-owned enterprises to invest in foreign countries is on a decreasing trend. But overall, the important cases of foreign investment is still leading by the central enterprises or state-owned enterprises; and the state-owned enterprises that merely hoard earnings as bank deposits, without actually initiating foreign direct investment activities. In the view of this study, the state-owned enterprises affect the shareholding structure deeply, thereby affecting the degree of internationalization of Chinese enterprises to invest overseas. In addition, the political and financial risks of country risk in the host country are as expected, has a negative effect on the degree of internationalization, however, the economic risk compared with the opposite. This study suggests that since China is a communist country, compared to the standards of Western countries on the economic risks, such a high economic risk environment for Chinese enterprises is the norm rather than risk. Therefore, Chinese enterprises are not surprised while face such risks.

碩士
國立臺北商業技術學院
商學研究所
102
China as a developing country attracted the most foreign direct investment (FDI) on the strength of labor advantage 、economies of scale and economic growth etc. China first addressed “Run Business Aboard ”policy in 1979 then experienced a gradation of policy evolvement until 1999 and established “Go Global” policy firmly and acceded to the WTO later, drives China’s outward direct investment (ODI) grew rapidly since 2004 , China finally became a main source of outward direct investment (ODI) in the world. China’s outward direct investment locations mainly pour into Asia; service sector is the major industry included rent service、business service、wholesale and retail and financial service for the most part. The enterprise executed outward direct investments are mainly state own enterprise, but its proportion reveals a downward trend. This paper researches China’s outward direct investments (ODI) determinant though the Panel Data Test, The sample included 83 recipient countries of China’s outward direct investment; the period is from 2003 to 2012. According to the result of empirical analysis, there is a significant relationship between China’s present ODI volume and the Market Size、Human Resources、Research Capabilities、Economic Stabilization and Trade Openness.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
國際企業學系
102
This research discusses the factors of Chinese multinational corporations’ foreign direct investment. Three indices that China’s incomplete capital market, Chinese system of local government’s environmental factors, host country risk affecting China’s foreign direct investment. Therefore, the research focuses on the two dimensions of environmental issues of both the home country and the host country. To explore the environment in the home country whether the factors of China's capital market incompleteness and the factors of development of the local area would affect multinational enterprises on China's foreign direct investment behavior. And another factor to explore is the host country’s environment whether the country’s risk index for multinational enterprises would affect China's foreign direct investment behavior. This study mainly uses China’s data between 1991-2010 through Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange’s listed companies database for the FDI hypothesis of this study. We apply the use of Eviews statistical software to carry on the analysis of these research hypotheses for empirical analysis. Empirical studies found that corporate ownership structured as State-Owned shares, the better development of enterprises in the provinces of the home country (including better business facilities and R & D capabilities) and lower financial and economic risks of the host country, more and more Chinese enterprises are attracted to invest abroad. Thus, these factors create increasing foreign direct investment. This result found a strong support to the interpretation of the home country and the host country environment on Chinese multinational enterprises with foreign direct investment, which all factors in this theory also help explain the behavior of multinational enterprise internationalization in China.

An important change that economic globalization has brought to the world is the rise of Emerging Multinational Enterprises represented by China. Due to economic globalization, Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs) like China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) have played an increasingly important role and have become a major driving force for globalization. Considering the status of latecomers, CMNEs generally fall short of strong international "resources" or "capabilities" to establish their advantages in international competition, which is strongly promoted by the Chinese government through a series of policies in the "Belt and Road" initiative. However, the late start disadvantage, the "liability of latecomer" and the "liability of emergingness" have caused resistance to their internationalization. Through qualitative research and analysis of CRBC cases in three continents, this thesis reveals four paths of CMNEs' internationalization: progressive, radical, leaping, and tentative internationalization. It furthers identifies a three-step model they follow: "Stepping Out", "Planting In", and "Going Out". The centrality, structural autonomy, direct connections, trust, fine-grained information transfer, and joint problem-solving arrangements of CMNEs in the host country’s market network have been found to be the most important factors affecting their internationalization. To overcome their late start, the liability of latecomer, and the liability of emergingness in the context of the "Belt and Road" Initiative, CMNEs rely on policy stimulus, resource endowment and network location between China and the host country. They gain insights into the needs of target customers and integrate resources to provide cost-effective solutions that are highly compatible with customer needs and mitigate resource disadvantages.
Uma mudança importante que a globalização económica trouxe ao mercado mundial é a ascensão das Empresas Multinacionais Emergentes representadas pela China. Graças à globalização económica, as empresas multinacionais chinesas (EMNC) tal como a China Road and Bridge Construction (CRBC), têm desempenhado um papel crucial e são uma força motriz da globalização. Contudo, devido ao seu estatuto de retardatárias, as EMNC ainda não possuem nem os recursos nem as capacidades necessárias para se imporem no mercado global apesar dos fortes incentivos do governo chinês através de uma série de políticas ao abrigo da iniciativa "Uma Faixa, Uma Rota". Esta desvantagem, bem como a sua natureza emergente constituem obstáculos a uma maior internacionalização das EMNC. Através de um estudo qualitativo envolvendo a análise de quatro subsidiárias da CRBC em três continentes, esta tese identifica quatro vias representativas da estratégia de internacionalização das EMNC – progressiva, radical, salto em frente, e experimental - e um modelo caracterizado por três fases: "entrada", "implantação" e "expansão". A centralidade, autonomia estrutural, estabelecimento de relações diretas, confiança, transferência de conhecimento e resolução conjunta de problemas são os fatores mais importantes que influenciam a internacionalização das EMNC nas redes de relações estabelecidas nos países anfitriões. Para ultrapassar a entrada tardia no mercado global e a condição de emergência no contexto da iniciativa "Uma Faixa, Uma Rota", as EMNC beneficiam de políticas especiais, de recursos financeiros e das relações estabelecidas entre a China e os países de acolhimento. Como a tese demonstra, dispõem de uma situação privilegiada para compreender as necessidades dos diferentes mercados e integrar recursos oferecendo soluções eficazes e compatíveis com as necessidades locais e mitigando eventuais desvantagens.

Title: Enhancing Swedish Large MNEs’ Strategies in Chinese Market -By Analyzing the Perspectives of Consumers in Sweden and China Authors: Cheng Han and Xiaojing Gu Supervisor: Svante Andersson Level: Master Dissertation in International Marketing, 15 credits Keywords: Consumer behavior, Multinational enterprise, Marketing strategy, Swedish and Chinese market Background: With the trend of globalization, multinational enterprises noticed the potential market in China. Base on previous research, researchers indicated consumer behaviors have a sort of relationship and influence on MNEs’ strategies. Purpose: Investigate the distinctions between Swedish and Chinese consumer behaviors, due to the distinction, explore the way to enhance MNEs’ strategies in Chinese market. Research Questions: Q1: What are the differences between Chinese consumers and Swedish consumers evaluating same enterprises? Q2: How Swedish large MNEs develop their strategies for adapting the distinctions of Chinese consumers? Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework includes theories regarding what factors of consumer behaviors are considered as influencing on enterprises’ strategies and the theories of general enterprise strategies. Methodology: This dissertation is a quantitative study accompany with case study. Empirical Framework: The empirical framework presents case descriptions and statistics. Analysis: The five hypotheses are analyzed and critical examined. Conclusion: Since consumers from different countries have different consumer behaviors, enterprises need to alter their strategies by adapting the distinctions of consumers.

Since China proposed the "belt and road" initiative, it has been highly recognized by more than 100 countries and regions around the world. This initiative builds an international cooperation platform, enhances the competitiveness of Asian economies, and stimulates regional economic integration in Asia. In this context, Chinese companies located in the border area of Southeast Asia and China have achieved rapid internationalization in neighboring host countries. The Southeast Asian region has a relatively poor institutional environment, but it has attracted a large number of Chinese companies to invest and start businesses. The phenomenon is contrary to the traditional international business research that the host country with a poor institution environment is not conducive to attracting foreign enterprises. This is the pain point of the thesis. Based on this phenomenon, this research will study the mechanisms by which Chinese companies overcome unfavorable institutional environments in border areas and realize international entrepreneurship. Based on the social network and international entrepreneurship theories, this thesis incorporates the institutional environment and knowledge acquisition studies, puts forward a theoretical framework to reveal the international opportunity development mechanism of CMNEs located at the border areas. Our study uses policy capture and multiple case study on Chinese multinational enterprises in Yunnan province. The quasi-experimental analysis of policy capture found that (1) both the instability and inflexibility of the regulatory institution in host countries are negatively related to firms’ international opportunity development; (2) both codified knowledge and fine-grained knowledge acquired from business partners are positively related to firms’ international opportunity development. The results of the multi-case comparative analysis showed that (1) both structural and relational embeddedness facilitate firms’ international opportunity development, structural embeddedness promotes the development of imitative opportunity over the innovative opportunity, while relational embeddedness promotes the development of innovative opportunity over the imitative opportunity; (2) structural embeddedness and relational embeddedness jointly facilitate a greater international opportunity development of firms. This thesis contributes to the international entrepreneurship study by showing the constraints and facilitators on international opportunity development. It also provides empirical contributions for managers to deal with cross-border business issues.
Desde que a China lançou a iniciativa "um cinto, uma estrada", a iniciativa tem sido reconhecida por mais de 100 paííses e regiões em todo o mundo. Esta iniciativa construiu uma etapa para a cooperação internacional, aumentou a competitividade da economia da Ásia-Pacíífico e promoveu a construção da integração econóómica asiáática. Neste contexto, as empresas chinesas localizadas na zona fronteiriça entre o Sudeste Asiáático e a China aperceberam-se da ráápida internacionalização no paíís anfitrião vizinho. O ambiente institucional no Sudeste Asiáático é pobre, mas tem atraíído um grande núúmero de empresas chinesas para investir e iniciar negóócios. O ponto de dor deste documento é que este fenóómeno é contráário à tradicional investigação empresarial internacional de que o paíís anfitrião com um sistema pobre não é conducente a atrair empresas estrangeiras. Com base neste fenóómeno, este estudo irá estudar o mecanismo para as empresas chinesas ultrapassarem o ambiente institucional adverso e realizarem o empreendedorismo internacional em ááreas fronteiriças. Baseado na teoria das redes sociais e na teoria do empreendedorismo internacional, combinado com a investigação sobre o ambiente institucional e a aquisição de conhecimentos, este estudo fornece um quadro teóórico para revelar o mecanismo de desenvolvimento de oportunidades de internacionalização das empresas multinacionais chinesas em ááreas fronteiriças. Esta pesquisa se concentra em empresas multinacionais chinesas na província de Yunnan e adota métodos de captura de políticas e estudo de casos múltiplos. A análise quase experimental de nossa captura de política descobriu que: (1) A instabilidade e inflexibilidade do sistema regulatório do país anfitrião estão negativamente relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de oportunidades de internacionalização de negócios; (2) Conhecimento codificável e conhecimento refinado obtido de parceiros de negócios estão positivamente relacionados ao desenvolvimento de oportunidades de internacionalização corporativa. Os resultados da nossa análise comparativa de casos múltiplos mostram que: (1) Tanto a integração estrutural como a integração de relacionamento promovem o desenvolvimento de oportunidades internacionais para as empresas. A integração estrutural promove mais replicação de oportunidade do que inovação de oportunidade, enquanto integração de relacionamento promove inovação de oportunidade mais do que replicação de oportunidade, e integração de relacionamento promove inovação de oportunidade mais do que replicação de oportunidade. (2) A integração estrutural e a integração das relações promovem em conjunto o desenvolvimento de maiores oportunidades internacionais para as empresas. Esta dissertação contribuiu para a investigação em empreendedorismo internacional ao mostrar as limitações e os fatores facilitadores do desenvolvimento de oportunidades internacionais. Além disso, também oferecemos contribuições de especialização para gerentes para lidar com questões de negócios internacionais.