Relevant bibliographies by topics / China – Population policy

Academic literature on the topic 'China – Population policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "China – Population policy"

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Berikova, Marina, and Garold Latinov. "Modern gender policy in Russia and China." Population 24, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.3.12.

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The problems of building and realizing the self-identity of men and women through the practice of gender awareness education are relevant to all countries and cultures to varying degrees. The article attempts to conduct a comparative analysis of gender policy in Russia and China at the present stage in two aspects: education in the field of equality of rights and opportunities of men and women; correction of gender stereotypes and biases. The specificity of the approach to solving gender problems correlates with the national-cultural, political, religious, and ethical characteristics of the Russian and Chinese peoples. In Russia, as in China, the norms and principles of interaction between men and women, as well as the equality of their rights and opportunities in social life, are formally recognized by society and legalized, that contributes to spread of egalitarian views and attitudes. However, the declarative nature of this recognition often manifests itself in the lives of citizens of both States. Nevertheless, the traditional gender stereotypes are being overcome in Russian and Chinese society (in each in its own way), the authorities are trying to expand the legislative framework on gender equality of men and women, attract administrative resources to improve the level of gender culture of the population, as well as develop and implement programs designed for women. The strategic direction of gender policy and gender awareness education remains the development of a systematic approach to the presence of a gender component in the understanding of social processes, to the integration of the achievements of both sexes in the organization of society.
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Pearson, Veronica. "Population Policy and Eugenics in China." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 1 (July 1995): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.1.1.

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Visaria, Pravin. "Demographic Trends and Population Policy in China." Social Scientist 15, no. 11/12 (November 1987): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3520231.

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황판 and Jong-Ho Kim. "The Innovation of China Population Policy: Focused on Policy Stream Model." Journal of Social Science 40, no. 3 (December 2014): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15820/khjss.2014.40.3.008.

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Liu, Jun’e, Lei Chai, and Zina Xu. "Forecast of China Population under Different Fertility Policy." Open Journal of Social Sciences 04, no. 07 (2016): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.47031.

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THOMAS, NEIL, and NEIL PRICE. "The evolution of population policy in rural China." Health Policy and Planning 11, no. 1 (1996): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/11.1.21.

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Shalev, Carmel. "China to CEDAW: An Update on Population Policy." Human Rights Quarterly 23, no. 1 (2001): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2001.0011.

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Song, Lan, and Mindai Wang. "Three-child policy for sustainable population in China." Sustainable Horizons 4 (October 2022): 100046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.horiz.2022.100046.

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Goldstein, Alice, and Sidney Goldstein. "Migration in China: Methodological and Policy Challenges." Social Science History 11, no. 1 (1987): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015704.

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Migration has long been recognized as an important mechanism for allowing populations to adjust to changing economic conditions (Goldstein and Goldstein, 1981; Findley, 1977, 1982). Massive population movements from rural to urban locations were an integral part of the European modernization process, as were movements to hitherto undeveloped frontier regions including ones overseas. Rapid urban growth, due in part to migration, has more recently characterized many of the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
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Wang, Mingshen, Zhao Yu, Zehua Duo, Chaoyi Liu, and Ren Qing-dao-er-ji Qing-dao-er-ji. "Research on fertility Policy under the background of three-child Policy." BCP Education & Psychology 6 (August 25, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v6i.1679.

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The number and structure of population are important factors affecting social and economic development. The implementation of the three-child policy is a family planning policy implemented by China to actively cope with the aging population. In this paper, by referring to the statistical yearbook and other relevant data and combining the current national conditions of China, the Leslie matrix population model and a variety of evaluation models and machine learning classification algorithm were established to complete the analysis and discussion of the influencing factors under the three-child policy, as well as the prediction of the future population situation and suggestions for the future related policies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "China – Population policy"

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Gao, Mingzheng 1965. "Population policy and urban housing in China." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66389.

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Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 52).
This thesis will focus on how urban housing design reflects the new one-child family population policy in the traditional urban context in Beijing, China. The population policy has changed the size and structure of traditional family, and further affected children's growing up environment. Children, used to grow up in a joint family of three generations in a traditional courtyard house, now have isolated by apartment box. The traditional social and spatial relationships among children, families, and neighbors have been extremely weakened. My intention is to restore the lost relationships for lonely children in a high density residential complex. This complex, transformed from the traditional single story courtyard house, becomes one big house, where all neighbors live under one roof as one big family. As a consequence, children in a one child family still have the same feeling of multi generations living together as their old generations had before.
by Mingzheng Gao.
M.Arch.
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Wu, Xiaoyu. "Population policy and human capital accumulation in China." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2008. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3325170.

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White, Blanche Tyrene. "Population policy and rural reform in China, 1977-1984 : policy implementation and interdependency at the local level /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18453887.html.

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陳秀紅 and Sau-hung June Chan. "Population mobility and government policies in Post-Mao China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893818.

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Yan, Che. "Reproduction within different population policy environments in rural China 1979-2000." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2011. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2242003/.

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This study uses data from National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Survey undertaken in 2001, systematic reviews of provincial policy fertility in 1990s, information on the nature of family planning (FP) services at grassroots institutions and a new measure of women's son preference, to advance knowledge of determinants of reproduction in rural China. The main statistical methods in this study include latent class analysis, life table, parity progression ratio, multilevel logistic regression and multilevel Poisson regression. The analysis is performed within groups of provinces according to their population policy (I-child, 1.5-child and 2-child). The results showed that fertility rate was closely related to China's population policy: the stricter the policy, the lower the fertility rate. By the end of the last century, fertility rates for the three types of provinces were close to respective policy fertility, indicating a success of China's population policy. However, strict population policy increased risks of abortion and imbalance in sex ratio at birth (SRB), particularly the rising sex ratio of second births in 1.5-child provinces. Variations in availability of specific FP methods by local services did not play a leading role in reducing fertility level, risk of abortion and imbalanced SRB. Son preference at province or individual level had strong impacts on progression to second birth, risk of abortion, and SRB, but the effects vary between types of provinces. Effects of other individual characteristics, i.e., couples' age, women's education, sex of existing child, on reproduction are also explored and discussed in this study. It can be concluded that strict implementation of population policy was the dominant influence on fertility levels but it also raised risk of abortion and imbalance in SRB in rural China. For these and other reasons, China needs to relax its I-child and 1.5-child policies immediately.
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Qin, Min. "Evolution of family planning policy and its impact on population change in China." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397640/.

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Hou, Xueyuan 1983. "One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9912.

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xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Implemented as one of the basic national polices of China since 1978, the one-child policy has brought both advantages and disadvantages to one-child families in urban China. This thesis explores the various consequences of current family planning practices in urban Dalian. It explains the ways in which the implementation of the policy has influenced urban one-child families' everyday life and how parents and single children handle the policy. Urban parents have accepted the state requirement for limited births and have adopted new child-rearing practices to raise their "only hope" in the changing socioeconomic context. Single children receive comprehensive parental attention and support and are widely considered as spoiled "little emperors/empresses". But at the same time they experience great pressure to perform with academic excellence in order to be capable to excel in the competition of the global market economy. Gender norms are in transition. Urban single daughters are empowered by the benefits brought by low fertility produced by the policy. As the first generation of single children grows up, their families are now confronted with the crucial issue of the "four-two-one" (four grandparents, two parents, one child) problem, which impacts the future of the one-child policy.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Ina Asim, Chair; Dr. Kathie Carpenter; Dr. Alisa Freedman
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Shi, Tao. "One woman, one child : the implications of the one-child-family policy for Chinese women." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4286.

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Since few studies have explicitly focused on the impact of China's one-child-family policy on Chinese women, this thesis is designed to explore this aspect. The implication of the policy for both urban and rural women is studied, particularly its influence on women's fertility behavior, labor roles, and on social, health and family status. The focus of the study is to explore the changes of women's lives associated with the one-child-family policy, and advantages and disadvantages, even contradictions the policy has brought to women's lives.
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Wong, Oi-ling Irene, and 黃愛玲. "Medical ecology of inpatient service utilization in Hong Kong: a population survey." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31971337.

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Löfstedt, Petra. "Changing reproductive patterns in rural China the influence of policy and gender /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-554-2/.

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Books on the topic "China – Population policy"

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Hayase, Yasuko, and Seiko Kawamata. Population policy and vital statistics in China. Tokyo, Japan: Institue of Developing Economies, 1991.

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China. Guo wu yuan. Xin wen ban gong shi. Family planning in China. Beijing: Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1995.

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Population and the environment in China. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1994.

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Schubnell, Hermann. Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in der Volksrepublik China. Hannover: Niedersächsische Landeszentrale für Politische Bildung, 1987.

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Chaurasia, Alok Ranjan. A comparative analysis of population transition in India and China. Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth, 2007.

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China's changing population. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1987.

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Greenhalgh, Susan. Fertility policy in China: Future options. New York, N.Y: Population Council, 1986.

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Scharping, Thomas. Bevölkerungspolitik und sozialer Wandel in der Volksrepublik China. Köln: Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1988.

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J, Croll Elisabeth, Davin Delia, and Kane Penny, eds. China's one-child family policy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.

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Zhongguo qu yu ren kou yu fa zhan yan jiu = Research on regional population and development in China. Changchun Shi: Changchun chu ban she, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "China – Population policy"

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Trogen, Paul C., and Yuan Xu. "Population Policy, China." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 4834–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_2853.

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Trogen, Paul C., and Yuan Xu. "Population Policy, China." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2853-1.

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Trogen, Paul C., and Yuan Xu. "Population Policy, China." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2853-2.

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Greenhalgh, Susan, and John Bongaarts. "Fertility Policy in China: Future Options." In The Population of Modern China, 401–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1231-2_15.

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Cho, Lee-Jay. "Population Dynamics and Policy in China." In The Population of Modern China, 59–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1231-2_4.

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Goldstein, Alice, and Sidney Goldstein. "Migration in China: Methodological and Policy Challenges." In The Population of Modern China, 617–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1231-2_26.

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Wu, Pengkun. "How to Adjust the Family Planning Policy in China?" In Population Development Challenges in China, 145–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8010-9_6.

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Wu, Pengkun. "The Necessity of Family Planning Policy Adjustment Among China’s Provinces." In Population Development Challenges in China, 179–203. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8010-9_7.

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Zheng, Xiyan. "Population Aging in Rural China: Elderly Age Support." In Applied Economics and Policy Studies, 20–30. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0564-3_3.

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Poston, Dudley L., and Toni Falbo. "Effects of the One-Child Policy on the Children of China." In The Population of Modern China, 427–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1231-2_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "China – Population policy"

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"Population Policy Adjustment and Family Childbearing Willingness in China, Japan and Korea." In 2021 International Conference on Society Science. Scholar Publishing Group, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0001938.

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Yin, Liying. "Analysis and Reflection on the Effect of Population Fertility Policy in China." In 2017 International Conference on Economics and Management, Education, Humanities and Social Sciences (EMEHSS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emehss-17.2017.19.

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Xiang, Junyi. "How Does the Changes in Population Policy Shape Gender Role Socialization in Contemporary China?" In 2020 3rd International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201214.625.

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Yang, Yifan, and Zengli Mi. "Population Characteristics and Institutional Participation: How Do Migrant Workers Make A Choice under Health Insurance Policy in China." In 2014 International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science (ICMESS 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmess-14.2014.36.

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Büyükakıncı, Erhan. "The Siberian Factor in the Russian Foreign Policy: Economic Instruments and Geopolitical Games." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01297.

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In this paper, we try to discuss how the Siberian part of the Russian territory can present advantages and disadvantages for Russian foreign policy. Situated in the center of the Eurasian geography, Siberia offers many economic opportunities and energy reserves as well as a strategic value for Russia, whose population and interests are mostly concentrated in the western provinces. Long considered as an isolated continent for exile for political dissidents, Siberia has become nowadays a center of the economic strategies of the Russian administration, in relation with its foreign policy perspectives. As an energy source for natural gas and oil and transit corridor toward China and Kazakhstan, Siberia is now supported through governmental policies of restructuration and labour migration. This new perspective can lead to a new policy of regionalism in connection with foreign policy interests. For the federal center, there is an unavoidable correlation between the domestic and foreign policy stakes with Siberia’s integration in world and regional politics.
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Xiujie, Li, Fu Hongpeng, and Yang Meng. "The social structure and physical form of the state-owned farm in north-east China." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6039.

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The social structure and physical form of the state-owned farm in north-east China Xiujie Li, Hongpeng Fu, Meng Yang College of Urban and Environmental Sciences. Peking University. Beijing. China. 100871 E-mail: 1400013234@pku.edu.cn, issacfuhongpeng@163.com, shuangzizhixin@163.com Keywords: state-owned farm, policy, social structure, physical form, urban morphology Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space State-owned farms in north-east China are numerous and large in size. They have played an important role in the reclamation and guarding of the frontier in China. Their physical form is sensitive to government policy. Following the historical development of a particular farm, an examination is made of how its social structure and physical form have been influenced by the policies of different periods. The development process has experienced three stages since this farm’s founding. There has been a change from ‘farmers farming together on the land which belongs to the whole farm’ to ‘farmers farming together on the land which belongs to the companies of the farm’, and then ‘farmers farming severally on the land’. The physical form of the farm has been influenced by the policies in different historical periods. Important aspects of these policies include industrial structure, population structure, land ownership, and town and country planning. This study provides a basis for future urban morphological research. References Conzen, M.R.G. (2011) Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis (China Architecture & Building Press, China) Bray, D. (2005) Social space and governance in urban China (Stanford University Press, Stanford)
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Liu, Chengcheng. "Strategies on healthy urban planning and construction for challenges of rapid urbanization in China." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/subf4944.

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In the past 40 years, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization development in the world. The infrastructure, urban environment and medical services of cities have been improved significantly. The health impacts are manifested in the decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases and the significant increase of the life span of residents. However, the development of urbanization in China has also created many problems, including the increasing pollution of urban environment such as air, water and soil, the disorderly spread of urban construction land, the fragmentation of natural ecological environment, dense population, traffic congestion and so on. With the process of urbanization and motorization, the lifestyle of urban population has changed, and the disease spectrum and the sequence of death causes have changed. Chronic noncommunicable diseases have replaced acute infectious diseases and become the primary threat to urban public health. According to the data published by the famous medical journal The LANCET on China's health care, the economic losses caused by five major non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) will reach US$23 trillion between 2012 and 2030, more than twice the total GDP of China in 2015 (US$11.7 trillion). Therefore, China proposes to implement the strategy of "Healthy China" and develop the policy of "integrating health into ten thousand strategies". Integrate health into the whole process of urban and rural planning, construction and governance to form a healthy, equitable and accessible production and living environment. China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. The main strategies from national system design to local planning are as follows. First of all, the top-level design of the country. There are two main points: one point, the formulation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan determines the first batch of 38 pilot healthy cities and practices the strategy of healthy city planning; the other point, formulate and implement the national health city policy and issue the National Healthy City. The evaluation index system evaluates the development of local work from five aspects: environment, society, service, crowd and culture, finds out the weak links in the work in time, and constantly improves the quality of healthy city construction. Secondly, the reform of territorial spatial planning. In order to adapt to the rapid development of urbanization, China urban plan promote the reform of spatial planning system, change the layout of spatial planning into the fine management of space, and promote the sustainable development of cities. To delimit the boundary line of urban development and the red line of urban ecological protection and limit the disorderly spread of urban development as the requirements of space control. The bottom line of urban environmental quality and resource utilization are studied as capacity control and environmental access requirements. The grid management of urban built environment and natural environment is carried out, and the hierarchical and classified management unit is determined. Thirdly, the practice of special planning for local health and medical distribution facilities. In order to embody the equity of health services, including health equity, equity of health services utilization and equity of health resources distribution. For the elderly population, vulnerable groups and patients with chronic diseases, the layout of community health care facilities and intelligent medical treatment are combined to facilitate the "last kilometer" service of health care. Finally, urban repair and ecological restoration design are carried out. From the perspective of people-oriented, on the basis of studying the comfortable construction of urban physical environment, human behavior and the characteristics of human needs, to tackle "urban diseases" and make up for "urban shortboard". China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. Committed to the realization of a constantly developing natural and social environment, and can continue to expand social resources, so that people can enjoy life and give full play to their potential to support each other in the city.
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Quan, Yinhe. "Explore the influencing factors of youth returning home employment through interviews -Take City A, Jilin Province, China as an example-." In VI CONGRESO INVESTIGACIÓN, DESARROLLO E INNOVACIÓN DE LA UNIVERSIDAD INTERNACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA. Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47300/978-9962-738-04-6-22.

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Purpose: In recent years, the employment market in major cities has become more competitive than ever before. Observation shows that an increasing number of university students chose to leave the big cities only to return to their hometowns in search of employment opportunities. Based on the theory of population migration and the employment policy of Chinese university students, this research uses interview methods to explore the factors influencing young people who choose to return to their hometown City A, Jilin Province for employment after graduation. Research Methods: Research method: Semi-structured interview through a video call Survey period: July 1st to July 30th, 2020
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Pan, Yiqun, Yuming Li, Jie Shi, Chunxiang Wang, Kwan Seok Jeong, Jaemin Kim, Ji-young Lee, et al. "Optimal Design of Multi-Utility Complex for a Low Carbon City in China Integrating Renewable Energy." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40354.

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There are many new city and district development projects ongoing in China, which are aimed at developing and building the low carbon emission cities of the future. The Energy Utilities sector is also facing new challenges from policy and regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency, adopting clean energy and mitigating environmental impact. As such, energy supply systems are becoming increasingly complex due to the installation and operation of multiple renewable energy systems. A Multi Utility Complex (MUC) has been proposed as a new and more effective way of constructing urban utility systems, in which facilities for utility services (e.g. energy supplies, water/sewage treatment and waste management plants) are physically installed at one site and managed by an integrated operating centre. When designing a MUC to be ‘cleaner’, more efficient and economical, determining an appropriate capacity of each component constituting the MUC is an essential and not trivial task due to the complexity of resource /energy flows and constraints associated with energy policy and regulations. To address this, an optimization design methodology has been adopted on the basis of a population-base optimization algorithm in support of cost-effective investment. The methodology is implemented in a software tool, ‘Plant Optimizer’, equipped with an urban utility demand profile modeller, the MUC package with different installation scenarios, analysis modules and reporting facility. This paper describes the optimizing methodology and functions of the software tool, and presents a case study to demonstrate the applicability.
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Karnyshev, Alexander. "Psychologo-Economic and Environmental Assessment Baikal Resources in the Geopolitics of China and Russia." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.37.

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In geopolitics, the concepts of geography and territory are reduced to the fundamental aspects of relations between States, they serve as a basic method of interpreting the past, they act as the main factors of human existence, organizing all other aspects of existence around them. It is in this perspective that the article examines the attitude to Baikal in the history of the mutually linked foreign policy of Russia and China. It is noted that the Mongols and Manchus, who once conquered China, not only found themselves largely assimilated by the defeated society, but over time, a large part of their ancestral territories began to be perceived as native Chinese. Far from being justified, this also applied to Baikal, although the Yakut etymology of its name, associated with the ethnic ancestors of the Yakuts — the Huns, has been clearly traced since ancient times. Since ancient times, Buryats and Evenks who voluntarily became part of Russia have lived around Baikal. Modern development is characterized by the “penetration” of the Chinese into the business of Asian Russia. In the Baikal region, this focus has basically three goals: forest, clean water, and ownership of land and other natural resources. In a special row, it is necessary to put projects for supplying the population of some Chinese territories with Baikal water, which is planned to be transported both in bottled form and in the future through pipes.
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Reports on the topic "China – Population policy"

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Rau, Stefan. Bridge to Future Livable Cities and City Clusters in the People’s Republic of China: Policy Opportunities for High-Quality Urban Development. Asian Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210372-2.

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The achievements in rapid urbanization and industrialization of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) over the past 40 years were historic. But they came at high environmental and social costs. By 2050, the country will be a high-income, four-generation urban society. Yet, according to the United Nations, the PRC’s population will have halved by 2100. Many cities will lose population and businesses. This will be equally historic and requires urgent action. The author recommends focusing on urban rehabilitation and retrofitting to make cities more livable—with a green circular zero-waste economy, aiming at low-carbon, climate-resilient cities—and making cities healthy and friendly for people of all ages.
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2

Biegelbauer, Peter, Christian Hartmann, Wolfgang Polt, Anna Wang, and Matthias Weber. Mission-Oriented Innovation Policies in Austria – a case study for the OECD. JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2020.493.

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In recent years, mission-oriented approaches have received growing interest in science, technology and innovation (STI) policies against the background of two developments. First, while so-called “horizontal” or “generic” approaches to research, technology and innovation policies have largely been successful in improving the general innovation performance or the rate of innovation, there are perceived limitations in terms of insufficiently addressing the direction of technological change and innovation. Second, “grand societal challenges” emerged on policy agendas, such as climate change, security, food and energy supply or ageing populations, which call for thematic orientation and the targeting of research and innovation efforts. In addition, the apparent success of some mission-oriented initiatives in countries like China, South Korea, and the United States in boosting technological development for purposes of strengthening competitiveness contributed to boosting the interest in targeted and directional government interventions in STI. Against the backdrop of this renewed interest in mission-oriented STI policy, the OECD has addressed the growing importance of this topic and launched a project looking into current experiences with Mission-Oriented Innovation Policy (MOIP). The present study on MOIP in Austria was commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Energy, Mobility, Environment, Innovation and Technologiy (BMK) and comprises the Austrian contributions to this OECD project. The study aims at contributing Austrian experiences to the international debate and to stimulate a national debate on MOIP.
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3

Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André, and Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.

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We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.
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4

The Challenges of Population Aging in the People's Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf210280-2.

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The population in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is aging rapidly, as the proportion of people aged 60 and above is expected to increase to 35% by 2050. While aging poses economic challenges, if managed well, it can generate new employment opportunities with the emergence of new professions related to elderly care. However, capturing these benefits require labor market reforms, higher public spending to finance long-term care and pensions, and policy support. This note presents policy recommendations to address identified socioeconomic implications of rapid population aging in the PRC, focusing on labor market changes, effective long-term elderly care, and measures to address the increasing old-age dependency ratio.
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5

The 14th Five-Year Plan of the People’s Republic of China—Fostering High-Quality Development. Asian Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf210192-2.

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This policy notes outlines recommendations for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China that highlights high-quality green development. The plan emphasizes innovation as the core of modern development, relying on the dual circulation strategy as the growth paradigm coupled with reforms to increase living standards. Building on the achievements of the 13th Plan, it aims to reduce the carbon intensity of the economy and peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030. This policy note’s recommendations focus on innovation-driven growth, low-carbon development, integration of urban–rural areas with deeper social inclusion, and population aging as priorities.
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6

Report on the International Symposium on Quality of Care in China. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2000.1041.

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In 1995, China’s State Family Planning Commission (SFPC), the governmental agency charged with developing and implementing China’s population policy, issued an official call for the reorientation of the family planning program from a focus on demographic targets to meeting clients’ needs. In support of this reorientation effort, the SFPC selected six rural counties and five urban districts with comparatively good socioeconomic conditions as pilot sites for a quality-of-care experiment. This report provides a summary of an international symposium on quality of care held in Beijing from November 17–19, 1999. The symposium was sponsored by SFPC with the support of the Ford Foundation as part of the international collaboration on China’s quality-of-care initiative. The purpose of the symposium was threefold: to review the experiences of China’s quality-of-care initiative in the pilot counties and districts to date; to discuss strategies for institutionalizing the quality-of-care approach in the pilot sites; and to discuss expansion and further development of the program throughout China, in keeping with the SFPC’s decision that the quality-of-care experiment should be expanded nationwide.
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