Journal articles on the topic 'China Pakistan Relations'
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1
Jacob, Jabin T. "China–Pakistan Relations." China Report 46, no. 3 (August 2010): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944551104600304.
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The China–Pakistan relationship has seen several ups and downs in the last decade and especially since 9/11. While Sino-Pakistani ties remain strong, there has been a visible drawdown in Chinese political commitment to Pakistan. Partly, this has been because of Beijing’s concerns about political instability, including terrorism, in Pakistan, and the spread of Islamic radicalism from that country into China. In part, this has also been because China’s global political rise has meant that it is more conscious of its need to adhere to international norms, which includes refraining from nuclear proliferation to Pakistan. In this context, this article argues that one, India is no longer the central concern in the Sino-Pakistani relationship and two, New Delhi’s capacity to play the game-changer in the China–Pakistan relationship has grown over time.
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Mushtaq, Faiqa. "Prospects for Pak-China Relations." Global Political Review IV, no. IV (December 30, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iv).06.
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South Asia is in focus of global geopolitics since the advent of the 21st century. China is an economic giant and outreaching towards West through Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). CPEC (part of BRI) has brought Pakistan in streamline in regional geopolitics. United States (US) is worried about Chinas rise, for its national interests are in danger in Asia so, it perused Pivot to Asia strategy to counter China in Asia while manipulating India. This situation has increased Pakistans importance for China. The article will assess Pak-China cordial relations and answer the following questions. Will Pakistan be helpful to China in addressing the challenges to regional peace? How will Pak-China cooperation counter Indo-US strategic partnership? What are Pak-China mutual efforts to curb terrorism?
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Wazir, Bushra. "STRENGTHENING OF PAKISTAN AND CHINA RELATIONS THROUGH CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR." Journal of Pakistan-China Studies (JPCS) 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55733/jpcs.v1i1.24.
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The friendship of China and Pakistan is as old as they came into being. They maintained a very cordial, friendly and strong bond since its inception. In 1951 after the formal establishment of diplomatic relations, the People’s Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan have seen their relationship ever consolidating and progressing. Throughout different historical periods and despite changes with the times, Chinese and Pakistani governments and people have been working hard to enrich the friendship, and have set a model for friendly bilateral ties between different cultures, social systems and ideologies. In 2015 Chinese President Xi Jinping and Pakistani president Nawaz Sharif properly announced the project China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Both the government of China and Pakistan have deeply realized the importance of developing the CPEC, starting from Kashgar in Xinjiang, China, and reaching Karachi and Gwadar, southern coastal cities in Pakistan via the Khunjerab Pass and several other nodal areas, for cementing China Pakistan economic relations, promoting friendly cooperation and establishing people to people contact between the two countries. CPEC is an economic and development project for the benefit of the people of the region. It will connect Pakistan to Central Asia via the Eurasian Land-Bridge planned under China’s “Belt and Road” initiative. This project is going to be completed in four major phases. Despite all the significance, it faces some challenges from the hostile neighbour of Pakistan: India. Yet, its significance is manifold which covers these challenges.
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Muhammad Faisal. "Pakistan-China Relations: Beyond CPEC." Strategic Studies 40, no. 2 (July 25, 2020): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.040.02.0080.
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In recent years between 2013-18, Pakistan-China relations witnessed a qualitative transformation as the bilateral ties expanded from defence to the economic sphere. The cooperation under the framework of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is increasing Chinese investments in Pakistan’s energy and infrastructure sectors. Expanding avenues of bilateral cooperation has led to emergence of new dynamics in the bilateral relations. With increased inter-dependence, both countries are also navigating major power international politics. Beijing and Islamabad have increased their coordination for peace and stability in Afghanistan as well as at the multilateral forums including the United Nations (UN) and Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Traditional strategic cooperation is deepening to meet new geo-strategic challenges. Beyond CPEC, closer strategic engagement will determine the future direction of bilateral relations. Thus, it is crucial to take stock of the evolving geo-political dynamics and their impact on strategic dimensions of the bilateral relations. This paper aims to move forward from this standpoint and seeks to explore what developments have taken place in bilateral relations beyond CPEC during past five years (2013-2018). Most crucially, it explores how Pakistan-China relations have evolved in an era of geo-political tensions. It analyses how CPEC dynamics have influenced the course of broader relationship. Similarly, the growing coordination of two countries at the multilateral forums is also explored as they attempt to navigate the major power politics.
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Jaleel, Sabahat, and Habibullah. "China-Pakistan Relations under CPEC." Global International Relations Review IV, no. III (September 30, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2021(iv-iii).03.
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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project was signed in 2015between Pakistan and China. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with different experts, such as intellectuals, politicians, and historians. Pakistan, being the neighboring country of China, did not miss the opportunity and responded to the call seriously and developed diplomatic relations with China in 1950. Pakistan became one of the few countries which recognized China at the earliest. For the last many decades, China has been providing military, technical, and economic assistance to the government of Pakistan. A qualitative research method has been used to achieve the research goals. This article explains how the growing investment of China establishes mutual interdependence for both countries. Since then, both countries have enjoyed the strength and perpetuity of bilateral relations.
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Anwar, Brigadier Muhammad Shakoor. "Relevance and Significance of Pak- China Relationship for USA in Changing Regional Dynamics." Journal of Law & Social Studies 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.02.02.8795.
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Pakistan and China enjoy the bilateral and friendly diplomatic relations since 1951. Both countries are trustworthy allies of one another. China has always backed Pakistan in the difficult matters to stabilize the geo-political and geo-economic situation in the region. Although, Pakistan also enjoys good diplomatic relations with America but down the line these relations and ties weakened due to increasing mistrust and unreliability between both the countries. Pakistan had various occasions has been ally of the United States (US) such as War against USSR in Afghanistan. But after the war the US has put sanctions on Pakistan and tensions between both countries arose. On the other hand, China has always supported Pakistan stance even in the wars against India. These relations took a new turn with the Chinese project of Belt Road Initiative (BRI) generally and China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) from 2013 onwards. This huge transformation of Pak-China dealings seen the two-sided connections long-drawn-out from military to the economic domain. The collaboration under CPEC, with increased investment of China in building Pakistan’s power and infrastructure segments. The deepening relations of China and Pakistan and Pakistan’s decreasing dependency on the US has grabbed attention of the USA. America has moved its all energies to East Asia from the European and Arab countries. Therefore, the aim of current study is to look headlong from this viewpoint and pursue to sightsee and explore the expansions that took place in two-sided associations outside CPEC keeping the US stance on this collaboration and its significance.
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Allauddin, Hongsong Liu, and Raja Qaiser Ahmed. "The Changing Dynamics and New Developments of China–Pakistan Relations." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 76, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928419901195.
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The China–Pakistan relation has historical underpinning. By establishing diplomatic relations in 1951, each passing decade has witnessed that China–Pakistan relations coalesce into a dependable friendship. This relationship has gone beyond the usual diplomatic and political comfortability transcending to a broad-based framework incorporating economics, trade and defence dimensions. In the given context, this paper is an empirical study aiming to examine the historical process in the gradual culmination of China–Pakistan relations into a broad-based partnership. It further evaluates the present nature of relationship between the two countries and the prospects it holds in the wake of changing world scenario. By primarily focusing on the secondary sources of data and interviewing key people from the decision-making circles, this paper argues that the China–Pakistan relation is deep-rooted in the history and the on-going collaboration between China and Pakistan in defence and economy is the natural evolution of their mutual ties.
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Jamil, Sobia, Syed Ali Shah, and Muhammad Shoaib Malik. "China-Pakistan Economic Interdependence." I IV, no. I (March 30, 2019): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(iv-i).09.
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This research paper presents an analytical overview of ChinaPakistan bilateral trade, Free Trade Agreements and Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan. Geo-economics has become a focal point in inter-state relations. Initially, geo-economics was analyzed by the theorists as an element of Geostrategic politics along with other elements for projecting power. According to realists and Neorealists, military power is the primary element of exercising power in global politics. Paul Kennedy was one of the leading scholars who discussed the relation between national power and economic resources of the country in his work entitled; The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.
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Sakeena. "CPEC Opportunities and Challenges for Pakistan." Volume 2, Issue 2 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.995757849.
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CPEC is a massive project that aims to change the geoeconomic dynamics of Pakistani Chinese relations and increase trade between the two countries in the region. Pakistan and China have had a bilateral relationship since 1949, shortly after China gained independence. Pakistan was the first Muslim country outside of the Soviet Union to recognise China as a legitimate state and establish diplomatic ties with it. China China's Pakistan Economic Corridor is a meticulously planned initiative. China will gain a very quick route to the Arabian Sea through Pakistan's Gwadar Port as a result of this Corridor. The project's initial value was 46 billion dollars, but it has since increased to 62 billion dollars, making it an unquestionably fantastic project. Pakistan and China have proposed three corridors as part of the CPEC's core focus. CPEC is offering 27 special economic zones across the country as part of its development programmes. China plans to connect Kashgar in northwest China with Gwadar in the Arabian Sea near the Iranian border as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. Gwadar, just outside the Gulf's mouth, would serve as a port for Middle Eastern oil that could then be transported to China through Baluchistan and the Karakorum Mountain.
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Ali, Iftikhar, Imran Ali Noonari, and Pervaiz Ali Mahesar. "UNDERSTANDING PAK-CHINA RELATIONS THROUGH CPEC: GEOSTRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS FOR SOUTH ASIA." Asia-Pacific - Annual Research Journal of Far East & South East Asia 38 (February 5, 2021): 182–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol38.iss0.3004.
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In the prevailing geopolitical environment, China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the new addition with hopes of exploring new horizons in economic cooperation and expected to have regional and global geopolitical implications. Strategic thinkers, policy-makers, and scholars have heralded CPEC as a magnificent trade and investment project of future geopolitics. Yet many analysts have raised their eyebrows about the USA and Chinese competition ultimately seeking robust security and economic strategy by China and Pakistan to avoid Indo-US designs. The objective of this study is to focus on the all-weather relationship, which China and Pakistan are enjoying with shared goals and interests in the region. This article focuses on the China and Pakistan relations while keeping in mind the emerging strategic partnership of the United States with Pakistan’s belligerent neighbour India through a neo-realistic perspective focused on structure and anarchy in the international political system.
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Mikhel, Irina. "RIVALRY AND PARTNERSHIP STRATEGIES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION." Vostokovedenie i Afrikanistika, no. 2 (2021): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rva/2021.02.06.
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This review analyzes recent publications by Pakistani authors on the policies of world powers in the Indian Ocean region, India-US cooperation and its implications for Pakistan, and recent Indo-Pakistan relations. The recent the U.S. containment doctrine on China has contributed to an American Pivot of Asia, an increased strategic partnership between the U.S. and India, a cooling of the U.S.-Pakistan relationship, and an increase in comprehensive cooperation between China and Pakistan. The establishment of a China-Pakistan economic corridor with access to the Indian Ocean near the Gwadar port becomes a matter of survival and a basis for future prosperity for China and Pakistan, while for the United States and its new allies it becomes a cause for serious concern and a reason for a new round of confrontation with China and Pakistan. The ongoing Indo-Pakistani rivalry is now also driven by Indian domestic politics and the role of Prime Minister Modi and his party.
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Ahmad Rashid Malik. "The Pakistan-China Bilateral Trade: The Future Trajectory." Strategic Studies 37, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 66–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.037.01.00231.
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Trade volume between Pakistan and China largely remained insignificant. It did not constitute a viable economic partnership between the two countries until the first decade of the present century. Bilateral trade could further strengthen Pakistan-China relationship. China-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in effect from July 2007, introduced a new dimension in the promotion of the bilateral trade. As Pakistan could not devise a dynamic trading policy toward China, this resulted in a huge trade deficit with China after 1984. Pakistani industry and exporters should adopt new measures to increase exports to China and to bring about a reasonable equality in mutual trading relations.
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Jun. "Higher Education Exchanges between China and Pakistan under Belt and Road Initiative." Pacific International Journal 5, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v5i2.140.
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China and Pakistan enjoy an all-weather relationship since the two countries established diplomatic relations in 1951. Over the past seven decades, the two sides developed iron-brother relationship which is recognize as the model of international relations. Entering into 21st century, the two countries starts to explore a solid educational exchanges with each other, and a growing number of universities and colleges in China and Pakistan started educational cooperation programs, with more and more Pakistani students coming to China to learn Chinese culture, language and majors. Meanwhile, many Chinese companies in Pakistan are in desperate need of talents who are familiar with Pakistan local situation and capable of speaking English, Chinese and the local language. The growing exchanges between the two countries in higher education promoted friendly relations between the two countries, and there is an increasing need for talents under the background of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. This paper will examine the educational exchanges between the two countries from four aspects: academic exchanges, China-Pakistan language programs, overseas students programs and educational platforms. The paper summaries the direction for future educational cooperation between the two countries.
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Kasi, Mirwais, Abdul Qadir, and Adil Zaman Kasi. "Pakistan-China Relations and Central Asian Republics." Global International Relations Review V, no. I (March 30, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-i).02.
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Pakistan-China relationship has survived the test of time and denotes the phrase of respect,advantages to both sides, and natural alignment. Both nations provided support for each other at regional and international levels, which not only worked to secure their own interests but is also attracting other regional actors to explore advantages for themselves out of the time-tested friendship of Pakistan-China.Central Asian Republics are also attracted to Pakistan-China as to benefit in multidimensional aspects. The Central Asian Republics desire for access to their energy resources to consumers, while Pakistan and China's objectives in Central Asia have been driven by their diplomatic, security obligations, economic advantages,and their aspiration to become an energy transit corridor in the region. Pakistan-China relations and their targets increase the interdependence environment between all these actors, which also provides an impetus where Pakistan-China rising influence in Central Asian Republics is anticipated. The significance of this article is that it analyzes the two prongs of Pakistan-China's growing influence in Central Asian Republics;the first is based on unilateral efforts of the two countries to explore more areas of cooperation with Central Asian Republics and the second is based in Pakistan-China bilateral relations impact on Central Asian Republics.
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Yasee, Zahid, Zakir Hussain, and Ammara Cheema. "China-Pakistan Strategic and Defensive Relations." Pakistan Social Sciences Review 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-ii)03.
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Sun Weidong. "Pakistan-China Relations: CPEC and Beyond." Policy Perspectives 14, no. 2 (2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/polipers.14.2.0003.
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Shaffer, Ryan. "China-Pakistan relations: a historical analysis." International Affairs 94, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 963–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy111.
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Waheed, Ahmed Waqas. "State Sovereignty and International Relations in Pakistan." South Asia Research 37, no. 3 (September 24, 2017): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728017725624.
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In Pakistan, the field of international relations (IR) theory remains firmly embedded in the ‘realist’ tradition, to the detriment of a wider range of considerations. This stranglehold, strengthened by the particular evolutionary trajectory of the Pakistani state as well as a complacent academia, seems to have created a vicious circle of knowledge reproduction, reinforced by various bids for power, or proximity to it. This article scrutinises specifically the dominant understandings in Pakistan of state sovereignty and security in a broadly historical perspective, showing how the rise of the military, combined with security paranoia, has prevented academic creativity in this field, including scrutiny of recent concerns over rather close China–Pakistan links.
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Hyder, Ghulam. "CPEC: Shifting Sands in Pakistan’s Foreign Policy." South Asian Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjhss.2022.v04i01.008.
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This paper is about the dramatic shifts in Pakistan’s diplomatic stance since its inception. The paper argues that Pakistan is unusual in having to depend upon short-term diplomacy to achieve the stability that other countries enjoy through long-term diplomacy. The article argues that this short-term diplomacy is the result of Pakistan being forced to improvise radically different diplomatic responses in the face of different and severe challenges in its international relations. Whilst the overriding challenge in Pakistan’s international relations has always been the existential threat posed by India, the shifting sands of alliances in its region between the U.S, China, Russia and India, wars and civil strife have prompted Pakistan to pivot alliances alternately between the U.S. and China whilst maintaining a difficult balancing act between them. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the latest shift in the sands of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy in recent times.
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Ahmedani, Dr Muhammad Munir, Dr Ghulam Fatima, and Hassan Bakhsh Noonari. "Pakistan-Iran Relations in a Regional Perspective." International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjmss.v2.3(21)4.24-28.
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From the source, Pakistan and Iran have been experiencing adequate relations on a large scale due to new priorities and changes in issues that authorize both neighbours to see a few challenges. This paper will explore whether Pakistan and Iran will really need to build a very close relationship in the near future. Regardless, Pakistan has successfully resolved its basic relations with Iran's common enemy Saudi Arabia. On the other hand after 9/11, Iran has been trying to build closer ties with Pakistan's permanent enemy in India. For how long, the article will affect Pakistan's relations with Iran. In addition the paper will include the necessary relations with Iran and Russia and China and it is common for that to continue that will prevent Iran from moving towards India
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Hassan, Syed Ali, and Areeja Syed. "Special Economic Zones: A Comparative Analysis of China and Pakistan." Global Foreign Policies Review IV, no. III (September 30, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2021(iv-iii).05.
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Pakistan and China enjoy close bilateral relations, owing to the ‘China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as China is developing a special economic zone across Pakistan under CPEC. SEZs are a new phenomenon for Pakistan and it’s the need of the hour for Pakistan to study the working mechanism of China’s SEZs to work on those challenges that Pakistan is facing due to non-expertise in this sector. China has a deep-rooted history as far as SEZs are concerned. With China’s experience and progress, a comparative analysis of Chinese SEZs could provide benefits for Pakistan. This study aims to give a comparative analysis of SEZs in both countries. A comparative analysis between China and Pakistan’s SEZ policies will help Pakistan in making better economic policies about Special economic zones.
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Shafi, Muhammad, and Ahmed Farhan Saeed. "Sino-Pak Relations (The Dominant Dimension through the Lens of Print Media)." Central Asia 87, Winter (April 6, 2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-87.119.
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Media, influences topics of public importance. In academia, the recent crescendo in Pak-China relationship is interpreted variedly, such as economic, political, security/strategic, social and even a section of society conjectures China as the second East India Company. The increasing reputation of China in Pakistan, projection of projects such as CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) and frequent reflection of the same in national media, also triggers the academic discussion. This study attempts to highlight various Dimensions of Pak-China relations under the framework of Agenda setting theory and to find out what dimensions, in particular, economic, political, security/strategic and social, dominate this relation? The methodology employed is mainly qualitative, sprinkled with empirical elements, such as data on Pak-China relations, drawn from print media of Pakistan. This might prove one modicum way to determine the nature of Pak-China relationship.
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Khetran, Mir Sher Baz, and Muhammad Anjum Saeed. "The CPEC and China-Pakistan Relations: A Case Study on Balochistan." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 03, no. 03 (January 2017): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740017500191.
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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) will not only enhance the strategic cooperation between Beijing and Islamabad, but also open up new avenues of economic development for the people of Balochistan. Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has declared that Gwadar will be connected with main cities to expose the full potential of Balochistan. According to statistics from the Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform, Balochistan is estimated to receive $7.1 billion initial investments through the CPEC, ranking second in its share from the total of $46 billion. The CPEC will connect Pakistan to Central Asia via the Eurasian Land Bridge planned under China’s “Belt and Road” initiative. The Pakistani government plans to hook up the country with Central Asia via Termiz (Uzbekistan), making Balochistan the central point of economic activities in the region. Balochistan, in general, and Gwadar, in particular, will hopefully become the linchpin of the CPEC. Significantly rich in mineral resources, Balochistan can contribute to regional economic integration and, in turn, benefit from this economic opportunity greatly.
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Ali, Tariq, Jikun Huang, and Wei Xie. "Bilateral Economic Impacts of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor." Agriculture 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020143.
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China is making large investments in Pakistan’s transport infrastructure under the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the bilateral impacts of these investments through several policy scenarios in 2025 using a global economic model. Our results show that due to transport infrastructure development, the GDP and welfare of both Pakistan and China will improve, with a maximum of 0.3% and 0.01% increase in GDP, and USD 2.6 billion USD 1.8 billion gains in welfare for Pakistan and China, respectively. Regarding mutual trade, Pakistan’s total and agricultural exports to China will increase in the range of USD 9.6–13.7 billion and USD 4.7–6.6 billion, respectively. The percentage increase in Pakistan’s net exports of agricultural commodities to China will be higher than that of non-agricultural products. Pakistan will tap into China’s import demand for fresh fruits and vegetables and other perishable food products. Due to changing trade relations, Pakistan’s production structure will undergo slight structural adjustments. For Pakistan’s agriculture sector, the rice and fruit sectors will be top gainers, with 2.1–2.6% and 1.2–1.7% output expansion, respectively. Pakistan will also experience some leveling of income due to a relatively higher increase in wages of unskilled labor than skilled labor. The output of China’s rice sector will drop the most (−1–−1.3%). Overall, the effects on China’s economy are minimal. We suggest several critical policy recommendations in light of our results, especially for Pakistan.
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Mir Sherbaz Khetran. "SCO Membership and Pakistan: Prospects of Relations with Central Asia." Strategic Studies 39, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.02.00113.
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In June 2017, Pakistan gained the permanent membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in its 16th Heads of State Summit in Astana. As its permanent member, Pakistan hopes to attain immense support to address its economic, security and social issues. By sharing a membership with two major regional powers, Russia and China, in SCO, Pakistan sees itself an elevated contributor to the regional development. Moreover, full membership of the SCO has the potential to improve the image of Pakistan in the international arena. This paper is an endeavour to look into the potential benefits of SCO membership, as well as Pakistan’s relationship with the Central Asian Republics (CARs).
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Prakoso, Septyanto Galan, Andriyansyah Perdana Murtyantoro, and Meisya Putri Intan Cahyani. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: China's Strategic Ambition." JURNAL ILMU SOSIAL 18, no. 1 (November 23, 2019): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jis.18.2.2019.81-92.
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China’s Silk Road concept known as Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) by Xi Jinping aims at strengthening China’s economic power. One part of the initiative is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Using a qualitative descriptive method, we attempt to explain how China and Pakistan integrate themselves in several aspects such as economic, military and politics. The CPEC establishment falls under the intention of both countries to gain more advantage in several aspects. The main objective of this journal is to explain non-economic and also economic interests behind China and Pakistan relations especially China’s strategic and geopolitical interests. This journal also analyzes Chinese counter-measures against Indian influence in the Indian Ocean. The conclusion of this research shows that China gain more benefits from CPEC especially after the deployment of China’s Navy into the Gwadar Sea Port.
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Imran, Muhammad, and Zubair Shafiq Jatoi. "Perception of Pak-China Relations in International Press: Comparative Analysis." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication V05, no. 03 (October 21, 2021): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v05-i03-12.
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This research has been conducted to examine the coverage and slant of the China-Pakistan bilateral relationship in the editorial pages (including Editorials and columns) of four noted newspapers (The New York Times, Times of India, Global Times, and Daily Dawn) in the world. The topic contains media coverage of most of the important developments, such as the "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor" and "Military and Strategic Cooperation", during the time period of January 2015 to December 2019. Quantitative and qualitative content analysis methods were applied to examine the selected categories of Sino-Pak relations. Coverage is analyzed in three dimensions, including positive, negative, and neutral, to develop balanced criticism, taking into account both the frequency and the severity of the reporting. The theoretical basis is based on hypotheses taken from the theory of framing. The study concluded that the Pakistani press gave more coverage to the stories related to Sino-Pak relations than other selected newspapers. Moreover, the Pakistani and Chinese press portray positive, while the Indian and American press covers it negatively. The study contributes to understanding the perception of the international press about regional affairs.
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Gholizadeh, Ali, Seyedashkan Madani, and Saba Saneinia. "A geoeconomic and geopolitical review of Gwadar Port on belt and road initiative." Maritime Business Review 5, no. 4 (April 29, 2020): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-11-2019-0051.
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Purpose By combining geopolitical and economic factors and from a geoeconomic perspective, the importance of Gwadar to China and Pakistan is discussed in detail. By applying geoeconomic approach and based on the historical approach, geographical and geopolitical conditions and international development trends of Gwadar port, the authors develop the analytical framework to analyze the Gwadar port and studied its importance in the development of China and Pakistan, as well as the positive influence on the economic growth of both countries. Design/methodology/approach A geoeconomic study is done to run a more profound and more comprehensive analysis of China–Pakistan economic relationship, as geoeconomic includes interrelations of geographical, geopolitical and economic factors in international relations. Findings The results show that Gwadar Port's development could enhance the economic security of both China and Pakistan. With the opening of Gwadar Port, oil and energy in the Middle East will be imported directly to China through Pakistan's oil pipeline. This is not only oil but also goods from Central Asia, and even Europe and the USA will land from Gwadar Port and enter China through the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The development of Gwadar port under the CPEC program could also dramatically increase the capacity of Pakistan's maritime trade while reducing its dependence on the current largest port, Karachi, near the India border. Originality/value Geo-economics theory is used to run a more profound and more comprehensive analysis of China–Pakistan economic relationship as geoeconomic includes interrelations of geographical, location, geopolitical and economic factors in international relations. By combining geopolitical and economic factors and from a geoeconomic perspective, this study seeks to analyze the Gwadar port development and its implications for both China and Pakistan.
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Ibrar, Muhammad, Jianining Mi, Muhammad Rafiq, and Liaqat Ali. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Ensuring Pakistan’s Economic Benefits." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 22, no. 1 (May 2019): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.1.38.
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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a well-crafted economic partnership between China and Pakistan which is expected to bring economic development and prosperity not only for the two neighboring countries but also for the whole South Asia. It is considered central to China-Pakistan relations and the CPEC will link Kashgar to Gawadar port through the extension of Silk Road initiative which is widely known as Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). With the investment of 46 billion US dollars, its completion is expected by 2030. CPEC is the most discussed and debated economic partnership and it has great geostrategic importance for Pakistan to counterbalance Indian influence in South Asia. However, the focus on geopolitical and location of the route has been dominated the important questions concerning “How Pakistan should ensure its economic benefit out of this mega project?” This paper, therefore, aims to develop a theoretical framework and put forward relevant recommendations on how Pakistan can ensure its economic benefits as compared to the forecasted economic and political benefits of China and the challenges ahead.
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Mahrukh Khan. "Pakistan-US Relations: Rethinking the Dependency Relationship." Strategic Studies 39, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.04.0096.
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The relations between Pakistan and the US have always remained asymmetrical – in nature akin to any such bilateralism where one country, given its status as a global power is able to relegate a smaller country as a peripheral or a total dependency status – one that exists between a dominant and a dependent country. The tensions between both the countries escalated to unprecedented levels with the beginning of 2018 when the US chose bullying as its choice of policy towards Pakistan. As a result of Trump’s policy overtures in the past one year, Pakistan opted for strategic closeness with its long-standing friend China and, hence, Islamabad initiated a policy of rapprochement with other countries including Russia and Turkey. The roots of Pakistan, as a peripheral state, are not a post-independence phenomenon instead their origin lies all the way colonial period inclusive of the unequal distribution of assets at the time of independence in 1947. The main focus of this paper is to evaluate Pakistan-US relations in light of the dependency theory. The paper will also attempt to highlight the evolving nature of Pakistan’s profile from a periphery country to a semi-periphery state, with lesser dependence on the core. In addition, this paper will also examine Pakistan’s relationship with other regional countries and the challenges faced by the former given the transitioning nature of Pakistan-US relations.
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Naz, Asmat. "China-pakistan Relations and Regional Development in the Context of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v4i2.497.
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Pakistan and China as all weather strategic partners have a history of glorious friendly relations. Both countries always try to make strong these relations through different geo-political, strategic and economic projects/agreements. The Pak-China Economic Corridor (CPEC) is also a key to make strong economic relations of both countries. It is considered to be an extension of China’s proposed 21st century Silk Road initiative and considered a centre for their relations. It is a huge project under construction that will undertake the construction of highway and railway links running through the areas from Gwadar in Baluchistan and culminating in Kashgar in western China, while passing through the regions of Baluchistan, Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and Gilgit-Baltistan (Khunjrab Pass) and run through most vital geostrategic locations. It will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries by the highway connecting Kashgar to Khunjrab and Gwadar. The CPEC is of high significance, as it making this region more economically viable, stable and sustainable. It is also one of many mega projects planned by China in Central, South and South East Asia for expanding its political and economic influence to counter the US influence in the region. China has made an attempt to fulfill multiple interests of its own by the financial investments in region on CPEC. It shall act as a trade bridge between China, Middle East and Europe through Pakistan and proved a source of economic benefits. The paper through the empirical and inductive research approach tries to identify the China-Pakistan relations and the regional development by the construction of CPEC. In this paper makes consideration of the main traits of the CPEC on both regions. It also emphasizes on the impacts on the economic situation of Pakistan at regional and global levels as well.
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Iqbal, Nayyer, and Umbreen Javaid. "CPEC: The U.S. Stance and its Impact on Pakistan-U.S. Relations." Global Political Review V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-i).17.
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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a cluster of infrastructure-build-up projects for Pakistan with Chinese assistance was signed in 2013. The Rise of China had kept the U.S. perturbed for the last two decades, however its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) added salt to injury. The U.S. expressed its displeasure over CPEC, its policy makers gradually started bracketing Pakistan with China. At a juncture, when the U.S. was already unhappy with Pakistan due to numerous Afghanistan- related developments, its serious discomfort with CPEC impacted the bilateral relations considerably. The U.S. has been close to Pakistan since its independence particularly during Afghan War and War on Terror both economically and militarily. Similarly, China is an all-weather friend and natural strategic ally against India. The CPEC-oriented grudge has brought the U.S. closer to India which is a serious concern for Islamabad. The question of balancing relations between U.S. and China perplexes Pakistan policymakers.
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Shahid, Tanweer, and Adam Saud. "CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICS IN CENTRAL ASIA: IMPEDIMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (June 30, 2022): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.524.
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Central Asia and Pakistan embrace distant neighbourhood and cordial relations. However, affluent potential of their relationship remained untapped and almost stagnant. This soaring state undergoes a pull and push of geopolitical contest of great and rising powers - ‘the new great game’, in Central Asia. The United States, Russia, China, India and their antagonism share convergence and divergence of interests. This interplay casts their positive and negative impacts on the future relations of Pakistan with Central Asia. This qualitative research, based on inductive reasoning, analyses impediments and opportunities for Pakistan in the Central Asia vis-à-vis the power play therein. Being devoid of a common border with Central Asia, Pakistan can acquire energy security and geopolitical weight engaging Central Asia whereas the latter can access the world through Pakistan’s Gwadar port and China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, unshackling off Russian dependency. Central Asia and Pakistan has potential to rejuvenate their relationships. Keywords: Geopolitics, Great game, Central Asia, Great powers, Foreign policy.
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Jahangir, Javeria. "Pak-China Defense Cooperation and Evolving International Relations." Forman Journal of Social Sciences 02, no. 01 (December 17, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32368/fjss.20220207.
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This study is about the impact of different global and regional changes resulting from PakistanChina’s defense cooperation and further examines the increasing range of diplomatic cooperation in the social, tactical, and economic realms. The paper focuses on three events: (i) the 1978 transformation of China and its opening-up policies; (ii) disbanding of the U.S.S.R (1991); and (iii) the event of 9/11 in the United States. These events had a significant influence on Pak-China ties. This study is a literature review and contributes to a better understanding of the evolving international systems namely the India-U.S. tactical relations and strategic cooperation. The paper concludes that China and Pakistan need to preserve amicable, strategic, and diplomatic connections with one another as it is necessary for the peace, security, and economic development of not only China and Pakistan but for the region overall. Keywords: Pakistan-China Relations, Indian Concern, Regional Peace, Defense Cooperation,
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Gul, Noman, Fareed Ullah, and Azmat Ali Shah. "Sino-US Global Competitive Dynamics Post 9/11 and its Impacts on Pakistan's Security." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review VI, no. II (June 30, 2021): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(vi-ii).16.
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In this paper we examine the security implications for Pakistan after the engagement of two powerful states, China and United States. After the incident of September 11, 2001 (9/11) and their security impacts in the capacity of Pakistan's domestic and peripheral front. Their rivalry in the 21st century at the geo strategic, geopolitical and geo-economic level have been explained on the basis of realism, neo-realism and complex interdependence philosophies of international relations. The drastic political and strategic change in the status of Kashmir propelled Pakistan and China to review their foreign policies in future. In response, China wants Pakistan a strategic partner to closely look onto Afghanistan's political crisis during and after the withdrawal of the US from Afghanistan. However, the strategic relationship nuclear partnership between America and India has allowed the Sino-Pak strategic and nuclear partnership to level the magnitude of the United States' influence in South Asia. The issue of cross border terrorism, infiltration from Afghanistan and Indian espionage policy further sabotaged peace and security calculus in Pakistan's internal and external levels. India-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership has further deteriorated Pakistan's relations with Afghanistan.
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Bhattacharya, Sumanta, Jayanta Kumar Ray, Shakti Sinha, and Bhavneet Kaur Sachdev. "THE GROWING RELATION BETWEEN CHINA AND PAKISTAN AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INDIA AND ITS CHALLENGES AHEAD." International journal of multidisciplinary advanced scientific research and innovation 1, no. 9 (November 29, 2021): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53633/ijmasri.2021.1.9.04.
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China and Pakistan diplomatic relation started from 1951 which has grown over the years. China is providing humongous weapons, aircrafts and submarines to Pakistan in spite Pakistan being in debt and now Turkey has also started to provide military weapons to Pakistan, the ultimate aim to is attack India .The string of pearls is a geopolitical strategic to surround Indian peninsular from all sides by creating naval base in its neighbor countries .The economic corridor of China and Pakistan is also a weapon to keep a check on India and amplify Pakistan influence in the Indian Ocean region by providing them powerful submarines. However due to China’s belt and road initiative project which is one of the most financial risk projects has made china lost its appetite to provide money for large infrastructure projects especially in Pakistan, the disagreement between Pakistan and China on CPEC has stopped the work ahead. China is also supporting the Maoist, North- East insurgency and terrorist groups in India by providing those arms and has also attacked India through Cyber warfare. China through the string of pears, CPEC, Belt and Road initiative is trying to encircle India. Keyword: China, Pakistan, India, CPEC, String of pears, military, diplomatic relations, Indian Peninsula, Indian Ocean
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Erie, Matthew S. "A Brief History of Pakistan–China Legal Relations." Made in China Journal 6, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/mic.06.02.2021.17.
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Jun and Masood Khalid. "Changing Geo-Political Dynamics Of China-Pakistan Relations." Pacific International Journal 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v5i3.217.
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In the 1940’s , China emerged as a new country on the world map. Pakistan was founded two years earlier than China. The geopolitical dynamics brought the two countries together ever since. While facing their own internal or external challenges, the two sides developed a close partnership in culture, society, and ideology, setting up a unique example of mutual understanding and cooperation. This article gives a detailed discussion and analysis on the relations of the two countries from a geopolitical perspective from 1950s to 2020s, a span of 70 years. The article starts with the diplomatic relations between the two sides in the 1950s, when the first generation leaders developed the diplomatic ties in a positive way. The friendship moved forward with frequent official visits, the building of the Karakorum Highway, the secret channel Pakistan played for China to establish diplomatic ties with US, mutual support on international issues. In the 21st century, the two sides enhanced their relations to all weather strategic relations under the background of BRI and CPEC. The article draws the conclusion that China's elevation and economic preeminence is shaping a new, prosperous and vibrant region. South Asia’s demographic and huge economic potential are promising. The two countries can join hands together to make this dream of a prosperous, secure and peaceful region by aligning with those who wish to win the race, leaving losers behind.
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Pant, Harsh V. "The Pakistan Thorn in China–India–U.S. Relations." Washington Quarterly 35, no. 1 (February 2012): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163660x.2012.642294.
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Parveen, Saima, and Syed Akhtar Ali Shah. "China Pakistan Economic Corridor:." Central Asia 85, Winter (January 20, 2020): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-85.11.
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In the changing regional geo-political scenario China, Pakistan and other regional countries are set to play a vital role in the emerging regional economic corridor. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as part of “One Belt, One Road” grand strategy connect countries with China through economic collaboration extending from South East Asia to the Europe through maritime and land routes comprised of emerging markets of Africa and Middle East energy resources.
This paper has investigated the significance of CPEC in parlance of theoretical framework of complex interdependence because the phenomenon of interdependence has tied state and non-state entities in economic and strategic dimensions. Regional connectivity results from systematic, upgraded and need-based interaction in perspective of CPEC for socio-economic, industrial, energy and trade development.
CPEC is important not only for Pakistan and China but also for the other regional countries such as Afghanistan, Central Asian Republics, Iran and India. As international and regional politics follows interest’s game hence CPEC has also become matter of concerns for both regional and international players which has been amply illustrated by this research. These concerns are followed by arguments that CPEC may be seen in a broader perspective of interdependency with emphasis on strategic and economic dimensions guaranteeing regional connectivity and integration.
CPEC can serve as a main trade avenue not only for China and Pakistan but for Central Asian Republics, Afghanistan, Iran and India as well. This study has argued that CPEChas the potential of becoming an energy transit corridor for growing economies. It has advantagesfor India also in form of improved infrastructure, communication and access to CARs market. Simultaneously it imparts an opportunity of flourishing and trade to the Afghanistan’s industries. Iran can also have benefit by ensuring Chabahar port outstretched to CPEC.
CPEC has potential geopolitical risks as hostile environment of South Asia and the respective power rivalry and policy shift of world powers towards this region as manifested by the US pivot to Asia and the former concern over Chinese presence in the Arabian Sea in Asian region, Gulf states considering of Gwadar Port as rival port, Indian opposition of CPEC by arguing that it passes through Pakistan’s held Kashmir on which India has also claim.
China and Pakistan in order to escape proxy tussle in Baluchistan need to settle Indian apprehension about the project, Confidence Building Measures (CBM) must be incorporated in order to promote closer ties with Afghanistan, Pakistan must attempt for having stable relations with Iran in order to overcome impediments to the CPEC success. By making CPEC a reality the benefits will be reaped by whole region and the very enmity of India with Pakistan and China can be turned into mutual beneficial economic relations. If India becomes a partner in the project then certainly the concerns of India will be settled down.
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Ishaque, Waseem, Jawad Shah, and Zahir Shah. "Pakistan-China Iron Brothers: A New Horizon of Inter State Relations." Global Regional Review IV, no. II (June 30, 2019): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-ii).05.
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From Pakistan’s perspective, the relationship with China is one of the core national interests, which has endured the test of times and is growing stronger every day. Since establishment of diplomatic relations in 1951, both countries have enjoyed respect, support and mutual trust. We are truly good neighbors, trusted partners, close friends and dear brothers. President Hu Jintao, described the relations as "higher than the Himalayas, deeper than the Indian Ocean and sweeter than honey" (Hu Jintao, 2006). Similar sentiments have been reciprocated by every segment of Pakistani society as China has a special place in the heart of Pakistani society and obvious foreign policy orientation. The existing level of bilateral relations has touched new heights and the two nation states are referred as Iron Brothers. This articles therefore, sketches evolution of bilateral relations from historical to contemporary times and suggests measures for furthering bonds of existing friendship.
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Farooq, Sobia, and Zahid Yousaf. "MEDIA FRAMING AND FOREIGN POLICY- DECISION MAKING: AN ANALYSIS OF PAK CHINA RELATIONSHIP (MEDIA PERSPECTIVE JAN 2012 TO DEC 2013)." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (June 30, 2022): 1058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.601.
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The present research Media Framing and Foreign policy- Decision Making: An analysis of Pak China relationship (Media perspective Jan 2012 to Dec 2013) is related and focused on the Pak China foreign relations, its media framing and impact of media framing on policy formulation. Basically, this study analyses the role of both foreign policy makers on media how they make them to interpret the policies through editorials and of Media how they help in formulating the policies or in decision makings. This article analysis the relationship study of China with Pakistan with respect to mutual and national interest. It explores how china and Pakistan take stands on certain issues and formulates foreign relationship with each other according to its diplomatic relations and requirements. The study is the result of the content analysis of newspapers of Pakistan and China, the study emphasis on the editorial coverage of selected newspaper, it examines the content of selected editorials according to the selected categories, and it helps in analyzing the relationship between media content and foreign policy in the china and Pakistan. Keywords: Framing, national interest, foreign policy, Pakistan, China, democracy, and diplomatic relations.
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Muhammad Faisal. "Impact of Geo-economics on Pak-China Strategic Relations." Strategic Studies 38, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.01.00162.
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Geo-economics is becoming an integral component of inter-state relations. States are employing economic instruments to project their power, thus, redefining their traditional relations with other states. Pakistan and China view each other as strategic partners. Over the decades, China has extended considerable economic, military and technical assistance to Pakistan. As both neighbours expand their economic relationship through infrastructure development and trade corridors, including the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), such cooperation will directly interact with their existing strategic partnership. Beijing and Islamabad have been pursuing their geo-strategic interests in a framework that is progressively being shaped by geo-economics. The Chinese role and interests, in shaping the regional security order, are increasing. Geo-economic instruments are being employed to achieve geo-strategic objectives in a region, which is already marked by conflict and instability. This study explores how expanding economic relationship between Beijing and Islamabad will influence the bilateral strategic engagement, and in turn, impact the dynamics of the regional security.
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Muhammad Munir. "Pakistan-China Strategic Interdependence: Post-9/11 Imperatives." Strategic Studies 38, no. 2 (August 9, 2018): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.02.00148.
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To understand Pakistan-China relations, it is necessary to discuss the evolution and development of their long term bilateral relations including factors and the environment that led to the consolidation of their strategic interdependence. The two countries initiated their bilateral relations by forging diplomatic ties and become close partners. They further engaged and consolidated their strategic interdependence and termed it as ‘Iron Brothers.’ This paper analyses basis of comprehensive cooperation under the different phases of Pakistan-China relations and the imperatives of interdependence between the two countries. It focuses on China’s importance and engagement in the emerging dynamics of South Asia, especially India’s efforts for regional superiority and its partnerships with major powers, particularly with the US. The outcome of discussion reflects that in the post 9/11 period, the imperatives of regional security, especially the growing Indo-US copertaion, added new dimensions to the Pakistan-China relationship.
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Lopes, João. "Pakistan-China Relations in the Big Context of the “Belt and Road Initiative”: An Analysis of the Political Reverberations on the Pakistan-China-India Relations." Revista Portuguesa de Ciência Política / Portuguese Journal of Political Science 13 (2020): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33167/2184-2078.rpcp2020.13/pp.33-48.
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The “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) is a massive infrastructure investment plan with a long-lasting strategic rational in its essence, namely the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) imply potential political consequences on the geopolitical basis and the regional balance of power, given that China-Pakistan relations converge on a common adversary — India. Nevertheless, China-Pakistan relations converged in the CPEC brings strategic assets for both of them, mostly to China, addressing the fact that this project implies a big shift of strategic Chinese thought, in the sense that it envisions alternative routes for the energy resources transportation, trade and, all together, Chinese influence in the Central Asia and Middle East area, at the same time, bringing development with consequences to these countries. Altogether, CPEC, and BRI in general, makes India very aware and apprehensive of this reality and the power shift of the regional balance of power to China, making the former respond with projects of its own. So, the strategic thought of China materialized by BRI will have serious consequences to the region, mostly to India.
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Freddy, Haans J. "China, India & Pakistan strategic triangle – the Pakistan factor in Sino-Indian relations." Global Affairs 6, no. 4-5 (October 19, 2020): 559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2020.1871300.
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Nitza-Makowska, Agnieszka. "The Implications of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor for Pakistan–European Union Relations." Nowa Polityka Wschodnia 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/npw20202402.
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Jamil, Sobia, Muhammad Shoaib Malik, and Syed Ali Shah Shah. "CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION: TRADE, INVESTMENT, ENERGY, INFRASTRUCTURE AND GWADAR PORT." II IV, no. II (June 30, 2019): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(iv-ii).05.
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This research paper presents an analytical overview of the ChinaPakistan Economic Cooperation Under the umbrella of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. This research study has employed the qualitative method in which secondary sources of data have taken from the existing literature, published and unpublished research works and primary data was collected by conducting interviews of International Relations experts to analyze the significance of Pakistan-Chinas Economic Cooperation and CPEC.
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Yousafzai, Iftikhar Ahmad, and A. Z. Hilali. "India’s Role as a Determinant in Pakistan-US Relations (2005-2015)." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v4i1.122.
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The United States adopted a policy of de-hyphenation in its relations with India and Pakistan in the post-09/11 period which continued to be operational in the period 2005-2015. This policy apparently meant that the United States would deal each of the two South Asian adversaries, India and Pakistan. The main reason for this phenomenon was that the policy-makers in the US saw India as a heavy-weight to counter the rising economic, political and military power of China in Asia. Pakistan could not be fitted in this strategic calculus. The United States changed its previous position on Kashmir and instead of calling for resolving this issue according to the United Nations resolutions, it stressed on bilateral negotiations. Similarly, the United States endorsed Indian stance that Pakistan was backing terrorist outfits that perpetrated acts of terrorism in India. Strategic partnership between The US and India extended cooperation in civil nuclear technology, missile defense, space technology and defense production. No such cooperation could be extended to Pakistan. Permanent membership in the UN Security Council for India was endorsed despite Pakistan’s objections.
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Hussain, Iqtidar, Israr Hussain, and Iqrar Hussain Qambari. "History of Pakistan–China Relations: The Complex Interdependence Theory." Chinese Historical Review 27, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2020.1831176.
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