Relevant bibliographies by topics / China Pakistan Economic corridor security challenges

Academic literature on the topic 'China Pakistan Economic corridor security challenges'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "China Pakistan Economic corridor security challenges"

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Kuszewska, Agnieszka, and Agnieszka Nitza-Makowska. "Multifaceted Aspects of Economic Corridors in the Context of Regional Security: The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor as a Stabilising and Destabilising Factor." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 8, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 218–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23477970211017719.

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This article investigates the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which involves a whole package of multiple cooperative initiatives aimed to accelerate connectivity via land routes and boost Sino-Pakistani collaboration. While channelling Chinese power and interests, this corridor, being a key part of the Belt and Road Initiative, may significantly affect the security landscape in conflict-prone South Asia, and the economic, political and social dynamics within Pakistan. Being a fragile state with multiple domestic challenges and asymmetric position vis-à-vis China, Pakistan is a valuable source for regional power game and China’s aspiration analysis. The comprehensive evaluation of economic corridors’ multidimensional impact on volatile regions with poor socio-economic background, contested political power and high-security risk fills a much-needed gap in contemporary security studies. We contend that CPEC may bring stabilising and destabilising results; yet, if certain conditions are not met, over the long term, the latter are likely to outweigh the former due to the various aspects of internal, bilateral and regional character. To evaluate the corridor’s multifaceted implications, firstly, we conceptualise CPEC within the selected international relations paradigms, and secondly, we empirically refer to our assumptions.
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Qumber, Ghulam, Waseem Ishaque, and Syed Jawad Shah. "Regional Security Implications of ChinaPakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)." Global Regional Review III, no. I (December 30, 2018): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2018(iii-i).04.

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CPEC is the first of the Belt and Road Initiative’s (BRI) six envisioned corridors and the flagship project connecting the belt from Kashgar with the maritime Silk Road at Gwadar Port of Pakistan. From Pakistan’s perspective, this project has been labelled “Fate Changer” for Pakistan and “Game Changer” for the entire region. CPEC is expected to bring significant economic and geo-strategic benefits for Pakistan and China. The expected investment of USD 60 billion will elevate Pakistan’s economy and security. Both the countries remain committed to see its timely completion. While CPEC offers opportunities at global, regional and domestic levels, it faces some internal and external challenges. Therefore, a comprehensive approach in realm of foreign policy initiatives, governance and security domains is required.
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Surahio, Muhammad Kashan, Shengyu Gu, Hakim Ali Mahesar, and Mansoor Mumtaz Soomro. "China–Pakistan Economic Corridor: Macro Environmental Factors and Security Challenges." SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 215824402210798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079821.

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Pakistan, excepting external issues, has been enduring from chronic problems, that is, political-military anarchy, bad-governance, interprovincial conflicts, social divisions, sectarian influence, and terrorism resulting negatively on inland politics, economics, socioculture, and techno-industry (PEST). This amplified domestic instability and governmental dependency toward external support. Appropriately, China’s recent FDI for CPEC is aimed to revive Pakistan’s energy, transport, infrastructure, industries and also procure China’s energy and trade transmission, and opportunities. So far, some studies separately have reported favorable and unfavorable effects emerged between projects and local PEST domains. Apart from numerous advantages, the drawbacks are also found many that are not limited to institutional concerns, project misappropriations, ethnic and provincial reservations, opposition, and targeted terrorism. Therefore, current study systematically revolves around exploring, comparing, and analyzing the cross-impact among CPEC, PEST, and Security concomitantly. Employing qualitative interviews, all-round literature, and statistical index datasets, study determines that the security risk is critical for Chinese manpower whereas the concerns of inter-government, projects, institutions, civil-military, and ethnicities are somehow manageable. Results show positive trend in Pakistan’s many PEST indicators except political violence, corruption, security costs and threats, electricity costs and supply, debts, imports, and forestry that are in continuous negative impact. Moreover, opposition, trust-deficit, and attacks against CPEC are yet unchanged factors. The study, therefore, argues that if negative impact factors are recognized for elimination, the CPEC as a result will improve the both host and investor environments with promised socioeconomic advantages, and minimize challenges including terrorism. In last, study also suggests various practical and policy implications.
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Chang, Yen-Chiang, and Mehran Idris Khan. "China–Pakistan economic corridor and maritime security collaboration." Maritime Business Review 4, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-01-2019-0004.

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Purpose This study aims to explore why marine development and maritime security in Pakistan are significant and what the Chinese concerns are. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyse a growing Pak–China bilateral interests, particularly at Gwadar, to achieve the geostrategic objectives of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a qualitative means to discuss the significance of China’s ambitions towards the CPEC project concerning strategic deep-sea management and maritime regulations in the region, with a particular focus on the Gwadar Port. Findings The paper concludes that the Gwadar Port is a critical element for maritime security in the whole region. The study also provides an analysis of national and international, security and legal challenges associated with CPEC. Originality/value Most of the potential outcomes have already been discussed in public, though a limited academic discussion is available on the legal aspects. It is particularly so with regard to the development and capacity building in the maritime sector of Pakistan under this project. This study aims to explore why marine development and maritime security in Pakistan is significant and what the Chinese concerns are.
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Muhammad Naeem Akbar Qazi. "China Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Game Changer Project." Review of Economics and Development Studies 5, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i3.733.

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Pakistan and China has a long history of bilateral relations but the period from 2002 – 2005 witnessed boosts in economic ties and leadership of both the countries carried out frequent visits in order to address various economic and strategic challenges. The location of Pakistan on the World map considered as geo-strategic was now also being seen as geo-economic through Chinese perspective. China driven by market forces, development of western provinces, and its energy security concerns, started thinking to expand westwards. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) being a subset of “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) was formally launched in 2013. This mega project has a potential to become a “game changer” for the region in general and Pakistan in particular. The opportune project faces a number of challenges which needs to be tackled in a timely and effective manner. Strategic location of Gwadar signifies its position in CPEC in many ways for Pakistan-China as well as for other regional countries.
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Anam, Rabia. "INTRODUCTION TO CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR PAKISTAN." International Journal of Advanced Economics 1, no. 1 (June 22, 2020): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v1i1.49.

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The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) consist of various projects related to energy, telecommunication, and highways linking Gwadar Port to China thus creating a shorter route. This route has strategic importance as it provide cost effective way of exporting Chinese products to the world market and reducing transportation cost on oil imported from Middle East to China. The CPEC project is beneficial for Pakistan as it has potential to reduce country’s energy shortage, boost economic growth, create jobs and reduce poverty. The challenges to the project include security issues, political will, and foreign interference. It is recommended that government of Pakistan include key stakeholders such as local people, communities, Chinese government, and neighboring countries in the process in order to better overcome these challenges.
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Nawaz, Faiqa. "Challenges to Maritime Security of Pakistan." Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjhss.2022.v07i02.004.

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Pakistan’s strategic significance in the maritime sphere has been at the center of debate. Particularly with the on- going development “Port of Gwadar” and how it may crop a new profitable armature in the region and encyclopedically. Still, the broader significance lies in the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) action by China that includes Port of Gwadar under China Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC), aiming to strengthen indigenous connectivity. In turn this study shows logical and descriptive approach for assessing theoretical substantiation to measure challenges to maritime security and how it may be affected by current challenges in the swell. Further, fabrics under transnational relations; regionalism, constructivism and critical security studies approach support the core argument “Challenges to maritime security of Pakistan”. The major finding of this study is apparent through collaborative security and how effective it has been in eradicating crimes in the swell. The major recrimination of this paper is to view challenges to maritime security as a coherent approach towards security and cooperation.
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Fayyaz, Shabana, and Salma Malik. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridors Security Concerns." Global Regional Review IV, no. IV (December 30, 2019): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iv).47.

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The paper reviews the (CPEC) from a security lens. The upshot of CPEC is to bring in peace and prosperity in the region through laying a mix of road networks, railways, and pipelines in this area. It envisions to transform Pakistan by upgrading its economic profile through connectivity with adjacent regions, addressing energy shortfalls, and expanding societal links between Pakistan and China. Both sides perceive CPEC to be a game-changer. However, there are key challenges to establish a sphere of co-security interdependence through CPEC. The core risks and opportunities associated with the implementation of this crucial project are highlighted in this study. The paper dwells on the security dimensions of the CPEC from an integrated conception of security - to stamp the CPEC as a safety valve not only for Pakistan and China but for a host of countries associated with it
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Ullah Khan, Hashmat, and Shan Yu. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Meeting Security Challenges in Balochistan Through Trade and Development." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 5 (November 8, 2022): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-5-86-135-149.

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The article explores the prospects of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) for developing the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan, full of natural resources; it has geostrategic importance due to its location, long coastal line, Gwadar port, and the recently launched CPEC project. It remains an economically underdeveloped and socially and politically marginalized province, facing extensive poverty and lack of economic opportunities despite the enormous economic potential, separatism movements, terrorism, and severe clashes with the federal government over its financial share in the state's divisible pool and natural resources found in the province. Economic backwardness is one of the main reasons behind the critical challenges in the province. In this regard, it is essential to analyze the prospects of CPEC projects for the province's economic, social, and political redevelopment and how CPEC can improve the security situation and resolve the separatist movements in the province. CPEC provides potential opportunities for improving the economic and security situation in the province and the region on the whole, as it brings a huge amount of Chinese foreign direct investment to the province, creates jobs, encourages infrastructure development, establishes special economic zones, and turns the province into a corridor of regional trade connecting it with other economies. The article substantiates that CPEC has prospects to cool down the Baloch uprising, bring peace, prosperity, and stability, solve the economic crises, decrease poverty and improve the country's living conditions and region.
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Qazi, Muhammad Naeem Akbar. "Comparatives of CPEC in Region and its Future." Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS ) 6, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 055–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06031815.

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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was launched in 2015 when 51 agreements and MoUs (Memorandums of Understanding) worth USD 46 billion were signed between China and Pakistan. This grand-scale bilateral project is a flagship constituent of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). CPEC started with the goal of modernizing Pakistan’s road, rail, air, and energy transportation systems and enhancing connectivity between its Gwadar and Karachi ports to the Chinese province of Xinjiang and beyond. For Pakistan, CPEC not only meant an opportunity to address its existing challenges like the energy crisis but also a golden moment to emerge as a hub for economic activities in the region. This article discusses comparatives in Geo-Strategic countries, which can suggest the future course of CPEC projects. India, Russia, and Iran have agreed in 2000 to construct a route between Mumbai and St-Petersburg through Tehran and Moscow to facilitate the movement of energy resources from Central Asia. Likewise, China-Pakistan Corridor will increase economic activity between both countries and the region. This Corridor may also be beneficial to “String of Pearls” that China’s “culture” to save its sea lives of communication catering to protect oil and gas supplies, which are emerging from the Gulf of Persia, Middle East, and China. Investors will take advantage of various economic-related activities to promote the agriculture industry, tourism, construction activities, vehicle industry, information technology, etc. Corridors will fulfil the energy resource needs of many countries through the Caspian Sea and Central Asian Republics. However, this project is facing internal and external threats, Pakistan is facing terrorist attacks, and the Chinese province Xinjiang is facing threats. Serious security threats to this project are likely to emanate from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. The Uighur terrorists have a close relationship with the Taliban in FATA, which is a serious and adverse threat to Chinese interests in Pakistan. This thesis is an effort to find reasons and suggest suitable measures for the Government to sort out challenges to avoid delays in the implementation and completion of the project.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "China Pakistan Economic corridor security challenges"

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HAUNG, JUI-CHING, and 黃瑞青. "The Opportunities and Challenges of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in China's One Belt One Road Initiative." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nb8524.

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碩士
國立中正大學
戰略暨國家安全碩士在職專班
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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, the flagship program in One Belt One Road, connecting Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st - century Maritime Silk Road has been pour $62 billion investment by China. CPEC is bound to have geopolitical implications for linking western China and Arabian sea. CPEC could strengthen China’s oil and gas supply line in Central and South Asia to avoid ‘Malacca Dilemma’, as well as balance U.S. and India’s influence in South China Sea and South Asia subsequently. However there are challenges, such as Pakistan political turmoil, armed extremist’s violence and Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan, creating uncertain factors for ongoing infrastructure projects and its future development. This thesis focuses on the opportunities and challenge of CPEC and tries to figure out the risk hiding behind the great development blueprint from China, Pakistan and international perspective.
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Books on the topic "China Pakistan Economic corridor security challenges"

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Zhu, Ying, You-il Lee, Mary Bambacas, S. Tamer Cavusgil, and Arshia Mukhtar. Cross-Cultural Challenges of Managing 'One Belt One Road' Projects: The Experience of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Zhu, Ying, You-il Lee, Mary Bambacas, S. Tamer Cavusgil, and Arshia Mukhtar. Cross-Cultural Challenges of Managing 'One Belt One Road' Projects: The Experience of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Cross-Cultural Challenges of Managing 'One Belt One Road' Projects: The Experience of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Department of Defense. Analysis of the Primary Driver for China's Belt and Road Initiative (Bri) - Security Versus Economics - Maritime Silk Road, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (Cpec) Infrastructure Network Project. Independently Published, 2018.

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Verhoeven, Harry, and Anatol Lieven, eds. Beyond Liberal Order. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197647950.001.0001.

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What does liberal order actually amount to outside the West, where it has been most institutionalised? Contrary to the Atlantic or Pacific, liberal hegemony is thin in the Indian Ocean World; there are no equivalents of NATO, the EU or the US–Japan defence relationship. Yet what this book calls the "Global Indian Ocean" was the beating heart of earlier epochs of globalisation, where experiments in international order, market integration and cosmopolitanisms were pioneered. Moreover, it is in this macro-region that today's challenges will face their defining hour: climate change, pandemics, and the geopolitical contest pitting China and Pakistan against the USA and India. The Global Indian Ocean states represent the greatest range of political systems and ideologies in any region, from Hindu-nationalist India and nascent democracy in Indonesia and South Africa, to the Gulf's mixture of tribal monarchy and high modernism. These essays by leading scholars examine key aspects of political order, and their roots in the colonial and pre-colonial past, through the lenses of state-building, nationalism, international security, religious identity and economic development. The emergent lessons are of great importance for the world, as the "global" liberal order fades and new alternatives struggle to be born.
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Book chapters on the topic "China Pakistan Economic corridor security challenges"

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Imran, Muhammad, Murad Ali, and Muhammad Saleem Janjua. "Urban development challenges under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)." In International Perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative, 81–99. New York : Routledge, 2021. | Identifiers: LCCN 2020050915 (print) | LCCN 2020050916 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367427320 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367854645 (ebook): Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367854645-6.

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Wolf, Siegfried O. "Challenges Towards the Implementation and Functioning of the CPEC." In The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative, 93–123. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16198-9_5.

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Akbar, Usman, Rui-Na Fan, and Quan-Lin Li. "A Route Option for Different Commodity Groups in International Trade: China Pakistan Economic Corridor." In Stochastic Models in Reliability, Network Security and System Safety, 446–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0864-6_23.

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Hong, MI, LI Yuan, and MA Qiyini. "Research on population migration and water-energy-food security in China–Pakistan Economic Corridor." In “The Belt and Road” International Migration of Asia, 152–72. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003189473-10-10.

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Bianchi, Robert R. "Pakistan." In China and the Islamic World, 29–48. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915285.003.0004.

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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is the initial showcase for the New Silk Road as a whole. Its implementation has triggered a cascade of conflicts among Pakistan’s ethnic groups, provinces, and civic organizations. It has also sharpened tensions between civilian politicians and military leaders that test Pakistan’s constitutional and democratic principles. Chinese officials were stunned by these challenges and responded with an improvised blend of denial, self-contradiction, and constructive learning. China became more and more involved in direct bargaining with a host of Pakistani actors because several security concerns raised the stakes, making failure seem unacceptable. Common worries about Kashmir, Afghanistan, hydropolitics, and U.S.-Indian cooperation pushed Beijing and Islamabad closer together while drawing China more deeply into Pakistan’s domestic affairs. Many of the lessons that Chinese officials learned and failed to learn from these experiences are also relevant in dealing with other would-be partners along the New Silk Road.
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Khalid, Ijaz. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor." In Opportunities and Challenges for Multinational Enterprises and Foreign Direct Investment in the Belt and Road Initiative, 81–101. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8021-9.ch004.

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The chapter consists of highlighting how CPEC initiated and linked China to the Arabian Sea by the shortest route through Pakistan. The chapter then elaborates Chinese and Pakistani relations in detail started from the birth of the PRC to the current joint venture of CPEC. This part of the work also covers Beijing's short- and long-term interests for they invest billions of dollars in the war torn state of Pakistan. Firstly, it defines CPEC in the contour of BRI that covers the regions of Asia, Africa, and Europe including more than 64 countries of these regions with investment of trillions of dollars to maintain the Chinese economic growth that has lasted for three decades. Secondly, with special reference to CPEC, PRC expects the shortest route to connect Kashghar with the Indian Ocean and permanently put an end to the Malacca dilemma. Thirdly, the study identifies Pakistan as a strong counter actor to India. Finally, it explains their political, diplomatic, economic, and strategic interests associated to the flagship project.
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Duarte, Paulo Afonso Brardo. "Central Asia's Role in China's Energy Security." In Economic Dynamics of Global Energy Geopolitics, 167–91. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4203-2.ch009.

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Central Asia has gained extraordinary importance in recent years in the framework of global energy security. China is the most significant example of a power that looks to its periphery as a viable option for energy supply. In Central Asia, Chinese companies are dynamic players having even broken the long Soviet and Russian monopoly over regional pipelines. This chapter examines the importance of the region within China's energy security, while not overlooking the potential contribution of the China-Pakistan economic corridor in the energy transit. In addition, Central Asia is likely to help China reduce the energy deficit in Xinjiang, through the import of hydroelectricity generated in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Although Central Asia's contribution to global energy security is low, it matters in a context of energy diversification, in which China's One Belt One Road brought a more promising dynamics to the cooperation between Beijing and Central Asian countries.
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Ahmad, Manzoor. "China’s Role and Interest in Central Asia." In China's International Investment Strategy, 385–96. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827450.003.0021.

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The chapter gives an overview of the Chinese investments in the Central Asian states and also provides an in-depth analysis of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (or CPEC). These investments constitute important components of China’s three-pronged investment strategy comprising bilateral, regional, and global tracks. The roads, rails and pipelines not only ensure supply of energy resources from and through these countries but also enable China and these countries to become connected to Europe, Middle East, and Africa through alternative routes. Moreover, linking of these countries through BRI also provides the landlocked Central Asian countries access to open seas. The chapter also discusses the challenges that will have to be addressed to make the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor a success that can be replicated in the other five main corridors.
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Markey, Daniel S. "South Asian Entanglements." In China's Western Horizon, 43–79. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680190.003.0003.

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This chapter describes the intersection of Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian economic, political, and security interests in South Asia. It introduces a brief history of China’s interaction with South Asia and explains how China now perceives its economic, security, and diplomatic goals in the region. It shows how Pakistanis are divided in their perceptions of China and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, and explains how the military and other establishment figures are likely to gain from closer ties, while liberals and other opposition groups stand to lose. It details how Pakistan benefits from its military ties to China, especially in the areas of nuclear weapons, missiles, and drone technologies, and how China’s diplomatic support shields Pakistan from international pressure. It evaluates that on balance, China’s deepened regional presence and economic, military, and diplomatic assistance to Pakistan will tend to raise tensions with India.
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Naqvi, Ijlal. "Conclusion." In Access to Power, 151–62. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197540954.003.0008.

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Abstract This chapter concludes the book and has four major objectives. It first summarizes the key points of the book by building up from the individual level of analysis to the national challenges. Second, it brings the apex field of national power into the picture of this book’s study of the state in Pakistan. Third, it provides some original ideas toward addressing key challenges of the power sector. Finally, it discusses the recent influx of Chinese investments in the Pakistani power sector as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is the flagship effort leading the rollout of the Belt and Road Initiative.
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Conference papers on the topic "China Pakistan Economic corridor security challenges"

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Sarmad, Tahira, and Muhammad Abbas Choudhary. "Implementation Challenges and Handling Project Management Complexities in China-Pakistan Economic Corridor." In 2019 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/picmet.2019.8893801.

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Tayyab, Saad, Arshad Hussain, Fazal Haq, and Sarfraz Ahmed. "Policy proposal to solve road traffic accidents in Pakistan." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1197.

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The road traffic accidents (RTAs) have raised concern globally and become worsen with the passage of time that expedite issues of social exclusion and public health. There are approximately 1.35 million people involved annually in road crashes and 3,700 people died on daily basis. A ratio of happening an accident has found greater in developing countries due to govern of their socio-economic factors. It would contribute in long-lasting cost of pain and sufferings at micro to macro level at large. Pakistan has been experiencing the same with an annual trend of increase in RTAs. There are many demographic factors involved particular to urbanization, and willingness to pay etc. where policies had contributed a major role. A loss of 30 thousand lives on annual basis has placed Pakistan at 67th position on global ranking of having higher percentage of RTAs. This number could expect to be doubled with the functional operation of road projects associated with China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Currently, the main challenge is to sustain the growing number of RTAs by promoting mitigation measures that aimed to move ahead on sustainable and balanced development. An adequate response to address these challenges will require best available scientific knowledge and constant re-evaluation of the developments. It will fulfil the scope of this study to identify frequent causes and propose strategies for traffic calming measures in light of those findings, and also to make ensure that it would respond to emerging needs. A comparative investigation into the literature has assisted to identify key issues for occurrence of road accident fatalities (RAFs) and severe injuries. It has highlighted and recommended those gap areas either in policy or strategy domain that need to consider in dealing with RTAs mitigation tactics (e.g., licencing system upgradation, enforcing safety laws, and etc.).
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