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1
Sullivan, Jonathan, and Bettina Renz. "Representing China in the South Pacific." East Asia 29, no. 4 (April 13, 2012): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12140-012-9177-0.
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Chen, Ruidan, Zhiping Wen, and Riyu Lu. "Large-Scale Circulation Anomalies and Intraseasonal Oscillations Associated with Long-Lived Extreme Heat Events in South China." Journal of Climate 31, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0232.1.
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Abstract South China experiences extreme heat (EH) most frequently in eastern China. This study specifically explores the large-scale circulation anomalies associated with long-lived EH events in south China. The results show that there is an anomalous cyclone (anticyclone) and active (inactive) convection over south China (the western Pacific) before the EH onset; then, an anticyclone develops and moves northwestward and dominates over south China on the onset day. The anomalous anticyclone maintains its strength over south China and then diminishes and is replaced by another cyclone migrating from the western Pacific after the final day of the EH event. Consequently, the temperature increases over south China around the onset day and is anomalously warm for approximately 10 days on average and then decreases shortly thereafter. The fluctuating anomalies over south China and the western Pacific are intimately related to two intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) modes, namely, the 5–25- and 30–90-day oscillations, which originate from the tropical western Pacific and propagate northwestward. The 5–25-day oscillation is vital to triggering and terminating EH, accounting for approximately half of the original temperature and circulation anomaly transitions. The 30–90-day oscillation favors the persistent warming during EH events, accounting for approximately one-third of the original prolonged warming and anticyclonic anomaly. This result suggests that different ISO modes play crucial roles at different stages of the events. Moreover, a higher annual frequency of long-lived EH days in south China is associated with the transition phase from El Niño to La Niña. It is suggested that both medium-range and interannual forecasting of long-lived EH in south China are possible.
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Panwar, Yukti. "South Korea’s Approach to the Indo–Pacific." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 1, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v1i6.58.
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South Korea, along with Japan has been a traditional US ally in East Asia since 1945. The alliance grew even stronger with the Korean War. South Korea is still one of those nations where we can see a deep imprint and influence of the US mixed with their Japanese colonial past and their rich heritage. There are a few more important things to note about South Korea today. South Korea is highly dependent on the USA in terms of its security, even though its defence sector is highly developed and advanced. Its biggest security threat is the nuclear rogue state of North Korea. In recent decades, China and South Korea have been increasingly engaging in trade relations. China has always been the closest ally of North Korea, and with Seoul being disproportionately dependent on Beijing – has made it prudent for Seoul to have friendly ties with China, which can come in handy in the process of denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula
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Cai, Penghong. "The South China Sea: Troubled Waters in China-U.S. Relations." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 03, no. 02 (January 2017): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740017500130.
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Similar to his foreign policy and strategic thinking, President Trump’s South China Sea policy features strong uncertainty. The new president is keen on enhancing U.S. military strength, but often uses “suspense” to achieve better deals on the negotiation table. Whether the practice can be directly linked to the rebalancing strategy is uncertain, but it can be said that the Trump administration is seeking peace through stronger military power, which will exert complex impact on the security situation of the South China Sea as well as the rest of the Asia-Pacific region. President Trump believes that the United States should consolidate its maritime supremacy in the Asia-Pacific, yet seeking confrontation and conflicts is by no means a policy option for the United States to maintain its regional hegemony. In comparison, China’s approach to resolving disputes and the security dilemma with the United States is to seek common ground while shelving disputes. Both countries should try to enhance their mutual understanding on the South China Sea issue for sustainable development of China-U.S. relations.
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Kim, Ki-Su. "South Korea’s Geoeconomic Response to the United States’ Geopolitical Approach." Asian Social Science 16, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n4p25.
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The United States “Indo-Pacific strategy” itself entails geopolitics. Since 2017, the Indo-Pacific has emerged as a major strategic region for America’s diplomacy and security. Against this backdrop, the Indo-Pacific strategy extends both the “Asia Rebalancing Strategy” and the “Asia-Pacific Security Alliance” regime to the Indian Ocean, while seeking to bring emerging countries, such as China and India, into the U.S.-led international order. Major East Asian countries are actively employing economic means to advance their geopolitical goal -- reshaping the regional order in their own favor. The U.S. has shown a confrontational and exclusionary attitude toward China in terms of politics, economy and security, while the ASEAN has sought to promote inclusiveness by publicly expressing opposition to the exclusion of China. The ASEAN highlighted economic cooperation with China, while the U.S. focused on military and security aspects. The Indo-Pacific strategy will not be able to succeed without the participation of the ASEAN that serves as a crucial geopolitical link between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Another important factor is that unlike former U.S. President Obama, who championed the Asia-Pacific rebalance, President Donald Trump does not show keen interest in the Indo-Pacific strategy. At the same time, President Moon Jae-in has been cautious about engaging in security issues that go beyond the Korean Peninsula or the Northeast Asia -- namely joining in any collective move to contain China. Currently, South Korea is grappling with the geopolitical challenges by expressing support for the ASEAN's geoeconomic approach. Instead of choosing whether to participate in the U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy, South Korea is seeking common ground between the strategy and its “New Southern Policy.” In other words, the New Southern Policy is a kind of buffer zone. South Korea is taking a geoeconomic response that focuses on developing the regional economy rather than adhering to the strategic and military role of the U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy.
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Fung, K. C., Hsiang-Chih Hwang, Jesús Seade, and Rocky Tung. "Mexico, Brazil and Chile: potential links with China and South Korea." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 9, no. 3 (October 3, 2016): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-10-2016-033.
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Purpose In this paper, the authors aim to examine trade in parts and components of Mexico, Chile and Brazil, focusing in particular on trade of television parts (SITC 7711) and semiconductors (SITC 7763) with China and South Korea. They also study the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on supply chain activities. Design/methodology/approach The authors use sub-categories of trade data to look at export and import of parts and components involving China, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil and Chile. They also use two-stage regressions to examine the impact of FDI on supply chain trade. Findings The authors found preliminary evidence that there may be early signs of an emerging Trans-Pacific production network between these three Latin American economies and the China-based and South Korea-based East Asian supply chains. The authors argue that this budding network will improve economic welfare. To deepen the Trans-Pacific supply chain, it would be desirable for China and South Korea to consider joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). In addition, FDI enhances trade in components. Practical implications To deepen the Trans-Pacific supply chain, it would be desirable for China and South Korea to consider joining the TPP. In addition, it would be beneficial for these Latin American economies to encourage more direct investment in infrastructure and in manufacturing facilities from Asia. Originality/value This paper is one of the earliest research papers examining the Trans-Pacific supply chain, linking China, South Korea with Mexico, Brazil and Chile. The authors also study the impact of FDI on supply chain activities.
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BITNER, MARIA ALEKSANDRA, and MARCO ROMANIN. "Recent brachiopods from the South China Sea, NW Pacific." Zootaxa 4306, no. 2 (August 16, 2017): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4306.2.9.
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Three articulated brachiopod species have been recognized in material collected during the 2014 French-Taiwanese cruise DongSha to the South China Sea, NW Pacific: Terebratulina japonica (Sowerby, 1846), Macandrevia sp. and Nipponithyris afra Cooper, 1973. Nipponithyris afra is noted for the first time from the Northern Hemisphere and the genus Macandrevia is reported for the first time from the West Pacific. All species are reported for the first time from the South China Sea, extending their biogeographical range.
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Hong, Yuanyuan, Moriaki Yasuhara, Hokuto Iwatani, and Briony Mamo. "Baseline for ostracod-based northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific shallow-marine paleoenvironmental reconstructions: ecological modeling of species distributions." Biogeosciences 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-585-2019.
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Abstract. Fossil ostracods have been widely used for Quaternary paleoenvironmental reconstructions, especially in marginal marine environments (e.g., for water depth, temperature, salinity, oxygen levels, pollution). But our knowledge of indicator species autoecology, the base of paleoenvironmental reconstructions, remains limited and commonly lacks robust statistical support and comprehensive comparison with environmental data. We analyzed marginal marine ostracod taxa at 52 sites in Hong Kong for which comprehensive environmental data are available. We applied linear regression models to reveal relationships between species distribution and environmental factors for 18 common taxa (mainly species, a few genera) in our Hong Kong dataset and identified indicator species of environmental parameters. For example, Sinocytheridea impressa, a widely distributed euryhaline species throughout the East and South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific, indicates eutrophication and bottom-water hypoxia. Neomonoceratina delicata, a widely known species from nearshore and estuarine environments in the East and South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific, indicates heavy metal pollution and increased turbidity. The 18 taxa used for this study are widely distributed geographically and divided into the following groups: widespread (throughout the northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific regions), temperate (South China Sea to Russia (Sea of Japan coast) and Japan), subtropical (Indo-Pacific to the East China Sea), tropical (Indo-Pacific and South China Sea), and globally distributed. With statistical support from ecological modeling and comprehensive environmental data, these results provide a robust baseline for ostracod-based Quaternary–Anthropocene paleoenvironmental reconstructions in the tropical–extratropical northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific. Highlights. We provide a robust baseline for ostracod-based (microscopic Arthropods) paleoenvironmental reconstructions from Quaternary and Anthropocene marginal marine sediments. The studied species have wide distributions over the tropics and extratropics of the northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific. Ecological modeling has established ostracod species as reliable indicators for paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
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Frère, Céline H., Peter T. Hale, Lindsay Porter, Victor G. Cockcroft, and Merel L. Dalebout. "Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA sequences suggests revision of humpback dolphin (Sousa spp.) taxonomy is needed." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 3 (2008): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07120.
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Humpback dolphins (Sousa spp.) have a wide distribution in the tropical Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans and a confused taxonomy. Morphological assessments suggest three species groupings – Sousa teuszii (eastern Atlantic), Sousa plumbea (western Indo-Pacific), and Sousa chinensis (eastern Indo-Pacific) – but most taxonomies recognise only two species – S. chinensis (Indo-Pacific), and S. teuszii (Atlantic). To investigate phylogenetic relationships, mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (338 base pairs) from 72 Sousa representing three populations in the Indo-Pacific (South Africa: S. plumbea, n = 23; China: S. chinensis, n = 19; and Australia: S. chinensis, n = 28), and S. teuszii in the Atlantic (Mauritania, n = 2) were generated. All three Indo-Pacific populations formed robust, monophyletic clades with high bootstrap (BS) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) scores. Surprisingly, humpback dolphins from South Africa and China formed a strongly-supported clade with the Atlantic S. teuszii (BS 63%, BPP 0.92) to the exclusion of animals from Australia. Genetic divergence between animals from China and Australia (DA = 8.4% ± 2.47%) was greater than between China and South Africa (DA = 5.1% ± 1.80%). These results strongly suggest that Australian humpback dolphins are not S. chinensis but may represent a distinct species in their own right.
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Wang, Pinxian, Chi-Yue Huang, Jian Lin, Zhimin Jian, Zhen Sun, and Minghui Zhao. "The South China Sea is not a mini-Atlantic: plate-edge rifting vs intra-plate rifting." National Science Review 6, no. 5 (September 2019): 902–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz135.
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Abstract The South China Sea, as ‘a non-volcanic passive margin basin’ in the Pacific, has often been considered as a small-scale analogue of the Atlantic. The recent ocean drilling in the northern South China Sea margin found, however, that the Iberian model of non-volcanic rifted margin from the Atlantic does not apply to the South China Sea. In this paper, we review a variety of rifted basins and propose to discriminate two types of rifting basins: plate-edge type such as the South China Sea and intra-plate type like the Atlantic. They not only differ from each other in structure, formation process, lifespan and geographic size, but also occur at different stages of the Wilson cycle. The intra-plate rifting occurred in the Mesozoic and gave rise to large oceans, whereas the plate-edge rifting took place mainly in the mid-Cenozoic, with three-quarters of the basins concentrated in the Western Pacific. As a member of the Western Pacific system of marginal seas, the South China Sea should be studied not in isolation on its origin and evolution, but in a systematic context to include also its neighboring counterparts.
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Garin, Artyom A. "Official Development Assistance as an Aspect of the Australia-China Competition in the South Pacific." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 4(49) (2020): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-3-4-49-193-205.
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Due to China's increasing involvement in South Pacific, there is a growing interest on the part of the middle and great powers in providing the Pacific island States with an increasing amount of material assistance. With its unique geographical location, as well as numerous initiatives in the humanitarian, trade, economic and defence areas, Australia's influence is reinforced by its status as the major ODA source in Oceania. At the same time, despite Australia's clear advantage in providing ODA to South Pacific states, the region is attracting an increasing number of countries aimed at providing ODA to South Pacific countries, especially China.
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Kajikawa, Yoshiyuki, and Bin Wang. "Interdecadal Change of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset." Journal of Climate 25, no. 9 (May 2012): 3207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00207.1.
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A significant advance in the onset dates of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) is detected around 1993/94: the epochal mean onset date is 30 May for 1979–93 and 14 May for 1994–2008. The relatively late onset during the first epoch is primarily determined by the northward seasonal march of the intertropical convergence zone, whereas the advanced onset during the second epoch is affected by the enhanced activity of northwestward-moving tropical disturbances from the equatorial western Pacific. During 1994–2008, the intraseasonal variability (ISV) over the western Pacific was enhanced during the period from mid-April to mid-May; further, the number of tropical cyclones (TCs), which passed through the South China Sea (SCS) and Philippine Sea during the same period, is about doubled compared with those occurring during 1979–93. This enhanced ISV and TC activity over the SCS and Philippine Sea are attributed to a significant increase in SST over the equatorial western Pacific from the 1980s to 2000s. Therefore, the advanced SCSSM onset is rooted in the decadal change of the SST over the equatorial western Pacific.
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Chen, Jiepeng, Xin Wang, Wen Zhou, Chunzai Wang, Qiang Xie, Gang Li, and Sheng Chen. "Unusual Rainfall in Southern China in Decaying August during Extreme El Niño 2015/16: Role of the Western Indian Ocean and North Tropical Atlantic SST." Journal of Climate 31, no. 17 (September 2018): 7019–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0827.1.
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Previous research has suggested that the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC) can generally persist from an El Niño mature winter to the subsequent summer, influencing southern China precipitation significantly, where southern China includes the Yangtze River valley and South China. Since the late 1970s, three extreme El Niño events have been recorded: 1982/83, 1997/98, and 2015/16. There was a sharp contrast in the change in southern China rainfall and corresponding atmospheric circulations in the decaying August between the 2015/16 extreme El Niño event and the earlier two extreme El Niño events. Enhanced rainfall in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and suppressed rainfall over South China resulted from basinwide warming in the tropical Indian Ocean induced by the extreme El Niño in August 1983 and 1998, which was consistent with previous studies. However, an anomalous western North Pacific cyclone emerged in August 2016 and then caused positive rainfall anomalies over South China and negative rainfall anomalies from the Yangtze River to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Without considering the effect of the long-term global warming trend, in August 2016 the negative SST anomalies over the western Indian Ocean and cooling in the north tropical Atlantic contributed to the anomalous western North Pacific cyclone and a rainfall anomaly pattern with opposite anomalies in South China and the Yangtze River region. Numerical experiments with the CAM5 model are conducted to confirm that cooler SST in the western Indian Ocean contributed more than cooler SST in the north tropical Atlantic to the anomalous western North Pacific cyclone and anomalous South China rainfall.
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Gu, Wei, Lin Wang, Zeng-Zhen Hu, Kaiming Hu, and Yong Li. "Interannual Variations of the First Rainy Season Precipitation over South China." Journal of Climate 31, no. 2 (January 2018): 623–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0284.1.
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The first rainy season (FRS), also known as the presummer rainy season, is the first standing stage of the East Asian summer monsoon when over 40% of the annual precipitation is received over South China. Based on the start and end dates of the FRS defined by the China Meteorological Administration, this study investigates the interannual variations of the FRS precipitation over South China and its mechanism with daily mean data. The length and start/end date of the FRS vary year to year, and the average length of the FRS is 90 days, spanning from 6 April to 4 July. Composite analyses reveal that the years with abundant FRS precipitation over South China feature weakened anticyclonic wind shear over the Indochina Peninsula in the upper troposphere, southwestward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high, and anticyclonic wind anomalies over the South China Sea in the lower troposphere. The lower-tropospheric southwesterly wind anomalies are especially important because they help to enhance warm advection and water vapor transport toward South China, increase the lower tropospheric convective instability, and shape the pattern of the anomalous ascent over South China. It is further proposed that a local positive feedback between circulation and precipitation exists in this process. The variability of the FRS precipitation can be well explained by a zonal sea surface temperature (SST) dipole in the tropical Pacific and the associated Matsuno–Gill-type Rossby wave response over the western North Pacific. The interannual variability of both the SST dipole and the FRS precipitation over South China is weakened after the year 2000.
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Mitchell, Martin D. "The South China Sea: A Geopolitical Analysis." Journal of Geography and Geology 8, no. 3 (August 19, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v8n3p14.
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Since 1945 the South China Sea and the western Pacific has functioned as an uncontested global common patrolled by overwhelming U.S. naval and air power projected from a series of peripheral and over the horizon bases. The dramatic rise of China alters this situation and has transformed the South China Sea into a frontier of control as China seeks to morph this maritime theater into a landward extension of the Chinese coast where it can deploy land-based tactics into an arena previously dominated by maritime power and tactics to secure the South China Sea as a de facto territorial water that serves multiple Chinese strategic interests. Hence, the attempt by a land-based Eurasian power (China) to carve a permanent bridgehead into Spykman’s Eurasian maritime periphery. Against, this trend the United States has countered with President Obama’s Asian Pivot. However, the implementation of the Asian Pivot is limited by several post Cold War developments and certain constraints inherent in the geographic setting of the South China Sea. Beyond the South China Sea, the geographic setting favors the U.S. and its allies. Consequently, American options acting singly or in coalition with other nations, most notably Japan and Australia, remain more flexible and able to serve as a long term counterweight to Chinese force projection capabilities into the western Pacific proper.
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Manhas, Neeraj Singh. "India, China, and the South China Sea: Presence, Implications, and Possibilities." Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 03, no. 02 (2022): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47362/ejsss.2022.3206.
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The Chinese presence in the South China Sea has been a long-standing issue involving many countries, particularly India. China is spreading its print to Southeast Asian countries, particularly Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Brunei, Philippines, and is now reaching out to the Solomon Islands in the Pacific. China has also conducted military surveillance in these areas and erected communications and logistics structures like ports, military stations, and airfields. These developments are a matter of concern for countries even outside the SCS littoral. India's trading interests with Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asian countries, and across the Pacific account for over 55 percent of its trade passing via SCS. China's expanding militarization, therefore, poses a substantial threat of interruption to India, particularly when relations deteriorate. In the light of these factors, this paper attempts to evaluate: a) what does Chinese presence in the South China Sea mean? b) what are the implications for India? c) How has India responded to these implicit challenges, and (d) What are the options for India to protect its national interests and trade in this scenario? Considering that geopolitical challenges need revamping of policy frameworks and institutionalized response, this paper will attempt to outline policy options for India, relying upon primary and secondary sources for its analysis.
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Khasanah, Yulian Maulida, Mohamad Rosyidin, and Marten Hanura. "The Dao in China's Growing Presence in the South Pacific." Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional 23, no. 2 (December 6, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/global.v23i2.594.
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The rise of China as one of the great powers in the international politic has been the hottest topic in the 21st century. Following the economic reform led by Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China re-emerges stronger than ever with its influences covering major parts of the world. One region particularly stands out since the prior dominance of United States therein, the South Pacific. The study of this research will be limited to 10 PICs recognising China, Vanuatu, Cook Island, FSM, Fiji, Niuee, PNG, Samoa, Tonga, Solomon Islands and Kiribati. Under the Western International Relations Theory (IRT) however, the rise of China is always seen in a rather malign manner. This research, therefore, contends that in order to fully understand China’s behaviour in the international community, we need to know how China perceives itself. By applying one of the most famous Chinese traditional school of thought, Daoism, this research aims to examine the strategy used in the expansion of China’s influence in the South Pacific. Daoism is symbolised with yin and yang, where the two elements are contradictory, yet they complement each other. Under the Dao dialectics, this research argues that China has been utilising a combination of two contradictory elements of power—soft and hard power—in expanding its prominence in the South Pacific region.
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Yang, Jian. "China in the South Pacific: hegemon on the horizon?" Pacific Review 22, no. 2 (June 3, 2009): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512740902815292.
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Chaturvedy, Rajeev Ranjan. "South China Sea: India’s Maritime Gateway to the Pacific." Strategic Analysis 39, no. 4 (June 26, 2015): 360–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2015.1047218.
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Yu, Zuojun, Julian P. McCreary, Max Yaremchuk, and Ryo Furue. "Subsurface Salinity Balance in the South China Sea*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3661.1.
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Abstract The South China Sea (SCS) is often treated as a semienclosed water body, with the Luzon Strait as its only connection to the Pacific Ocean. A branch of the Kuroshio flows northwestward across the Luzon Strait to enter the SCS, carrying North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW) into the basin. Using the subsurface salinity maximum as a tracer for NPTW, the authors show how important three secondary straits—the Taiwan Strait to the north and the Karimata and Mindoro Straits to the south—are to the NPTW intrusion at the Luzon Strait. The authors demonstrate that the SCS cannot reach an equilibrium state that is consistent with the observed subsurface salinity distribution unless all of the following components are in place: the Kuroshio, transports through the three secondary straits, downward mixing of freshwater, horizontal mixing induced by mesoscale eddies, and forcing by the local monsoonal winds.
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MALIPATIL, M. B. "Review and Revision of Nysius Dallas of Australia and South West Pacific (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Orsillidae)." Zootaxa 2410, no. 1 (March 25, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2410.1.2.
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During a review of Australian Nysius Dallas, types of all species recorded from Australia and its territories and neighbouring areas in the South West Pacific were examined. As a result of this, the following synonymies have become necessary: Nysius andrewsi Izzard and N. usingeri Izzard as junior synonyms of N. vinitor Bergroth; N. clevelandensis Evans, N. turneri Evans, N. pacificus China, N. dissimilis Izzard, and N. villicus Van Duzee as junior synonyms of N. caledoniae Distant. Other species from Australia and the South West Pacific which have had their status confirmed in this study are: N. spectabilis Distant, N. pulchellus Stål, N. picipes Usinger, N. oceanicus Usinger, and N. femoratus Van Duzee. A lectotype is designated for N. vinitor Bergroth. A key to all species now recognised from Australia and the SW Pacific is provided.
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Home, David. "The United States of America and Decolonization in the South Pacific Region Countries." International Journal of Science and Society 1, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v1i2.11.
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The purpose of this study is intended to reveal the background and influence of the United States in the South Pacific countries. The method used in this study is critical history. In analyzing data, the steps taken are steps according to Kuntowijoyo, topic selection, heuristics, verification (source criticism), interpretation, historiography. The results showed that the presence of the Soviet Union and China in the south Pacific moved the United States to pay more attention to this region, by further enhancing its role in the South Pacific Region. The role of the United States in the South Pacific Region covers the fields of economics, politics, and strategy. In the economic field, the United States provides assistance and improves their standard of living. In the political and strategic fields, the United States, together with Australia and New Zealand, which was bound by the ANZUS defense pact, tried to stem the influx of communist influence from the Soviet Union and China.
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LI, SHENGCHUN, BINGHUI CHEN, XIANGXU HUANG, XIAOYU CHANG, TIEYAO TU, and DIANXIANG ZHANG. "Stillingia: A newly recorded genus of Euphorbiaceae from China." Phytotaxa 296, no. 2 (February 15, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.2.8.
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Stillingia (Euphorbiaceae) contains ca. 30 species from Latin America, the southern United States, and various islands in the tropical Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. We report here for the first time the occurrence of a member of the genus in China, Stillingia lineata subsp. pacifica. The distribution of the genus in China is apparently narrow, known only from Pingzhou and Wanzhou Islands of the Wanshan Archipelago in the South China Sea, which is close to the Pearl River estuary. This study updates our knowledge on the geographic distribution of the genus, and provides new palynological data as well.
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Sun, Jianqi, Jing Ming, Mengqi Zhang, and Shui Yu. "Circulation Features Associated with the Record-Breaking Rainfall over South China in June 2017." Journal of Climate 31, no. 18 (September 2018): 7209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0903.1.
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In June 2017, south China suffered from intense rainfall that broke the record spanning the previous 70 years. In this study, the large-scale circulations associated with the south China June rainfall are analyzed. The results show that the anomalous Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern is a direct influence on south China June rainfall or East Asian early summer rainfall. In addition, the Australian high was the strongest in June 2017 during the past 70 years, which can increase the equatorward flow to northern Australia and activate convection over the Maritime Continent. Enhanced convection over the Maritime Continent can further enhance local meridional circulation along East Asia, engendering downward motion over the tropical western North Pacific and enhancing the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and upward motion over south China, which increases the rainfall therein. In addition, a strong wave train pattern associated with North Atlantic air–sea interaction was observed in June 2017 at Northern Hemispheric mid- to high latitudes; it originated from the North Atlantic and propagated eastward to East Asia, resulting in an anomalous anticyclone over the Mongolian–Baikal Lake region. This anomalous anticyclone produced strong northerly winds over East Asia that encountered the southerly associated with the WPSH over south China, thereby favoring intense rainfall over the region. Case studies of June 2017 and climate research based on data during 1979–2017 and 1948–2017 indicate that the extremities of the atmospheric circulation over south Europe and Australian high and their coupling with the PJ pattern could be responsible for the record-breaking south China rainfall in June 2017.
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Ott, Marvin C. "Deep Danger: Competing Claims in the South China Sea." Current History 110, no. 737 (September 1, 2011): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2011.110.737.236.
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Fan, Lingli, Jianjun Xu, and Huade Guan. "Impacts of Different Onset Time El Niño Events on Winter Precipitation over South China." Atmosphere 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100366.
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Winter precipitation over South China tended to be much higher than normal for the spring El Niño events during 1979–2016. For the spring El Niño events, the meridional and zonal circulations served as a bridge, linking the warmer sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) and South China winter precipitation. This possible physical process can be described as follows: During boreal winter, a positive SST anomaly in the EEP was concurrent with strong anomalous convection activity over South China via anomalous Walker circulation, an anomalous Hadley Cell along 110°–130° E, and a zonal westward teleconnection wave train pattern at 700 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, an anomalous pumping effect at 200 hPa contributed to the convective activity. Meanwhile, the western Pacific subtropical high moved southwards and strengthened at 500 hPa, and abnormal southwesterly winds brought plentiful water vapor to South China at 850 hPa. All these factors favored an increase in precipitation over South China. For the summer El Niño events, the aforementioned anomalies were weaker, which resulted in a precipitation close to normal over South China.
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Li, Gang, Chongyin Li, Yanke Tan, and Xin Wang. "Observed Relationship of Boreal Winter South Pacific Tripole SSTA with Eastern China Rainfall during the Following Boreal Spring." Journal of Climate 27, no. 21 (October 24, 2014): 8094–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00074.1.
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Abstract The present study investigates the relationships between the December–February (DJF) South Pacific tripole (SPT) sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) pattern and the following March–May (MAM) rainfall over eastern China based on multiple datasets. It is found that the relationships between the DJF SPT and the following MAM rainfall over eastern China are modulated by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). When the ENSO signal is removed, the positive DJF SPT is significantly associated with more rainfall over eastern China during the following boreal spring. However, such significant relationships disappear if ENSO is considered. After removing ENSO impacts, the possible mechanisms through which the DJF SPT impacts the following MAM rainfall over eastern China are investigated. The positive DJF SPT is associated with the significantly positive SSTA in the tropical western Pacific, which can persist to the following MAM. In response to the positive SSTA in the tropical western Pacific, a wave-like train in the low-level troposphere extends from the tropical western Pacific (an anomalous cyclone) to the western North Pacific (an anomalous anticyclone) during the following MAM. The anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific enhances the anomalous southwesterly over eastern China, which can bring more moisture and favor anomalous increased rainfall. It should be pointed out that La Niña (El Niño) could induce an anomalous cyclone (anticyclone) over the western North Pacific, which offsets the MAM anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) caused by the positive (negative) SPT in the preceding DJF and thus weakens the relationship between the SPT and the rainfall over eastern China.
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Lee, Ji-Yong. "China’s Maritime Ambition, Security Dilemma and Lack of Multilateral Framework." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 8, no. 2 (July 28, 2021): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23477970211017729.
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The security environment of the South China Sea has been disrupted as China strengthens its efforts at maritime ambition. The recent security situation in the Asia-Pacific, particularly the South China Sea, is characterised by arms building and balancing against China. It raises the possibility of conflict. For securing stability and peace, it is time to bring multilateralism back in, since a multilateral security framework contributes to taking the edge off power politics. However, there is no reliable multilateral framework to deal with the declining maritime security environment. This article highlights the lack of a multilateral framework and suggests an eclectic approach to multilateralism for securing the Asia-Pacific maritime order.
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Irsadanar, Rafyoga Jehan Pratama. "Japan’s South China Sea Policy and Regional Subcomplex Expansion: Toward Free and Open Indo-Pacific." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 9, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v9i2.8149.
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This research aims to investigate Japan’s motivation to be involved in the South China Sea dispute despite Japan’s far distance from the conflicted area. Utilizing the qualitative research method, this research analyzes Japanese Government official documents and relevant literature to achieve the research objective. The research discovers that Japan’s main interest in the South China Sea is to articulate a safer maritime lane for the sake of its Free and Open Indo-Pacific agenda by balancing China’s assertiveness in the region. Employing a regional security complex framework, this research sees that Japan, by its presence in the South China Sea, tries to intensify the security interaction with Southeast Asian counterparts to expand the Northeast Asian regional subcomplex, aiming to strengthen the perception of China as a threat to Southeast Asian countries. The South China Sea involvement will fortify Japan’s security interlink with Southeast Asian counterparts, balancing China’s expansive trait in the maritime zone, accelerating Tokyo-initiated Free and Open Indo-Pacific vision.
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Tian, Jiwei, Qingxuan Yang, and Wei Zhao. "Enhanced Diapycnal Mixing in the South China Sea." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 3191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo3899.1.
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Abstract Profiles of current velocity, temperature, and salinity were obtained in the Internal Wave and Mixing Experiment in the South China Sea (SCS), the Luzon Strait, and the North Pacific. The observations are examined for evidence of enhanced diapycnal mixing in the SCS, which reaches O(10−3 m2 s−1) in magnitude. Results from independent casts reveal that diapycnal diffusivity in the SCS and the Luzon Strait is elevated by two orders of magnitude over that of the smooth bathymetry in the North Pacific, which are typical of background values in an open ocean. The vertical distribution of diapycnal diffusivity is nonuniform in the SCS, exhibiting higher values at depths greater than about 1000 m. This result compares favorably with the direct microstructure measurements at four stations in the SCS. Velocity and density profiles are combined to estimate the internal tide energy flux generated in the Luzon Strait and directed into the SCS. The energy amounts to 10 GW, most of which is rationalized to be the potential energy source for enhanced mixing in the SCS.
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Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu. "The Implementation of Australia’s “Stepping-Up Engagement” with the Melanesian States as the Defence Strategy of Australia to Respond to the Rise of China in the South Pacific Region (2013-2018)." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.9.2.149-167.2020.
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The rise of China in the South Pacific region indicates China’s growing political-diplomatic, economic, and the possibility of military presence within the region. Accordingly, it develops Australia’s threat perception and affects Australia’s national interest. A secure nearer region is the second most important in Australia’s strategic defense interests. Therefore, the stability and security of the South Pacific region are crucial to Australia’s national interests. This research discussed Australia’s “Stepping-Up engagement” as the defense strategy of Australia to strengthen its bilateral defense relations with the Melanesian states as the response to the rise of China. In addition, the research is constructed by using the concept of national interest, threat perception, defence strategy and bilateral defence relations through qualitative research method. This research explains the implementation of Australia’s “Stepping-Up engagement” with the Melanesian states as the defence strategy of Australia to respond to the rise of China in the South Pacific region.
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Yue, Hongfei. "China contributes to the ISID in Pacific Island Countries." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 2254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v11i1.4335.
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As we know, the Small Island Developing States face special challenges to their development. This is particularly true for the Pacific Island States, scattered as they are over a huge area of ocean.More specifically, the 22 Pacific Island countries are scattered over one third of the globe (thirty million sq. km. mostly ocean). The total population of the South Pacific excluding Australia and New Zealand is about 8 million; half of which reside in Papua New Guinea.Many stakeholders have been involving in assisting the development of Pacific Island Countries for a long time. In recent years, China has become one of the active players in the inclusive and sustainable development of Pacific Island Countries.
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Mohammad Tehseen. "Sino-US Competition: Implications for South Asia and the Asia-Pacific." Strategic Studies 37, no. 4 (April 11, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.01.00175.
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This paper explores the impact of Sino-US competition on the Asia-Pacific and South Asian regions. The competition in these regions revolves around a range of issues ranging from geopolitical and geo-strategic to geo-economic interests. However, the US’s Asia policy poses a challenge to Asia’s leading power, China. This article investigates factors behind Obama administration’s policy of Asia Pivot and the policy options available to the present Trump administration and implications for the Asia-Pacific and South Asia regions. An over-emphasis on a hard military-only approach would also be viewed in the South Asia context, where China has adopted an economic approach to extend its influence. A hard approach would have adverse implications for strategic stability in South Asia between India and Pakistan, and there is a possibility of an escalation of tensions between China and its US-allied neighbouring states over maritime disputes.
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Zulkifli, Noraini Bt, and Vivian Louise Forbes. "Japan and the South China Sea." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.5.1.61-83.2016.
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This article examines and analyses Japan’s current interest in theSouth China Sea, by first alluding to the historical context of that country’s involvement from the mid-1930s to the end of the Pacific War, 1945. It then outlines Japan’s energy security needs and that country’s national policy relating to securing safety for its flagged ships and those vessels assisting in promoting Japan’s export and import and the diplomatic role that Japan plays towards regional stability. Japan in their Diplomatic Bluebook stated that the priority for Japan is to guarantee the securityandprosperity of the countryand its people. Here,it is clear thatthe Japanese Government will trytodo everything togive the besttoensure their survival. Japan’s interest in South China Sea is because it is deemed critical for the Japanese security.Keywords: Japan, Energy, Maritime Security, Military, South China Sea
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Peng, Dongdong, Tianjun Zhou, Yong Sun, and Ailan Lin. "Interannual Variation in Moisture Sources for the First Rainy Season in South China Estimated by the FLEXPART Model." Journal of Climate 35, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0289.1.
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Abstract The first rainy season (April–June) of South China includes the phases before and after the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM). Abundant moisture supply is the key dynamic process for precipitation formation. Thus, we employ the FLEXPART model to explore the corresponding moisture sources for the two phases. Before the onset of SCSSM, land regions contribute more moisture to the precipitation over South China than the ocean sources. The main source regions are Southeast Asia (27.01%), the South China Sea (25.96%), South China (11.12%), and the southern part of the northwestern Pacific (10.23%). Land sources (66.87%) play a more important role than ocean sources (33.13%) in the interannual variations, with the contributions mainly from Southeast Asia (47.56%) and the South China Sea (28.79%). After the onset of SCSSM, the climatological contribution of ocean sources is larger than that of land regions, and the main source regions are the South China Sea (20.78%), Southeast Asia (17.51%), the Bay of Bengal (13.76%), and South China (11.21%). For the interannual variations, the contributions of land sources and ocean regions are comparable, and mainly from Southeast Asia (33.53%) and the Bay of Bengal (32.26%). The moisture transports for the interannual variations in first rainy season precipitation over South China before and after the onset of SCSSM are significantly correlated with the east–west contrast of sea surface temperature anomalies over northern part of North Pacific and the uniform warming over Indian Ocean, respectively. This study provides important guidance in improving the regional precipitation predictions and understanding the water resources changes.
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Leung, Marco Y. T., Wen Zhou, Dongxiao Wang, P. W. Chan, S. M. Lee, and H. W. Tong. "Remote Tropical Western Indian Ocean Forcing on Changes in June Precipitation in South China and the Indochina Peninsula." Journal of Climate 33, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 7553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0626.1.
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AbstractIn this study, remote influence originating from the tropical western Indian Ocean on June precipitation in South China and the Indochina Peninsula is documented. Based on numerical simulation and statistical analysis, it is noted that the warm anomaly in the tropical western Indian Ocean can induce a weaker-than-normal Walker circulation across the tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. This further leads to a northeast–southwest-oriented western North Pacific subtropical high and a weaker-than-normal monsoon trough in the South China Sea. In addition, the weak monsoon trough is concurrent with an anomalous rising motion in South China and a sinking motion in the Indochina Peninsula. This enhances precipitation in South China and suppresses precipitation in the Indochina Peninsula on an interannual time scale. On the other hand, the warming trend in the tropical western Indian Ocean also supports the long-term trends of precipitation in the two regions.
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Hirabayashi, Shoko, Yusuke Yokoyama, Atsushi Suzuki, Yosuke Miyairi, Takahiro Aze, Fernando Siringan, and Yasuo Maeda. "Insight into Western Pacific Circulation from South China Sea Coral Skeletal Radiocarbon." Radiocarbon 61, no. 6 (November 27, 2019): 1923–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.145.
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ABSTRACTThe trajectory of the Kuroshio, the western boundary current in the north Pacific, influences regional climate. It intrudes into the South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait, resulting in the exchange of water, nutrients, heat, and salt between the Pacific and SCS. It has been reported that the trajectory of the Kuroshio has varied with decadal climate changes. However, there has been no report of an observation-based estimate of the variation in the Luzon Strait transport. Here, a 50-year, high-resolution coral skeletal radiocarbon (Δ14C) dataset from 1946 to 1994 is reported from Currimao, northwest of Luzon Island. Δ14C has been used as a sensitive tracer of seawater, and our data indicates a significant increase in Δ14C from 1946 to 1994 related to atmospheric nuclear bomb testing, with more rapid increase in the SCS than in the Pacific. The unusual, rapid Δ14C increase in the 1950s found in our SCS corals together with seasonal variation in Δ14C will helps constrain physical oceanographic models for the western Pacific, including the SCS.
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Park, Young-June. "Competitive Efforts Regarding the South Pacific Islands by South Korea, Japan and China." Ocean and Polar Research 35, no. 4 (December 30, 2013): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4217/opr.2013.35.4.373.
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Maclellan, Nic. "Looking North, Looking South: China, Taiwan, and the South Pacific (review)." Contemporary Pacific 23, no. 2 (2011): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2011.0038.
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Abbondanza, Gabriele. "Whither the Indo-Pacific? Middle power strategies from Australia, South Korea and Indonesia." International Affairs 98, no. 2 (March 2022): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab231.
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Abstract Against the backdrop of US–China superpower rivalry in the Indo-Pacific, this article assesses the visions and strategies of the region's middle powers, which remain under-examined at present. First, it briefly traces the boundaries of this research by reviewing the contested nature of the Indo-Pacific concept and the definitional complexities of middle power theory. Second, it provides a novel comparative framework to analyse Australia, South Korea and Indonesia as the region's major middle powers, exploring their goals and strategies. The framework consists of: 1) middle power categorization; 2) interconnectedness with the two superpowers; 3) vision for the Indo-Pacific; 4) resulting regional posture; and 5) capacity to implement the country's goals. Third, it assesses the ensuing implications of this analysis for the region's strategic landscape. It finds that Canberra is now firmly aligned with Washington in balancing against China, as epitomized by the Quad and AUKUS; Seoul is cautiously increasing cooperation with the US, though potentially only to protract its strategic ambiguity; and Jakarta is pursuing strategic autonomy for itself and ASEAN, with the ambitious but precarious goal of creating a ‘third way’ for the Indo-Pacific. Consequently, middle powers seem unlikely to provide an alternative platform for the region's direction in the near future, due to a number of internal divisions. By shedding light on such understudied aspects, this article addresses a gap in the scholarly literature and provides a novel contribution to the understanding of both the diverse roles of middle powers and the Indo-Pacific's evolving strategic landscape.
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Kanaev, E. A. "South Pacific in the Belt and Road Initiative: Security Aspects." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 1(46) (2020): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-1-1-46-288-302.
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The article analyses the implementation of China’s mega-strategy the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the South Pacific. The key parameters shaping the security milieu of this subregion are outlined, China’s measures in the context of the BRI realization are revealed and systemized, the key BRI vulnerability factors in the South Pacific are distinguished. In the author’s view, stressing its significance as the non-traditional security provider to the South Pacific states, without timely and comprehensive measures to cope with the COVID-19 pandemics as part of its BRI strategy China may become a hostage of this approach.
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LIU, H., X. LIU, and K. ZÁGORŠEK. "Cyclostome bryozoans from Qingdao, South Yellow Sea, China." Zootaxa 4603, no. 3 (May 10, 2019): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4603.3.3.
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Twenty-one species of cyclostome bryozoans are described from the coast of Qingdao (South Yellow Sea, China), belonging to 11 genera (Filicrisia, Crisia, Tubulipora, Exidmonea, Idmidronea, Qingdaoella n. gen., Nevianipora, Hemipustulopora, Microeciella, Patinella and Disporella). One genus (Qingdaoella n. gen.) and 10 species are new, while an additional species is reported for the first time from China. The most similar bryozoan assemblages to the Chinese cyclostomes described here are reported from the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific.
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Zhang, Yongjin. "China and the emerging regional order in the South Pacific." Australian Journal of International Affairs 61, no. 3 (September 2007): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357710701531537.
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Sullivan, Jonathan, and Gudrun Seiler-Helmer. "What do newspapers make of China in the South Pacific?" Asia Pacific Viewpoint 53, no. 2 (August 2012): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2012.01480.x.
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Hsü, Kenneth J., Jiliang Li, Haihong Chen, Qingchen Wang, Shu Sun, and A. M. C. Şengör. "Tectonics of South China: Key to understanding West Pacific geology." Tectonophysics 183, no. 1-4 (November 1990): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90186-c.
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Wu, Yi-Kai, An-Yi Huang, Chia-Kai Wu, Chi-Cherng Hong, and Chi-Chun Chang. "Effect of Warm SST in the Subtropical Eastern North Pacific on Triggering the Abrupt Change of the Mei-Yu Rainfall over South China in the Early 1990s." Journal of Climate 33, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 657–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0292.1.
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AbstractIn the early 1990s, the mei-yu rainfall over South China in early boreal summer exhibited an abrupt change and northward extension. This change altered the pattern of East Asian summer rainfall from a dipole-like to a monopole-like pattern; that is, the out-of-phase relationship between the rainfall in the south and that in the north of the Yangtze and Huaihe River valley changed to an in-phase relationship. The physical processes potentially responsible for triggering this abrupt change were analyzed in this study. Our observations revealed that the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), sea surface temperature (SST) in the subtropical eastern North Pacific (SENP), and the mei-yu rainfall in South China exhibited an abrupt increase in the early 1990s, suggesting that these factors are correlated. From the observations and results of numerical experiments, we proposed that the abrupt SST warming in the SENP in the early 1990s generated an east–west overturning circulation anomaly in the Pacific Ocean and that the anomalous downward motion in the western North Pacific consequently triggered the abrupt increase and westward extension of the WNPSH in the early 1990s. The enhanced and westward extension of WNPSH created a low-level southeasterly anomaly that transported considerable humid and warm air into East Asia and sequentially triggered the abrupt increase of mei-yu rainfall in the South China in the early 1990s.
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Atkinson, Joel. "Development Assistance and Geopolitics in Australia-China-Taiwan Relations." International Studies Review 16, no. 2 (October 19, 2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01602001.
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The development assistance programs of Australia, China and Taiwan impact each other’s geopolitical interests in the South Pacific region. This “aid triangle” has recently undergone a significant transformation. Previously, the interests of Australia and China aligned in competing against Taiwan for political influence in the region. However, since 2008, China-Taiwan relations have warmed and their aid contest in the South Pacific has been largely put on hold. This has ameliorated Taiwan’s conflict with Australia, and the two countries have increased their development assistance cooperation. However, China’s role in undermining Australia’s policy towards Fiji, and the global deterioration in China’s relations with a US coalition (including Australia), have potentially increased the competitive aspects of the Sino-Australian side of the triangle.
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Denisov, Igor, Oleg Paramonov, Ekaterina Arapova, and Ivan Safranchuk. "Russia, China, and the concept of Indo-Pacific." Journal of Eurasian Studies 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1879366521999899.
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The newly minted concept of the “Indo-Pacific Region” (IPR) is generally seen as a response by the United States and its allies to China’s growing influence in strategically important areas of the Pacific and Indian oceans. However, the view of IPR as a single (U.S.-led) anti-Beijing front is simplistic and misleading, obscuring a variety of approaches by the region’s states. New Delhi has a strong tradition of non-alignment, whereas Tokyo is more interested in rules that restrict unilateral actions not only by China but also by other regional players, including the United States. Australian business is very cautious about frictions in trade relations with China. Beijing views the growing military activity of the United States off its shores, including in the South China Sea, as a threat to regional stability. According to the authoritative Chinese sources, the Indo-Pacific strategy of Donald Trump is part of broader efforts to prevent China from becoming a dominant regional and global power. At the same time, the development of Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) understanding of the Indo-Pacific region is less of a concern to Beijing, as the South-East Asian countries interested in balancing China and the United States are unlikely to fully join the fight against the “authoritarian threat.” As for Russia, it unequivocally rejects the military/power-based U.S. version of the IPR concept and is more amenable to flexible versions promoted by other players, such as Tokyo’s multilateral vision for the Indo-Pacific Region. In the end, the final response of Russia and China to IPR will thus be determined not only by U.S. actions but also by the behavior of other regional powers.
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Yazuru, Watanabe. "NEW STRATEGY JAPANESE MILITARY IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION AND THE IMPACT ON INTERNATIONAL SECURITY STABILITY." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 9, no. 2 (August 21, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v9i2.23803.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the new Japanese military strategy in the Asia Pacific region and its impact on international security stability. The South China Sea conflict is one of the major conflicts for the Southeast Asia region and also the Asia Pacific region. Japan has a role in supporting countries involved in the conflict such as Vietnam. Japan promised Vietnam six patrol boats during Prime Minister Abe's visit to Southeast Asia.The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach and the type of research carried out is descriptive by explaining certain phenomena systematically, actually and accurately regarding facts, characteristics, and relationships. The patrol boat is aimed at enhancing Vietnam's capability in maritime law enforcement related to the South China Sea conflict. Japan, which is Vietnam's biggest foreign investor after South Korea, has no territorial claims in the South China Sea conflict. The South China Sea region has a big role in geopolitics because it is a meeting point between China and countries within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in terms of territory, security, natural resources and energy security. Disputes in the region include territorial sovereignty and maritime sovereignty. The South China Sea area consists of, among others, several small islands that are widely distributed, but there are two groups of islands that are much contested, namely the Spratly Islands and the Paracels. In addition, the South China Sea area is an important shipping lane and is often referred to as the maritime superhighway because it is one of the busiest international shipping lanes in the world.
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Ding, Ruiqiang, Jianping Li, Yu-heng Tseng, Lijuan Li, Cheng Sun, and Fei Xie. "Influences of the North Pacific Victoria Mode on the South China Sea Summer Monsoon." Atmosphere 9, no. 6 (June 13, 2018): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9060229.
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Using the reanalysis data and the numerical experiments of a coupled general circulation model (CGCM), we illustrated that perturbations in the second dominant mode (EOF2) of springtime North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, referred to as the Victoria mode (VM), are closely linked to variations in the intensity of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM). The underlying physical mechanism through which the VM affects the SCSSM is similar to the seasonal footprinting mechanism (SFM). Thermodynamic ocean–atmosphere coupling helps the springtime SST anomalies in the subtropics associated with the VM to persist into summer and to develop gradually toward the equator, leading to a weakened zonal SST gradient across the western North Pacific (WNP) to central equatorial Pacific, which in turn induces an anomalous cyclonic flow over the WNP and westerly anomalies in the western equatorial Pacific that tend to strengthen the WNP summer monsoon (WNPSM) as well as the SCSSM. The VM influence on both the WNPSM and SCSSM is intimately tied to its influence on ENSO through westerly anomalies in the western equatorial Pacific.