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Journal articles on the topic 'China-France Comparison'
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1
Yuanbin, Wang, and Liu Shulin. "Comparison on Training Mode of Graduate Education between France and China." Frontiers in Education Technology 2, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): p120. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fet.v2n2p120.
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France and China both are of typical power centralization with similar political management systems, and there are same and different aspects existing in higher education. so comparison between the two countries is meaningful. Curriculum provision, innovation ability cultivating and training mode are compared between France and China. Development trend of graduate education is also presented. Some enlightenment may be obtained to improve Chinese higher education level further.
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Zhao, C., W. T. Ni, and E. Samain. "Time transfer by laser link between China and France." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S248 (October 2007): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308019406.
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AbstractTo advance from milli-arcsecond to micro-arcsecond astrometry, time keeping capability and its comparison among different stations need to be improved and enhanced. The T2L2 (Time transfer by laser link) experiment under development at OCA and CNES to be launched in 2008 on Jason-2, allows the synchronization of remote clocks on Earth. It is based on the propagation of light pulses in space which is better controlled than propagation of radio waves. In this paper, characteristics are presented for both a common view and non-common view T2L2 comparisons of clocks between China and France.
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Abdelhakim Cherif, Abdelhakim Cherif. "Sportsmen Photos in Newspapers: Comparison between China, France and Tunisia." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 11, no. 5 (2013): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-1158185.
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Fung, K. C., and Nathalie Aminian. "Silicon Valley, France and China: a comparative study of innovation systems and policies." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 10, no. 3 (October 2, 2017): 194–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-05-2016-0015.
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Purpose In this paper, the authors aim to examine some characteristics of the innovation system and policy in France and China. For comparison, they also highlight some high technology features of Silicon Valley and California. Design/methodology/approach The authors study the characteristics of innovation in France and in China. The authors examine the technology systems and policies in both countries and compare their features with those in Silicon Valley. Findings As far as France is concerned, it can be stated that the innovation system and policy are under transformation, going from a strong state involvement to a more decentralized framework. This evolution leads to a multi-level governance of the innovation system and to the emergence of new actors. For China, the most interesting development in China is the evolution of its internet-related sector. The authors argue here that the internet-driven economy is a radical, systemic technological change and it is rapidly growing in China. Originality/value One of the earliest papers comparing the innovation policies and activities in France, China and Silicon Valley.
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Yang, Xiaoliu, Jian Xu, Jean-François Donzier, and Coralie Noel. "A comparison of the water management systems in France and China." Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 7, no. 5 (July 27, 2013): 721–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0550-z.
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Yan, Xiaoqing, and Yufang Jia. "Comparison and Analysis on Energy Governance Models of Global Major Powers." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 5, no. 1 (May 4, 2023): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.5.1.249.2023.
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Currently, the world is facing major changes that have not occurred in a century, and global energy governance has undergone significant new changes. The energy development trends of global major powers were clarified in the Paper by studying and judging the changes in the global energy consumption structure. The performance evaluation index system for major powers on their participation in global energy governance was constructed, so that the comprehensive comparison and analysis was conducted for the participation of eight countries, including China, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, and India, in global energy governance from four dimensions of economic, technological, social, and political. Generally, the United States has the highest overall performance score in participating in global energy governance, followed by China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan, with Russia and India in the third and fourth echelons respectively. The cooperation with major economies on green governance can be strengthened by China under the framework of the United Nations, the G20 and “the Belt and Road Initiative”, and a global climate governance pattern of joint consultation, construction and sharing will form, so as to maximize the effect of global climate governance.
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Watermann, Stephanie, Caroline Schmitt, Tobias Schneider, and Thomas Hackl. "Comparison of Regular, Pure Shift, and Fast 2D NMR Experiments for Determination of the Geographical Origin of Walnuts." Metabolites 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11010039.
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1H NMR spectroscopy, in combination with chemometric methods, was used to analyze the methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) extract of walnut (Juglans Regia L.) regarding the geographical origin of 128 authentic samples from different countries (France, Germany, China) and harvest years (2016–2019). Due to the large number of different metabolites within the acetonitrile/methanol extract, the one-dimensional (1D) 1H NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) spectra suffer from strongly overlapping signals. The identification of specific metabolites and statistical analysis are complicated. The use of pure shift 1H NMR spectra such as PSYCHE (pure shift yielded by chirp excitation) or two-dimensional ASAP-HSQC (acceleration by sharing adjacent polarization-heteronuclear single quantum correlation) spectra for multivariate analysis to determine the geographical origin of foods may be a promising method. Different types of NMR spectra (1D 1H NOESY, PSYCHE, and ASAP-HSQC) were acquired for each of the 128 walnut samples and the results of the statistical analysis were compared. A support vector machine classifier was applied for differentiation of samples from Germany/China, France/Germany, and France/China. The models obtained by conduction of a repeated nested cross-validation showed accuracies from 58.9% (±1.3%) to 95.9% (±0.8%). The potential of the 1H-13C HSQC as a 2D NMR experiment for metabolomics studies was shown.
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Watermann, Stephanie, Caroline Schmitt, Tobias Schneider, and Thomas Hackl. "Comparison of Regular, Pure Shift, and Fast 2D NMR Experiments for Determination of the Geographical Origin of Walnuts." Metabolites 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11010039.
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1H NMR spectroscopy, in combination with chemometric methods, was used to analyze the methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) extract of walnut (Juglans Regia L.) regarding the geographical origin of 128 authentic samples from different countries (France, Germany, China) and harvest years (2016–2019). Due to the large number of different metabolites within the acetonitrile/methanol extract, the one-dimensional (1D) 1H NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) spectra suffer from strongly overlapping signals. The identification of specific metabolites and statistical analysis are complicated. The use of pure shift 1H NMR spectra such as PSYCHE (pure shift yielded by chirp excitation) or two-dimensional ASAP-HSQC (acceleration by sharing adjacent polarization-heteronuclear single quantum correlation) spectra for multivariate analysis to determine the geographical origin of foods may be a promising method. Different types of NMR spectra (1D 1H NOESY, PSYCHE, and ASAP-HSQC) were acquired for each of the 128 walnut samples and the results of the statistical analysis were compared. A support vector machine classifier was applied for differentiation of samples from Germany/China, France/Germany, and France/China. The models obtained by conduction of a repeated nested cross-validation showed accuracies from 58.9% (±1.3%) to 95.9% (±0.8%). The potential of the 1H-13C HSQC as a 2D NMR experiment for metabolomics studies was shown.
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Tchounwou, Martha, Ebele C. Okoye, and Faith Iseguede. "Comparison of the Efficacy of Metacognition on Students’ Academic Performance Between Usa, France, Australia, and China." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2023): 252–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.107.14833.
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Prior research has emphasized the importance of metacognition as a contributing factor to increasing student retention at colleges and universities. Enhancing students' awareness of their cognitive skills is just as crucial. As students transition from a frequently controlled and encouraging high school setting to an uncontrolled university or college environment where they are expected to become extremely self-directed and autonomous, it is crucial that they quickly develop the skills and insights needed to become independent learners. However, many college students are ill-equipped to deal with the difficulties and challenges their academic environment presents, affecting their metacognitive skills. Metacognition is the capacity to track and manage thoughts and learning. This research reviewed and compared metacognition studies conducted on students in Australia, China, France, and the USA. These studies used self-regulated learning, self-efficacy, and meta-learning factors to evaluate metacognition performance among undergraduate students, including 362 participants in the USA, 128 in Australia, 118 in France, and 517 in China. Results revealed a positive impact of metacognition skills on all students, increasing their academic performance. However, compared to the participants in China, the results revealed that the overall effect size of self-regulated learning on academic achievement in the USA, France, and Australia was small because the Chinese students learned those metacognition habits at a very young age. The results also indicated that their beliefs contributed significantly to learning outcomes.
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Chauvin, Bruno, Dimitra Macri, and Etienne Mullet. "Societal Risk Perception: A 19-Countries Comparison." Psihologia Resurselor Umane 5, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24837/pru.v5i2.325.
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The study was aimed at structuring the crosscountry differences in risk perception that have been reported in the literature, using cluster analysis. A 30-hazard x 19-country matrix was composed using as inputs the mean risk estimation levels available in the literature, and cluster analysis was conducted on this matrix. Six clusters of countries were found: A Communist bloc cluster (USSR and Hungary), a Nordic cluster (Finland, Norway, Sweden), an Arab cluster (Egypt and Kuwait), a Developing countries cluster (Brazil and South Korea), a Western cluster (France, Portugal, Spain, USA), and a cluster comprised of four countries or territories (Burkina Faso, China-Hong-Kong, China-Macao, Russia) which only common denominator seems to be that these countries are countries in which many economical and/or societal problems exist. The factors that may explain this clustering are discussed, and a new, more analytic approach to cross-national differences in risk perception is suggested.
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Yang, Fang, Xiaoliang Tang, and Weicong Ruan. "Deployment Forecasts of China's Photovoltaic: Based on Multimodel Comparison Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185301001.
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Climate targets in Paris Agreement closely depends on the deployment of renewables, particular for solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, which also plays formidable role in achieving China's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) goals in 2030. On this basis, we conduct a multi-model comparison study to examine the diffusion laws of PV solar technology across countries, and provide feasible deployment forecasting plans for China. The considered models in this work includes classical Bass, Logistic and Gompertz; and 10 countries with top PV cumulative capacity are involved, i.e., France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, Australia, China, India, Japan and the US. Our results depict that China gains remarkable advantage in PV solar technology innovation; the PV market has a great potential to grow, with the projected annual growth rate to be 30~40% annually in the coming 5 years. Further, several policy recommendations are yielded for China's long-term development of PV solar industry.
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Wang, Yuanbin. "Comparison and Fusion Research of Graduate Training between China and France in the Double First-Rate Background." Frontiers in Education Technology 2, no. 4 (September 10, 2019): p181. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fet.v2n4p181.
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Research on graduate training between China and France are made in the paper. Aiming at the problems in training goal, speciality characteristics and teaching method, measurements which can be taken are presented associating with Chinese situation and French education. It is verified that the methods are practical and feasible.
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ROEHNER, BERTRAND M., and CAROL H. SHIUE. "COMPARING THE CORRELATION LENGTH OF GRAIN MARKETS IN CHINA AND FRANCE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 07 (October 2000): 1383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918310000122x.
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In economics, comparative analysis plays the same role as experimental research in physics. In this paper, we closely examine several methodological problems related to comparative analysis by investigating the specific example of grain markets in China and France respectively. This enables us to answer a question in economic history which has so far remained pending, namely whether or not market integration progressed in the 18th century. In economics as in physics, before any new result being accepted, it has to be checked and re-checked by different researchers. This is what we call the replication and comparison procedures. We show how these procedures should (and can) be implemented.
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O'Kane, Rosemary H. T. "The National Causes of State Construction in France, Russia and China." Political Studies 43, no. 1 (March 1995): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01697.x.
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General lessons about state construction are drawn from concentration on the ‘Terror’ years of three post-revolutionary regimes: the Jacobin in France, 1793–4; the Bolshevik in Russia, 1918–21; and the Chinese, 1950–3. These three cases are chosen in order to develop a direct challenge to Skocpol's claims about state building in States and Social Revolutions. The findings show that early state building is not, primarily, a rational, centralizing, mobilizing, response to war and foreign war in particular. It is civil war which is of greater importance to an understanding of the development of revolutionary states and it is only after civil war is over that permanent state construction can begin. Comparison for differences, as well as similarity, at this crucial point at the end of civil war shows that, along with the importance of practical domestic policies as a basis for support, the essential foundation for the post-revolutionary state is central control over the revolutionary forces of internal coercion.
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Huang, Zongyuan, and Miaomiao Qin. "International comparison of China’s digitalization level and its enlightenment." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 16, 2024): e0303014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303014.
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The global digital wave has flourished in recent years, and the digital technology revolution has emerged. Digitalization plays an undeniable role in promoting modern economic and social development in multiple aspects such as economy, society, innovation, public services and sustainable development, China’s digitalization application is also developing rapidly. In order to better measure the current situation of China’s digitalization development level, this paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system of digitalization development from four dimensions of talents in the digital field, digital infrastructure construction, digitalization innovation ability and international competitiveness, and tests the index system. The entropy method is used to measure the level of digitalization development between China and the United States, the United Kingdom, France and other major developed countries in the world, and the coefficient of variation method, kernel density estimation and Dagum Gini coefficient method are used to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics and regional differences of digitalization development level of seven countries. This paper makes a comparative analysis between China and major developed countries from the historical perspective of the evolution of the techno-economic paradigm. With a view to summarizing and exploring from it and drawing on the advanced experiences accumulated by the developed countries over a long period of time, so as to provide China with useful insights and bases for further enhancing its digitalization development level.
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Li, Siyao. "A Comparison of the Corrupt Governments of France and China During the 16th-18th Century." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 41, no. 1 (March 14, 2024): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/41/20240782.
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This paper primarily examines the corruptive government systems in France and China during the 16th century. It begins by introducing the individual characteristics of corruption within each government, then moving on to comparison. This study aims to contribute additional resources and insights to the existing body of research on this topic, thereby aiding fellow researchers in their investigations. The methodology used in this research is literature review, which forms the basis for the exploration and understanding of the topic. This approach allows for a detailed examination of the various facets of governmental corruption in both countries. By doing so, this work not only delineates the specific characteristics of each government's corruption but also draws parallels and contrasts between them, offering a nuanced perspective on the nature and manifestation of corruption in different historical and cultural contexts. The conclusion drawn is that while both governments can be characterized as corrupt, they exhibit distinct features that set them apart.
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Ngamsang, Sirirat. "Confucius Institutes as Instruments of Soft Power: Comparison with International Rivals." Journal of Education and Vocational Research 4, no. 10 (October 30, 2013): Ngamsang. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jevr.v4i10.135.
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The Chinese Confucius Institutes, which have become common around the world and particularly in Asia, have followed the examples of the British Council, Alliance Française and the Goethe Institute. Yet by following the earlier examples, Confucius Institutes have the benefit of late development and can learn from the experiences of earlier approaches. This paper studies and analyses the overseas educations institutions of China, Britain, France and Germany to identify similarities and dissimilarities and then draws conclusions from this. It is shown that Confucius Institutes are a representative of the overseas soft power approach of the Chinese government and have multiple intentions and purposes.
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Siemaszkiewicz, Karolina. "Alternative investments during turbulent times comparison of dynamic relationship." Przegląd Statystyczny 69, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2377.
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The coronavirus pandemic, like the Russian aggression on Ukraine, had a significant impact on many financial markets and asset prices. The latter additionally led to large fluctuations on financial markets. In this paper, we try to compare the performance of safe haven assets during turbulent times, such as the recent global financial crises, eurozone debt crises, the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian aggression on Ukraine. We investigate the dynamic relationship between indices from the European countries like the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, and popular instruments such as gold, silver, Brent Crude Oil, Crude Oil WTI, US Dollar, Swiss Franc, and Bitcoin. The study estimated the parameters of either DCC or CCC models, to compare the dynamic relation between the above-mentioned stock markets and financial instruments. The results showed that in most cases, the US Dollar and Swiss Franc were able to protect investors from stock market losses during turbulent times. In those periods, gold was the closest to being a safe haven instrument for investors from France, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Our findings are in line with other literature which points out that safe haven instruments can change over time and across countries. In that literature, we can find research performed for the USA, China, Canada, and Great Britain, but there is no such research for Poland, Italy, the Czech Republic or Slovakia. The purpose of this paper is therefore to try to fill this research gap.
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Liu, Yining. "Comparison of construction methods of the Pingtang Bridge in China and the Millau Viaduct in France." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 18 (November 13, 2022): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v18i.2643.
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The cable-stayed bridge is a kind of bridge deck system under pressure and a support system under tension. The Pingtang Bridge is 2135m long, with the main bridge being 249.5m + 550m + 550m + 249.5m three-tower, double cable-faced steel and hybrid combination girder cable-stayed bridge. Its highest cable-stayed tower is 320m, making it the third highest bridge structure in the world. The Millau Viaduct is 2460 m long, with two end spans of 204 m each and six central spans of 342 m each. Its tallest tower is 343 m, making it the second tallest bridge structure in the world. The two bridges suffer from similar climatic and geological factors, but the construction methods differ significantly. This paper summarizes the similarities between the construction methods of the two bridges and compares their differences. Results show that the construction methods of the Milo Viaduct are very creative, challenging and technically difficult, and the construction methods of the Pingtang Bridge are operational and imitative.
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Yu, Jiahuan, and Xiaofeng Zhang. "Comparison and Evaluation of Domestic and Foreign Radiation Environmental Standards for Nuclear Power Plants." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022020.
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Abstract With the development of the nuclear energy industry and the increasing demand for environmental protection, the impact of nuclear power plant radiation on the environment has gradually entered the public view. This article combs the nuclear power plant radiation environmental management systems of several countries, takes the domestic and foreign management of radioactive effluent discharge from nuclear power plants as a starting point, analyses and compares the laws and standards related to radioactive effluents from nuclear power plants in France, the United States, China, and South Korea. In this paper, the management improvement of radioactive effluent discharge system of Chinese nuclear power plants has been discussed.
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Chaudhary, Komal, and Dr Vinita Mittal. "India’s Footing in Green Finance in Comparison to other Leading Economies of the World." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27327.
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In the contemporary world, as development is surging in terms of planning and literal efforts, the climate has become a leading issue, leading to the environmental standards being compromised. This requisites to take recompense steps by countries not just domestically but at the global level. Green finance gained prominence to tackle the prevalent issue. The paper pertains to a comparison of India with other top world economies up to rank eight, that are the U.S., China, Japan, Germany, U.K., France and Canada, with a special focus on their carbon emission curtailment goals and the issue of green bonds. Keywords: Carbon emissions, climate, economies, green bonds, green finance.
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Panin, Nikita. "African Strategies: a Comparison of Present-Day Approaches Employed by External Actors Toward the Continent." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 64, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2023-64-3-29-47.
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The article explores the conceptual approaches adopted by China, the U.S. and some European nations, notably Germany and France, as the basis for their African policies. The analysis offers a comprehensive comparison, accounting for the main ideas on Africa as contained in the new edition of Russia’s Foreign Policy Concept. Arguably, the strategies contain divergent visions of the geographic scope as well as the conceptual framework for engaging Africa. Besides, the approaches differ when assessing the role other actors have to play in Africa, ranging from open competition up to a certain readiness for partnerships in specific issue areas. For each case, the author discusses its own specifics.
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Zhu, Xueming, Hui Wang, Guimei Liu, Charly Régnier, Xiaodi Kuang, Dakui Wang, Shihe Ren, Zhiyou Jing, and Marie Drévillon. "Comparison and validation of global and regional ocean forecasting systems for the South China Sea." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 20, 2016): 1639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1639-2016.
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Abstract. In this paper, the performance of two operational ocean forecasting systems, the global Mercator Océan (MO) Operational System, developed and maintained by Mercator Océan in France, and the regional South China Sea Operational Forecasting System (SCSOFS), by the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC) in China, have been examined. Both systems can provide science-based nowcast/forecast products of temperature, salinity, water level, and ocean circulations. Comparison and validation of the ocean circulations, the structures of temperature and salinity, and some mesoscale activities, such as ocean fronts, typhoons, and mesoscale eddies, are conducted based on observed satellite and in situ data obtained in 2012 in the South China Sea. The results showed that MO performs better in simulating the ocean circulations and sea surface temperature (SST), and SCSOFS performs better in simulating the structures of temperature and salinity. For the mesoscale activities, the performance of SCSOFS is better than MO in simulating SST fronts and SST decrease during Typhoon Tembin compared with the previous studies and satellite data; but model results from both of SCSOFS and MO show some differences from satellite observations. In conclusion, some recommendations have been proposed for both forecast systems to improve their forecasting performance in the near future based on our comparison and validation.
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Zhao, Yan, and Jiaxin Zheng. "Nantes vs Shenzhen: Comparison and reflection on the development characteristics of green cities in France and China." Eco Cities 1, no. 1 (June 11, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54517/ec.v1i1.1825.
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<p>Under the background that all countries in the world are facing the environmental pollution brought by the industrial revolution, the concept of sustainable development provides a new direction for the economic development of all countries<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span> For cities that are both the center of human activities and the source of environmental pollution, green reform has become a key measure for countries to practice the concept of sustainable development, so green cities came into being<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span> Under the guidance of national policies and in combination with its own characteristics, Nantes of France has successfully completed the transformation of a green city in less than 20 years through the green art transformation of transportation and public space <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">of </span>Shenzhen<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span> China also relies on high technology to continuously reform and innovate in industrial structure, greening, haze control and water control, so as to realize the transformation of green city<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span> The successful green city construction experience of the two cities provides reference for the development of green cities all over the world<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span></p>
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NIKOLAEVA, JEANNA. "POLICY ON LIABILITY FOR TAX CRIMES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ABROAD (COMPARATIVE ASPECT)." Sociopolitical sciences 10, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-4-91-98.
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The publication analyzes the policy in the field of legal liability for tax crimes in the Russian Federation and the States with which the Russian Federation has stable economic ties - Germany, Spain, France, China, the States of the Eurasian economic Union and the Commonwealth of independent States. The study suggests that the policy of States that are economic partners of the Russian Federation demonstrates a more severe approach to non-fulfillment of tax obligations. As a result of the study of foreign legislation, no States have been identified that have more lenient sanctions for tax crimes. Legal regulation of legal liability for violation of tax legislation in comparison with Russian legislation is characterized by long periods of limitation for criminal liability. Criminal law prohibitions do not contain an imperative requirement to exempt a defaulter from criminal prosecution in the event of payment of arrears and other compensation accruals (with the exception of the republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan). In contrast to the Russian Federation, most countries criminalize actions related to ignoring the obligation to maintain accounting records, hiding or destroying accounting documents (China, France, Spain, etc.). It is concluded that the Russian Federation is a less protected tax jurisdiction in comparison with the States with which it has economic ties. The existing imbalance of liability for violations of tax and fee legislation creates prerequisites for the use of Russian tax jurisdiction in unfair tax strategies. When determining the vector of Russian state policy in the sphere of liability for non-fulfillment of tax obligations, it is not advisable to ignore this significant circumstance.
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Romano, Giulia C. "A critical reappraisal of resident participation in China and France: ‘authoritarian deliberation’ goes global?" Japanese Journal of Political Science 19, no. 4 (December 2018): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109918000312.
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AbstractThis paper, the first step of a project aiming at analysing the establishment of practices of resident participation and consultation in urban renewal in China, proposes a reflection upon these practices through a comparison with similar experiences in France. Identifying some convergences between the practices adopted in the two countries, the paper proposes to reflect upon such puzzling outcomes, provocatively questioning the classic distinction between authoritarian and democratic regimes. It suggests that our analyses and interpretations shall get rid of classical binary categorisations between regime types to embrace a comparative analysis of the policies and practices introduced in various local contexts, and reflect upon their underlying logics. In so doing, the paper engages with He and Warren's concept of ‘authoritarian deliberation’ as well as with the critiques expressed by a number of French scholars on concepts such as ‘participative democracy’ and ‘good governance’. Such a focus on the underlying logics rather than on regime types will show that the concept of ‘authoritarian deliberation’ does not only apply to authoritarian contexts. Rather, it represents a fruitful starting point to analyse and reflect upon instances of participation and deliberation in both democratic and authoritarian countries.
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Cherniha, Roman, and Vasyl’ Davydovych. "A Mathematical Model for the COVID-19 Outbreak and Its Applications." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060990.
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A mathematical model based on nonlinear ordinary differential equations is proposed for quantitative description of the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pandemic. The model possesses remarkable properties, such as as full integrability. The comparison with the public data shows that exact solutions of the model (with the correctly specified parameters) lead to the results, which are in good agreement with the measured data in China and Austria. Prediction of the total number of the COVID-19 cases is discussed and examples are presented using the measured data in Austria, France, and Poland. Some generalizations of the model are suggested as well.
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Li, Weidong, Olli-Pekka Hilmola, and Jianhong Wu. "Chinese High-speed Railway: Efficiency Comparison and the Future." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 31, no. 6 (December 30, 2019): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v31i6.3220.
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High-speed railway (HSR) network building was initiated in China in the early 2000s, and full-scale construction began several years later as a larger use phase started in 2008. Thereafter, the expansion speed has been impressive. Network investment could be considered as a success, if evaluating the amount of high-speed railway usage already during the expansion phase. The diffusion models built in this research show that expansion in the network and growth of the passengers will continue at least until the following decade. The performance is evaluated in terms of DEA efficiency model. It is shown that efficiency started from very low levels, but it has been increasing together with the expansion of HSR network. Currently, the efficiency is near the level of the leading European High-speed (HS) countries (Germany and France). However, it is projected with linear model and by Bass diffusion models that the efficiency will reach Japanese and South Korean standards in the next decade. A somewhat larger network length with smaller relative growth of passengers, but with a higher growth of passenger-km seems to be able to reach even the frontier efficiency.
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Yani, Ahmad. "Comparative Review Of The Practices Of Sole Proprietorship Company Supervision Mechanism." Prophetic Law Review 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/plr.vol5.iss2.art2.
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A sole proprietorship is a unique form of Limited Liability Company (Perseroan Terbatas) which has a legal status under Indonesian law. The aspect of supervision is important as a consequence of the rights and obligations carried out by the sole proprietorship. This study aims to examine the comparison of the supervisory mechanism of sole proprietorship in Indonesia with the European Union, China, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. This study uses normative research methodology. The results of the study show that, first, the supervisory mechanism in a sole proprietorship company and a limited liability company has a significant difference in the internal control in which the sole proprietorship is lacking, while the limited liability company has effective internal control by a General Meeting of Shareholders forum. In addition, the form of supervision on individual companies is less different than the form of supervision on Limited Liability Company. This difference is due to the initial purpose of establishing a sole proprietorship in Indonesia which is intended to provide ease of doing business, hence the supervision aspect is not taken into account too much. Second, the comparison of individual monitoring mechanisms in the European Union, China, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom with the Indonesian practice generally has similarities in that each country does not have an effective internal control mechanism. However, each country provides an external monitoring mechanism for individual companies with different forms of implementation. The unavailability of internal control is caused by the requirements for the establishment of a company that can be established by one person. Hence, it does not allow for effective internal control. As for the availability of an external supervisory mechanism for the company as a consequence of implementing the principles of Good Corporate Governance to prevent misuse of individual companies.
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Su, Yu-Shou. "Taiwan Vulnerability Analysis: A Comparative Study with Japan, China, U.S.A., U.K., France, and the Netherlands." Journal of Management and Sustainability 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v5n4p76.
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<p>Taiwan has performed well economically during the past four decades. However, economic development can be profoundly hampered by natural disasters. Sustainable economic development requires environmental resilience. With 23 million people occupying only 13,974 square miles of land, Taiwan is both densely populated and highly exposed to natural disasters: 73.1% of the total population lives in vulnerable areas, and Taiwan is ranked as the country most exposed to multiple hazards (The World Bank, 2005). Storms and floods damage Taiwan frequently, with an average of six typhoons hitting Taiwan annually for the past four decades. Taiwan had the highest occurrence and highest death toll on the natural disaster density indicator (NDDI) in comparison with China, Japan, U.S.A, U.K., France, and the Netherlands from 1985 to 2014. Also, Taiwan’s economic losses during the past thirty years are estimated at $650, 000 per km². This is approximately 5 times that of the Netherlands’ $134,362 and the U.K.’s $135,292, 8 times that of the U.S.A.’s $78,186 losses, and 9 times that of France’s $70,599. Research finds that every dollar invested into disaster preparedness would save $4 to $7 dollars in post-disaster damages (Multihazard Mitigation Council, 2005; The National Academy of Sciences, 2012). Hence, promoting urban resilience policies for disaster risk reduction should become a priority in Taiwan and other Asian nations in the future. Most important is the need of a strong political commitment and leadership to initiate and implement spatial policies toward resilience.</p>
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Filimonova, Z. V. "Comparative Assessment of Competitiveness of Passenger Transportation." World of Transport and Transportation 18, no. 4 (January 5, 2021): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2020-18-118-132.
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The article presents the methodological principles and results of the analysis of key economic indicators for transportation of passengers by rail in the largest countries of the world (France, Germany, USA, Japan, China, and India) in comparison with similar indicators in Russia to determine reference objects for assessing competitiveness of the segment of rail passenger transportation in Russia.Features of railway systems of the countries under consideration have been briefly analysed. To better demonstrate the results of the analysis, the study objects were enlarged following territorial criterion, i.e., the results are presented not for individual companies, but for the countries where the companies operate.The calculation of quality indicators of transportation activities for each of the countries considered has been carried out resulted in compilation of a matrix reflecting to some extent the current situation in development of passenger railway transportation. Recommendations have been formulated on the choice of reference objects depending on the specified criteria of comparison.
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Filimonova, Z. V. "Comparative Assessment of Competitiveness of Passenger Transportation." World of Transport and Transportation 18, no. 4 (January 5, 2021): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2020-18-118-132.
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The article presents the methodological principles and results of the analysis of key economic indicators for transportation of passengers by rail in the largest countries of the world (France, Germany, USA, Japan, China, and India) in comparison with similar indicators in Russia to determine reference objects for assessing competitiveness of the segment of rail passenger transportation in Russia.Features of railway systems of the countries under consideration have been briefly analysed. To better demonstrate the results of the analysis, the study objects were enlarged following territorial criterion, i.e., the results are presented not for individual companies, but for the countries where the companies operate.The calculation of quality indicators of transportation activities for each of the countries considered has been carried out resulted in compilation of a matrix reflecting to some extent the current situation in development of passenger railway transportation. Recommendations have been formulated on the choice of reference objects depending on the specified criteria of comparison.
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Dillane, Eileen, Rachel Hayden, Aidan O'Hanlon, Fidelma Butler, and Simon Harrison. "The first recorded occurrence of the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) in Ireland, genetic evidence for a continued single invasion across Europe." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 93 (October 31, 2022): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.93.91209.
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The first record of the Asian/yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) in Ireland was reported in April 2021, when a single female individual was discovered in Dublin. Vespa velutina has been present in mainland Europe since 2004 and in the UK since 2016 and poses an enormous threat to European apiculture and bee-mediated pollination services. Three mitochondrial genes were sequenced from the Irish specimen to determine whether the specimen originated from the established European population or signified a new point of entry from its native range in China. Additionally, specimens from Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, and the Channel Islands were sequenced at these three genes to build on previous studies which have asserted, based solely on Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (COI) analysis, that the entire range of V. velutina in Europe represents a single invasion which has proliferated since the first record in France. Further data were retrieved from GenBank for comparison. Results reveal that the mtDNA lineage observed in Dublin is the same as that seen throughout Europe, and therefore the arrival of this species in Ireland likely represents a further spread of the ongoing European invasion.
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Ding, Xin, Wanting Lv, Yang Liu, Ying Lu, Yajun Liu, Hanning Li, Beilei Cai, et al. "Evaluation of the Nutritional Quality of Chinese Processed Meat Products: Comparison of Two Nutrient Profile Models." Nutrients 16, no. 5 (February 20, 2024): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16050578.
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Processed meat products are one of the most consumed pre-packaged foods in China. They are also group-1 carcinogens, whose consumption has proved to be positively associated with the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The purpose of this study is to analyze the nutrient content on the food label of processed meat products based on the China Standardized Database for the Composition of Pre-packaged Food and the National Open Database of the UK and France. The Chilean front-of-pack warning label (FOPWL) and the Chinese Healthier Choice Logo were used to compare the nutrient content of processed meat products from the three countries. It was found that cured meat products have the highest median energy (483 kcal/100 g), total fat content (38.7 g/100 g), and sodium content (2076 mg/100 g) and dried meat products have the highest median protein content (30.2 g/100 g) and carbohydrate content (38.2 g/100 g). In addition, there were significant differences in energy content and contents of total fat, protein, and carbohydrate across different products of the three countries (p < 0.001). A large number of processed meat products currently collected did not meet the criteria of the Chilean FOPWL and the Chinese Healthier Choice Logo. This study provided information on the healthiness of Chinese processed meat products and provided data for improving food formulations for different categories of processed meat products.
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Sun, Heping, Houze Xu, B. Ducarme, and J. Hinderer. "Comprehensive comparison and analysis of the tidal gravity observations obtained with superconducting gravimeters at stations in China, Belgium and France." Chinese Science Bulletin 44, no. 8 (April 1999): 750–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02909719.
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Dong, Jun, Yuanjun Tang, Ange Nzihou, Yong Chi, Elsa Weiss-Hortala, Mingjiang Ni, and Zhaozhi Zhou. "Comparison of waste-to-energy technologies of gasification and incineration using life cycle assessment: Case studies in Finland, France and China." Journal of Cleaner Production 203 (December 2018): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.139.
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Cui, Xiaohai, Wenze Yuan, Sheng Ding, Xiaomeng Liu, Jinwen Liu, Djamel Allal, Jürgen Rühaak, et al. "Key comparison CCEM.RF-K27.W of RF power from 50 GHz to 75 GHz in rectangular waveguide." Metrologia 60, no. 1A (January 1, 2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/60/1a/01001.
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Main text This report summarizes the results of the measurements performed as a CIPM Key Comparison (CCEM.RF-K27.W) on high frequency power in waveguide among eight National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) of Germany (PTB), UK (NPL), France (LNE), China (NIM), Russia (VINIIFTRI), USA (NIST), Korea (KRISS), Japan (NMIJ). The Pilot Laboratory (PL) is NIM. The comparison was performed between May 2019 and December 2021. In this comparison, the effective efficiency and calibration factor of two WR15 (R620) waveguide thermistor mounts (travelling standards) were measured in the frequency range 50 GHz to 75 GHz. In the final report the list of participants, measurement quantities, methods of measurement, and measured results are given. The repeatability of the travelling standards, the key comparison reference values (KCRVs) and the degree of equivalence (DoE) of participating institutions are discussed. The appendix also provides the measurement method, measurement results and uncertainty budget of each participant. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA). To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
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Crook, D. S., J. A. Dearing, R. T. Jones, and M. Elvin. "An inter-continental comparison between the environmental histories of two lake catchment systems in montane environments of France and South West China." Water History 3, no. 2 (June 2011): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-011-0038-3.
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Peng, Feng-Jiao, Emilie M. Hardy, Rémi Béranger, Sakina Mezzache, Nasrine Bourokba, Philippe Bastien, Jing Li, et al. "Human exposure to PCBs, PBDEs and bisphenols revealed by hair analysis: A comparison between two adult female populations in China and France." Environmental Pollution 267 (December 2020): 115425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115425.
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Roberts, N. J., N. A. Horwood, Z. Vykydal, H. Park, J. Kim, W. W. Pereira, E. S. da Fonseca, et al. "International comparison of measurements of neutron source emission rate (2016-2021) - CCRI(III)-K9.Cf.2016." Metrologia 61, no. 1A (January 1, 2024): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/61/1a/06001.
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Main text Section III (neutron measurements) of the Comité Consultatif des Rayonnements Ionisants, CCRI, conducted a comparison of primary measurements of the neutron emission rate of a 252Cf radionuclide source. A single 252Cf source was circulated to all participants between 2016 and 2020. Ten laboratories participated -CMI (Czech Republic), KRISS (Republic of Korea), IRD/LNMRI (Brazil), LNE-LNHB (France), NIM (China), NIST (USA), NMIJ (Japan), NPL (UK), NRC (Canada) and VNIIM (Russia) - with NPL making their measurements at the start and repeating them at the end of the exercise to verify the 250Cf content of the source. Each laboratory reported the emission rate into 4π sr together with a detailed uncertainty budget. All participants used the manganese bath technique except NMIJ who used a relative method based on measurements with a 3He detector in a graphite pile. VNIIM also made measurements using an associated particle technique. CMI, KRISS, LNE-LNHB, NIM, NPL and VNIIM also measured the anisotropy of the source although this did not formally form part of the comparison. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
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Kirillina, Kristina P. "Regional Component in Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language (Republic Sakha (Yakutia))." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-1-193-204.
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The regional component in teaching foreigners the Russian language is becoming increasingly important in the modern educational space. The article presents the methodology of teaching foreign students from China and South Korea to Russian phonetics using vargan, the national instrument of the Yakutia. The methodological basis of the study includes comparison, observation, study and summary of personal experience in a foreign audience. The indicated methods made it possible to prove the musical instrument vargan has a wide potential in teaching the phonetics of foreign students in the Russian language classes. It removes language difficulties, corrects the production of sounds, promotes the development of musical ear and motivation to learn the Russian language, relieve fatigue, and overcome the intercultural barrier. During the analysis of the main phonetic difficulties of students from China and South Korea, similar and distinctive features of the sound system of the native and Russian languages were highlighted, a system of training exercises was proposed that would interest students in pronunciation, practicing and correcting specific unpronounceable Russian sounds. Prospects for the study are the further use of the harbor in the classroom with students from countries such as Japan, Vietnam, India, Italy, Hungary, France, which have a similar musical instrument.
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Malkki, Rita M., Jianhua Chen, Danielle Honegger, Catharine Simonnet, Talma Kushnir, and Julio Soto. "A Comparison of Child Day-Care Settings in Four Countries." Pediatrics 94, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 1100–1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.6.1100.
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A surprisingly wide variety of child day-care systems exist throughout the world, and each system has its own particular purposes, benefits, and drawbacks. In some countries, child day care is viewed as an integral part of the public education process; in others it serves primarily to provide working parents a safe haven for their children during work hours. The issue of health and health care in the day-care setting is also viewed in a number of ways, from the Chinese view that health care should be built into the daily routine of child day care to the American approach of placing that responsibility primarily on the parent. This paper explores the day-care settings found in four countries. Both child care and health services are determined by a number of different influences in the cultural, social, and historical background of a given country. The economic situation and overall societal values combine to produce a child day-care system that at least attempts to respond to the needs of the majority of that society. Furthermore, the economic trends of the last two decades have had an even greater impact on day care than could have been imagined at the outset. Even in countries where the extended family is still a strong force in the care and rearing of children, the need for additional assistance has increased. A look at the systems in China, Israel, France, and Canada will identify a range of approaches to dealing with this issue. Child day care is largely a public undertaking in most countries, often with a smaller, private system operating independently under government regulations.
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Widarta, A. "CCEM key comparison CCEM.RF-K26. Attenuation at 18 GHz, 26.5 GHz and 40 GHz using a step attenuator. Final report of the pilot laboratory." Metrologia 61, no. 1A (January 1, 2024): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/61/1a/01001.
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Main text This report summarizes the results of the Key Comparison CCEM.RF-K26 Attenuation at 18 GHz, 26.5 GHz and 40 GHz using a step attenuator which has been performed from January 2015 to February 2018. Fourteen National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) participated in this key comparison, including the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ/AIST, Japan) which served as pilot laboratory, the National Institute of Metrology (NIM, China), the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstal (PTB, Germany), the Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE, France), the Swiss Federal Office for Metrology and Accreditation (METAS, Switzerland), the National Physical Laboratory of India (NPLI, India), the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Physico-Technical Measurements (VNIIFTRI, Russia), the Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science (KRISS, South Korea), the National Physical Laboratory (NPL, United Kingdom), the National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA, South Africa), the Tubitak Ulusal Metrologi Enstitűsű (TUBITAK-UME, Turkey), the National Metrology Centre (NMC-A*STAR, Singapore), the Czech Metrology Institute (CMI, Czech Republic) and the Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial (INTA, Spain). The Key Comparison Reference Values (KCRVs) were determined from the measurement results of five to ten participating NMIs, depending on the attenuation and frequency. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
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Pailler, Lucas, Laurent Deguillaume, Hélène Lavanant, Isabelle Schmitz, Marie Hubert, Edith Nicol, Mickaël Ribeiro, et al. "Molecular composition of clouds: a comparison between samples collected at tropical (Réunion Island, France) and mid-north (Puy de Dôme, France) latitudes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 9 (May 15, 2024): 5567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5567-2024.
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Abstract. The composition of dissolved organic matter of cloud water has been investigated through non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry on only a few samples that were mostly collected in the Northern Hemisphere in the USA, Europe and China. There remains, therefore, a lack of measurements for clouds located in the Southern Hemisphere, under tropical conditions and influenced by forest emissions. As a matter of fact, the comparison of the composition of clouds collected in different locations is challenging since the methodology for the analysis and data treatment is not standardized. In this work, the chemical composition of three samples collected at Réunion Island (REU) during the BIO-MAÏDO field campaign, in the Indian Ocean, with influences from marine, anthropogenic and biogenic (tropical) emissions, is investigated and compared to the chemical composition of samples collected at the Puy de Dôme (PUY) observatory in France. The same methodology of analysis and data treatment was employed, producing a unique dataset for the investigation of the molecular composition of organic matter in cloud water. Besides the analysis of elemental composition, we investigated the carbon oxidation state (OSC) of dissolved organic matter, finding that overall samples collected at PUY are more oxidized than those collected at REU. Molecular formulas were also classified based on stoichiometric elemental ratios, showing the high frequency and abundance of reduced organic compounds, classified as lipids (LipidC), in this matrix, which led to a search for terpene oxidation products in cloud water samples. To better discriminate between samples collected at PUY and REU, statistical analysis (principal component analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering) was performed on the ensemble of molecular formulas and their intensities. Samples collected at REU have a different composition from samples collected at PUY, which is mainly linked to different primary sources, the processing of organic matter in cloud water and the influence of different primary emissions at the two locations.
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Yang, Qiong, Paul A. Umina, Shujun Wei, Chris Bass, Wenjuan Yu, Katie L. Robinson, Alex Gill, et al. "Diversity and Regional Variation of Endosymbionts in the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)." Diversity 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020206.
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The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is globally distributed and an important pest of many economically valuable food crops, largely due to its ability to transmit plant viruses. Almost all aphids, including M. persicae, carry the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola, which provides essential amino acids that aphids cannot obtain from the phloem of plants themselves. Many aphids also harbor facultative (secondary) endosymbionts, which provide benefits under specific ecological conditions. In this study, we screened for secondary endosymbionts in M. persicae, with a particular focus on Australian populations where this species is growing in status as a major agricultural pest. We compared 37 Australian M. persicae populations with other populations, including 21 field populations from China and 15 clones from the UK, France, Italy, Greece, USA, Spain, South Korea, Chile, Japan and Zimbabwe. No secondary endosymbionts were identified in M. persicae samples outside of China, despite samples covering a wide geographic range and being collected from several host plant families. We detected two secondary endosymbionts (Rickettsia, Spiroplasma) in Chinese samples, although diversity appeared lower than detected in a recent study. We also found very high clonal diversity in Chinese samples based on DNA microsatellite markers in comparison with lower clonal diversity from Australia. These patterns may indicate a higher diversity of secondary endosymbionts (and clonal diversity) in the native range of M. persicae when compared to its invasive range.
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Belkasmi, M., M. Cuney, P. J. Pollard, and A. Bastoul. "Chemistry of the Ta-Nb-Sn-W oxide minerals from the Yichun rare metal granite (SE China): genetic implications and comparison with Moroccan and French Hercynian examples." Mineralogical Magazine 64, no. 3 (June 2000): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646100549391.
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AbstractIn the Yichun granite complex (SE China), columbite group minerals, microlite and cassiterite are the main Nb, Ta, Sn-bearing minerals. They are mainly concentrated in the uppermost albite-lepidolite granite. Rutile is the only Nb, Ta-bearing phase in the geochemically primitive muscovite-zinnwaldite granite. The chemical evolution of the columbite group minerals (the most abundant and commonly zoned Nb, Ta-bearing minerals) indicates a complex crystallization history of the host granites with: (1) fractional crystallization at depth, reflected by a strong increase of Mn/(Mn+Fe) ratios with a moderate increase of Ta/(Ta+Nb) ratios from the muscovite-zinnwaldite granite to the Li-mica granite and then the most fractionated topaz-lepidolite granite; and (2) emplacement of successive magma batches corresponding to the different units of the granite complex with progressive crystallization of each unit, mainly reflected by a strong increase of Ta/(Ta+Nb) ratios with moderate variation of Mn/(Mn+Fe) ratios during the growth of the zoned crystals. The data are compared with those from the RMG of Ezzirari (Morocco), Montebras, Beauvoir and Chèdeville (France).
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Ding, Yuan, Gary M. Entwistle, and Hervé Stolowy. "Identifying and Coping with Balance Sheet Differences: A Comparative Analysis of U.S., Chinese, and French Oil and Gas Firms Using the “Statement of Financial Structure”." Issues in Accounting Education 22, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 591–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2007.22.4.591.
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In a globalized business world it is often necessary to compare companies across national boundaries. This comparison often includes an examination of financial statements. While the harmonization of accounting standards continues to progress, there still remain differences in how accounting information is reported between companies located in different countries, especially with regard to the format used to present the balance sheet. It is consequently important that students be able to both identify these differences, and have a method for coping with them. Using three oil and gas firms from three different countries (Exxon in the United States, Sinopec in China, and Total in France), this paper provides a setting for students to identify differences in balance sheet formats across countries. The paper then introduces a standardizing model—the Statement of Financial Structure—that enables students to cope with these differences. In working with this Statement, students develop their financial analysis skills. In particular, the concept of working capital is reinforced, as is the importance of understanding the local business environment in order to interpret the numbers and ratios within the proper context.
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Li, Jie. "A Comparative Aesthetics Analysis on Song Dynasty Lacquer Dish in the Form of Plum Blossoms with a Red-brushed Pattern of Two Phoenixes." Communications in Humanities Research 8, no. 1 (October 31, 2023): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/8/20230987.
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The Chinese artcraft in Song and Ming Dynasty set a standard that is understood as both unique and influential. Through comparative research, the lacquered Artcraft in East Asia and Europe would provide a holistic view of how Chinese lacquer art craft transferred through dynasties. Two Chinese crafts, Ming Yongle red-painted tea flower round plate and the Song dynasty Lacquer dish in the form of plum blossoms with a red-brushed pattern of two phoenixes are illustrated. It then presents a gilt-bronze inlaid lacquer vessel from France in the reign of Louis XV, made by the Japanese and European Lacquer Bureau, and one can see the great difference between it and the two previous ones made in China. It is inlaid on the top surface with figures, carriages, and horses, as well as with figures of mountains, rocks, and trees, with most of the figures concentrated on the left side, while the right side is left relatively empty of white space. It is argued that from several aspects, the comparison is worthwhile.
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Karabay, Gülseren, and Kazım Sarıçoban. "Research on Competitiveness in Technical Textiles: Comparison of Countries Having the Lion’s Share of Technical Textile World Exports and Turkey." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 29, no. 6(150) (December 31, 2021): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2718.
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After the end of quotas in 2005, Turkey and many other countries confronted fierce competition from countries having cheap labour. Producing technical textile products that require high technology and skilled labour is one way to cope with this competition. The degree of specialisation (comparative cost advantage) and export competitiveness of Turkey in technical textiles is gaining significance. Therefore, this study aims to examine comparatively the level of specialisation and export competitiveness of Turkey and the countries with the lion’s share in world exports of technical textiles in the period 2008-2019. Technical textile products are not coded under a specific category in the HS system, thus Turkey’s technical textile product groups, which are reported by the exporters’ association, were examined in this research. In this context, there are a total of 39 technical textile product groups consisting of 4-digit and 6-digit product groups. In this study, in which the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) method was used, Relative trade advantage (RTA), net export advantage (NEI), and relative export advantage (RXA) analyses were performed for technology classification. Considering the RTA results, the number of product groups in which China, Korea, USA, Turkey, Japan, Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, Vietnam and Mexico gained a competitive advantage is 33, 23, 23, 22, 22, 21, 20, 16, 14, 11 and 10, in sequence. Under the NEI results, which measure the country’s own commercial performance, the number of product groups that China, Korea, Germany, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Turkey, USA, France, Vietnam and Mexico specialised in is 38, 22, 22, 22, 22, 19, 18, 17, 15, 11 and 10, respectively. According to the results, Turkey has high positive NEI (close to +1) and RTA values especially in the product groups of 540219 (high tenacity yarn other than textured yarn/sewing thread, of nylon/other polyamides, not put up for retail sale), 540600 (man-made filament yarn (other than sewing thread)), and 630533 (sacks & bags of the kind used for the packing of goods, of polyethylene/polypropylene strip/the like). Turkey specialised in these products above the world average (RTA) and in the export of them from the domestic market (NEI). On the contrary, both NEI (close to -1) and RTA values are negative in the product groups of 540220 (high tenacity yarn other than textured yarn/sewing thread, of polyester.), 6113 (garments, knitted or crocheted, rubberised or impregnated, coated or covered with plastics or other materials), 540211 (tenacity yarn other than textured yarn/sewing thread, of aramid.), and 540310 (high tenacity yarn other than sewing thread, of viscose rayon.). Turkey specialised in these products below the world average and in the import of these products to the domestic market. In the RXA analysis conducted according to the technology classification for technical textile exporting countries, it was determined that other countries except Turkey specialised in R&D-based product groups above the world average and had gained a competitive advantage.
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Simsek Franci, Gulsu, and Philippe Colomban. "On-Site Identification of Pottery with pXRF: An Example of European and Chinese Red Stonewares." Heritage 5, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5010005.
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The invention of European hard porcelain, which aims at imitating kaolin-containing white paste of Chinese porcelain, had been started by the development of the technology of “red porcelain”, so-called “Jaspisporzellan” by Johann Friedrich Böttger in the early-eighteenth century at Meissen (Saxony). The visual features of the earlier Böttger red stoneware were rather similar to the one produced in Yixing, China. The prominence of Böttger productions allowed the manufacturing to be expanded across Europe to different countries (Holland, England, France, etc.). In this study, the chemical characteristics of nine European unglazed objects produced in England, France, Russia, and Holland from the 17th to 19th century and 10 Chinese (unglazed or enameled) red stoneware have been studied by using an on-site characterization technique pXRF. The results were compared with the previous studies carried out on 25 unglazed, polished, and non-polished Böttger artefacts. This non-invasive, speedy technique allows a methodology to be created for distinguishing the technological differences related to the provenance and authenticity of the artefacts. The elemental measurements explicitly show the significant discrepancy of Dutch objects from the main group, which involves other European and Chinese ones. Both a Lambertus van Eenhoorn (Delft) statue and an Ary de Milde (Delft) teapot are distinguishable from other European red stoneware by the high content of iron and calcium and high content of titanium and potassium, respectively, found in their body compositions. An overall comparison was made between the measurements made at different times in order to evaluate the error range arising from the measurement procedure (e.g., energy resolution of other series of the same instrument model).