Journal articles on the topic 'China Economic policy 1949-1976'
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1
Agarwala, Nitin, and Rana Divyank Chaudhary. "China’s Policy on Science and Technology: Implications for the Next Industrial Transition." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 2 (June 2019): 206–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928419841786.
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Since the formation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Science and Technology (S&T) has been the focus area for Chinese economic development. However, little was known about China’s scientific mission, working and policies till the end of 1978. Based on the studies and the developments made, one can say that China’s S&T policy has evolved through four phases. The first phase (1949–1959) supported the development of heavy industries along the Soviet lines; the second phase (1959–1976) witnessed economic stagnation and ideological domination of technology projects; the third phase (1976–2001) focused on market-driven and product-driven research and now in her fourth phase of S&T development, since 2002, China has aimed to develop high technology industries and the nascent clean-energy or green technology with a focus on innovation. These policy changes entirely reformed the way China’s industrial enterprises are being managed today as compared to earlier years. However, some thinkers do not consider these reforms as sweeping or successful. In order to better appreciate the implications of the S&T policy in China’s industrial transition, the article analyses the role and effects of the policy that has assisted in enhancing the country’s S&T strength and improving the competitiveness, while supporting its economic and social development.
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Vargas, Neide César, Adriana Ilha da Silva, and Rafael Venturini. "HISTÓRICO E ATUALIDADE DA POLÍTICA DE SAÚDE NA REPÚBLICA POPULAR DA CHINA (RPC)." Revista Políticas Públicas 19, no. 2 (June 16, 2016): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v19n2p575-585.
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A China, em virtude da cultura, do regime político e da economia peculiares, apresenta um sistema de saúde com diferenças marcantes em relação àquele das nações ocidentais e capitalistas, o que pode ser obliterado em uma abordagem meramente quantitativa do mesmo. Tendo em conta tais aspectos, este artigo procura traçar um panorama do desenvolvimento do sistema de saúde da RPC ao longo das três grandes etapas da história recente do país, a era de Mao Zedong (1949-1976), a de Deng Xiaoping (1978-1994) e o período atual. Palavras-chave: Política de Saúde na China, economia planificada, reformas do Estado em economias emergentes.HISTORY AND CURRENT HEALTH POLICY IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINAAbstract: China, due to its special culture, political regime and economy, presents a health system with remarkable differences from those of Western and capitalist nations, which can be obliterated in an exclusively quantitative approach of this system. Taking into account these aspects, this article attempts to undertake an overview of the development of the health system in the PRC during the three main stages of the country’s recent history, namely the era of Mao Zedong (1949-1976), the era of Deng Xiaoping (1978-1994) and the current period.Key words: Chinese health policy, planned economy, State reforms in emergent economies.
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Makeeva, Svetlana. "State policy of the PRC on urban development (1949-2020): historical, regional and socio-demographic characteristics." DEMIS. Demographic Research 1, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.3.6.
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Introduction. The chronological framework of the study includes the period of development of the People’sRepublic of China from 1949 to the present, when state policy was formed in relation to large, medium and small cities, which had a significant impact on the socio-economic transformations of China. Goals and objectives of the study. It is necessary to consider the features of the implementation of the state policy of the PRC in the 1949–2000s. in relation to the development of urban areas, the regulation of the urbanization process. Materials and methods. The article was written on the basis of sources on the economic history of the PRC: materials of five-year plans, documents of the State Council and the Central Committee of theCommunist Party of China. The study used such special historical methods as problem-chronological and retrospective. Results. In the history of China’s state policy in relation to urban development, two main stages can be distinguished: 1. The initial period of urban construction management (1949–1976), when the main industrial urban centers of the PRC were formed. 2. The period of urban construction management in China after the start of the policy of “reform and opening” (from 1978 to the present), when cities began to act as the main “development poles” of the surrounding territories. Throughout its 70-year history, the Chinese city has become a center of national economic development and a “growth pole” for the regional economy. A modern production base, modernized educational, scientific and technological centers were formed in the cities. The state policy in the field of development of urban areas was regulated not only by five-year plans, as throughout the history of the PRC, but also by such important documents as the “National program of urbanization of a new type for 2014–2020” from 2015, Plan for the construction of 19 urban agglomerations in the Central, Western and North-Eastern regions from 2016. Conclusions. The formed state policy of China in relation to urban areas at the present stage is dictated by the tasks of co-development of urban and rural areas, the principles of building an ecological civilization, the norms of sustainable regional development, the requirements of modernizing economic changes in the interests of “socialism with Chinese characteristics”, as well as the goals of implementing the updated strategy of coordinated regional development.
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Genov Mateev, Iliyan. "RURAL POLICY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA." KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 60, no. 1 (September 30, 2023): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij6001181g.
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The report examines rural development of the People's Republic of China and agricultural policy of the Communist Party of China in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. After the end of World War II, the Chinese Communist Party largely secured its victory over the Kuomintang in the Civil War (1946-1949) thanks to the rural population of China, a predominantly agrarian country at the time. The reforms in the village envisage the implementation of an agrarian reform, expressed in the confiscation of land and means of production from the large landowners and wealthier peasants using hired labor and their distribution among the landless peasants. The first stage of the agrarian reform was carried out until 1952 and was related to the land acquisition of poor peasants. The second stage took place during the First Five-Year Plan (1953-1957) and was related to the collectivization of agriculture. In practice, the agrarian reform ends with the complete cancellation of private ownership of land. At the beginning of the period of the so-called "Great Leap Forward" (1958-1961), cooperatives were transformed into people's communes - basic public organizations in which agricultural and industrial production, trade, education, etc. was developed. After a short period of calm between 1962 and 1965, in May 1966 Mao Zedong launched the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", whose vanguard were the student-run "Red Guard Squads", the so-called "Hóng Wèibīng". Undoubtedly, the impact of the Cultural Revolution (May 16, 1966 – October 6, 1976) on the PRC in social, political, cultural and economic aspects was very negative. The economy was hit particularly hard in 1967-1968. The death of Mao Zedong on September 9, 1976, the elimination of the far-left Gang of Four, the complete seizure of power by Hua Guofeng on October 7, 1976, and the rehabilitation of Deng Xiaoping, set the stage for major changes in the country's economic management. The beginning of economic reform is associated with the 3rd Plenary Session after the 11th Congress of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held from December 18 to 22, 1978 in Beijing. The reforms start in the rural areas where 80% of China's population lived at that time and marked the beginning of the new path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, initially reviving the family form of land management, and then developing channels for the sale of agricultural products, reviving rural enterprises related to the processing of raw materials from the rural economy. First coined by Deng Xiaoping in 1982, the concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics aims to redefine the relations between planning and socialism, and market economy and capitalism. It has preserved institutions of socialism and public ownership while importing sophisticated management experience and advanced market mechanisms from developed countries. The term "socialist market economy" was introduced in 1992 by Jiang Zemin.
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Li, Xin. "Science diplomacy in China: Past, present and future." Cultures of Science 6, no. 2 (June 2023): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20966083231183473.
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Science diplomacy has played an important role in Chinese history, including in the history of science and technology (S&T) development. While we may consider science diplomacy as simply a part of China's Reform and Opening-up policy, the fact is that even in the Kuomintang period (1925–1949) or the Maoist period (1949–1976) it was a key element of Chinese foreign relations. The targets and nature of science diplomacy were shaped by the prevailing politics and economic issues of the times. For example, the Cold War limited the breadth and depth of S&T cooperation between China and the West. Nonetheless, the People's Republic of China pursued cooperation with the Soviet Union and newly independent countries in a very steadfast manner and continues to engage with Russia and developing countries today. This article analyses the nature of science diplomacy as an element of both China's S&T development and its foreign relations. The interactions and practices at the intersection of science and foreign policy in China are manifold. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview, this article also highlights evolving trends, especially in terms of the deepening of China's linkages across the international S&T system. Finally, the article examines the recent impact of the apparent rise of techno-nationalism and how this has affected the nature of China's international S&T activities regarding Beijing's use of science diplomacy.
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Rigdon, Susan. "Communism or the Kingdom: 'Saving' China, 1924-1949." Social Sciences and Missions 22, no. 2 (2009): 168–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489309x12517973174365.
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AbstractThis paper identifies commonalities between Marxian economic principles and the socio-economic goals of Social Gospel missionaries in China in the quarter century between 1924 and 1949. It argues that the unbreachable divisions between missionaries, including those who advocated for a "Christian communism," and the communist party were rooted, on the Christian side, in a rejection of violence and coercive methods of policy implementation rather than in opposition to socialism. On the communist side opposition was not to specific tenets of Christianity but to foreign-funding and leadership and to the perception of American Christians as agents of an imperialist country.
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Pramesti, Azalia Ayu, and Adiasri Putri Purbantina. "Strategi Pemerintah Taiwan dalam Meningkatkan Ekspor Agrikultur melalui Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA)." Transformasi Global 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.008.01.5.
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The relationship between China and Taiwan since separating in 1949 continues to fluctuate, particularly with the One China Policy. However, despite the political tension between the two, they have close bilateral economic ties relations, where China is Taiwan's largest trading partner. China and Taiwan signed an agreement entitled "Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement" (ECFA) in 2010. The ECFA challenges Taiwan's agricultural sector. This paper evaluates how the Taiwanese government response to boost the competitiveness of their agricultural exports through three channels: 1) foreign policies, 2) trade regulations, and 3) supports to domestic firms. Keywords: Free Trade Agreement, Foreign Policy, Trade Regulations, Firms
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Liu, Yueming. "A Review on Foreign Language Education Policies in China from 1949 to 2023." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 45, no. 1 (April 19, 2024): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/45/20230542.
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This paper reviews on the topic of foreign language education policies in China from 1949 to 2023. It mainly focuses on English and Russian. In this paper, the timeline is separated by three important timepoint. The first important section is in 1949. As the People's Republic of China came into being, complicated and convoluted foreign language education policies in China started to emerge. The second important section is in 1978. In this year, Chinese government launched the famous national strategy of reform and opening up, and thus many changes in Chinese foreign language education policy happened. The third important section is in 2021, and in this year, Chinese government launched the Double Reduction Policy. This is a policy aiming to alleviate students' homework burden and off campus training burden in the compulsory educational stage. This policy uses various kinds of measures to reduce students' burden in academic learning, help families who cannot afford luxurious after-class tutoring fee, and enable children to have more time and space needed for all round development. In general, this paper concludes the development of foreign language education policies in China from 1949 to 2023 and gives some points in economic and historical effects to English and Russian learning during this historical process.
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Pramesti, Azalia Ayu, and Adiasri Putri Purbantina. "Strategi Pemerintah Taiwan dalam Meningkatkan Ekspor Agrikultur melalui Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA)." Transformasi Global 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.2021.008.01.5.
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The relationship between China and Taiwan since separating in 1949 continues to fluctuate, particularly with the One China Policy. However, despite the political tension between the two, they have close bilateral economic ties relations, where China is Taiwan's largest trading partner. China and Taiwan signed an agreement entitled "Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement" (ECFA) in 2010. The ECFA challenges Taiwan's agricultural sector. This paper evaluates how the Taiwanese government response to boost the competitiveness of their agricultural exports through three channels: 1) foreign policies, 2) trade regulations, and 3) supports to domestic firms.
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Zaremba, Michał. "Polityka, wzrost i nierówności w Chinach od 1949 roku. Próba oceny." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 71, no. 3 (September 2022): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.3.
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The aim of the article is to examine and present the policies, processes and effects of economic growth in China since 1949, i.e. the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. Two research questions were formulated on this basis: how the processes of economic growth and development progressed in Mao Zadong’s times, and how the reforms during the Deng Xiaoping period influenced the economy of modern China. A historical analysis based on domestic and foreign literature is mainly used in the paper, as well as an analysis of existing data. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the economic policy in the Maoist era, despite all its flaws and defects, made a huge contribution to the development of China, leading, inter alia, to reducing illiteracy and extreme poverty. Finally, the policy supplemented by more efficient market mechanisms led to the true prosperity of this country. Nevertheless, it is impossible not to notice the problems that are growing and in the next few years may become a barrier to further growth: high inequalities, an ageing population, and environmental issues. Given China’s ability to adapt and solve problems, we may hope that they will also resolve these problems. The challenges China is facing are serious, nevertheless, taking into account the way they have overcome, it can be hoped that the current problems will also be resolved.
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Lee, Peter Nan-shong. "Enterprise Autonomy Policy in Post-Mao China: A Case Study of Policy-making, 1978–83." China Quarterly 105 (March 1986): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000036766.
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Analysts and observers expect a faster pace and a greater magnitude of change in China's economic system in the post-Mao era than was achieved in earlier decades. Yet contrary to this view researchers have found that reform between 1978 and 1983, in the genuine sense of the word, was limited. Moreover, changes that have occurred appear to have resulted from proposals made in the 1950s to 1960s. Additionally, it took eight years (from 1976 to 1984) for Chinese policy-makers to advocate reforms of any significance. In fact the Party's resolution on the reform of the economic system was not put forward until the Third Plenum of 12th Party Congress in October 1984.
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Liu, Xuyan. "Policy of the People’s Republic of China in the Black Sea Region(1976 - 2022)." Международные отношения, no. 1 (January 2023): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2023.1.39559.
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This study focuses on the policy of the People’s Republic of China in the Black Sea Region (1976-2022). The object of the study is the political and economic relations of the People’s Republic of China with the countries of the Black Sea Region: Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Romania and Bulgaria. The author examines in detail the conflict potential of the region and its causes, the national interests of the People’s Republic of China towards the States of the region. Close attention is paid to the tension in the region and ways of its alleviation by the People’s Republic of China. The study is based on the theory of political realism, which implies constant competition among States defending their national interests. In the process of studying this problem, the author applies institutional, analytical and problem-chronological methods. The main conclusions of the study are the definition of the conflict potential of the region, the establishment of the role of the People’s Republic of China in the Black Sea region, the definition of methods of expansion of China in the region, the evaluation of relations with the States of the region, both political and economic, identifying China’s concerns in its policies in the region. Moreover, close attention is paid to the growth of trade between the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Romania and Bulgaria. The historical phenomenon of displacing hegemon from the region has been revealed. The relevance of the study is due to the growing political and economic influence of the People’s Republic of China throughout the world, not excluding the Black Sea region. The novelty of the study is due to the study of the expansion of the People’s Republic of China in conditions of high conflict potential of the region.
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Cai, Jing. "Studies on China's Economic Development since the Reform and Opening Up : A Literature Review." Multidiszciplináris kihívások, sokszínű válaszok, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33565/mksv.2023.01.01.
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Since the promulgation of China's reform and opening-up sub-policy, China has created a socialist economic development path with Chinese characteristics in terms of economic development. During this period, China has experienced rapid economic growth, and deep-seated conflicts have come to the fore simultaneously. Therefore, China must transform its economic development to gain more growth opportunities. And in this paper, the author uses the literature review method to review the articles (international and domestic academic journals) related to China's economic development from 1949 to 2023, describe the current economic development in China, and analyze the opportunities and challenges that China faces in terms of economic development. The Chinese government focuses on innovation-driven development of science and technology, intending to achieve high-quality development of the Chinese economy rather than just rapid economic growth. Therefore, the author believes that the future direction of China's economic development will favor using government macroeconomic policy regulation to promote the digital economy's development vigorously. In addition, the government authorities will also pay more attention to sustainable development.
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Surie, Nalin. "China’s India Policy: The Importance of Bilateralism— An Appraisal." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 2 (June 2019): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928419841768.
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Given the essential positive history of China’s relations with India, China’s world view and the fact of geographical contiguity, the essential approach that China follows vis-à-vis India post 1949 is based on bilateralism. The bilateral approach has defined China’s negotiations over the border as well as economic relations between the two. In the past bilateralism has allowed China to consolidate its control over Tibet and follow a mercantilist economic policy vis- a- vis India. But the change in the geopolitical status of both nations indicates that bilateral relations, after Wuhan, have been reset to represent those between two ‘major powers’ who have broader regional and global interests as well. Although bilateralism will continue to underline their policies towards each other in matters of common development, regional development or the building of a community with a shared future for humanity, China will need to redefine its approach to bilateralism by broadening and deepening it to create a truly mutual relationship.
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Li, Yi. "On shifting foundations: State rescaling, policy experimentation and economic restructuring in post-1949 China." Regional Studies 53, no. 12 (September 26, 2019): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1667660.
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Comtois, Claude. "Transport and Territorial Development in China 1949–1985." Modern Asian Studies 24, no. 4 (October 1990): 777–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00010581.
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In recent years, China has adopted new strategies for economic development. These strategies seek increased productivity and effectiveness in the use of resources. Spatially regions specialize in the lines of production for which they have comparative advantages. And the coastal areas are experiencing an accelerated economic growth. The policy, however, operates under various constraints. First, the material base for development is a finite one and resources are very unevenly distributed across the landscape. Second, this development strategy depends to a certain extent on a substantial increase in China's foreign trade. As a result important investments are conceded to the transport sector. In the present context, is this strategy optimizing the use of available resources? The answer which is tentatively accepted here as a working hypothesis rests on the contradictory aspect of the concept of accessibility. Essentially all systems of transport and their networks generate territorial contradictions; and the resolution of these contradictions points to the direction of territorial development. The present analysis will focus on the geographic environment of China as a determining factor in the establishment of transport networks, followed by the history and performance of China's transport system within the confines of this paradigm. The objective of this paper is twofold: first, toexplore the role of transportation in territorial development, and second, to understand that transport systems do not solely reflect the physical conditions of a territory as an objective reality but also political ideologies which are forged to a certain extent by this reality.
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Wang, M. P., C. Z. Zhao, R. J. Long, and Y. H. Yang. "Rangeland governance in China: overview, impacts on Sunan County in Gansu Province and future options." Rangeland Journal 32, no. 2 (2010): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj09085.
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The development of the current regulatory framework for management of rangeland resources in China began in 1949. Prior to this, there were family, tribal and other traditional systems of grazing management. The emphasis in government policy since 1949 has been to increase livestock production and economic output from the rangelands. The operations of these policies and regulations in Sunan County, a typical rangeland county in Gansu Province, are examined. The existing laws, policies, and regulations related to rangeland management in Sunan County and elsewhere are identified and described. It is argued that a policy based on rational processes should lead to desired outcomes. Therefore, emphasis needs to be placed on processes that facilitate the development and implementation of policies at every level of government to promote sustainable use and management of natural resources and to secure sustainable livelihoods. It is concluded that the rangeland policies have been rarely integrated with the concept of sustainable development. This is now changing. Sustainable development philosophy needs to be further incorporated into the developmental processes for rangeland policies. Until now processes have focused predominantly on economic performance.
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Li, Jian, and Xinyao Zhang. "Exploring Chinese Students’ Learning Burden Reduction Policy: a Historical Policy Analysis." Beijing International Review of Education 5, no. 3 (September 5, 2023): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25902539-05030011.
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Abstract The student learning burden reduction policy has always been a key field concerning national education development and it is also a highly debated field in recent years. For the period of improving physical fitness, since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Directive on Reducing the Excessive Burden on Primary and Secondary Schools, which was the first policy document specifically aimed at reducing the burden on students, marked that the formulation of the policy of reducing the burden in China was on the right track. For the one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate period, the comprehensive restoration and reorganization of educational work was gradually carried out. To boost economic development with talents, the country has focused on improving the teaching level and quality of schools at all levels. For period for improving the quality of education, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that schools at all levels should improve the quality of education. For the period of curriculum reform of basic education, the international situation was changing rapidly, science and technology were constantly iterating, and knowledge economy became the hot spot.
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Zhou, Zhonghe. "The Rising of Paleontology in China: A Century-Long Road." Biology 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081104.
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In this paper, the history of paleontology in China from 1920 to 2020 is divided into three major stages, i.e., 1920–1949, 1949–1978, and 1979–2020. As one of the first scientific disciplines to have earned international fame in China, the development of Chinese paleontology benefitted from international collaborations and China’s rich resources. Since 1978, China’s socio-economic development and its open-door policy to the outside world have also played a key role in the growth of Chinese paleontology. In the 21st century, thanks to constant funding from the government and the rise of the younger generation of paleontologists, Chinese paleontology is expected to make even more contributions to the integration of paleontology with both biological and geological research projects by taking advantage of new technologies and China’s rich paleontological resources.
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Tagirova, Alsu. "Constructing a "Border" with China: The Russian Approach." Asian Perspective 47, no. 3 (June 2023): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apr.2023.a905230.
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Abstract: The Russian and Soviet governments believed the border to be a social and political construct. They often described and considered it as a foreign policy issue and a point of military vulnerability. In the course of 70 years of Sino-Russian relations since 1949, the border turned from a porous imperial fringe to a line of defense, a zone of economic growth, and a zone of economic anxiety. Throughout this evolution process, the Russian central government failed to grant agency to the local authorities and indigenous communities. The article argues that the current Russian federal government entrusts the local government with two conflicting goals in the borderlands: building strong cross-border ties and maintaining a "strong vertical of power" with top-down management and absolute supremacy of national security matters.
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Boyarkina, Anna. "Chinese Foreign Relations Grand Strategies: From Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping." Russian and Chinese Studies 7, no. 1 (April 20, 2023): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2023.7(1).69-78.
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The importance of the article is the fact or of increasing political, economic, and military power of the People’s Republic of China; the extremely sharp confrontation between China and the United States in foreign policy and economics; political and economic destabilization of European countries in the context of the Ukrainian crisis (2014–2022) et al. The purpose of the article is to show the evolution of a grand foreign policy strategy from 1949 to the present. Since the early 2000s Chinese scientific community and scholars from other countries are discussing new foreign policy concepts, such as China’s peaceful rise, peaceful development, harmonious world, Community with a shared future for mankind, and other modern diplomatic theories and initiatives. There is still a number of interrelated important questions that need to be answered: how China’s grand strategy is being implemented and how effective it is; are the strategies of previous generation leaders Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping at present still relevant? The leading method is the historical-comparative one, which made it possible to compare strategies in the Chinese historical focus. The study found significant changes in both diplomatic work and foreign policy practice, which is characterized by decisiveness, activity and is less filled with successive content.
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Gao, Yu. ":On Shifting Foundations: State Rescaling, Policy Experimentation and Economic Restructuring in Post-1949 China." China Journal 90 (July 1, 2023): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/724915.
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Te, Olga E. "The specifics of Hu Shuli’s work in the conditions of the new stage of reforms and opening up." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-2-312-320.
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Today, the People’s Republic of China, formed on October 1, 1949, being at the starting point in a new historical era, continues to successfully pursue a policy of reforms and opening up, initiated by the great statesman of China, Deng Xiaoping (小平 (1904-1997)). The article presents an analysis of the main trends in the functioning of the financial and economic press of China on the example of the work of one of the brightest leading media representatives of the PRC, Hu Shuli. For almost 20 years, she is considered to be the benchmark for quality analytical journalism, on which the new generation of journalists look up to.
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Ochirov, Ts S. "Socio-Economic Development of Hulun Buir Aimag of Heilongjiang Province (PRC) in 1969—1976." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 9 (September 29, 2021): 400–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-9-400-416.
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The issue of socio-economic development of the Khulun-Buir aimag in the Heilongjiang province during the years of the “cultural revolution” is considered (1969—1976). On the basis of monographs and statistical reference books published in China, the problem of the revival of the industrial base and agriculture in both Hulun Buir and Heilongjiang province is considered. It is proved that during these years there was an annual growth of the gross domestic product in the studied regions. Particular attention is paid to identifying the main reasons that contributed to the development of industry and other key sectors of the national economy in Hulun Buir and Heilongjiang province in 1969—1976. It was possible to trace the dynamics of the socio-economic development of the Khulun-Buir aimag in this period, according to which the author singled out three stages: the first stage (1969—1971) is associated with the political course of the CPC Central Committee on “preparation for war” and is characterized by the revival, first of all, of heavy and light industry; the second stage (1971—1975) is associated with the formation of a new policy, which contributed to the annual growth of GDP in the studied regions of China; the third stage (1975—1976) is characterized by an exacerbation of factional contradictions in the Chinese leadership, a sharp decline in the economic indicators of the Hulun Buir aimag and Heilongjiang province.
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Makeeva, S. B. "PRC: history of regional inequality." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 28, no. 4 (January 5, 2023): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2022-28-4-8-14.
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The purpose of the article is to review the historical trends in the regional inequality of the PRC in the period before and after the start of the policy of reforms and opening up (1978). The history of China is characterized by regional inequality of provinces, autonomous regions and cities of central subordination of the main regions of the PRC: Eastern, Northeastern, Central and Western. Chinese researchers Wang Feng, Wang Yunhui, Gan Chunhui, Liang Longbin, Xiao Jincheng, Zhan Zhang conduct a comprehensive analysis of the causes and evolution of regional inequality before and after the start of the reform and opening policy. The consistent implementation of regional spatial transformation strategies has had a particular impact on regional inequality in China. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, industrialization was officially launched. There was a strengthening of the Eastern and North-Eastern regions, while the Central and Western parts of China lagged behind. In the mid 1960-ies taking into account the preparations for war, Mao Zedong proposed to carry out a three-line construction, which involved the placement of the main production facilities of the PRC in Central and Western China. Since the beginning of the reform and opening up policy, Chinas economic development has entered a stage of rapid growth. However, the economic growth of the territory of the PRC was extremely uneven, and the rates of economic growth in different regions varied significantly. Analysis of regional inequality indicators from 1978 to 2000 shows that 1990 marked a turning point in the evolution of regional inequality. It was not until 2003 that disproportionality in the PRC showed a downward trend.
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Tan, Tingting. "Official Discourse on Family and Fatherhood in Post-1949 China." Masculinities & Social Change 9, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2020.4943.
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This paper aims to investigate three main research questions regarding the history of family and fatherhood in China since 1949: a) What 'ideal father' has the party-state sought to promote at different times? b) How consistent have official messages been? What have been the key shifts in official discourse on family and fatherhood since the Mao era? c) Why have these shifts occurred? Analysis of selected policy statements and print media reveal four main phases, with distinct findings in each. During the period of collectivization (1950s to 70s), the Communist Party of China (CPC) adopted the nationalist model of parenting. Fathers were explicitly suggested to devote themselves to economic development. During the period of de-collectivization (late 1970s to mid-1990s), CPC adopted an individualist model of parenting. There was increasing encouragement for father's participant in child education. During the period of marketization (mid 1990s to 2011), CPC promoted a state-supported model of parenting. Father's active participation in household duties was more expected. During the period of individualization (2012 to the present), China set up community model of parenting. Father's dual role of nurturer and provider is more emphasized.
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Wu, Youruo. "China’s participation in the international economic system: historical stages and modern strategy." Национальная безопасность / nota bene, no. 3 (March 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2020.3.32810.
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This article explores the peculiarities of China’s participation in the international economic system on the various stages and practice of People’s Republic of China on the changes in the international economic system. The author notes that the history of China’s participation in the international economic system consists of four stages: first stage – from 1949 to 1971; second stage – from the reinstatement of China’s lawful place in the UN (1971) to 1978; third stage – from the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening-up” (1978) to 2008; and forth stage – from the global economic crisis of 2008 to the present time. The goal of this research is to explain the causes for China’s dissatisfaction towards current international economic system, search for ways to resolve this problem, as well as determine the role that China wants to play on the international arena in the future. The author concludes that with the growth of the economic power and elevation of China’s international position, it attempts to develop its own variant or such reform of the international economic system that would correspond to the common interests of developing countries. At the same time, being the economic leader of the developing countries China will play an important role in the international economic system.
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Yoshimori, Masaaki. "Rising global economic power by China to challenge new global order." SocioEconomic Challenges 7, no. 2 (2023): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.7(2).21-30.2023.
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This paper’s arguments guide Chinese political economy. This analytical idea is based on Rodrik’s political-economy trilemma: global economic integration, democracy, and national sovereignty. Chinese policymakers face a trade-off among three policy goals: (hyper-) globalization, democracy, and national sovereignty. China’s President Xi and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have chosen global economic integration and national sovereignty (fewer human rights). To reflect the analytical idea, which can measure the length of a vector, is a mathematics methodology. As a result, Chinese political events such as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in 1966, the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, and the choice of Chinese President Xi Jinping as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 2012 had an impact on reshaping when the length of vector (the sphere’s radius of 2) was more than 2. The future direction of China will lead to a “Golden Straitjacket.” The “Golden Straitjacket.” makes a country push forward trade liberalization and national sovereignty — i.e., democracy is constrained. Chinese policy has changed to stronger centralization of political power and decision-making for President Xi and the CCP. Also, China expands a global economic integration and national sovereignty. However, China needs to contribute to globalization without causing more conflicts to Western countries. In other words, China should be loath to relinquish the individual and national benefits of integrated international economies. “Fast and furious” is the first step of globalization for a peaceful world.
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BERNARDINI, GIOVANNI. "Principled Pragmatism: The Eastern Committee of German Economy and West German–Chinese relations during the early Cold War, 1949–1958." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 78–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000329.
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AbstractThis article focuses on the interplay between the political authorities and economic actors in the Federal Republic of Germany in the process of establishing relations with the People's Republic of China after 1949. Within this framework, the article will assess the role played by the Ost-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft (Eastern Committee of German Economy), a semi-official organization recognized by the West German government. Both the ability of German economic actors and China's urgent need for economic contact with the West caused German-Chinese trade relations to circumvent the strict non-recognition policy followed by the West German government. The article also argues that, while economic relations heralded official recognition of the People's Republic of China by other Western European countries, in the case of the Federal Republic of Germany a division between the two spheres was finally accepted by the major actors involved, and ended only after the change of attitude imparted by the Nixon presidency in the United States during the early 1970s.
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Zhang, Danqing, Guowen Huang, Jiaen Zhang, Xiaoyu Hou, Tianyi Zhou, Xianyuan Chang, Ying Ge, and Jie Chang. "The Evolution of Sustainability Ideas in China from 1949 to 2015, Quantified by Culturomics." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 6038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106038.
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Economy and ecology are two main aspects of human sustainable development. However, a comprehensive analysis of the status and trends of economic and ecological cognition is still lacking. Here, we defined economic and ecological concepts as cultural traits that constitute a complex system representing sustainability ideas. Adopting a linguistic ecology perspective, we analysed the frequency distribution, turnover and innovation rates of 3713 concepts appearing in China’s mainstream newspaper, People’s Daily, from 1946 to 2015. Results reveal that: (1) In the whole historical period, there were more economic concepts than ecological concepts both in amount and category. Economic concepts experienced stronger cultural drift than ecological concepts tested by the neutral model of cultural evolution; (2) popular economic concepts became more diversified, but popular ecological concepts became more uniform; (3) both economic concepts and ecological concepts attained more variation in their own disciplinary domains than in cross-disciplinary domains; and (4) as a platform of both giving information and opinion, a newspaper is subjected to cultural selection, especially reflected in the change in ecological concepts under the context of Chinese ecological civilization construction. We concluded with a discussion of promoting vibrant and resilient ecological knowledge in fostering sustainability activities and behaviours.
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Nakhatakyan, Ekaterina Oganesovna. "Political Economy of Cross-Strait Relations." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-1-136-147.
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The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the interrelation of political and economic factors in Cross-Strait relations. The main political factor considered in the study is the policy of the ruling party in Taiwan towards the Mainland, its acceptance of Beijings One China policy and 1992 Consensus, put forward by Mainland China as a political basis for building Cross-Strait dialogue between the parties. Key economic factors include economic cooperation and exchanges between the two sides in such fields as bilateral trade, international capital flows and tourism. The relevance of the study refers to the settlement of the so-called Taiwan issue and the implementation of the complete reunification of the Peoples Republic of China that embodies one of the fundamental interests of Mainland China. The aim of the research is to examine the impact of political cycle in Taiwan on the economic cooperation between Beijing and Taipei, the further intensification of which could lead to the peaceful reunification through economic integration. The study provides a broad overview of the development of relations between Taiwan and Mainland China, focusing on the policies of the Taipei administrations from 1949 to 2019 and its impact on economic cooperation between the two sides. The methodological framework of the paper is mainly based on international political economy. The results of the research suggest that political cycle in Taiwan has almost no impact on Cross-Strait trade and investment. Meanwhile it has quite significant influence on Cross-Strait tourism, especially from the PRC, as it has the administrative means of regulation of the number of Mainland tourists wishing to visit Taiwan.
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Pearson, Veronica. "Women and Health in China: Anatomy, Destiny and Politics." Journal of Social Policy 25, no. 4 (October 1996): 529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940002393x.
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ABSTRACTA number of circumstances have combined in the reform era in China to put women at a more disadvantageous position now than at any other time since 1949. Some of them reflect age-old prejudices, others are the result of the economic reforms, but the two join in a synthesis to threaten women's improved status. Health factors that have particularly impinged on women include: the one-child policy and the skewed birth ratio in favour of boys that this has led to; very clear problems in the area of mental health, including a suicide rate which is much higher for women than for men; kidnapping; and life-threatening exploitation in the new special economic zones. The government's desire to control women's fertility, however, has led to a marked improvement and increase in maternity and childcare health services in the last ten years. The central government has lost power to the provinces and is no longer able to take decisive action to protect women from the effects of discrimination.
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Wang, Junzhuo. "The Development of Modern Chinese Education System Since 1949 and the Key Factors That Impact It." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 17 (July 27, 2023): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v17i.10496.
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Modern Chinese education system underwent profound changes since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, over the past few decades. In 2021, for students enrolled in compulsory education, the Chinese government has proposed a strategy to lessen the weight of excessive homework and off-campus tutoring. This so-called Double Reduction policy has laid a hard restriction on the decentralization and the capitalized operation of education system. It is a milestone for Chinese education system reformation. The educational industry in China has also received a knockout, especially for those private-owned education and training institutions focusing on primary and secondary education. Through literature review, this paper examines the trajectory of the Chinese educational system's growth and identifies a number of crucial elements that have shaped the sector, including societal trends, political upheaval, and global and economic trends. These elements are tremendously affecting Chinese education policymaking. Due to the unique influence of the factors, policy-makers should attach more significance to them, which would make the impact more suitable for the society.
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Dunford, Michael, and Qi Bing. "In 70 years how did the New China eliminate extreme poverty?" Revista de Estudos AntiUtilitaristas e PosColoniais 11, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2179-7501.2021.252611.
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China is noted for remarkable reductions in rural poverty and aims to eliminate it by 2020. Achieving this outcome requires identification of the remaining poor population and a strategy that effectively addresses the causes of their poverty. This article explores the ways in which China has converted itself from the poorest country in the world in 1949 to a country in which extreme poverty is on the verge of disappearance. It examines the roles of economic growth and a a targeted combination of traditional development-oriented policy for poverty counties, villages and regions with wider minimum life guarantees and welfare services. The conclusions draw on a 2017 survey of 4,626 rural households and 13,689 individuals in 628 counties to point to some of the characteristics of the contemporary rural population.
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Thompson, Malcolm. "From the Law of Value Debate to the One-Child Policy in China: On Accounting and Biopolitics." positions: asia critique 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-9417929.
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Abstract This article argues that the origins of the one-child policy beginning in 1980 in China, and its development into the current system of “comprehensive population management,” are to be found not in any unfolding of a statist or authoritarian logic, or within the parameters of a nominally “socialist” project, but rather in a return to a properly capitalist set of concerns and governmental techniques, the first iteration of which can be traced to the 1920s and 1930s. With regard to the broad set of economic reforms launched in the period 1979–81, it is argued that the one-child policy is absolutely continuous with other reforms across economic sectors (agricultural responsibility systems and urban enterprise reforms) and discontinuous with anything we might understand as population management in the period 1949–76. The “law of value debate” in 1979, which “resolved” a long-standing set of issues concerning national accounting, planning, and accumulation, is found to be—despite its apparently Marxist character, derivation, and vocabulary—the passage through which a capitalist developmental logic was reintroduced into Chinese governing, with significant consequences.
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Cadart, Claude. "Du projet stratégique sino-soviétique au projet stratégique sino-américain : la Nouvelle Chine en quête d’une stratégie d’accès à l’influence planétaire." Études internationales 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 757–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/700990ar.
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« From the Sino-Soviet strategic project to the Sino-American strategic project » is a purposely schematic interpretative essay on the evolution of Chinese foreign policy from 1949 to 1979 with emphasis on, the latter phase of that evolution, that of the 1969—1979 period, and more particularly on the last year of that decade, 1979. The project, both defensive and offensive, of American and Chinese co-leadership of the planet that Mao had undertaken to carry out in 1971-1972 with the encouragement of Nixon had to be more or less put aside from 1973 to 1978 because of the seriousness of the domestic crises that were successively shaking both China and the United States during those years. In 1978—79, it was able to be reactivated by Deng Xiaoping who sought, with the benediction of the White House, to add an economic and a cultural dimension to Us diplomatic and strategic dimension. It is unlikely however in the near future that the United States will consider China as other than an auxiliary aspect of the fundamental game of their relations with the most powerful of their adversary-partners, the U.S.S.R. As in the case of the Sino-Soviet strategic project that China promoted from 1949 to 1959, the Sino-American strategic project that China has sought to « sell » the United States since 1969 has not, therefore, much chance of success.
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wang, Fang. "Stages and Features of the Development of Chinese Monumental Sculpture." Человек и культура, no. 1 (January 2023): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2023.1.39852.
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Monumental and religious sculpture was the main form of ancient Chinese sculpture. There were very few public monumental sculptures. This phenomenon was associated with traditional Chinese culture and the socio-economic situation. It was only after 1949 that many monumental sculptures on the theme of the revolution appeared in China, which had an important connection with the politics of that time. This article is written in the following three parts: an overview of the development of monumental sculpture in ancient China; The history of the development of monumental sculpture from 1840 to 1949; An overview of the development of monumental sculpture after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Chinese sculptural art has a long history. As for monumental sculptures, with the development of society, the Policy in the field of culture and art supported diversification, artists received more free creative space. The range of creative topics gradually expanded, and there were more opportunities to choose style and language. It was only in the 1990s that the Chinese economy began to transform into a market economy. Under the influence of the latter monumental sculpture came under the influence of foreign cultures. We believe that China can rely on its own history, culture and national spirit, and combining China's historical resources with foreign cultures is the way to develop Chinese monumental sculpture.
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Guo, Yuanzhi, and Jieyong Wang. "Land Consolidation in Rural China: Historical Stages, Typical Modes, and Improvement Paths." Land 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020491.
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Land consolidation is an important means to optimize land-use structure and improve the level of intensive and economical use of land, and it is also a critical measure to coordinate economic and social development and promote cultivated-land protection. Therefore, the scientific advancement of land consolidation is of great significance to comprehensively promote rural revitalization and build a modern agricultural power. In this study, we explore the history of rural China’s land consolidation since 1949 and divide it into five stages: start-up stage (1949–1977), exploration stage (1978–1997), rapid development stage (1998–2007), quality improvement stage (2008–2018) and comprehensive consolidation stage (2019 to present). In different stages, there are obvious differences in national policy orientation on land consolidation. The differences in organization and implementation entities determine that government-led land consolidation, enterprise-driven land consolidation and villager-initiated land consolidation are the three main modes of rural land consolidation in China. To overcome the problems existing in current rural development and boost rural and agricultural modernization, it is urgent to adhere to planning-led and ecological priorities, build a diversified input pattern, innovate the public participation mechanism and strengthen full-process supervision, scientifically promoting the whole-region comprehensive land consolidation in rural China.
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Pieke, Frank N. "Bureaucracy, Friends, and Money: The Growth of Capital Socialism in China." Comparative Studies in Society and History 37, no. 3 (July 1995): 494–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500019782.
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Since 1978, the Chinese economic reforms that Deng Xiaoping initiated have given more room to market forces, legalized private entrepreneurship, and decentralized considerable decision-making power into the hands of the directors of state-owned enterprises through responsibility or contract systems. These reforms have produced some spectacular successes. Currently, the Chinese are richer, better informed, and have more personal freedom than at any other time since the Communist victory in 1949. Yet, despite these results, there seems to be no clear-cut plan of reform. At the national level, the policies of reform are the object of constant debate and infighting between shifting coalitions of Party and state leaders. As a result, the reforms are often inconsistent and display a continually changing pattern of radicalization and retrenchment through an array of policy initiatives, experiments, and new legislation.
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Hamid, Adnan Khalaf. "Chinese Foreign Policy In period presidency Both of Mao Zedong and Deng Chao Bing: A comparative study." Tikrit Journal For Political Science 2, no. 4 (February 27, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v3i4.71.
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The Chinese foreign policy may have been associated in the personal and political decision-maker as we find fluctuate fluctuated between those who hold decision Chinese solo of the magnitude of his leadership, "Mao Zedong" or for possession of the three authorities in his hand "Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the state presidency and the presidency of the Military Committee," and the collective leadership actress of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau, and a small leadership groups to address urgent crises. And also I thought it was the Communist ideology adopting the Stalinist model, at the beginning of the PRC in 1949 until 1978.
And began his leadership of China in the new track, the opposite of the old path, because contrary to policies of the past irrationality, and works on the application of an economic system Rashid aims to modernize China, which moved from a simple, isolated from the outside world to significant in foreign policy, its international impact of the State of the State.
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Hamid, Adnan Khalaf. "Chinese Foreign Policy during the Presidencies of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping: A Comparative Study." Tikrit Journal For Political Science 4, no. 4 (September 30, 2015): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v4i4.34.
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The Chinese foreign policy may have been associated in the personal and political decision-maker as we find fluctuate fluctuated between those who hold decision Chinese solo of the magnitude of his leadership, "Mao Zedong" or for possession of the three authorities in his hand "Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the state presidency and the presidency of the Military Committee," and the collective leadership actress of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau, and a small leadership groups to address urgent crises. And also I thought it was the Communist ideology adopting the Stalinist model, at the beginning of the PRC in 1949 until 1978.
And began his leadership of China in the new track, the opposite of the old path, because contrary to policies of the past irrationality, and works on the application of an economic system Rashid aims to modernize China, which moved from a simple, isolated from the outside world to significant in foreign policy, its international impact of the State of the State. Chinese Foreign Policy In period presidency Both of Mao Zedong and Deng Chao Bing: A comparative study.
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Makeeva, Svetlana B. "The Role of Internal Labour Migration in the History of the Daqing Oil Field (1949–1978)." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 4 (August 26, 2023): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v282.
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This paper determines the role of the Chinese state policy in using internal labour migration to ensure accelerated socialist construction of such large industrial facilities as the Daqing Oil Field. The history of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1978 is rich in examples of labour mobilization of military and technical workers as well as young people for the construction and organization of industrial enterprises in adverse climatic conditions. After the discovery of the Daqing Oil Field in the north-eastern province of Heilongjiang in 1959, more than 40,000 military men, engineers and oil workers were relocated to this facility. Chinese workers from the eastern and western provinces took an active part in organizing the process of exploration, drilling, oil extraction and transportation, as well as launching water supply and building storage facilities. Labour migrants were quick to establish new modern settlements in the oil field area under extremely harsh northern conditions. Daqing Oil Field workers steadfastly endured all the hardships, their main slogan being as follows: “Work hard, overcome difficulties, do your best to fight”. The selfless work of internal migrants was highly appreciated by the Chinese government and the Chinese society as a whole. Over 5,000 factories and enterprises throughout China manufactured mechanical and electrical products as well as equipment for the Daqing Oil Field; 200 research and development departments provided technical support to its workers. In the 1960s, an economic campaign “Learn Everything from Daqing” was launched, aimed to share the experience of building this oil field with other regions of China. Party and government officials Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Dong Biwu, He Long and Chen Yi had repeatedly visited Daqing to inspect the work and evaluate the role of labour migrants from other provinces in the development of the oil industry in Northeast China.
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Ning, Yanhong. "Field Research of the Economic and Cultural Chinese Emigrants Activities in the Far East and Siberia (1949-2019)." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 3 (2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120019496-6.
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The article is devoted to the study of labor migration in the system of Russian (Soviet)-Chinese relations 1949-2019. The article is based on unique previously unpublished archival data and field research. The authors consider the circumstances that had a significant impact on the migration policy of the USSR, which, in conditions of a small number of its own population, needed to attract immigrants from China to the Far East and the Siberian part of the USSR; analyze the reasons and benefits of the PRC, allowing the leadership of the republic to send its citizens to study and work in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. Using concrete examples and archival data, the authors studied the dynamics of Chinese migration, the reasons for their moving abroad and returning to their homeland, highlighting two periods of active Chinese migration to Russia: 1) 1949-1966; 2) 1990-2019. The authors studied the activities of Chinese communities in Russian (Soviet) territories in both periods and came to the conclusion that these two periods are radically different from each other. During the "Soviet period" of labor migration, Chinese workers, on the one hand, easily assimilated in the Far East and Siberia, easily made friends among the local population, married Soviet women, on the other hand, maintained contact with their native culture, transported their wives and children to the USSR, who had a specially created kindergarten and school program for them with the study of Chinese lingua and culture. The "Russian period" is distinguished by the isolation of the life of Chinese communities, many of whose members have illegal status and are engaged in corruption. Nevertheless, labor migrants from China feel very comfortable living in the Far East and Siberia. Most Chinese emigrants have the goal of improving their economic situation and getting an education, achieving which more than 99% of Chinese return to China.
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Zhang, X. Y. "Enterprise Pensions in China: History and Challenges." Public Finance and Management 9, no. 1 (March 2009): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397210900900104.
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Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China by the Communist Party in 1949, the government has introduced a social welfare system for both urban and rural populations. Before the economic reform and the open door policy that started at the end of the 1970s, enterprises were not concerned about the effect of their payments because their budgets were not completely separated from the government budget. After more than 50 years of changes and reforms to the pension system, the current system in China is still dominated by the public pillar, a largely urban-based, contributory, partially funded and defined contribution system. for the mainstream of the urban working population, the social security system provides the main source of assistance for maternity, medical service, unemployment, work injury and old-age pensions. This paper focuses only on the old-age pension scheme. the evolution of the Chinese insurance-based state pension system is described. as readjustments and restructuring are taking place in politics as well as in the economy, the current pension system faces many challenges, which are also discussed and suggestions are made for further reforms for addressing these challenges.
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Absor, Nur Fajar, Wahyudin, Arief Hidayat, and Rahayu Permana. "Kebangkitan Tiongkok Sebagai Raksasa Baru Dunia Tahun 1976-2013." Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 11, no. 1 (July 19, 2022): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jps.111.02.
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This study aims to analyze the policies that carried out from the early days of Deng Xiaoping's leadership (1976) to the end of Hu Jintao's leadership (2013) which raised China to become one of the world's giants. The method used is a historical research method which consists of four steps, namely: (1) heuristic; (2) critic; (3) interpretation; and (4) historiography. The results obtained show that the rise of China as a new giant of the world was achieved through a long and ups and downs process, until finally the 'Four Modernizations' policies of Deng Xiaoping’s era and the 'Science Development Concepts' of Hu Jintao's era made China one of the world's giants today. The Four Modernizations were carried out on aspects: (1) agriculture; (2) industry; (3) science and technology; and (4) national defense with the breakthrough made by Deng Xiaoping at that time, namely implementing 'Open Door Policy' to attract foreign investment and implementing the 'One Country, Two Systems’, namely in the political field using socialism, but in the economic field using capitalism which aims to prosper the people. Meanwhile, the Science Development Concept launched by Hu Jintao views that innovation is the core of a country's competitiveness. The positive impact was that China's economic growth reached double digits and China also succeeded in launching its own rocket into space and was able to send its astronaut, Yang Liwei into earth orbit in 2002.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kebijakan-kebijakan yang dilakukan mulai dari masa awal Deng Xiaoping memimpin (1976) hingga akhir kepemimpinan Hu Jintao (2013) yang membangkitkan Tiongkok menjadi salah satu raksasa dunia. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari empat langkah, yakni: (1) heuristik; (2) kritik; (3) interpretasi; dan (4) historiografi. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa bangkitnya Tiongkok sebagai raksasa baru dunia dicapai melalui proses yang panjang dan naik-turun, hingga akhirnya kebijakan ‘Empat Modernisasi’ era Deng Xiaoping dan ‘Konsep Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan’ era Hu Jintao menjadikan Tiongkok sebagai salah satu raksasa dunia saat ini. Empat Modernisasi dilakukan pada aspek: (1) pertanian; (2) industri; (3) ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (iptek); dan (4) pertahanan nasional dengan gebrakan yang dilakukan Deng Xiaoping saat itu adalah melaksanakan ‘Politik Pintu Terbuka’ untuk menarik investasi asing dan memberlakukan sistem ‘Satu Negara, Dua Sistem’, yakni di bidang politik menggunakan sosialisme, namun di bidang ekonomi menggunakan kapitalisme yang bertujuan untuk memakmurkan dan menyejahterakan rakyat. Sementara itu, Konsep Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan yang dicanangkan Hu Jintao berpandangan bahwa inovasi adalah inti dari daya saing sebuah negara. Dampak positifnya, pertumbuhan ekonomi Tiongkok mencapai dua digit dan juga Tiongkok berhasil meluncurkan roketnya sendiri ke angkasa dan mampu mengirimkan astronotnya, Yang Liwei ke orbit bumi pada 2002.
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DONG, Xin. "Reform of China's Housing and Land Systems: The Development Process and Outlook of the Real Estate Industry in China." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 05, no. 04 (December 2017): 1750027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748117500270.
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Since the establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949, its real estate has closely followed reforms in economic, land and housing systems. There have been two critical junctures since the advent of the Reform and Opening-Up policy in 1978: the introduction of housing monetization in 1998 and the reinstatement of low-income housing in 2007. Those two junctures divide the development of China's real estate industry into three stages, namely the embryonic period of housing marketization (1978–1997), rapid development period (1998–2006) and integrated development period (2007–2016). Report delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2017 affirms that “housing is for living in, not for speculation,” marking a new development stage for China's real estate industry. It is expected that innovations in land system, housing system and macro-control will promote the development of China's real estate in the future.
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Rahman, Md Sayedur, and Akkas Ahamed. "A Critical Review on Sino-South Asian Economic Relations in the Context of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 7, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v7i3.29964.
Full textAbstract:
South Asia which is the southern region of Asia bordering with China, Central Asia, and West Asia. South Asia comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Geographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate and defined extensively by the Indian Ocean on the southern region, and the Himalayas' hills and the Karakoram mountains on the northern part. On the other hand, China is a country in East Asia, which is the world's most populous country, with a huge population size of around 1.4 billion, according to the survey of 2019. Both the regions have been maintaining friendly relations for several decades since the birth of South Asian countries and the Chinese revolution in 1949. Currently, China is a rapidly growing economy which has been turned into the biggest economy of the World, taking into account of its GDP based on purchasing power parity (PPP). Thus, many scholars think that the Chinese economic involvement in the South Asian countries can create huge opportunities for both regions. The current trade imbalance between China and South Asia needs to be readdressed to ensure a win-win situation for both regions in the context of economic relations. At the end of this article, some policy recommendations have been provided to reduce the political tension between India and China and India and Pakistan. Finally we have recommended some policies to increase economic activities in the region and to speed up the sustainable development.
Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 7, Issue-3: 94-104
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Kueh, Y. Y. "The Economics of the “Second Land Reform” in China." China Quarterly 101 (March 1985): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000015873.
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For peasants who have been collectivized for nearly three decades, the national campaign initiated by the Party Central Committee's Document No. 1, 1984 to promote the reparcellization of collective farmland, by extending the peasants' leasehold right to over 15 years (para. 3–1), is certainly not less spectacular than the land reform of 1949–52, when land was confiscated from the rich for redistribution among poor peasant families. This “second land reform” has now firmly consolidated the long-fought policy of Deng Xiaoping for a decentralized approach towards rural management. All the cats – “black or white” – seem to have now been totally unleashed to run after their best catch. This stands in sharp contrast to the uneasy equilibrium of the “two-line struggle,” which existed throughout the entire 20-year period following the abortive communization drive of 1958/1959. Nevertheless, while probably no Chinese leader today can afford to play the role of Mao's Liu cum Deng, one wonders whether, for economic reasons, the present rural institutional solution as envisaged in Document No. 1 will mark the end of the perennial Chinese search for an “optimum” level of decentralization. In a way, the agricultural reform of recent years has begun with the drastic increases, decreed in 1979, in state farm procurement prices, averaging 25 per cent. For a regime very much obsessed with the value imperative of modernization, the farm price increases should clearly be construed as income incentives for promoting agricultural production to ease the economic constraints on industrialization. This is nothing new but is exactly the policy developed by the prominent Chinese economist, Ma Yinchu, some 25 years ago in his then much condemned “balanced growth model” for China. Thus the strategy fits in well with a western analytical model formulated by Chiang and Fei in 1966, for a “maximum-speed development through austerity.” The model postulates that under socialism, a consumption policy which imposes an “optimum” rather than maximum degree of austerity, may induce greater labour effort and thus an output growth more than proportionate to the required marginal consumption expenditure. It follows that not only will the rate of capital accumulation not be depressed by increased consumption, but it may even accelerate and thus help to sustain a higher overall income growth rate.
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Tao, Wenjuan, Zhi Zeng, Haixia Dang, Bingqing Lu, Linh Chuong, Dahai Yue, Jin Wen, Rui Zhao, Weimin Li, and Gerald F. Kominski. "Towards universal health coverage: lessons from 10 years of healthcare reform in China." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 3 (March 2020): e002086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002086.
Full textAbstract:
Universal health coverage (UHC) is driving the global health agenda. Many countries have embarked on national policy reforms towards this goal, including China. In 2009, the Chinese government launched a new round of healthcare reform towards UHC, aiming to provide universal coverage of basic healthcare by the end of 2020. The year of 2019 marks the 10th anniversary of China’s most recent healthcare reform. Sharing China’s experience is especially timely for other countries pursuing reforms to achieve UHC. This study describes the social, economic and health context in China, and then reviews the overall progress of healthcare reform (1949 to present), with a focus on the most recent (2009) round of healthcare reform. The study comprehensively analyses key reform initiatives and major achievements according to four aspects: health insurance system, drug supply and security system, medical service system and public health service system. Lessons learnt from China may have important implications for other nations, including continued political support, increased health financing and a strong primary healthcare system as basis.
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LIU, XIAO, and ZHAOYI LIU. "THE FORMATION OF CHINA’S DIPLOMACY AND ITS FEATURES." SOCIOPOLITICAL SCIENCES 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2023-13-1-155-162.
Full textAbstract:
The authors of this study aim to highlight the features of the formation of Chinese diplomacy and the formation of China’s foreign policy in modern times. The authors analyze three periods of the formation of the diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China - “diplomacy of peaceful liberation” (1921-1949), “diplomacy of peaceful coexistence” (1949-1979) and “diplomacy of peaceful development” (from 1979 to our time). The conclusions reached by the authors indicate that China’s diplomacy developed in a unique way and undoubtedly reflected the historical changes that took place with the state. All three stages have had an important impact on the formation of Chinese diplomacy, bringing their own nuances to the modern diversity. Thus, among the most important areas can be distinguished - economic diplomacy, multilateral diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, cooperation and protection of the main national interests, that is, the foundations that emerged due to the historical transformation of the state. According to the authors, solving problems and improving the country’s image will remain an important characteristic of Chinese diplomacy, especially in its relations with other major powers. In cooperation with other major powers, China is likely to be more active in solving fundamental global problems at the strategic level. China does not seek to change the international system, rather, it intends to be a responsible participant in world affairs. As China’s identity becomes more global and regional, the current concept of multilateralism in China’s overall diplomatic strategy may be revised to realize national interests, resolve complex issues and ensure governance in an era of instability and turbulence.