Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chimie analytique – Environnement'
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Dubascoux, Stéphane. "Développement d’une méthode de fractionnement par couplage flux force (FFF) multi détection pour la caractérisation de colloïdes naturels." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3038.
Full textThe role of colloids is crucial in environmental processes. They can control the transport of chemical pollutants and play a major role in biogeochemical cycles. Despite colloids are known for a long time, they remain often neglected in environmental studies due to the lack of convenient analytical tools. This work concerns the development of analytical conditions for the analysis and the fractionation of two main natural colloid populations (nanoparticles and humic acids) by As-Fl-FFF (Asymmetrical Flow-Field Flow Fractionation). This fractionation tool is associated to several detectors as Ultraviolet/Visible and Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (MALLS). Monitoring and quantification of trace elements were also performed thanks to the hyphenation with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Finally an original approach combining colloidal fractionation of a landfill leachate and chemical speciation of tin associated to its different colloidal fractions was realised. This new approach has shown the potentiality and the importance of colloidal consideration in environmental studies
Bunescu, Andrei. "Photo-et biodégradation de dérivés du benzothiazole : étude en système combiné." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713567.
Full textRaccary, Bastien. "La transition écologique en chimie analytique : vers une évaluation multicritère basée sur l’analyse du cycle de vie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0223.
Full textIn October 2020, a report by the European Commission revealed that 90% of Europeans are concerned about the environmental impacts of chemical products. The increasing public mistrust, worries over diminishing raw materials and energy resources, and escalating environmental pollution have driven the chemistry community to shift from a productivityfocused approach to a vision geared towards sustainability. Analytical chemistry, which lies at the heart of industrial product development, has also embraced this vision through the concept of Green Analytical Chemistry. By adopting the 12 principles of Green Analytical Chemistry and using tools to assess the sustainability of analytical methods, analytical chemists seek to reduce their environmental footprint. However, none of these tools quantitatively assess the environmental impacts throughout the entire lifecycle of a method. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a recognized environmental evaluation tool framed by ISO 14040/44 standards, aimed at preventing impacts on three protection areas: ecosystem health, human health, and natural resources. LCA offers a complementary alternative to the previously published tools, though it has never been applied to the field of analytical chemistry. The objective of this thesis is to assess the relevance of LCA compared to the greenness evaluation tools and apply it to the analytical chemistry sector, evaluating the opportunities and limitations of such an approach. Two underlying themes are included in this objective: improving and enabling the quantification of environmental impacts in analytical chemistry and democratizing the LCA approach among analytical chemistry operators through the development of a user-friendly LCA-based tool. Firstly, we examine specific environmental evaluation tools in analytical chemistry by comparing them to an LCA-inspired framework. This study allows us to investigate the elements and calculation methods used by these tools to identify the potential benefits of applying LCA in the sector. Next, we apply LCA to two sample preparations to compare their respective environmental impacts and establish the relevance and feasibility of comparative analysis in analytical chemistry. LCA is then applied to a complete analytical method under two scenarios: a "business-as-usual" scenario with "conventional" analytical parameters observed in laboratories and an "eco-design" scenario incorporating optimized characteristics such as extended instrument lifespans and reduced analysis durations. This study assesses LCA's ability to quantify the influence of laboratory decision-making on its environmental impacts, promoting eco-design practices. Following these two LCAs, we propose a prototype of a multicriteria tool applicable to analytical methods. We present the tool's inputs, outputs, and general structure, while offering potential areas for improvement. Finally, while LCA provides an impact-oriented approach, a risk-based approach is necessary to avoid or better anticipate the effects of potential climate-related hazards. The laboratory is a system, and disruption within it can have repercussions on the entire activity. This risk-based approach is discussed, and clues for further development are proposed
Li, Yan. "Contribution of ceramic food contact materials to the exposure of consumers to metals in Belgium." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/277640/4/text.pdf.
Full textLes articles en céramique à vocation alimentaire sont régulés en Europe par la Directive 84/500/EEC, qui établit les limites maximale autorisées de plomb et de cadmium cédées par ces objets en céramiques, sous des conditions d'essai décrites dans la Directive. Depuis 1984, date de la Directive, les données scientifiques concernant les effets néfastes du Pb et du Cd mais aussi d'autres métaux sur la santé se sont accumulés. Une révision de la Directive est donc en discussion, avec pour objectif de réduire les limites autorisée en Pb et Cd, et d'en étendre la portée à d'autres éléments. Dans ce contexte, la présente thèse discute le contenu de la Directive en vue d'une protection adéquate des consommateurs. Ce travail comprend une partie expérimentale dédiée à la cession du Pb, du Cd et d'autres éléments par des objets en céramique, une étude d'exposition au Pb et au Cd, et une analyse de risques. Sur cette base, de nouvelles limites autorisées sont proposées.Dans la partie expérimentale, une méthode analytique permettant la quantification simultanée du Pb, du Cd et jusqu'à 17 autres éléments a été implémentée et validée. Afin d'évaluer à quel point les conditions d'essai de la Directive sont représentatives d'une utilisation réelle des céramiques à usage alimentaire, l'influence de différents paramètres sur la quantité de métaux cédés a été examinée en détail. En particulier, la nature du simulant alimentaire (acide acétique vs. acide citrique), le pH, la température et les modes de chauffage ont été étudiés, de même que des essais de migration successifs, plus à même de représenter l'usage répété des céramiques dans la vie courante. Le protocole de la Directive actuelle est représentatif d'un usage de type remplissage par des liquides chauds (thé, café, soupe). Cependant, pour des usages de type cuisine à plus haute température, les quantités cédées sont beaucoup plus importantes et il est donc suggéré d'établir de nouveaux protocoles représentatif de ces conditions. Un protocole alternatif permettant d'accélérer l'essai de migration à température ambiante est également proposé.A la suite de cette partie expérimentale, une étude d'exposition au Pb et au Cd par le biais d'articles en céramique a été effectuée suivant trois approches incrémentales, à savoir une évaluation par criblage, une évaluation déterministe raffinée, et une évaluation probabiliste. Enfin, une analyse de risque intégrant d'autres sources alimentaires d'ingestion de métaux est développée. Une attention particulière a été accordée aux groupes vulnérables tels que les enfants.Sur base de ce travail, de nouvelles limites maximales autorisées sont proposées pour le plomb et le cadmium. En outre, il est proposé d'intégrer l'aluminium, le barium, le fer, le nickel, le lithium, le manganèse, le cobalt, le cuivre, le zinc, le chrome et l'arsenic dans l'objet de la Directive, et des limites autorisées sont proposées pour ces éléments.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Kamissoko, Adama. "Étude par spectrométrie de masse des aérosols associés à la fumée de cigarette." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0284.
Full textThe cigarette smokes are complex mixtures, composed of a gaseous phase and a particulate phase. They are generated by the combustion and the pyrolysis of the cigarette ingredients (tobacco, additive and paper). The toxic effects of cigarette smoke are directly correlated with its chemical composition as well as the morphology of the aerosol itself. The aim of this thesis is to increase our knowledge of the chemical composition of the particulate matter of the cigarette smoke inhaled by an active smoker (MSS). The used approach is a non-targeted analysis ensuring the detection of as many as possible of the cigarette smoke constituents. A prior to this study was the establishment of a repeatable method of smoking cigarettes and collecting the gas phase and the particulate phase. This method has been validated by the monitoring of tracer compounds: BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ortho- meta- and para-xylene) for the gas phase and the nicotine for the particulate phase. Non-targeted analysis of the particulate matter is carried out without pretreatment by laser desorption/ionization (LDI) or by electrospray ionization (ESI) after extraction. A Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) was systematically used. The very high resolution and the very high accuracy measurement achieved by this instrument are required for the examination of such extremely complex samples. The complementarity of LDI and ESI ionization for the analysis of the particle cigarette smoke compounds was established. The ESI analyses evidenced polar compounds and components with a pyridine group and LDI ensured the detection of poly-condensed heteroaromatic species. All the results obtained in this study showed the influence of the morphology of the cigarette, of its origin and the presence of flavoring agents (cloves) on the chemical composition of the particulate matter of the MSS
Sioud, Salim. "Improvement of the detection of organic environmental pollutants and comprehension of the gas-phase chemical ionization mechanism using dopant-aided vacuum ultraviolet photoionization high- resolution mass spectrometry." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS527.
Full textInnovative analytical methods are needed to monitor these organic pollutants in response to climate change. High-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI-HRMS) associated with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is a state-of-the-art tool for the analysis of non-polar aromatic molecules. Indeed, multicomponent mixtures and new dopant delivery system (piezoelectric printhead) have been developed for APPI applications to improve the ionization and detection performance of PAHs during atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. This allowed us to separate and detect 14 of the 18 studied PAHs at low pg/µl concentrations with high mass accuracies of ≤4 ppm in 5 minutes. In addition, these innovations improved the limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) of the PAHs tested by 2 to 10 times. Secondly, in order to understand the detailed ionization mechanisms leading to the formation of radical cations ([M]+•), and to the formation of [M–H]+ ions for a class of derivatives of TPD- N-substituted, multiple experimental studies have been investigated. Thus, only one radical cation type, [M]+•, was observed for PAHs using ethanol-based multicomponent dopants. On the other hand, [M–H]+ ions for N-alkyl-TPD derivatives were observed in greater abundance under APPI conditions. In addition, the halogenated benzene-type dopant and the length of the alkyl chain (CnH2n+1), with n ≥4, influenced the formation of [M–H]+ ions
Cotton, Jérôme. "Application de l'analyse métabolomique à la détection ciblée et globale de contaminants organiques dans des matrices agroalimentaires et environnementales par spectrométrie de masse à ultra-haute résolution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066094.
Full textPollution of agrifood and environmental water by pesticides and drugs is a real public health concern. There are many quantitative methods developed on triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for their detection, but drug residues and abiotic or biological degradation of pollutants are generally not considered and are limited to a predetermined and restricted list of molecules.In this context, we have developed an analytical method based on metabolomic analyses by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Two matrices (honey and groundwater) were investigated as proof of concept studies. We showed that LC-HRMS associated to data mining tools enables (i) targeted analyses of pollutants, (ii) detection of untargeted and unknown xenobiotics, and (iii) detection of metabolites useful for the characterization of matrices. Then, a large targeted and semi-quantitative approach has been developed and validated for the detection of pesticides, drugs and metabolites in water samples by using on line SPE and UHPLC-ESI-HRMS. This method allowed the detection of 539 organic contaminants at the MLR of 0.1 µg/L in 36 minutes with only 5 milliliter of water. A study of 26 tap water samples from the Paris region showed the presence of 37 pollutants including 6 drugs
Cotton, Jérôme. "Application de l'analyse métabolomique à la détection ciblée et globale de contaminants organiques dans des matrices agroalimentaires et environnementales par spectrométrie de masse à ultra-haute résolution." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066094/document.
Full textPollution of agrifood and environmental water by pesticides and drugs is a real public health concern. There are many quantitative methods developed on triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for their detection, but drug residues and abiotic or biological degradation of pollutants are generally not considered and are limited to a predetermined and restricted list of molecules.In this context, we have developed an analytical method based on metabolomic analyses by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Two matrices (honey and groundwater) were investigated as proof of concept studies. We showed that LC-HRMS associated to data mining tools enables (i) targeted analyses of pollutants, (ii) detection of untargeted and unknown xenobiotics, and (iii) detection of metabolites useful for the characterization of matrices. Then, a large targeted and semi-quantitative approach has been developed and validated for the detection of pesticides, drugs and metabolites in water samples by using on line SPE and UHPLC-ESI-HRMS. This method allowed the detection of 539 organic contaminants at the MLR of 0.1 µg/L in 36 minutes with only 5 milliliter of water. A study of 26 tap water samples from the Paris region showed the presence of 37 pollutants including 6 drugs
Durand, Thibaut. "Stratégies analytiques pour la caractérisation physico-chimique des particules ultrafines métalliques. Application aux aérosols ultrafins générés lors de procédés thermiques (fonderie, projection thermique)." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3057/document.
Full textExpositions to nanoparticles (NPs) are known in industrial hygiene for a long time. Either from primary or secondary sources (industrial processes), these particles have specific properties which imply different toxicities compared to larger particles (micrometric) from the same material. Therefore NPs study requires adapted sampling and analytical technique development and more specifically methods allowing to access relevant information other than total dust mass. The latter seems not be sufficient for toxic effect assessment. Thus, this work has been conducted in order to dispose of analytical methods dedicated to NPs and especially on size-dependent particle chemical analysis. Then, the developed methods have been applied on samples collected either from industrial sites and/or processes (smelter, thermal projection), either from NP generation bench
Labadie, Pierre. "Détermination des stéroïdes hormonaux dans l'environnement : développement analytiques et applications." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12884.
Full textBarreteau, Donatien. "Le développement d'un modèle de simulation prédictif des émissions des matériaux dans l'habitacle pour optimiser le bien-être à bord." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3033.
Full textThe thesis is the result of a partnership between the C2MA (IMT Mines Alès) laboratory and Renault, a car manufacturer, as part of a Cifre contract. The awareness of air quality pollution spread among all indoor or outdoor environments. In Asia, strict regulations about vehicle interior air quality have been released to answer this social realisation. The car manufacturers must fulfil these requirements to be able to market their products in these countries (mainly in China). In these circumstances, Renault decided to improve the way they consider the vehicle interior air quality during the design of the vehicles. The thesis work concerns the modelling of vehicle interior air quality because of the technical obligations and the digitalisation. Different research question came up to follow this objective. First of all, the emission of passenger compartment’s materials has been characterised to understand what Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are responsible of the degradation of air quality inside a car and what are the sources. Then, a new characterisation approach of emission has been developed allowing to get a better toughness and representativeness of the results. These studies showed the significance of environmental conditions on the emission ofmaterials that had been studied in the scientific literature. The study of the impact of these environmental factors on the material’s emission was the next step and two different research axes has been explored: the study and development of the modelling available in the literature and the establishment of experimental factors leading to a mastered extrapolation of the characterisation of material’s emission to vehicle interior air quality. Finally, a first methodology has been proposed and applied to simplified systems showing the consistency of the developed process
Vignau-Laulhere, Jane. "Développement du préleveur passif pour la mesure du formaldehyde dans l'air en vue d'améliorer le diagnostic dans les environnements intérieurs." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3006/document.
Full textSince 2001 and the creation of a French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), indoor air quality has become a major public health issue. It is the subject of a regulatory framework that continues to evolve in recent years. Two recent decrees, in France, foresee the implementation of the labeling of building materials according to their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (decree n°2011-321, 23/03/2011) and the survey of air concentration of two pollutants (benzene and formaldehyde) with guide values in public buildings (n°2011-1728, 2/12/2012). Today, the analytical method used to measure formaldehyde concentration in air consists in a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) sampling cartridge which is analyzed by liquid chromatography after solvent extraction. This method is time consuming, expensive and complicated to perform. The company Ethera develops and markets specific, sensitive sensors for detection and measurement of formaldehyde with passive or active samplers. This sensor is based on a nanoporous matrix containing Fluoral-P (4-amino-3-penten-2-one), which selectively reacts with formaldehyde to produce a colored compound the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL). DDL is detected at 420nm by optical reading and the difference of the optical density measured before and after exposition of the sensor is directly proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde in air. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the performance of passive samplers. The different phases of the development of passive samplers are studied (design, evaluation in environmental chamber) with different approaches and methodologies. In fact, two axis of study are considered: a theoretical approach and laboratory tests. Theoretical approach will be implemented to optimize a passive sampler or for sizing a new one based on the study of theoretical sampling rates. Laboratory tests will allow to assess metrological parameters of passive samplers (detection limit, sensitivity, repeatability, linearity…) and to estimate effects of exposure factors (temperature, relative humidity, concentration levels …)
Barsotti, Vanessa. "Recherche et caractérisation de microorganismes dans les compartiments géologiques profonds." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688631.
Full textMokalled, Tharwat. "The impact of Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport’s activities on the air quality of Beirut & its suburbs : measurements and modelling of VOCs and NO2." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF041.
Full textThis work mainly investigated the impact of Beirut Airport on the air quality of Beirut and its suburbs via both measurements and modeling of VOCs and NO2. This is the first study to determine VOC signatures of exhaust emissions from aircraft under real operation. Using these signatures, the impact of the airport activities was tracked in 4 transect campaigns, where it was found that the airport impacts air quality not only in its vicinity, but also on the seashore (landing jet trajectory) and in mountainous areas. These results were confirmed via modeling with ADMS-Airport, implemented for the first time in the Middle East, after being validated in the Lebanese conditions (r = 0.86). As a secondary goal, and for the first time, 47 VOCs were assessed inside an airport building. Measured VOC levels did not present any risks except for acrolein. In the arrivals hall, NO2 levels indicated a health hazard; while a direct relationship was found between aircraft number and VOC concentrations
Théoret, Trevor. "Détermination du destin des nanoparticules d'argent dans les eaux usées et dans les biosolides en utilisant la microscopie en champ sombre et analyse hyperspectrale." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19073.
Full textLajeunesse, André. "Devenir environnemental des antidépresseurs dans les rejets urbains par chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8797.
Full textMood disorders such as depression, burn-out and anxiety have increased in our modern society. Increasing amounts of antidepressant prescriptions around the world are now suspected to be the main cause of the recent detection of traces of antidepressant residues within urban wastewaters. These so-called “emerging” substances that possess pharmacological activity towards neurotransmitter regulation in the brain have raised serious concerns from the scientific community. The initial goal of the study was to better understand the fate of various classes of antidepressants present in different environmental matrices (e.g. surface waters, wastewaters, treatment sludge, and biological tissues) by developing novel reliable analytical methods that can detect, quantify and confirm antidepressants using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-QqQMS,LC- QqToFMS). A preliminary study completed at the Montreal sewage treatment plant (STP) confirmed the presence of six antidepressants and four N-desmethyl metabolites in raw sewage (2 – 330 ng L-1). For this primary treatment (physico-chemical), low removal rates (≤ 15%) were obtained. Concentrations of antidepressant close to 100 ng L-1 were also detected directly in the St. Lawrence River at 0.5 km of the effluent outfall. A second study conducted at the same STP allowed the selective extraction of antidepressants in three biological tissues (e.g. liver, brain, and filet) dissected from juvenile brook trouts previously exposed to diluted untreated and treated effluents with ozone. Bioaccumulation of antidepressants was readily observed in fish tissues (0.08-10 ng g-1) for the specimens exposed to untreated effluent (20% v/v), with major distribution in liver and brain. During experiments, a significant correlation was established between the concentrations of three antidepressant detected in brain tissues and the activity of a selected biomarker of exposition (e.g. an N/K ATPase pump involved in the serotonin regulation) measured within dissected synaptosomes from trout exposed to effluents. Investigation of estimated treatment removal efficiencies from various Canadian STPs operating different disinfection modes showed that secondary treatments (biological) were more efficient than primary (physico- chemical) to remove antidepressants (mean removal rates : 30%). The highest amounts detected in treated sludge (biosolids) were obtained respectively with citalopram (1033 ng g-1), venlafaxine (833 ng g-1), and amitriptyline (78 ng g-1). Experimental calculated sorption coefficients (Kd) of each antidepressant predicted fairly good sorption capacities for sertraline, desmethylsertraline, paroxetine, and fluoxetine to solid matters (log Kd > 4). Finally, an excellent mean removal rate of 88% was obtained after ozonation (5 mg L-1) of a primary effluent. However, the characterization of new N-oxide side-products (venlafaxine, desmethylvenlafaxine) in ozonized effluent by high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-QqToFMS) highlighted the possibility of formation of multiple polar compounds with unknown toxicity.