Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chimical Diversity'
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Sewsurn, Steffi. "Bio-ingénierie de la voie métabolique des pyrrocidines pour la génération d’une diversité chimique dans cette famille de composés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS506.pdf.
Full textThe filamentous fungus Sarocladium zeae, an endophyte of maize, produces complex polycyclic metabolites known as pyrrocidines. These compounds have attractive biological activities, such as antimicrobial, apoptotic and mycotoxin biosynthesis regulation in certain plant pathogens. These molecules belong to a growing family of fungal compounds sharing a decahydrofluorene core connected to a highly strain paracyclophane with ten stereogenic centers. A study carried out by the team, combining gene inactivation in the biosynthetic cluster and metabolic analysis, led to the characterization of a wide diversity of metabolites and established a biosynthetic pathway for pyrrocidines. The formation of the carbon backbone of these compounds is governed by a hybrid mega-enzyme, a polyketide synthase - non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) composed of ten domains. The polycyclic system is then built up by auxiliary enzymes. A study of these key enzymes carried out as part of this thesis proposed a molecular mechanism for the formation and stereochemical control of the paracyclophane-decahydrofluorene motif. In order to generate chemodiversity in the pyrrocidine family to access molecules with potential biological activities, two complementary bioengineering approaches were considered. One involves replacing key auxiliary enzymes in the formation of paracyclophane-decahydrofluoren core with others from various similar gene clusters. The other approach involves reprogramming the catalytic sequence of PKS-NRPS to generate diverse carbon skeletons by reassembling the catalytic domains of various megasynthases identified in fungal genomes. A first proof-of-concept was provided by deconstructing the native PKS-NRPS gene according to these domains in silico, then reassembling it in vitro by modular cloning
ROSAR, VERA. "The importance of ligand structural diversity in palladium catalyzed polymerization." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2908017.
Full textThe main goal of the PhD research was the development of novel homogeneous catalysts for copolymerization of ethylene with polar vinyl monomers, such as acrylic esters, in order to obtain functionalized polyolefins with a controlled content of the inserted polar monomer. The project focused on the synthesis and characterization of palladium(II) complexes with novel non symmetric nitrogen-donor ligands of increasing complexity, and belonging either to the class of alpha-diimines or to the group of the pyridylimines. The catalytic behaviour of the synthesized palladium(II) complexes in the ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymerization was investigated in detail. Some of the catalysts were also applied to other reactions such as the CO/vinyl arene copolymerization and the bis-alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes, demonstrating the versatility of palladium catalysts with N-donor ligands.
BONANDI, ELISA. "EXPLORATION OF THE CHEMICAL SPACE: DIVERSITY-ORIENTED AND CHEMOENZYMATIC APPROACHES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/704101.
Full textThis dissertation is an overview of a three-years project, aimed at the exploration of new regions of the chemical space, that could contain new unusual bioactive compounds. The already discovered small molecules cover only a small portion of the chemical universe, that becomes even narrower when bioactive compounds are considered. In this context, two different strategies for the investigation of the chemical space have been considered: the diversity oriented-synthesis (DOS), that constitute the major topic of the work, and a chemoenzymatic approach, developed during a period spent at the University of Warwick (UK), in the laboratory of Professor M. Tosin. Chapter 1 deals with the general principles of the DOS approach, focusing then the attention on a library of piperidine-based compounds previously synthesised in Professor Passarella’s research group, starting from a common precursor, 2-piperidine ethanol (1). An overview of the main results previously accessed in this field is reported. At the end of the chapter, the planning of a further expansion of this library is presented. The structure of the newly accessed piperidine-based products is appreciable in Figure 1 (see Figure 1 in the abstarct version reported in the thesis file); their obtainment was the main goal of this thesis. Chapter 2 is focused on the stereoselective synthesis of eight highly diversified polyheterocyclic compounds, characterized by three different scaffolds. In particular, the different scaffolds were originated by the same precursor, considering that its different syn- or anti- stereocenter configuration, influenced the reaction outcome. This project opens the possibility of accessing analogs of some natural products, such as lupin and lycopodium alkaloids. Chapter 3 concerned the obtainment of a library of potential Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway inhibitors, rationally designed exploiting docking simulations and taking inspiration from a class of natural products, the withanolides. The designed scaffold contains two key motif, a bicyclic carbamate and an α,β-unsaturated lactone, and presents three stereocenters. So far, two out of the four racemic isomers have been accessed and biological evaluation revealed two interesting intermediates, that have been synthesised also as separate enantiomers. Moreover, preliminary studies toward the obtainment of 2nd generation inhibitors have been performed in our laboratory. Biological evaluation of these compounds is currently in progress and will orient the future development of this work. Chapter 4 is aimed at the synthesis of (-)-anaferine as an unexpected further ramification of our DOS approach. Key intermediate 10, already exploited for the synthesis of the inhibitors of chapter 3, has been employed as starting material, converting its homoallylic alcohol into an α,β-unsaturated lactam. To this extent, the same approach used in chapter 1, to transform 9 into a similar lactam (left compound in the pink box of Figure 1) was applied. After that, the synthesis of (-)-anaferine was accomplished in few steps, reducing the lactam to piperidine and oxidizing the 2-hydoxypropane bridge to the corresponding ketone. Chapter 5 deals with the synthesis of thiocolchicine-based bivalent compounds, possibly acting as microtubules binders. A hybrid compound, bearing the key structural features of pironetin (one of the few known α-tubulin binder), previously synthesised on our laboratory from 2-piperidine ethanol, was exploited as key building block. In fact, it was connected through different linkers to N-10-deacteyl-thiocolchicine, a model of β-tubulin binder. Biological tests revealed that the lipophilic nature of the linkers rendered our conjugates better substrates for P-glycoprotein, leading to a drop in activity on resistant cancer cells. Therefore, new bivalent compounds will be soon produced in our laboratory, changing linkers chemo-physical properties. Structures of the new compounds resulting from the expansion of the DOS-approach from 2-piperidine ethanol 1. Finally, chapter 6 concerned a project aimed at the generation of unnatural, diversified derivatives of lasalocid A and salinomycin, through feeding experiments of malonate-mimicking chemical probes to the natural Streptomyces producers, in an approach resembling mutasynthesis. The efforts were focused on the devopment of different strategies for an easier recovery and analysis of the unnatural products from the complex mixtures of the fermentation broths. To this extent, four chemical probes have been synthesised and proof on concept experiments were performed to verify their applicability in this field.
VASILEIADIS, SOTIRIOS. "Riflessione sugli effetti della diversità funzionale dei procarioti e della filogenesi dei suoli agricoli sui servizi ecosistemici. Approcci basati sull’uso di tecniche PCR nello studio dell’ecologia dei procarioti." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1313.
Full textSoil is a complex environment comprising the basis for several ecosystem services, with many of them being connected to agricultural production. This complexity is reflected on the composition and functions of the hosted microbial life mainly responsible for the acquired services. Aim of the described studies was to explore microbial community responses to ecosystem services related human intervention in agricultural soils. Total prokaryotic diversity was studied in soils of common origin, which diverged in properties during the late 6-7 centuries due to different land use and management. For achieving this, related DNA markers were screened with high throughput sequencing. Cultivated environments had increased diversity compared to more natural soils. Factors potentially affecting the microbial community structure were: soil disturbance events; available nutrients; and microbial dormancy. In a second approach, ammonia oxidizing prokaryotes were used as biomarkers for studying stress effects caused by humidity and increased zinc concentrations and also the presence of organic pesticides in soil and litter respectively. In both referred cases the studied microbial guilds responded to the applied stresses showing strain or taxon level functional redundancy potentials, and tolerance variability. Overall, results show that human intervention is determining for the prokaryotic structure and functions in agricultural soils.
VASILEIADIS, SOTIRIOS. "Riflessione sugli effetti della diversità funzionale dei procarioti e della filogenesi dei suoli agricoli sui servizi ecosistemici. Approcci basati sull’uso di tecniche PCR nello studio dell’ecologia dei procarioti." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1313.
Full textSoil is a complex environment comprising the basis for several ecosystem services, with many of them being connected to agricultural production. This complexity is reflected on the composition and functions of the hosted microbial life mainly responsible for the acquired services. Aim of the described studies was to explore microbial community responses to ecosystem services related human intervention in agricultural soils. Total prokaryotic diversity was studied in soils of common origin, which diverged in properties during the late 6-7 centuries due to different land use and management. For achieving this, related DNA markers were screened with high throughput sequencing. Cultivated environments had increased diversity compared to more natural soils. Factors potentially affecting the microbial community structure were: soil disturbance events; available nutrients; and microbial dormancy. In a second approach, ammonia oxidizing prokaryotes were used as biomarkers for studying stress effects caused by humidity and increased zinc concentrations and also the presence of organic pesticides in soil and litter respectively. In both referred cases the studied microbial guilds responded to the applied stresses showing strain or taxon level functional redundancy potentials, and tolerance variability. Overall, results show that human intervention is determining for the prokaryotic structure and functions in agricultural soils.
Dal, Fabbro Amedeo <1994>. "Caratterizzazione chimico-fisica di diversi supporti per la scrittura e loro interazione con inchiostro di galla in prove di invecchiamento simulato." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21230.
Full textBernardi, Tatiana <1970>. "Impiego della moderna cromatografia planare strumentale per lo studio dell'affinità di Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB239 per diversi substrati glucidi." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/639/1/Tesi_Bernardi_Tatiana.pdf.
Full textBernardi, Tatiana <1970>. "Impiego della moderna cromatografia planare strumentale per lo studio dell'affinità di Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB239 per diversi substrati glucidi." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/639/.
Full textBruno, Caterina <1987>. "Analisi di idrocarburi policiclici aromatici in campioni di particolato atmosferico (PM2.5) raccolti in diversi siti all'interno della Regione Veneto." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3466.
Full textMenegaldo, Martina <1995>. "Analisi comparativa di diversi scenari di gestione dei rifiuti provenienti da attività di bonifica di siti contaminati attraverso un approccio LCA." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19226.
Full textMAGISTRATI, PALOMA. "Gestione BPL e approfondimento dei diversi metodi di studio su comportamento e degradazione di prodotti fitosanitari nel suolo." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/83.
Full textThe behaviour evaluation of a pesticide metabolite was divided in two different but complementary studies, using the radiolabeled metabolite: 1. evaluation of aerobic degradation of 14C-metabolite in soil; 2. evaluation of sorption of 14C-metabolite in soil. The study of GLP (Good Laboratory Practices) for multisite studies lead to the management of validation study for determination of glyphosate residues in fruits and vegetables.
MAGISTRATI, PALOMA. "Gestione BPL e approfondimento dei diversi metodi di studio su comportamento e degradazione di prodotti fitosanitari nel suolo." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/83.
Full textThe behaviour evaluation of a pesticide metabolite was divided in two different but complementary studies, using the radiolabeled metabolite: 1. evaluation of aerobic degradation of 14C-metabolite in soil; 2. evaluation of sorption of 14C-metabolite in soil. The study of GLP (Good Laboratory Practices) for multisite studies lead to the management of validation study for determination of glyphosate residues in fruits and vegetables.
Colella, Giorgio. "Confronto tra diversi catalizzatori a base di rodio per lo steam reforming del metano a bassa temperatura." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16681/.
Full textQUOTADAMO, ANTONIO. "Inibitori dell’interazione proteina-proteina per superare la resistenza farmacologica in diversi tipi di cancro: ottimizzazione del lead E7, un inbitore dissociativo della Timidilato sintasi umana." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1201017.
Full textHuman thymidylate synthase (hTS) plays a fundamental role in the synthesis of DNA, essential for cell survival. hTS is involved in the folate pathways, specifically in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Protein structure and functions are intimately correlated for the explication of the enzymatic activity. Despite the enormous amount of work reported in the literature, hTS structure-function relationships features are still unclear, especially the different conformations and monomers/dimer equilibrium of this obligate homodimeric protein and its role in protein expression regulation. The above-mentioned concept was largely investigated during the execution of the AIRC project entitled “Protein-protein interaction inhibitors of thymidylate synthase against colorectal cancer” that was also in part the topic of my PhD thesis. Additionally, my project was included in the PhD regional program dedicated to ONCOPENTA1. hTS is the most renowned anticancer drug target. Over 3300 clinical trials have been performed since the early sixties, some of them providing anti-TS clinical drugs as Fluorouracil (FU), Pemetrexed and Raltitrexed that are adopted in different cancer types such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and recently in ovarian cancer (OC). All the mentioned drugs, after prolonged use, cause drug resistance that makes the drug ineffective. In OC, cross-resistance with platinum drugs is also observed. One of the main resistance mechanisms is the overexpression of hTS. The development of new drugs able to overcome drug resistance effects due to high TS protein level would be an important achievement. This requires a change of strategy and the discovery of new mechanisms of inhibition that should unpair the protein inhibition with respect to its TSmRNA regulation. Currently, TS-targeting drugs bind at the catalytic-pocket and mostly resemble the protein substrates. Allosteric inhibitors (non-substrate analogues) binding at the protein dimeric interface may alter the dimer/monomer equilibrium by increasing the monomer form amount thus triggering cellular pathways modulation previously unexplored. The first compound with the mentioned features (E7) was recently identified. However a lead optimization work is necessary to optimize the compound properties. The specific aim of my thesis work is the design and development of novel dissociative inhibitors stemming from the E7 lead. The new compounds should induce a perturbation in the dimer-monomer equilibrium in favour of the monomeric form thus, inhibiting the catalytic function, preserving the regulatory activity and consequently reduce the development of drug resistance. To achieve this aim, I have synthesized more than 40 compounds that were tested and analyzed using enzyme kinetic inhibition studies and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays that revealed the capability of these compounds to disrupt the dimeric form of hTS. To gain evidence that our compounds determine hTS dimer disrupters engagement in cells, I have designed and synthesized compounds with fluorescence probe that we resorted in fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, I have developed a scale-up methodology for chemical processes and preparative chiral HPLC resolution to obtain the in vivo data. My lead optimization work provided a compound, AIC-C37, that showed higher solubility and efficacy with respect to E7 and Fluorouracil and interesting anchoring point for in vitro and in vivo mechanism of action studies. 1 Progetto (ONCOPENTA): Oncologia di Precisione e Nuove Terapie Antitumorali. Sviluppo di inibitori dell’interazione protein-proteina contro la farmaco-resistenza nei sarcomi e carcinomi
PERTILE, GIORGIA. "Potrebbe l'applicazione di pesticidi influenzare l'abbondanza, la struttura, la biodiversità e la funzionalità della comunità microbica del suolo?" Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10801.
Full textIn agriculture, pesticides have been frequently used to protect crops from pest and disease attacks. Many times such pesticides, besides killing the target organisms, hit non-target organisms. Among the non-target organisms, we can find many useful microorganisms that determine fertility and soil quality. The presence of these xenobiotics in soil can influence the main biogeochemical cycles (N, C, S, P) and other metabolic pathways (eg. Β-ketoadipate). In this study, we investigated the effects of isoproturon, tebuconazole and chlorpyrifos on the abundance, the structure and the diversity of the microbial community. We have also studied the effects of these pesticides on the genes involved in the nitrogen cycle. It was observed that the abundance of the bacterial community is significantly affected by the application of the fungicide tebuconazole. As for the studies on the functionality and the diversity of the bacterial population, the application of these pesticides does not seem to induce a clear dose-dependent nor a time effect. On the contrary, with respect to the analysis on microbial diversity, we observed that the application of these three pesticides did influence the number of detected OTU, whereas the diversity index (H') tells us that the use of such pesticides leads to an increase of diversity within the treated samples. Finally, we can conclude that the application of these pesticides affects the abundance and function of the microbial population, but does not lead to lower diversity within the same community.
PERTILE, GIORGIA. "Potrebbe l'applicazione di pesticidi influenzare l'abbondanza, la struttura, la biodiversità e la funzionalità della comunità microbica del suolo?" Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10801.
Full textIn agriculture, pesticides have been frequently used to protect crops from pest and disease attacks. Many times such pesticides, besides killing the target organisms, hit non-target organisms. Among the non-target organisms, we can find many useful microorganisms that determine fertility and soil quality. The presence of these xenobiotics in soil can influence the main biogeochemical cycles (N, C, S, P) and other metabolic pathways (eg. Β-ketoadipate). In this study, we investigated the effects of isoproturon, tebuconazole and chlorpyrifos on the abundance, the structure and the diversity of the microbial community. We have also studied the effects of these pesticides on the genes involved in the nitrogen cycle. It was observed that the abundance of the bacterial community is significantly affected by the application of the fungicide tebuconazole. As for the studies on the functionality and the diversity of the bacterial population, the application of these pesticides does not seem to induce a clear dose-dependent nor a time effect. On the contrary, with respect to the analysis on microbial diversity, we observed that the application of these three pesticides did influence the number of detected OTU, whereas the diversity index (H') tells us that the use of such pesticides leads to an increase of diversity within the treated samples. Finally, we can conclude that the application of these pesticides affects the abundance and function of the microbial population, but does not lead to lower diversity within the same community.
PANTINI, SARA. "Analysis and modelling of leachate and gas generation at landfill sites focused on mechanically-biologically treated waste." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203393.
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