Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chimica verde'
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Venditti, Giampaolo. "Applicazioni innovative della risonanza magnetica nucleare alle matrici alimentari. Uno studio sul caffè verde." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422016.
Full textLa qualità del caffè verde rappresenta il principale requisito per la realizzazione di una bevanda apprezzata a livello commerciale. Attualmente tra i vari campi interessati dalla produzione scientifica sulla qualità del caffè verde vi sono lo sviluppo di metodologie per garantire l’autenticità e lo studio delle metodiche più appropriate per la quantificazione dell’acqua. Nel primo caso la necessità di metodi rapidi per l’autenticazione del caffè è divenuta in tempi recenti un’esigenza sempre più pressante a causa della crescente diffusione di pratiche di adulterazione nella filiera commerciale di questo prodotto. Tuttavia sono ancora limitati i metodi formulati per la determinazione dell’origine geografica; inoltre, la bassa numerosità di campioni analizzati nei lavori compiuti in tale ambito rende i risultati trovati non sufficientemente significativi. Rimane infine ambiguità sui possibili markers da utilizzare nella discriminazione. Occorrono da un lato quindi metodi adatti ad analisi routinarie per il controllo del maggior numero possibile di campioni, e dall’altro una scelta univoca di possibili markers per la discriminazione geografica delle varie qualità di caffè. Nell’ambito degli studi compiuti sull’acqua rimane ancora aperta la problematica della distribuzione dell’acqua stessa all’interno della matrice. La comprensione di questo fenomeno è di notevole importanza in quanto è stata osservata ad esempio in letteratura la correlazione fra il grado di idratazione e le proprietà meccaniche del chicco verde. La ricerca presentata in questo dottorato ha cercato di dare una risposta alle problematiche aperte appena descritte con il ricorso alla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare, recentemente utilizzata con successo in ambito alimentare. In questo lavoro sono stati sviluppati infatti due metodi per la determinazione dell’origine geografica del caffè verde, rispettivamente con l’NMR nel dominio dei tempi, e con l’NMr ad alta risoluzione, quest’ultimo in combinazione con l’analisi statistica multivariata. Il primo metodo, basato sull’NMR nel dominio dei tempi, è stato realizzato per mezzo di uno spettrometro operante alla frequenza di 20 MHz (Bruker Minispec Mq20), e permette la determinazione simultanea delle percentuali di acqua e olio di un elevato numero di campioni in maniera rapida e riproducibile tramite l’utilizzo della sequenza spin echo. I valori delle percentuali di acqua e olio nei campioni sottoposti ad analisi è stato ricavato utilizzando due differenti calibrazioni per l’acqua e per l’olio. Le percentuali di acqua e olio ottenute dall’applicazione del metodo su 500 campioni di caffè verde sono stati sottoposti ad analisi statistica (ANOVA). I risultati ottenuti indicano che una buona discriminazione dei continenti di provenienza dei campioni è possibile utilizzando il valore di percentuale di olio come marker. Per quantificare correttamente le componenti acqua e olio con la sequenza spin echo è stata necessaria l’analisi preliminare dei tempi di rilassamento trasversale (T2) nel chicco verde con l’NMR nel dominio dei tempi mediante l’applicazione della sequenza CPMG. Le distribuzioni continue di tempi di rilassamento trasversale sono state ricavate invertendo con la trasformata di Laplace con l’aiuto del software Upen le curve CPMG ottenute. L’assegnazione preliminare della popolazioni di T2 relative alla fase acqua nella regione compresa fra 0.1 e 3 ms è stata realizzata confrontando i profili di rilassamento di una serie di chicchi verdi con i corrispondenti profili ottenuti per essicazione in stufa. La regione di T2 relativa alla componente lipidica dei chicchi verdi è stata invece assegnata sia confrontando i profili di rilassamento di una serie di chicchi a diversi livelli di idratazione sia confrontando le distribuzioni di T2 nel chicco con quella dell’olio estratto dallo stesso. Allo scopo di far luce sulla distribuzione dell’acqua nel caffè verde la regione della distribuzione di T2 attribuita all’acqua è stata studiata in dettaglio con una serie di esperimenti sistematici di reidratazione graduale di chicchi precedentemente essiccati. Le distribuzioni di T2 ottenute da chicchi essiccati e reidratati manualmente fino al 35% (su base secca) sia con H2O che con D2O e, alternativamente, per esposizione in atmosfera di umidità controllata, sono state confrontate con quelle di chicchi verdi tal quali. I dati ottenuti indicano che fino a circa 10% l’acqua incorporata nel chicco manifesta una mobilità ridotta, in quanto probabilmente adsorbita o legata con le pareti cellulari mediante ponti idrogeno. La reidratazione con acqua deuterata ha evidenziato inoltre il contributo dello scambio protonico al segnale della distribuzione osservato. L’analisi dei profili di distribuzioni dell’acqua ha inoltre portato all’osservazione che questo risulta determinato dalla convoluzione di due popolazioni di mobilità protonica, rispettivamente centrate a circa 0.5 e 1 ms. Sia nel chicco verde che in quelli reidratati è stato trovato che a contenuti di acqua fino a 4% delle due popolazioni è visibile solo quella a mobilità inferiore, mentre a percentuali intermedie sono presenti entrambe. Con riferimento all’articolo di Pittia e collaboratori, la componente a rilassamento rapido potrebbe essere associata all’effetto di antiplasticizzazione dell’acqua, mentre la popolazione caratterizzata da rilassamento più lento può essere correlata all’effetto plasticizzante dell’acqua. In questo senso i nostri dati forniscono una conferma ed un’interpretazione in termini di mobilità protoniche al co-siddetto effetto di antiplasticizzazione, scoperto a livello macroscopico. La distribuzione dei tempi di rilassamento trasversale dei T2 della regione associata ai lipidi (cioè quella compresa fra circa10 ms e circa 300 ms) mostra un profilo multimodale, che suggerisce la presenza di tre diverse mobilità protoniche. Tale osservazione è stata confermata sia con lo studio della dipendenza dalla temperatura delle mobilità protoniche, compiuto sia per la fase lipidica all’interno dei chicchi, sia per l’olio fresco isolato mediante estrazione soxhlet, sia dal confronto con dati di letteratura. Questa osservazione ha trovato inoltre conferma nei dati di letteratura. Un metodo per la discriminazione geografica è stato infine elaborato mediante l’analisi statistica multivariata delle risonanze NMR sia degli estratti organici che acquosi di 48 campioni di caffè verde di diversa provenienza. I dati ottenuti indicano che nell’estratto organico gli acidi grassi sembrano essere efficaci nel discriminare i campioni africani da tutti gli altri analizzati, mentre le componenti minoritarie sono efficaci nella differenziazione tra i campioni con diversa provenienza. In particolare il Kahweolo correla positivamente con i campioni del Brasile, mentre la caffeina e i composti minoritari differenziano i campioni centro americani da quelli del sud America, e altri componenti minoritari non identificati che caratterizzano i campioni africani e quelli asiatici. La caratterizzazione dell’estratto acquoso mediante esperimenti bidimensionali ha permesso inoltre l’identificazione di sistemi di spin caratteristici degli estratti protonici del campioni di caffè brasiliano, quali zuccheri minoritari e isomeri dell’acido clorogenico. Esperimenti di diffusione DOSY condotti sull’estratto acquoso dei campioni di origine africana hanno inoltre avvalorato l’ipotesi di una possibile interazione caffeina/ acidi clorogenici. In particolare i dati ottenuti fanno supporre che nell’estratto acquoso del campione africano analizzato, la caffeina è presente in soluzione sia in forma libera che complessata con l’acido clorogenico.
CERIANI, CHIARA. "Organic Materials for (Opto)electronics introducing Sustainability in Design, Synthesis and Manufacturing." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/369035.
Full textThe research focuses on the development of new synthetic routes for the preparation of printable organic semiconductors, devised to be suitable for industrial scaling up. As such, a novel synthetic method for facile, cheap, and environmentally friendly production of π-extended organic semiconductors is explored. The concept sustainability is becoming a very important issue for chemical industries which are approaching green chemistry to reduce the environmental impact of chemical processes. In this frame, micellar catalysis has been demonstrated to be profitably performed in water under very mild conditions in the presence of a bit surfactant. Firstly, a self-emulsifying system L-α-Lecithin-Tween 80 mixture (TL82) is explored for the preparation of organic small molecules. The unique characteristic of this surfactant’s mixture offers a new environment for carrying out common cross coupling reactions such as Suzuki-Miyaura, Sonogashira and Heck cross-couplings in a reproducible up-scale way. The versatility of this approach is verified through the synthesis of complex organic semiconductors such as π-extended insoluble pigments. The emphasis on sustainability is not only applied to the synthesis but also to the processing of the active materials into the final target devices. Indeed, an innovative process is introduced enabling the preparation of high-performance thin film devices starting from waterborne dispersions of p- and n-type organic semiconductors. The TL82 self-emulsifying surfactant’s mixture is used both as the synthesis and processing medium. This method allows the preparation of Organic Field Effect Transistor using exclusively water in all steps with performances comparable to those synthesized and processed using common organic solvents. From the standpoint of the design of innovative materials, additional guidelines beside those aiming at achieving high performances are introduced. Original small molecules and polymers are designed selecting low-cost raw materials, severely the limiting the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals and designing all processes with up-scaling already in mind. These materials find an application in the field of (opto)electronics. An example of a good compromise between a simple design-good performance of a class of materials was investigated. In detail, a good part of the work was dedicated to the technology of luminescent solar concentrators devices, where the performances of the newly designed intrinsically sustainable materials are compared with those commercially available luminophores having similar spectral features. In the overall, we demonstrate comparable performance, but greatly improved sustainability and scalability. The final project was dedicated to the presentation of the first example of D-A regioregular polythiophene with an ambipolar character.
Tran, Quang Nguyen. "Chimie verte sur catalyseurs perovskites." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENCM0011.
Full textDevelopment of active and stable noble metal-free catalysts is more and more required for environmental applications and valorization of renewable resources. Easy tuning of the reactivity of mixed oxide perovskites by cation and anion substitutions render them a promising field of catalyst innovation. In the thesis, two classes of perovskite materials have been synthesized, characterized and tested in catalysis. Cation substitution of Co and Ga for Al in LaAlO3 has allowed to modify both redox and acid-base properties, whereas partial hydride substitutions for oxygen in LaSrCoO4 has provided a test-bed of hydrogenation activity.Tailoring the redox properties of the LaAlO3 mixed oxide by Co substitution has allowed to develop a multifunctional catalysts dealing with NOx and soot decontamination of diesel exhausts. NOx-assisted soot oxidation involves NO to NO2 conversion and subsequent soot oxidation by the formed NO2 at relatively low temperature. LaAlO3 materials with different degrees of Co substitution for Al were prepared by sol-gel method and their catalytic activity was correlated with crystallinity, redox properties and mobility of lattice oxygen. Among the studied samples LaAl1-xCoxO3 with x 0.75 exhibits superior catalytic activity for both NO to NO2 oxidation and NOx-assisted soot oxidation. The excellent performance is attributed to the synergetic interaction between Al-Co in B-site of the structure and may be linked to the high lattice surface oxygen supported by a well-crystallized perovskite structure.The production of bio-ethanol is one of the staples of the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable biomass-derived resources. Valorisation of bio-ethanol for the production of chemicals requires a fine control of the acid-base properties of catalysts. While most of the research on perovskite catalysts has focused on their redox properties, studies on their acid-base properties have been much less developed. Partial substitution of Co and Ga for Al in LaAlO3 has allowed to tune the acidity and basicity of the material and to control the relative activity of dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethanol, controlling the ratio between ethylene and acetaldehyde. The nature of the introduced cation allowed to form different Lewis acid-base pairs, orienting the reactivity of the acetaldehyde intermediates towards Tishchenko or aldol coupling, allowing to direct the reaction cascade towards the formation of butadiene or acetone and odd-C oxygenates.While most of the literature on perovskite reactivity has focused on their structure/properties modifications by cation substitutions, there is a limited number of works on substitutions in the anion sites. Oxyhydride perovskites, ABO3-xHx, where hydride anions H- can substitute O2- in any sites of the BO6 octahedron, have been reported presenting important hydride mobility, suggesting potential applications in hydrogenation catalysis. Oxyhydrides LaSrCoO3H0.7 and BaTiO3-xHx have been prepared, characterized and tested in a model hydrogenation reaction. The reactivity of hydride species has been tested using chemical titration of toluene at temperatures at which hydrides are expected to be mobile. The results show that LaSrCoO4-xHy exhibited a much higher activity than BaTiO3-xHx, due to the metallic sites formed by partial reduction of LaSrCoO4-xHy,, indicating a possible use of perovskites as support for hydrogenation catalysts
Monnereau, Laure. "Calix[4]arènes fonctionnels pour la chimie verte." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6037.
Full textThe aim of this work was to extend the scope of catalytic applications of ligands based on a calix[4]arene skeleton. The first part of this work focusses on new applications of hemispherical bis-phosphites calix[4]arenes in the rhodium catalysed hydroformylation of α-olefins, either in aqueous medium or under solvent-free conditions. These particular conditions resulted in enhanced activities compared to tests carried out in toluene. The ligands turned out to efficiently drive reactions towards the formation of linear products. The selectivity of the system is mainly controlled by the intrinsic properties of the ligand, which is able to tightly envelope the catalytic centre. In keeping with these observations, the application of solvent-free conditions to the rhodium-catalysed hydroaminovinylation of α-olefins resulted in high linear/branched ratios of enamines/amines (starting from secondary amines) or imines (starting from primary amines). In the following chapters, calix[4]arenes bearing a PPh2 or a N=PPh2 group as the sole functional group anchored at their upper rim were assessed in palladium or nickel-catalysed cross-coupling reactions. With arylbromides, these monodentate ligands led to remarkably high activities. The high performances probably arise from a combination of the bulkiness of the calixarenyl fragment as well as its ability to temporarely entrap metal-(η6-arene) moieties in a supramolecular fashion. Both properties favour the formation of mono-ligand intermediates M(0)L(ArX) (M = Pd, Ni), from which the following oxidative addition step is facilitated with respect to a step involving M(0)L2 species
Barthel, Etienne. "Mécanique de surface du verre et physico-chimie d'interface." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00171154.
Full textest le terrain d'expression de procédés de fonctionnalisation
puissants et souvent peu coûteux. Ces procédés, les propriétés ainsi
obtenues, ou souhaitées, suscitent une grande variété de
développements de nature fondamentale. Parmi ceux-ci, la mécanique
de surface allie physico-chimie de l'interface et réponse mécanique.
Je décris ici un ensemble de projets de recherche que j'ai
développés dans ce domaine. Je traite de la question du couplage
entre surfaces et de leurs interactions à longue portée, de
l'adhésion considérée tant du point de vue macroscopique que
microscopique et enfin de la nécessité de comprendre le matériau à
l'échelle locale pour maîtriser la réponse mécanique de systèmes de
structures complexes.
Tremblay-Morin, Jean-Philippe. "Porphyrines cationiques romées pour la radiothérapie et chimie verte catalysée." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3864.
Full textHOCDE, SANDRINE. "Fibres optiques en verre infrarouge applications en chimie et biologie." Rennes 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN10067.
Full textTremblay-Morin, Jean-Philippe. "Porphyrines cationiques romées pour la radiothérapie et chimie verte catalysée /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005.
Find full textBenamara, Nassima. "Intensification de procédés par chauffage micro-ondes pour la chimie verte." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMIR13.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the development and characterisation of an intensified continuous microwave reactor for green chemistry. The development of this reactor required, at first, the characterisation of the dielectric and magnetic properties of the used materials. A numerical simulation was then used to predict the field and temperature profiles within the materials. The influence of different parameters on the microwave heating was also studied, such as the influence of the dielectric nature of the reaction medium, the ratio of the fluid in the reactor, the arrangement of the reactor in the applicator and the size and shape of the latter. Hydrodynamics were also taken into account in the simulation to predict the temperature profiles in the reactor. All the numerical results were validated experimentally. Experimental results also made it possible to refine the thermal model of the reactor. In the end, an esterification reaction was carried out and it proved the thermal and chemical efficiency of the designed reactor. Beyond this prototype, this thesis establishes a general scheme for the design of a continuous chemical process under microwaves whilst following the key rules of electromagnetism and optimising the wave propagation and the thermal performance of the reactor
Sartori, Guillaume. "Catalyse dans l'eau appliquée à la synthèse de nucléosides ciblés." Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2071/document.
Full textMany nucleosides analogues are reported in literature as antitumor, antibacterial or antiviral. Among them, the BVDU, is used as a drug against the herpes virus. In order to synthesize derivates of this compounds, we decided to develop new synthetic routes of 5-aryl-2'-deoxyrudine analogues. The synthesis of such compounds is widely described in literature using cross-coupling reaction with palladium but they often use organic solvents. A methodology to synthesize these analogues using the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, in water, has been developed. 5-aryluridine and 6-aryluridine derivates were also synthetized using a similar methodology. The relevance of the ligand, commonly used in organo-palladated reactions, was studied. In our hands, the target compounds were obtained in good yiels using a free ligand methodology. Micro-wave activation was also studied. It allowed the synthesis of the nucleosides in good yields within very short reaction times. In collaboration with an Indian laboratory, the synthesis of 5-allyluridine and 5-allyl-2'-deoxyuridine was studied
Flourat, Amandine. "Valorisation de co-produits de filières agroindustrielles, de la chimie verte aux applications." Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMS020.
Full textThe need for a shift to a green economy is becoming increasingly urgent as confirmed by the recent IPCC report. In order to support the structuring of sustainable agro-industrial sectors for the production of energy or commodities, the parallel development of markets with smaller volumes but with a very high added value is necessary. Among these high-potential markets, the health and cosmetics sectors are particularly promising. Two developments related to plant chemistry will be addressed by the prism of co-products generated after a first transformation of renewable resource.In the first place, the paper industry, in crisis, generates large quantities of sawdust that can be converted by flash pyrolysis into levoglucosenone. This chiral, bi-cyclic (5 and 7-membered) molecule with numerous chemical functionalities (ketone, acetal, alkene) is a platform compound opening up a vast field of opportunities for biosourced chemistry. Obtaining chiral molecules from levoglucosenone opens up applications in the pharmaceutical field, in the bio-control sector and also in the food industry.On the other hand, para-hydroxycinnamic acids obtained from agricultural residues such as wheat bran, rapeseed or sunflower meal or mustard bran represent a source of phenolic compounds with high potential. These molecules are known to possess a certain number of physico-chemical (anti-radical, anti-UV) and biological (anticancer, anti-inflammatory) activities. Pathways of functionalization of these molecules by synthetic methods respecting the concepts of green chemistry will be explored in order to improve these properties, especially for the production of anti-UV
Huet, Marion. "Valorisation hydrothermales de la liqueur noire à des fins énergétiques et de chimie verte." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI085/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to study sulfur free black liquor valorization through two hydrothermal processes: supercritical water gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction. These processes will be compared to the industrial process (evaporation and Tomlinson boiler) with 3 mains criteria: energetic yield, sodium recovery and phenolic molecules production.In supercritical conditions, gas formation is competitive with char formation. Fast heating and high temperature permit to increase gas yield, thus energetic yield. However, conversion of phenolic compounds from lignin is low below 500°C, leading to a lower energetic yield than reference. In a continuous process, at high temperatures (700°C) and fast heating, energetic yield should be 2 times higher than industrial process (simulation at thermodynamic equilibrium). Wood prehydrolysis and softwood lead to a lower conversion of black liquor.Hydrothermal liquefaction produces a biocrude which can be burnt and phenolic platform compounds. Indeed, lignin is depolymerized into reactive fragments which can be degraded into platform phenolic molecules. Moreover, the recombination of these fragments, leading to biocrude formation, is favored by the carbohydrates derivatives in black liquor. Wood prehydrolysis and hardwood lead to better energetic and phenolic molecules yields.Sodium recovery is satisfactory for both processes. Substitution of Tomlinson recovery by a hydrothermal process is then possible
Garnier, Estelle. "« Une approche socio-économique de l’orientation des projets de recherche en chimie doublement verte »." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIME002/document.
Full textSince the last two decades the rise of environmental concerns leads to the sector of chemistry to develop new practices and new products. In particular, new products and processes based on biomass as renewable resources are developed. This is what we call the Doubly Green Chemistry (2GV) (Nieddu et al. 2010).Starting from an initial request for production of "roadmap" and identification of "dominant design" (understood as dominant technological paths) for this new sector from the chemist to guide their research programs, the start idea of this thesis was to test the scheme "exploration / exploitation" of a transition path proposed by the "transition to sustainable management" approach. The main idea it was to test this approach by changing the perspective to deal with this model in terms of representation constructions of the future of this activitie.The work has put forward a variety of representations of the douly green chemistry who settled in the time until the finest level (that of the laboratory). The interest of this result of diversity is that it brings us back to the canonical model that is implicitly built around the transition from a dominant socio-technical regime based on a single artefact to another dominant socio-technical regime based on a another unique artifact.In our case oil and its refinery replaced by biomass and its biorefinery.This result suggests an enrichment of model canonical representation taking into account the possibility of a new socio-technical regime of another nature. Regime whose main characteristic is the need of maintaining a diversity of artifacts
Faurie, Alexandre. "Incorporation des principes de la chimie verte dans la synthèse de semi-conducteurs organiques." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0020/document.
Full textThis work stands for an alternative and green synthesis of new linear conjugated systems that will serve for applications in organic electronics.The first part is devoted to the design and synthesis of D-A-type conjugated systems by a combination of green reactions: nucleophilic aromatic substitution and Knoevenagel condensation, which are performed in water and ethanol, respectively. Also, a green methodology will be applied to the Stille cross-coupling by using ionic liquid, or polymer,-supported reagents. By this new approach, efficient donor materials for solar cells have been produced.The second part will focus on the relationships between the structure, the solid state organization and the luminescence of distyrylfurans with the variation of thearomatic substituants. The center of the molecule, a furan, is produced from biomass, and the aromatic substituants are incorporated by Knoevenagel condensation. A similar study will be performed on two benzodifuran derivatives, which will be also tested for solar cell applications
Ngo, Biboum Bimbong Rosa. "Polyoxométallates et chimie verte : molécules et matériaux nanostructurés pour la conversion de l'énergie et l'environnement." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00612028.
Full textNgo, Biboum Bimbong Rosa. "Polyoxométallates et chimie verte : molécules et matériaux nanostructurés pour la conversion de l’énergie et l’environnement." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112095/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the synthesis of nanostructured composite materials based on polyoxometalates for energy conversion and applications to environmental problems. To achieve these goals, many new compounds of this family of molecular oxides were synthesized and were associated with different nature friendly matrices, in agreement with the main criteria of Green Chemistry. In the field of energy, the new catalysts have proved very effective in important but difficult to achieve reactions, such as producing hydrogen, oxygen reduction or water oxidation. Similarly, among applications to pollution problems, these nanomaterials have shown a strong electrocatalytic and photocatalytic activity for the reduction of nitrogen oxides, bromate and for the photodegradation of a toxic textile dye, Acid Orange 7. The performances of these new catalysts are comparable to those of the best known systems
Dirand, Xavier. "Etude des interfaces et interphases verre/résine vinylester." Mulhouse, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MULH0444.
Full textYang, Guang. "Structure and physical properties of chalcogenide glasses." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S027.
Full textThis work aims at contributing to refine the structural properties of two simple glassy systems, AsₓSe₁₋ₓ and GeₓSe₁₋ₓ families. Although a lot of insightful research has been done on these glass models, their structural descriptions are still controversial. To achieve our goal, a large set of physical and structural properties was recorded on a same series of glassy samples for each family. The composition dependence of physical properties exhibit an extremum at = 2. 4 in AsxSe1-x glassy system. These results indicates a dramatic structural change at x = 0. 4, which evolves from a pyramidal network in Se-rich region and then transitions to a lower dimension structure containing an increasing number of 0-D molecular inclusions in As-rich region. Moreover, a series of physical properties throughout and above the glass transition, shows a double minimum at =2. 3 and =2. 5 with a local maximum at =2. 4. The observed trend is in agreement with the dimensionality of the network derived from structural data obtained by NMR. In binary GexSe1-x glasses, our results also indicates a dramatic structural change at x = 1/3. For the Ge-rich region, they do not support the tetrahedral model but strongly suggests that the Ge-rich glass network is closer to the GeSe crystalline phase structure. On the other hand, the viscosity of As₂Se₃ glass within the hot-zone region of the fiber drawing process was estimated using the actual temperature distribution and from standard continuum mechanics equations for a linear viscous material. Effect of ageing conditions (ageing in dark, in light and under load) on mechanical property of Te₂As₃Se₅ glass fibers has been investigated
Piscopo, Antoine. "Chimie solaire et traitements photocatalytiques des eaux polluées : applications aux traitements sélectifs et exemple d'utilisation de catalyseurs supportés." Metz, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2002/Piscopo.Antoine.SMZ0202.pdf.
Full textPiscopo, Antoine Weber Jean-Victor. "Chimie solaire et traitements photocatalytiques des eaux polluées applications aux traitements sélectifs et exemple d'utilisation de catalyseurs supportés /." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2002/Piscopo.Antoine.SMZ0202.pdf.
Full textBilly, Emmanuel. "Application des liquides ioniques à la valorisation des métaux précieux par une voie de chimie verte." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721825.
Full textBushkalova, Raya. "Matrices tridimensionnelles issues de la chimie verte pour le traitement de l’insuffisance cardiaque par thérapie cellulaire-génique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30276.
Full textThe goal of this work is to optimize stem cell therapy results of heart failure by combining alginate-based biomatrices and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). The three major parameters needing improvement in the existing alginate-based scaffolds are control on porosity, enhancement of mechanical properties, and maintain of elastic behavior. This project flows from a previous study focused on the development of alginate-based materials for cardiac tissue engineering which has shown promising results. On the one hand, foam generation within an alginate solution using a surfactant has allowed obtaining highly porous scaffolds with controlled porosity. Furthermore, it was possible to modulate the porosity by varying the type of surfactant used in the foam preparation step. On the other hand, combining alginate with different proportions of another biocompatible polymer of opposite charges - chitosan – has led to the generation of polyelectrolyte complexes of opposite charges (PEC) and 3D PEC scaffolds with improved mechanical properties. In this manuscript, a comprehensive study of the 3D structure, the mechanical behavior, and the cell-matrix interactions allows us to go deeper into the understanding of the importance of these parameters for the design of 3D scaffolds matching the specific requirements of the therapeutic strategy. Here, we describe the development and the advantages of three fabrication strategies that only use unmodified biopolymers in respect with green chemistry processes. Our results reveal the relationship between the alginate foam porosity and the paracrine secretion function of the scaffold-seeded MSC. Moreover, we show the consequences of PEC formation and 3D distribution on the PEC scaffolds’ biological properties compared to pure alginate and chitosan properties. Importantly, our results provide evidence that MSC administration through a particular PEC formulation scaffold could truly help overcoming current limitations of cardiac cell therapy that uses direct cell injection, since it provides good cell retention, survival and proliferation after seeding within the matrix. Based on these results, we develop an innovative process to elaborate 3D scaffolds whose elastic properties are better maintained. Therefore, these optimized scaffolds match better the specifications of the ideal biomaterial for cardiac tissue engineering with MSC. In parallel to scaffold optimization, we develop a strategy for MSC optimization using a gene transfer technique. The combined expression of 2 secreted proangiogenic factors leads to the enhancement of the MSC in vitro angiogenic properties. Finally, we demonstrate the in vivo implantability and biocompatibility of 3D PEC scaffolds seeded with enhanced MSC. Our strategy to take exclusively advantage of the MSC paracrine secretion function by using 3D scaffolds and gene transfer is original in the cardiac field. It holds great potential by offering a multidisciplinary approach for the management of heart failure by combining bioengineering with cell and gene therapy, thus aiming at better therapy results
Adhami, Wissal. "Synthèse verte de polymères dans un système en flux." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R037.
Full textGreen chemistry is an attractive field which has evolved over the past twenty years and aims to develop products that do not harm the environment using eco-responsible syntheses. This work focuses on the green synthesis of polyesters which are considered as important synthetic polymers due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Polyesters are obtained by two main routes: polymerization by polycondensation of diacids with diols which is the most widely used route, and polymerization by ring opening of lactones, lactides or cyclic carbonate (Ring Opening Polymerization, ROP). Polycondensation requires harsh reaction conditions to promote the condensation reaction by removing a water molecule between the acid and alcohol functional groups in order to achieve high conversions. Recently, flow synthesis techniques have allowed better control of organic synthesis and polymerization reactions. We have studied the enzymatic ring-opening polymerization (e-ROP) of lactones using Novozym® 435 lipase as a catalyst immobilized on porous flow beads to develop controlled polymerization that respects the principles of green chemistry. The porous beads were introduced into a tubular reactor made of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) with an internal diameter = 1.55 mm. We were able to polymerize ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) with a 100 % conversion rate (conv) and a dispersity (Đ) of 1.3 and δ-valerolactone (δ-VL) (conv = 93%, Đ = 1.27 respectively). Copolymers have also been synthesized. We have also studied the catalysis of ring-opening polymerization by phosphazenes which are organic superbases. The basicity of phosphazene governs the reaction: the highest basicity lead to the highest yield in spite of poorer dispersity. The best yields were obtained using P4-t-Bu (pK = 41.9) as catalyst for polymerizing ε-CL and δ-VL at room temperature, with values of 96% and 93% respectively. When P2-t-Bu (pK = 33.5) was used, a lower conversion of 45% was obtained but with a very good dispersity Đ = 1.08. We also worked on polycondensation using new organic catalysts with hydrophobic parts in their structures allowing the elimination of water or alcohol co-products which limit the course of the reaction. Thus we have studied the polycondensation between diols and diacids or diesters catalyzed by diphenylammonium triflate (DPAT) or pentafluorophenylammonium triflate (PFPAT) in batch. We obtained oligomers by polyesterification between succinic acid and butanediol using DPAT or PFPAT as catalysts with conversions of 76% and 67% respectively. Finally, we investigated photo-induced atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in a flow system using Eosin Y, an inexpensive organic compound that absorbs in the green (530 nm) to catalyze the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) which can be synthesized with a 91% conversion rate and a dispersity Đ of 1.42. The lively appearance of these polymers has been demonstrated by the success of subsequent copolymerizations. In conclusion, we have shown that flow chemistry allows polymer synthesis with better control of polymerization compared to flask synthesis. This better control makes it possible to obtain polymers with high yield, low dispersity and a molar mass close to the theoretical value
Gateau, Pauline. "Opalisation du verre sodocalcique par feeder à coloration dans le respect d'une politique de développement durable." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0069.
Full textThe main goal of the present work is to achieve hollow-ware soda-lime glass opalization, through the forehearth color (FHC) technology. The results are suggesting two solutions to get rid of the usual opacifying particles: fluorides crystals. These are known to be dangerous and highly corrosive. Soda-lime glass opalization, induced by phosphorus addition, consists in NaCaPO4 precipitation. However, this phase appears only after specific heat treatments, which are found to be hardly compatible with the FHC technology. Low solubility oxides SnO2, ZrO2 and ZrSiO4, are finally chosen as a second option for opalization. Tin oxide is more precisely studied, as it has the lowest solubility limit. The influence of glass composition on the oxides solubilization is investigated. Tin multivalent property is also characterized using in situ electrochemical methods. Opacifying compounds (glass frits) containing SnO2 are finally developed, in agreement with all industrial requirements and avoiding the use of fluorides. Compositions of these compounds and semi-industrial process parameters are optimized with two distinct designs of experiments
Niu, Yi Fan. "Durabilité et endommagement mécanique de surface du verre en milieu aqueux." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S158.
Full textThe aim of this thesis work was to study the chemical durability and the surface mechanical damage of glass in aqueous solutions. The behavior of five inorganic glass compositions (As₂S₃ and GeSe₄ chalcogenide glasses, silica glass, window glass and REFIOM glass) was studied under various conditions (temperature and pH). The evolutions of the solution chemical composition, the surface topography and its mechanical properties were characterized as a function of the time spent into the corrosive solution. For As₂S₃ and GeSe₄ chalcogenide glasses, an optical transmission degradation was observed. Corrosion mechanisms were proposed, their calculated activation energies are 47 and 103 kJ/mol, respectively. The dissolution rate of REFIOM glass in deionized water at 90 °C is approximately 10 times faster compared to silica glass and window glass. For oxide glasses, an accelerated dissolution phenomenon was reported at places where indentations were made. We showed this phenomenon to be intimately linked to the indentation induced densified volume lying beneath the residual print
Castries, Augustin de. "Synthèse de dérivés du cyclam et applications de leurs complexes métalliques dans des procédés catalytiques de chimie verte." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007VERS0013.
Full textThis work has been devoted to the synthesis of various macrocycles derived from cyclam bearing sulfinyl and sulfonyl pendant arms and to the study of their potential applications in catalysis. The first part describes the synthesis of perfluorinated macrocycles by Michael addition on various perfluorinated acceptors. The catalytic activity of the corresponding complexes has been studied in autoxidation under fluorous biphasic conditions. The second part describes the synthesis of macrocycles from arylvinylsulfoxides and sulfones. The auxiliary role of the sulfinyl and sulfonyl moieties in the complexation of metallic cations Cu2+ and Eu3+ has been studied. The catalytic activity of the Cu (II) complexes and their ligands has been evaluated in catalytic reactions of Michael additions and ring opening of epoxides in aqueous and organic medium. The third part is devoted to the development of solid phase synthesis for the preparation of trifunctionnalized cyclams
Guo, Jia. "Elaboration de matériaux biodégradables et biocompatibles par de nouveaux procédés catalytiques respectant les principes de la chimie verte." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066819.
Full textLachguar, Abdelhak. "Pour une chimie plus verte - catalyseurs chiraux supportés sur solide pour recyclage et développement de procédés en continu." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU30023.
Full textThe awareness by society of the concept of sustainable development has led chemists to rethink all industrial processes through the twelve principles of green chemistry. In this “green” approach to chemistry, catalysis, in particular with transition metal complexes, occupies a key place: improvement of activities (lower energy consumption), improvement of selectivities (fewer by-products), discovery of new catalytic reactions (less dangerous reagents, clean solvents, economy of atoms, etc.), control of stereochemistry (synthesis of drugs, polymers) ... Unfortunately, the sometimes high cost of catalysts, their difficulties in recovery or recycling is a barrier to their industrial use. The heterogenization of catalysis reactions (catalyst recycling, simplified product purification) and the development of continuous processes are major challenges that meet societal (environment) and industrial expectations. We wish to answer it here by relying on catalysts prepared from chiral phosphine, phosphinocarbene and ferrocenic carbenes (planar and central chirality) ligands synthesized in the team and having demonstrated excellent activities and selectivities in asymmetric catalysis (hydrogenation, Suzuki -Miyaura). These ligands will be functionalized in order to allow their grafting on a solid support. The nature of the supports (spherical silica, mesoporous silica, etc.), the grafting sites (on the surface, in pores or channels) are elements that we wish to study in order to better understand the role of surface interactions and the phenomena of confinement on the activity and enantioselectivity of the supported catalysts
Delfolie, Corinne. "Phénomènes d'interface et réponse mécanique dans des composites polyester - verre." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10221.
Full textLes influences respectives du degré de solubilité et de la nature de l'additif sur la microstructure de l'interphase sont découplées. Dans les systèmes insolubles, l'ensimage formant un réseau réticule à la surface du verre, son influence sur la thermodynamique locale est réduite. La liaison à l'interface est assurée par la formation d'un réseau interpénètre réticule, ce qui confère un caractère fragile à l'interface dans ces composites. Dans le cas soluble, la nature de l'additif low profile est déterminante dans la constitution de l'interphase. Pour le système à base pvac, la solubilisation partielle de l'ensimage modifie localement le diagramme de phase ternaire up-st-lpa, et conduit à la ségrégation du thermoplastique à l'interface. L'interphase a alors un caractère plutôt ductile. Pour le système à base pmma(ho), le développement de liaisons hydrogène au sein de l'additif limite la solubilisation de l'ensimage, et donc son influence sur la gélification de la résine. Les ponts hydrogène jouant le rôle de nœuds de réticulation, le schéma de constitution de l'interface est similaire à celui du système insoluble
Beillard, Audrey. "Préparation par mécanochimie de complexes NHC-métal et application en catalyse." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT172.
Full textDue to the constant increase of publications reporting new organometallic complexes, it becomes urgent to develop alternative synthetic methods to the classical ones that use toxic solvents, high reaction temperatures and that do not always lead to the desired complexes in good yields. The use of ball-mills for the synthesis of NHC-metal complexes (silver and copper in particular) and their precursors has enabled the development of efficient, general, quick and more sustainable methods. These methods give an access to interesting compounds, difficult to synthesize using another pathway. Numerous complexes never reported in the literature were also formed. These complexes have demonstrated their efficiency as catalysts in the A3 reaction to form the propargylamines
Langumier, Mikaël. "Biodétérioration des structures portuaires en acier : synergie entre la physico-chimie du fer en milieu marin et les micro-organismes sulfurogènes." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717856.
Full textLozano, Flavien. "Elaboration de matelas à base de fibres de verre par voie humide." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI001.
Full textGlass fibre - based mats produced by a wetlaid process have industrial applications as a battery separator and insulation materials (core of vacuum insulation panels). These materials are mainly made with sub-micron fibres which relatively expensive and can present a risk to health. This project is a contribution to the production of glass fibre-based mats by a wet-laid process to add value to coarser fibres, the final product should respect precise specifications. We have been led to study the behavior of glass fibers in different stages of the process and to characterize the resulting mats. We investigated especially the physico-chemical behavior of aqueous suspensions of glass fiber. We have characterized structure properties, the mechanical resistance to traction, the compressibility and the thermal conductivity of fibrous mats. The experimental work has allowed us to give a formulation of the optimized composition and operational conditions of the process so that the final mattress conforms to the specifications. This new composition includes reinforcement fibres in small quantities. It allows improving the mechanical characteristics without affecting the other properties. Finally, we quantified the production costs and compared them to those of the process currently used with coarse fiber (dry-laid production).Keywords: Paper engineering, physical chemistry, porous media, glass fibre, characterization
Wang, Yun. "Catalyseurs d'oxydation en conditions de chimie verte : métaux non toxiques, eau oxygénée, transformation de la biomasse, recyclage par greffage." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30241.
Full textIn order to develop a chemistry more respectful of the environment, access to sustainable processes is mandatory. More specifically, in the field of oxidation chemistry, use of toxic oxidants has to be banished, use of solvents limited and reusable catalysts developed. In this context, two types of greener approaches have been explored. The first approach concerns removal or replacement of acetic acid, an additive - in association with H2O2, favoring exclusive formation of epoxides with Mn and Fe metal complexes as catalysts. For this objective, two strategies have been explored. The first one consists in introducing fluoroalcohol functions in the second coordination sphere of metal complexes with pyridinophane-based ligand to easily activate H2O2. Those complexes did not enhance the catalytic activity for cyclooctene oxidation reactions in comparison to analogous Mn(II) and Fe(III) complexes with unmodified ligands. However, Ni(II) and Co(II) metal complexes with unmodified ligands display interesting catalytic activity for H2 photoproduction. The second strategy aimed to replace acetic acid. Using silica beads functionalized with COOH pendant arms (SiO2@COOH) as additive and H2O2 as oxidant, catalytic epoxidation reactions catalyzed by Mn(II) and Fe(III) metal complexes with BPMEN ligand displayed significant selectivity towards epoxide. The second approach concerns organic-solvent free (ep)oxidation processes with catalysts based on polyoxometalates (POMs). Catalysts SiO2@PMo and SiO2@PW, respectively obtained by ionic grafting of H3PMo12O40 or H3PW12O40 on silica beads functionalized with NH2 pending functions (SiO2@NH2), have been fully characterized. With low catalyst loading, both catalysts displayed efficient oxidation activity and better selectivity than the free POMs. Moreover, recovered beads gave similar conversion and selectivity after two recycling processes
Pak, Soun-Hie. "Rôle de l'adhésion interfaciale dans les composites thermoplastiques binaires et ternaires renforcés de fibres de verre." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-153.pdf.
Full textKhedim, Hichem Vilasi Michel. "Etude de la limite de solubilité de la chromine (Cr2O3) dans les liquides sodo-silicatés Détermination de grandeurs thermodynamiques et physicochimiques /." S. l. : Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2008_0134_KHEDIM.pdf.
Full textPessel, Freddy. "Synthèse éco-compatible de flavonoïdes fonctionnalisés par le glucose comme antioxydants potentiels." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986261.
Full textQuintin, François. "Synthèse de complexes organométalliques par mécanochimie. Catalyse, photochimie et activités biologiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS026.
Full textKnown for their activities in catalysis and biology, organometallics complexes are an important part of current chemistry. However, their syntheses are still complicated from an experimental and environmental point of view (low yields, use of toxic solvents, …) and it becomes urgent to develop sustainable alternative synthetic methods. This thesis builds on mechanochemistry as an efficient alternative for the synthesis of organometallics complexes. Firstly, new silver(I) and ruthenium(II) complexes featuring NHC ligands were synthesized by mechanochemistry. These complexes were then evaluated in catalysis (hydrogen transfer reaction and ring-opening metathesis polymerization) and tested for their antitumoral activity. A second family of ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes were synthesized by ball-milling, and tested in photoredox catalysis by mechanochemistry. During these different reactions, an improvement of experimental (shorter reaction time, use of optimal quantities of reactants) and environmental conditions (absence of toxic solvent) was observed, in addition to high yields
Losfeld, Guillaume. "L’association de la phytoextraction et de l’écocatalyse : un nouveau concept de chimie verte, une opportunité pour la remédiation de sites miniers." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20193.
Full textIncreasing pressure on mineral resources has drawn research efforts into innovative supply and recycling. Metal-rich biomass produced in phytoextraction proved an interesting starting-material for Green Chemistry. It allows the production of new catalysts, referred to as ‘ecocatalysts'. They provide the following benefits: access to new molecules, increased yields in chemicals production, increased regio- and chemo-selectivity… This results in potentially high added-value and possible development of a new economic outlet. This new approach to using metal-rich biomass could spur the development of phytoextraction, a technique considered promising for long, yet without credible economic applications. In this regard metallophyte biodiversity hotspots, such as New Caledonia are of particular interest to assess biomass supply. Ambitious and costly ecological restoration of the mining environment in New Caledonia is increasingly questioned. The development of phytoextraction on most degraded areas, e.g. quarries and wastes piles, to produce biomass for Ecocatalysis could provide revenues, while ensuring reclamation. This thesis looks into a possible outlet in New Caledonia, from plants to catalysts and final chemical products
Sebilleau, Julien. "Interactions écoulement / mouillage : application au procédé Float de mise en forme du verre." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077227.
Full textThis work deals with two examples of interaction between a wetting front and a flow. In the first situation, dry patches open in a flowing film. Our study, both experimental and theoretical, confirms that their shape is well described by a balance between capillary effects and the weight of the rim surrounding the dry patch. To predict stability, one has to take into account secondary effects linked to the curvature of the contact line, the hydrostatic pressure in the film and the flux of momentum carried by the film. We built a general model that allows to predict the behaviour for large viscosity and also for the "inertial" case which appears in most of industrial applications. In the second situation, we look to the spreading of a viscous fluid poured onto a moving bath. We study this phenomenon with a bath of perfluorated silicon oil bearing glycerin or honey. For a static bath, the spreading is radial with a uniform height superior to the equilibrium height of Langmuir. This over-height seems to be linked to a specific property of wetting of the perfluorated oil that wets the viscous sheet and thus modifies the balance at the edge. For a moving bath, several successive ways of spreading are observed leading to a ribbon shape of the viscous sheet well predicted by a kinematical model of advection of the sheet by the flow. Finally, our study of viscous liquid allowed ifs to explore the buckling of a viscous jet onto a moving bath and to built phase diagram of the several regimes observed
Chomat, Laure. "Compréhension de l'altération à long terme des colis de verre R7T7 : étude du couplage chimie transport dans un milieu fissuré." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392439.
Full textUne meilleure compréhension de ces mécanismes passe par l'étude du couplage chimie transport dans des objets simples : les fissures modèles. L'altération de ces fissures dans des conditions agressives (pH>11) montre que la configuration de la fissure (horizontale ou verticale) impose le mécanisme de transport prépondérant (respectivement diffusion ou convection associée à la gravité). Ce mécanisme convectif semble négligeable à des pH plus faibles. La vitesse convective est estimée via un modèle 1D de transport réactif.
Deux autres paramètres ont été étudiés : l'influence d'un gradient thermique et celle de l'interconnectivité des fissures sur l'altération. Une rétroaction forte de la vitesse convective, induite par un gradient thermique, sur la cinétique d'altération est observée au sein de la fissure.
Ces travaux ont abouti à la réalisation d'une expérience intégrale d'altération d'un réseau de 163 fissures soumis à un gradient thermique.
L'utilisation du code géochimique HYTEC dans le cadre cette étude révèle les bonnes potentialités du logiciel cependant le modèle cinétique d'altération reste à améliorer.
Chomat, Laure. "Compréhension de l’altération à long terme des colis de verre R7T7 : étude du couplage chimie transport dans un milieu fissuré." Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392439.
Full textChomat, Laure. "Compréhension de l'altération à long terme des colis de verre R7T7 : étude du couplage chimie transport dans un milieu fissuré /." [Gif-sur-Yvette] : [CEA Saclay, Direction des systèmes d'information], 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41463331c.
Full textLa couv. et la p. de titre portent en plus : "Direction de l'énergie nucléaire" Bibliogr. p. 187-196. Résumé en français et en anglais.
Bardot, Fanny. "Modification de lignines issues de la fabrication des pâtes lignocellulosiques en vue de leur incorporation dans des formulations d'encres." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI100.
Full textThe originality of this work is to use lignin, an aromatic macromolecule from lignocellulosic biomass, in replacement of petroleum-based resins for the formulation of inks for food contact packaging applications. Different chemical modifications were carried out on commercial lignins, in order to make them compatible with the ink components. Used reagents and processes were chosen in order to limit the environmental impact of the whole value chain. Chemical modifications were monitored by several analytical techniques such as GPC SEC for the molar mass distribution and NMR and FTIR spectrometry for the monitoring of lignin functional groups. Ink properties were characterized by rheological and colorimetric (CIE L*a*b* system) measurements on printed samples. Among the significant results, changes in hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance were particularly noticed. Furthermore, the colour gamut of modified lignin-based inks was enhanced, compared to the one of unmodified lignin-based inks. Two applications emerged from this work: (1) formulation of lignin-based bio-sourced inks, which meet most of the industrial requirements, and (2), development of a modified lignin-based coating which improved barrier properties of recycled paperboard
Martinez, Victor. "Utilisation conjugée de complexes du fer et du ruthénium pour la chimie verte : formation stœchiométrique et catalytique de liaisons carbone-carbone et carbone-azote." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12704.
Full textGiry, Clément. "Vers la synthèse verte d'un nouvel organocatalyseur tensioactif biosourcé : détermination de ses propriétés physico-chimiques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0081.
Full textThe development of green chemistry around its twelve principles has changed the way chemists work. The use of water as solvent is evident as it is not toxic, cheap and widely available. However, it is not easy to carry out catalysed organic reactions in water. Indeed, most metalbased catalysts oxidize and become inactive in its presence. Organocatalysis has therefore aroused great interest because of the low toxicity of the employed catalysts as well as their resistance to water and oxidation. In this context, the imidazolidinones developed by D. MacMillan are organocatalysts that can be easily prepared and they can performed, through iminium ion activation, asymmetric catalysis by controlling the stereoselectivity of the reaction. Moreover, to achieve a maximum of organic reactions in water, the use of surfactants is essential. They allow the solubilisation of organic reactions in water through the formation of micelles in the core of which the reaction will occur. In order to use only one molecule, work have been done to graft to an organocatalyst to a long carbon chain, giving it surfactant properties. In this context, our study aims to synthesize a new surfactant organocatalyst on which is grafted an imidazolidinone at the end of the hydrophobic chain. The biosourced synthons of this molecule as well as the reaction conditions were chosen so as to respect as much as possible the principles of green chemistry. As the two first synthetic routes did not lead to the desired molecule, the starting synthons were changed, finally allowing the target molecule to be obtained in 10 steps. More than half of the steps have then been reviewed to improve their green aspect. The main improvement of these steps, and one of this thesis’ innovations, was to reduce the use of compounds toxic for Human and/or environment via, in particular, the replacement of some solvents classified carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic (CMR) with a new one: 4-methyltetrahydropyran. For each step, the green metrics were calculated to justify if it was an improvement. Finally, once the targeted molecule obtained, its solubility in water was studied. Its surfactant character was then characterized in order to verify its activity on the surface tension at the water-air interface. The determination of the size of the aggregates formed in water as well as the molecular modeling completed the state of knowledge of the type of self-organized structures realized by this new molecule
Khedim, Hichem. "Etude de la limite de solubilité de la chromine (Cr2O3) dans les liquides sodo-silicatés : Détermination de grandeurs thermodynamiques et physicochimiques." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10134.
Full textIn the field of “corrosion and thermodynamics of systems at high temperature”, the objective of this study is to increase the knowledge of corrosion by glass melts with carrying a particular interest to define the factors determining the chromia dissolution. The precise goal of this work was to determine the total solubility of chromia in the soda-silicate and soda-lime systems, as a function of temperature, oxygen fugacity and melt composition. After a detailed bibliographic introduction, the first part of this work describes the experimental device developed and validated for this study. This reactor allows controlling independently different experimental parameters. Therefore, the kinetic study shows clearly, at first, that the achievement of the equilibrium is limited by the dissolved oxygen diffusion in the matrix. Subsequently, the kinetic study allows the construction of two isothermal sections of the pseudo-ternary system Na2O-SiO2-Cr2O3 pointing the stability domain of each solid phase (Na2CrO4, Cr2O3, NaCrSi2O6 and SiO2) in the melt. The total chromium oxide (Cr2O3) solubility was then measured in Na2O-xSiO2 melts considering the effect of each experimental parameter. The presence of CrII, CrIII and CrVI species was evidenced and their respective contributions in the total Cr content dissolved in the melt were determined. The experimental results were described using a model of chromium chemistry in silicate melts involving dissolution, redox and oxo complex reactions. A mathematical treatment, using the obtained results, allows the correlation between the proposed model and thermodynamic properties of the system. The free enthalpies and entropies associated to the different reactions. Finally, the same processes could be extended to the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system
Abarca, Bustamante Karina. "Parque de educación patrimonial : al otro lado del río : puesta en valor de Cerro Blanco y su contexto como paisaje cultural histórico en el ex Barrio La Chimba." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/168485.
Full textAissa, Rabha. "Coprécipitation d'ions FeII et FeIII par Na2CO3 en milieu sulfaté et synthèse de la rouille verte substituée aluminium." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10154.
Full textFormation of sulphated green rust {RV2(SO42-)} is preceded by precipitation of a sulphated ferric basic salt and a badly crystallized ferric oxyhydroxyde. The study of the substitution of the FeIII cations by the AlIII cations in the structure of RV2(SO42-) shows that it is necessary to introduce an excess of FeII ions in solution as required for the stoichiometry of the green rust to obtain a single phase aluminium substituted sulphated green rust. This new compound is characterized by a crystal size of about 50 nm and the Mössbauer spectrum is characterised additional ferrous doublet. The coprecipitation of the FeII ions and FeIII in sulphated medium by the weak Na2CO3 was studied. Green rusts then obtained are unstable and require immediate analysis after synthesis. This transformation is inhibited by the presence of silicate anions in the reaction medium which react with the surface of green rusts thus preventing their dissolution. The transformation of the RV2(SO42-) in RV1(CO32-) is carried out by exchange of anions
Suzuki, Tomo. "Effet de l'irradiation (alpha, gamma) sur l'altération des matrices de déchets nucléaires de hautes activités (UO2, hollandite, verre SON68)." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2023.
Full textThe aim of this work is to determine the effect of irradiation on the alteration of high level nuclear waste forms matrices. The matrices investigated are UO2 to simulate the spent fuel, the hollandite for the specific conditioning of Cs, and the inactive glass SON68 representing the nuclear glass R7T7. I) The alpha irradiation experiments on UO2 colloids in aqueous carbonate media have enabled to distinguish between the oxidation of UO2 matrix as initial and dissolution as subsequent step. The simultaneous presence of carbonate and H2O2 (product resulting from water radiolysis) increased the dissolution rate of UO2 to its maximum value governed by the oxidation rate. Ii) The study of hollandite alteration under gamma irradiation confirmed the good retention capacity for Cs and Ba. Gamma irradiation had brought only a little influence on releasing of Cs and Ba in solution. Electronic irradiation had conducted to the amorphisation of the hollandite only for a dose 1000 times higher than the auto-induced dose of Ba over millions of years. Iii) The experiences of glass irradiation under alpha beam and of helium implantation in the glass SON68 were analyzed by positon annihilation spectroscopy
Oddon, Frédéric. "Les oxygénases artificielles : nouveaux outils pour la catalyse asymétrique d'oxydation d'alcènes et de thioéthers dans le cadre de la “chimie verte”." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00558081.
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