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Journal articles on the topic 'Chiloglottis'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Bower, Colin C., and Graham R. Brown. "Pollinator specificity, cryptic species and geographical patterns in pollinator responses to sexually deceptive orchids in the genus Chiloglottis: the Chiloglottis gunnii complex." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 1 (2009): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08164.

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Australian sexually deceptive orchids are typically highly pollinator specific, each species having a single unique hymenopteran pollinator species. Pollinator specificity in six of the nine described species in the Chiloglottis gunnii Lindl. complex was investigated by using field pollinator-choice tests, with Chiloglottis taxa translocated within and among biogeographical regions. Specific pollinators revealed the existence of five undescribed cryptic taxa in the C. gunnii complex, three within C. pluricallata D.L.Jones and two within C. valida D.L.Jones, in addition to the six described species. Of the 11 Chiloglottis taxa, 10 had a single thynnine-wasp pollinator throughout their sometimes large distributions, whereas one, C. valida, had a second pollinator in parts of its distribution. Eleven pollinators belonged to the genus Neozeleboria and one to Eirone. Pollinator-choice testing showed that cross-attraction of pollinators occurs between three geographically isolated Chiloglottis taxa on the New South Wales (NSW) New England Tableland and taxa in the South Eastern Highlands of NSW and Victoria. The data suggested there is sharing of chemical attractants and supported the recognition of at least five odour types within Chiloglottis, each encompassing one to three orchid taxa and their pollinators. The following two broad generalisations are made: (1) there is no cross-attraction of pollinators among sympatric Chiloglottis species, i.e. sympatric orchid taxa do not share attractant odours; and (2) all Chiloglottis species have different specific pollinators, although they may share attractant odours allopatrically. Some 28 thynnine-wasp species were attracted as minor non-pollinating responders to Chiloglottis taxa; five of these were pollinators of other Chiloglottis species. These wasps were much more taxonomically diverse than the pollinators, belonging to six genera, and suggest that some orchid-odour components are widely shared within the sex pheromones of the Thynninae.

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2

Bower, CC. "Demonstration of Pollinator-Mediated Reproductive Isolation in Sexually Deceptive Species of Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae: Caladeniinae)." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 1 (1996): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960015.

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Three designs of field choice experiments were used to demonstrate complete reproductive isolation by sexually deceived thynnine pollinators (Neozeleboria Rohwer spp.) in eight species of Chiloglottis R.Br. Four species, Chiloglottis diphylla R.Br., C. formicifera Fitzg., C. pluricallata D.L.Jones and C. valida D.L.Jones, attracted only one wasp species, but the other four, C. platyptera D.L.Jones, C. seminuda D.L.Jones, C. trilabra Fitzg. and C. reflexa Labill. Druce exhibited multiple species attraction. Wasps visiting orchids were classified as major responders if they exhibited behaviour which could potentially result in pollination, by contrast to minor responders which did not. Major responders occurring sympatrically with the orchid were termed confirmed, potential or putative pollinators on the basis of observation of pollinia removal or deposition, pseudocopulation with the labellum, or arrival at bait flowers with pollinia from local orchid populations, respectively. Each Chiloglottis species had a single Neozeleboria species as confirmed or potential pollinator. The data confirmed that field pollinator choice tests can be used to distinguish cryptic sexually deceptive orchid species, and that specific pollinators may be used reliably as taxonomic characters in Chiloglottis.

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3

Mant, J., R. Peakall, and P. H. Weston. "Specific pollinator attraction and the diversification of sexually deceptive Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 253, no. 1-4 (June 2005): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-005-0308-6.

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4

FLANAGAN, NICOLA S., DANIEL EBERT, CAROLYN PORTER, MAURIZIO ROSSETTO, and ROD PEAKALL. "Microsatellite markers for evolutionary studies in the sexually deceptive orchid genus Chiloglottis." Molecular Ecology Notes 6, no. 1 (March 2006): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01161.x.

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5

MANT, J., C. C. BOWER, P. H. WESTON, and R. PEAKALL. "Phylogeography of pollinator-specific sexually deceptive Chiloglottis taxa (Orchidaceae): evidence for sympatric divergence?" Molecular Ecology 14, no. 10 (September 2005): 3067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02659.x.

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6

Peakall, Rod, C. C. Bower, A. E. Logan, and H. I. Nicol. "Confirmation of the Hybrid Origin of Chiloglottis × pescottiana (Orchidaceae: Diurideae). I. Genetic and Morphometric Evidence." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 5 (1997): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96081.

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Pollination by sexual deception in orchids is characterised by a high degree of pollinator specificity, which may account for the rarity of natural hybrids within the group. Only one such hybrid has been formally recognised in Australia, Chiloglottis × pescottiana R.S.Rogers, which has intermediate floral morphology between its putative parents, C. valida D.L.Jones and C. trapeziformis Fitzg. In this paper, genetic and morphometric analyses confirm the hybrid origin of this taxon. Allozyme analysis of C. trapeziformis and C. valida revealed fixed allelic differences at four ‘diagnostic’ loci and significant frequency differences at three other loci. In all cases, C. × pescottiana exhibited fixed heterozygosity at the diagnostic loci. Multidimensional scaling of both the genetic data and seven morphometric traits revealed distinct clusters of C. trapeziformis and C. valida while C. × pescottiana formed an intermediate cluster between the two parents. To test for genetic compatibility between C. trapeziformis, C. valida and C. × pescottiana, a series of reciprocal artificial crosses were performed. In all cases, the percentage of capsules formed was at least as great for between-species crosses as for within-species selfs and crosses (range 75–100%). No significant differences in the percentage of seed with normal embryos was detected between self- and cross-pollinations within C. trapeziformis (range 77–81%), C. valida (range 59–74%) and C. × pescottiana (range 30–51%), but the percentage of normal embryos was notably lower in C. × pescottiana. The cross C. trapeziformis female by C. valida male produced significantly more normal embryos (90%) compared with the reverse cross (46%). Artificial backcrosses of C. × pescottiana to C. valida and C. trapeziformis had lower percentages of normal embryos when C. × pescottiana was the pollen donor (39–43%) rather than recipient (62–68%), suggesting reduced pollen viability in the latter taxon. The size of F2 embryos in C. × pescottiana seed capsules was smaller than the embryos of both C. valida and C. trapeziformis. Despite confirmation of hybridisation, little evidence for backcrossing was found. Thus, while the specific pollinator relationships may occasionally break down in these sexually deceptive orchids, reduced viability of hybrid pollen and F2 seed, and inefficient pollination of the hybrid, may minimise introgression. It is concluded from the available evidence that hybridisation has not been a major evolutionary factor in the diversification of sexual deception worldwide.

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7

Peakall, Rod, Lauren Jones, Colin C. Bower, and Brendan G. Mackey. "Bioclimatic assessment of the geographic and climatic limits to hybridisation in a sexually deceptive orchid system." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (2002): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01021.

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Australia is a major centre of diversity for pollination by sexual deception, a pollination syndrome unique to orchids and characterised by highly specific pollinator relationships. Chiloglottis pescottiana is a rare natural hybrid between sexually deceptive C. trapeziformis and C. valida. We utilised bioclimatic models to predict the potential range of the parental orchid species, the hybrid and their pollinators. The predicted ranges of the parental orchid species rarely overlapped (only 2&percnt; of the core range), with the geographic separation of the species reflecting the occupation of largely distinct climatic niches and limiting opportunities for hybridisation. Comparison of the predictions with independent distributions of the orchid taxa revealed a close match. Unexpectedly, our results revealed that several related and morphologically similar orchid species are, nevertheless, ecologically distinct from C. valida. Our study demonstrates that bioclimatic modelling provides an additional tool for exploring a range of ecological and evolutionary questions.

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8

Wong, Darren C. J., Ranamalie Amarasinghe, Vasiliki Falara, Eran Pichersky, and Rod Peakall. "Duplication and selection in β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase gene lineages in the sexually deceptive Chiloglottis (Orchidaceace)." Annals of Botany 123, no. 6 (February 21, 2019): 1053–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz013.

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9

Miller, Joseph T., and Mark A. Clements. "Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Drakaeinae: Diurideae (Orchidaceae) based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region." Australian Systematic Botany 27, no. 1 (2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb13036.

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Results of the analysis of rDNA sequences based on 55 collections representative of 32 Drakaeinae orchid species and outgroups supported the monophyly of the subtribe, with weak support for the inclusion of Spiculaea, and revealed six strongly supported monophyletic, well defined morphological groups. Caleana is monophyletic. Chiloglottis s.lat. is monophyletic when Simpliglottis and Myrmechila are included. Our results also suggested that the segregate genus Phoringopsis is better treated as part of Arthrochilus.There is sufficient molecular and morphological support for recognition of the leafless, mycroheterotrophic Thynninorchis to be maintained as a separate genus. A taxonomic summary is provided, including reassignment of taxa at generic ranks and new combinations for Caleana alcockii (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana brockmanii (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana disjuncta (D.L.Jones) M.A.Clem., Caleana dixonii (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana gracilicordata (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana granitica (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana hortiorum (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana lyonsii (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana parvula (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana terminalis (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem. and Caleana triens (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.

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10

Peakall, Rod, Daniel Ebert, Jacqueline Poldy, Russell A. Barrow, Wittko Francke, Colin C. Bower, and Florian P. Schiestl. "Pollinator specificity, floral odour chemistry and the phylogeny of Australian sexually deceptive Chiloglottis orchids: implications for pollinator-driven speciation." New Phytologist 188, no. 2 (June 7, 2010): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03308.x.

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11

Bower, Colin C. "Specific pollinators reveal a cryptic taxon in the bird orchid, Chiloglottis valida sensu lato (Orchidaceae) in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 1 (2006): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05043.

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Orchid species belonging to the sexual-deception pollination syndrome exhibit highly specific, usually one-to-one, relationships with their pollinators. This specificity is mediated by the orchid’s mimicry of the sex-attractant pheromones emitted by females of the pollinator species. Chiloglottis valida D.Jones sensu lato is a widespread, sexually deceptive, terrestrial orchid found in south-eastern New South Wales, and eastern and southern Victoria from sea level to at least 1600 m in the Australian Alps. Flowers from 38 C. valida s.l. populations from throughout this area were compared in field choice experiments for the specificity of attracted pollinator species. Four potential pollinator wasps in the thynnine genus Neozeleboria Rohwer were attracted. The data demonstrate the existence of two attractant odour types among C. valida s.l. and its pollinators, and support the recognition of two partially sympatric cryptic species in the orchid, each with two potential pollinators. The copheromone pollinator pairs replace each other on the altitudinal gradient, albeit with some overlap. In alpine areas the pollinators of the two cryptic orchid species are themselves sibling species within Neozeleboria monticola Turner s.l. The results indicate that C. aff. valida, the sister species of C. valida s.s., has two geographically replacing pollinators.

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12

Roche, Sean A., Richard J. Carter, Rod Peakall, Leon M. Smith, Michael R. Whitehead, and Celeste C. Linde. "A narrow group of monophyletic Tulasnella (Tulasnellaceae) symbiont lineages are associated with multiple species of Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae): Implications for orchid diversity." American Journal of Botany 97, no. 8 (August 2010): 1313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000049.

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13

Wong, Darren C. J., James Perkins, and Rod Peakall. "Conserved pigment pathways underpin the dark insectiform floral structures of sexually deceptive Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae)." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (October 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.976283.

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Sexually deceptive plants achieve pollination by enticing specific male insects as pollinators using a combination of olfactory, visual, and morphological mimicry. The sexually deceptive orchid genus Chiloglottis is comprised of some 30 species with predominantly dull green-red flowers except for the dark insectiform calli/callus structure from the labellum lamina. This unique structure mimics the female of the pollinator and potentially enhances the visibility of the mimic. However, the chemical and genetic basis for the color of these structures remains poorly understood across the genus. The goal of this study was to investigate the flower color biochemistry and patterns of gene expression across the anthocyanin and flavonol glycoside biosynthetic pathway within the calli structures across the three distinct clades of Chiloglottis (Formicifera, Reflexa, and Valida) using chemical and transcriptome analysis. Our phylogenomic analysis confirmed the close sister relationship between the Reflexa/Formicifera clades and reaffirms the basal position of the Valida clade. Additionally, the biochemical basis of the dark calli/callus structures is conserved across the genus. Nonetheless, the proportion of methoxylated anthocyanin and flavonol glycoside derivatives and the mean gene expression levels appear to differentiate the Reflexa and Formicifera clades from the Valida clade. In future studies, it will be of interest to tease apart the role of phylogeny, environment, pollinators, and other factors as potential drivers of the observed biochemistry and gene expression differences. It will also be important to characterize the function of candidate genes such as DFR, LDOX, and FLS in this fascinating case of flower color mimicry.

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14

Wong, Darren C. J., Ranamalie Amarasinghe, Eran Pichersky, and Rod Peakall. "Evidence for the Involvement of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Degradation in the Formation of Insect Sex Pheromone-Mimicking Chiloglottones in Sexually Deceptive Chiloglottis Orchids." Frontiers in Plant Science 9 (June 19, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00839.

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15

Wong, Darren C. J., Ranamalie Amarasinghe, Claudia Rodriguez-Delgado, Rodney Eyles, Eran Pichersky, and Rod Peakall. "Tissue-Specific Floral Transcriptome Analysis of the Sexually Deceptive Orchid Chiloglottis trapeziformis Provides Insights into the Biosynthesis and Regulation of Its Unique UV-B Dependent Floral Volatile, Chiloglottone 1." Frontiers in Plant Science 8 (July 19, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01260.

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16

Wong, Darren C. J., James Perkins, and Rod Peakall. "Anthocyanin and Flavonol Glycoside Metabolic Pathways Underpin Floral Color Mimicry and Contrast in a Sexually Deceptive Orchid." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (March 23, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.860997.

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Sexually deceptive plants secure pollination by luring specific male insects as pollinators using a combination of olfactory, visual, and morphological mimicry. Flower color is a key component to this attraction, but its chemical and genetic basis remains poorly understood. Chiloglottis trapeziformis is a sexually deceptive orchid which has predominantly dull green-red flowers except for the central black callus projecting from the labellum lamina. The callus mimics the female of the pollinator and the stark color contrast between the black callus and dull green or red lamina is thought to enhance the visibility of the mimic. The goal of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and genetic regulation of temporal and spatial color patterns leading to visual mimicry, by integrating targeted metabolite profiling and transcriptomic analysis. Even at the very young bud stage, high levels of anthocyanins were detected in the dark callus, with peak accumulation by the mature bud stage. In contrast, anthocyanin levels in the lamina peaked as the buds opened and became reddish-green. Coordinated upregulation of multiple genes, including dihydroflavonol reductase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, and the downregulation of flavonol synthase genes (FLS) in the callus at the very young bud stage underpins the initial high anthocyanin levels. Conversely, within the lamina, upregulated FLS genes promote flavonol glycoside over anthocyanin production, with the downstream upregulation of flavonoid O-methyltransferase genes further contributing to the accumulation of methylated flavonol glycosides, whose levels peaked in the mature bud stage. Finally, the peak anthocyanin content of the reddish-green lamina of the open flower is underpinned by small increases in gene expression levels and/or differential upregulation in the lamina in select anthocyanin genes while FLS patterns showed little change. Differential expression of candidate genes involved in specific transport, vacuolar acidification, and photosynthetic pathways may also assist in maintaining the distinct callus and contrasting lamina color from the earliest bud stage through to the mature flower. Our findings highlight that flower color in this sexually deceptive orchid is achieved by complex tissue-specific coordinated regulation of genes and biochemical pathways across multiple developmental stages.

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