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Academic literature on the topic 'Chilli crops'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Chilli crops"

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Begum, SA, MS Zaman, and ASMMR Khan. "Intercropping of root crops with chilli in charlands of Mymensingh." Progressive Agriculture 26, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v26i2.25964.

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Adoption of intercropping may increases crop production instead of declining trend of agricultural land in Bangladesh. Thus, a field experiment on intercropping of root crops with chilli was executed at char area of Dori Bhabkhali in Mymensingh district during October 2014 to March 2015 to find out an appropriate intercrop for cultivation with chilli for higher productivity and maximum economic return. The experiment was consisted with five crop combinations viz., sole chilli, chilli + radish, chilli+ carrot, chilli + onion and chilli + garlic. Significantly the highest yield (green chilli) was obtained with sole chilli (10.26 t ha-1). Among the intercropping treatments, the highest chilli yield (10.31 tha-1) was obtained from chilli + garlic which were close to chilli + onion whereas the lowest (7.71 tha-1) was found in chilli + radish combination. Intercropping reduced 3 to 48 % chilli yield but total productivity as expressed by chilli equivalent yield increased by 80-135% over sole chilli due to the contribution of companion crops. The highest chilli equivalent yield (25.01 t ha-1), gross return (1250500 Tk ha-1), gross margin (1133500 Tk ha-1) and marginal benefit cost ratio (8.56) were obtained from chilli + garlic combination. Considering the experimental findings, chilli + garlic might be suitable combination for higher productivity and economic return.Progressive Agriculture 26 (2): 109-114, 2015
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Kumar, Ravi, Vivak Kumar, G. R. Singh, B. R. Singh, Samsher ., and Jaivir Singh. "Study on drying characteristics of chemical treated slit green chillies under hot air oven." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 4, no. 02 (November 28, 2019): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2019.4.2.17.

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Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the important commercial crops of India. It is a crop of tropical and subtropical regions and requires a warm humid climate. Chilli is a highly perishable vegetable with a short shelf-life and commonly encounter postharvest problems; to deal such problems, drying was done using hot air oven. Three different temperatures (50, 60 and 70 °C) use in hot air oven. Before drying chillis were slitted and treated with Butylated Hydroxy Anisole and Potassium Carbonate solution. Overall drying rate increased with temperature in hot air oven. Drying of dipsol green chilli took place in falling rate period. Initial moisture content of the green chilli was an average of 84.20±1 % w. b.
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Brahmana, Maria Nina Egyna, Sahara, and Nia Kurniawati Hidayat. "Price Volatility Analysis of Red and Cayenne Pepper of Java Islands during Covid-19 Pandemic." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 4, no. 4 (September 28, 2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.4.2.

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One of the food crops that is considered an essential commodity in Indonesia and has economic value is chilli. Chilli consumption continues to increase, especially red chilli and cayenne pepper, but since the Covid-19 Pandemic, consumption has decreased. Red chilli and cayenne pepper are commodities whose production is seasonal, easily damaged, and uneven throughout Indonesia. The Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia was first on the island of Java, which shook the supply of agricultural products and caused colossal price fluctuations in the market. Since the implementation of large-scale restrictions in Indonesia, it has caused a hampering of product distribution between regions. Fluctuations in the price of red chili and cayenne pepper often impact the high contribution of chilli to inflation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the price volatility of red chili on Java Island and the price volatility of cayenne pepper on Java Island. The analysis method used is ARCH GARCH modelling to measure volatility. The results showed that the volatility of red chilli on Java Island is high. In contrast, the volatility of cayenne pepper on Java Island is low.
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Sataral, Mihwan, Syahril Daud, F. Fahri, and Maria Hevianti. "Potential of various trap crops for the control of Bemisia tabaci on chilli pepper." CELEBES Agricultural 2, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52045/jca.v2i2.398.

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The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is an important pest of chilli peppers and a vector insect that causes yellow leaf disease. This study aimed to compare the whitefly population and the intensity of its attacks on chilli production in plots with or without trap crops. This study used eggplant, tomato and mungbean as trap crops. As the main crop, Chilli pepper was planted in plots measuring 7 m x 4 m with a spacing of 60 cm x 70 cm. Trap crops were planted around the chilli pepper plots, with 16 plants in each plot. The results showed a significant difference between whitefly populations and the intensity of their attacks in plots without trap crops and plots with mungbean traps. The biggest chilli weight was obtained from plots with mungbean trap plants. State that mungbean has the best potential as a trap crop to control B. tabacii
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Kurniawan, Helmi, and Iwan Fitrianto Rahmad. "PERANCANGAN SISTEM PAKAR UNTUK MENDETEKSI PENYAKIT PADA TANAMAN CABE DENGAN METODE CERTAINTY FACTOR." CCIT Journal 5, no. 2 (January 6, 2012): 186–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/ccit.v5i2.150.

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The Chilli in scientific language called Capsium annuum is not native to Indonesia, but came from the Americas, to be precise and South America Central America and Mexico. Quite a lot of chilli plants cultivated in Indonesia, especially in the land - the land of paddy fields and land - dry land that gets enough sunlight. In general, chilli plants grown as crops. Chilli and cultural communities, especially communities Medan Indonesia can hardly be separated, especially in cooking. Unlike the people - Europeans, Americans, and several Asian countries who prefer spicy pepper, Indonesian people especially people prefer spicy chili field. Virtually all the serving dishes found in cuisines that contain chilli although only slightly. Community needs for chili plants increases, along with the increasing growth of the community and increased social welfare. Although the need for chili plants increased, but not accompanied by increased production. As for the cause it can happen because ofpests, plant diseases, and less extension of the government. Artificial intelligence or artificial intelligence is a part of computer science that make the machine (computer) can do the job and as good as that done by humans. Intelligent systems (intelligent system) system wasbuilt using artificial intelligence techniques. One studied in artificial intelligence is the theory of certainty by using the theory of Certainty Factor (CF). Expert System (Expert System) is a knowledge-based programs that provide quality solutions to problems-problems of experts in a specific domain. Expert systems are computer programs that mimic the thought process and expert knowledge in solving a specific problem.
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Ahmed, M., S. Ishtiaque, MMR Sarker, AS MMR Khan, AK Choudhury, MK Hasan, F. Hossain, SK Paul, and MU Islam. "Hybrid Maize and Chilli Intercropping in the Hilly Areas of Bandarban." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 19, no. 1 (October 9, 2016): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v19i1.29869.

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The experiment was conducted at farmers’ field of On-Farm Research Division (OFRD), Bandarban during Rabi season of 2014-15 to find out suitable combination of hybrid maize and chilli intercropping system to increase system productivity and economic return. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with six dispersed replications. The maize var. BARI Hybrid Maize-9 and chilli (local) were used in the experiment. Two intercropping combinations viz., Maize single row (100 cm x 25 cm) + 2 rows chilli (50 cm x 40 cm) and Maize single row (150 cm x 25 cm) + 3 rows Chilli (50 cm x 40 cm) were evaluated against their sole crops. The highest gross return (Tk. 435040 ha-1), net return (Tk. 366290 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (6.33) were recorded in maize single row (150 cm x 25cm) + 3 rows Chilli (50 cm x 40 cm) combination. Cob yield of hybrid maize and green fruit yield of Chilli were the highest in the respective sole crops. The results revealed that maize single row (150 cm x 25 cm) + 3 rows Chilli (50 cm x 40 cm) combination might be suitable and economically profitable for the hilly areas.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2016, 19(1): 45-48
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BHAMBOTA, S., A. K. DIXIT, G. S. MANES, A. S. DHATT, S. K. SINGH, and ARSHDEEP SINGH. "Field evaluation of a semi-automatic vegetable transplanter for major vegetable crops." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 1755–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i11.84922.

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A tractor operated semi-automatic two row vegetable transplanter using plug type nursery was developed. This machine makes ridges with provisions to vary row and plant spacing. Machine released the seedlings close to the ground in near vertical position without any damage. Machine was evaluated in the field for transplanting tomato, brinjal, and chilli nursery at forward speeds of 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50 km/h. Plug type nursery was used which was grown in trays having truncated pyramid shape cells of volume 16.28 cm3 using soil-less media developed by Punjab Agricultural University. Plant missing, plant doubling, and quality of feed index was adversely affected at higher forward speeds for tomato and brinjal. Quality of feed index was 100 % for chilli up to highest forward speed of 1.5km/h. The machine can transplant tomato, brinjal and chilli at forward speed of 1.00 km/h, 1.25 km/h, and 1.50 km/h respectively with plant missing of less than 4% at these recommended speeds. The machine could transplant the seedlings with inclinations less than 30°, which is considered erect. No plant mortality was observed after 20 days for all the crops studied. Field capacity of the machine for transplanting tomato, brinjal and chilli was 0.103 ha/h, 0.126ha/h, and 0.152 ha/h, respectively as recommended for these cops. Saving in labour with the use of the machine over manual method for transplanting tomato, brinjal and chilli was 84.86%, 85.58%, and 88.41%, respectively, whereas saving in cost was 24.80%, 28.03% and 42.42%, respectively.
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Banu, Most Bilkis, Musharraf Hossain Mian, M. Mazibur Rahman, Abu Zofar Md Moslehuddin, and Mohammad Quamrul Islam Matin. "Identification and Characterization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Strains from the Roots and Rhizospheres of Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli and Onion." Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research 21, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaar/2023/v21i1398.

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Rhizosphere soils and roots of two vegetables (tomato and brinjal) and two spices (chilli and onion) crops were collected from each of four Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh viz. AEZ-9 (RARS, Jamalpur), AEZ-11 (RARS, Jashore), AEZ-25 (ARS, Bogura) and AEZ-28 (BARI, Joydebpur) in 2014-2015. Characterization and identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal strains were studied in the microbiology laboratory of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI). Different crops showed positive responses in percent root colonization such as 74.11-83.78%, 22.11-24.33%, 7.33-8.89%, and 6.67-9.33% in onion, tomato, chilli, and brinjal, respectively. Rhizosphere soil of individual crops had also variations in the number of spore populations such as 120.11-200.33, 33.44-50.78, 36.11-39.22, and 28.56-41.89 per 100g soil in onion, tomato, chilli, and brinjal, respectively. Eleven AM strains were identified in tomatoes: Glomus geosporum, G. mosseae, G. fasciculatum, G. spp., Acaulospora dilatata, A. bireticulata, A. mellea, A. morrowiae, Entrophospora infrequens, Sclerocystis coremioides and Gigaspora margarita. Nine each were identified from other three crops. G. spp. and Acaulospora bireticulata were absent in brinjal and chilli. Acaulospora dilatata and A. mellea were absent in onion. The formation of AM structures was found inconsistent and fluctuating from site to site in the present study. Both oval and spherical-shaped vesicles were found among the AM structures.
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Sahid, Ismail B., and John B. Sugau. "Allelopathic Effect of Lantana (Lantana camara) and Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) on Selected Crops." Weed Science 41, no. 2 (June 1993): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500076219.

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Laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies were conducted to determine the allelopathic potential of lantana and Siam weed on the germination and growth of five crops. Emergence and dry weight of bioassay species were affected when lantana or Siam weed debris was present on the soil surface or incorporated into the soil. However, presence of Siam weed on the soil surface did not affect dry weight of rape. Emergence and dry weight of crops (except emergence of spinach) were not affected when crops were grown in soil samples collected from beneath field-grown lantana. Dry weight of Chinese cabbage and chilli was reduced when these crops were grown in Siam weed-contaminated soil. Germination of Chinese cabbage, chilli, and rape decreased progressively when exposed to increasing concentrations of aqueous lantana extract. However, the lantana extract at full strength (66.7 g L−1) did not reduce germination of spinach and cucumber seed. Siam weed extract, when applied at full strength to seed of spinach, Chinese cabbage, rape, and chilli, reduced germination by 10, 12, 21, and 19% of control, respectively. Full-strength extract of lantana and Siam weed decreased seedling length and fresh weight of all crops.
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Yaswanth, C. "Pesticides Usage Pattern by Cotton and Chilli Farmers in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8755.

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The present study intended to know the pesticides usage pattern by cotton and chilli farmers in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. For the study Kurnool district was purposively selected as it occupies first place in gross area sown in Andhra Pradesh. Among the crops cultivated in Kurnool district, cotton and chilli were selected as the pesticide’s consumption is high in these crops. The collected data was analyzed by using percentage and frequencies. From this investigation it was found that 92.5 per cent of the sample farmers used Monocrotophos 36% SL for cotton and used as the first spray of insecticide in cotton to control sucking pests by every farmer. In chilli Pendimethalin 30% EC by 97.5 per cent by sample farmers as it controls annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chilli crops"

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Xue, Yao. "Accessing Chilling Conditions For Perennial Fruit Crop Production in Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1486.

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Temperate Region fruit and nut trees, and many other perennial plants, require cool winter temperatures (chilling hours) to ensure leaf and flower bud production in the following season. Temperate Regions are characterized by variable winter and spring temperatures. Failure of meeting sufficient chilling requirement results in deformed fruits, unequal maturation, and other plant deformities, thereby reducing quality and yields. Chilling requirements are expressed as number of accumulated hours within a range of approximately 32º to 45ºF or 0º to 7.2ºC. These requirements are specific for level of temperature, length of temperature period, and species and cultivar of plants. Information on chilling hour production by the diverse Kentucky environments and chilling requirements of its plants is limited. Global warming is reducing the occurrence and length of chilling conditions, thereby negatively impacting perennial fruit production (IPCC, 2014). There is increasing interest in fruit crops by the state’s producers and consumers. The Kentucky Mesonet Weather System provides temperature data, which can readily be converted to chilling units. Also, commercial nurseries are beginning to publish chilling requirement data for their fruit stocks. The present study included data collected over A 5-years period at 33 Mesonet sites. The average number of chilling hours overall years and sites was 1544, year means ranged from 1427 to 1842, sites means ranged from 1422 to 1682. Chilling hour production exceeded chilling requirements of fruit and nut crops commonly grown in Kentucky.
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Soto-Ortiz, Roberto, Jeffrey C. Silvertooth, and Abraham Galadima. "Crop Phenology for Irrigated Chiles (Capsicum annuum L.) in Arizona and New Mexico." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215001.

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To determine growth and development patterns of irrigated green chile plants as a function of heat units accumulated after planting (HUAP), as well as to develop a general irrigated chile plant development model as a function of HUAP. Field experiments were conducted in 2004 and 20055 at Sunsites in Cochise County, AZ (about 4,000 ft. elevation) and at the Massey Farm in the Animas Valley, NM (about 4,392 ft. elevation). Basic plant growth and development measurements were collected routinely and important phenological stages that corresponded to first bloom, early bloom, peak bloom, physiological maturity, and red harvest were identified and recorded. Results indicate that among all sites, all varieties have performed similarly in relation to HU accumulation patterns and preliminary plant phenology models are under development in this program. The primary difference between sites was that at Sunsites varieties tend to reach a 50/50 (green: red chile) ratio at 2900 HUAP and for Animas valley; this same ratio was reached at 3200 HUAP. Also, a general irrigated green chile plant development model as a function of HUAP for all sites and varieties was obtained. The purpose of this phenological baseline or model is to assist growers in predicting and identifying critical stages of growth for crop management purposes. First bloom occurred at 1369 ± 72 HUAP, early bloom at 1667 ± 79 HUAP, peak bloom at 1998 ± 84 HUAP; physiological maturity at 2285 ± 159 HUAP, and red chile harvest was identified to occur at 3295 ± 216 HUAP.
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Podder, Swarup. "Screening for Forage Sorghum Genotypes with Chilling Tolerance." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31689.

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Forage sorghum (FS) [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a warm-season biomass crop with the potential to become a bioenergy feedstock. The objective of this study was to screen potential FS genotypes for increased chilling tolerance and biomass productivity. The experiments were conducted in Fargo and Hickson, ND, in 2017 and 2018. Seventy-two genotypes of FS were tested at 24, 12, and 10℃. The genotypes were ranked from high to low vigor index and 12 genotypes were planted on two seeding dates: early (10 May) and late (27 May). Field emergence index values were greater for the late-seeding compared with the early-seeding date. Stand establishment and seed mortality were affected by the seeding date. Biomass yield correlated with emergence index and normalized vegetative index. Some of the genotypes tested had increased chilling tolerance and biomass yield when seeded earlier than normal, and may be used for breeding chilling tolerance into FS.
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Covert, Melanie M. "The Influence of Chilling and Heat Accumulation on Bloom Timing, Bloom Length and Crop Yield in Almonds (Prunus dulcis (Mill.))." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/667.

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Almonds are one of the first commercial nut trees to bloom in early spring and thus are susceptible to temperature patterns prior to and during bloom which affect bloom timing, bloom length, pollination and nut set. Data used in this project include yearly dates of 90% bloom from 1996-2006, bloom length in days and final crop yields in pounds per tree for Nonpareil and Mission varieties. Data were collected from the University of California Cooperative Extension reports on the 1993-2006 Regional Almond Variety Trials in Butte, San Joaquin and Kern Counties. Temperature pattern models in the form of Chill Hours (Chill Hour Model), Chill Units (Chill Unit Model), Chill Portions (Chill Portion Model) and Growing Degree Hours (GDH°) (Heat Model) prior to bloom were used to predict the date of 90% bloom for each variety, site and year. Temperature model results were compared to averaged actual dates of 90% bloom by site and variety used to predict bloom timing (Calendar Model). The relationship between bloom length in days and GDH° during bloom and the relationship between bloom length, GDH° during bloom and final crop yields were also evaluated. The average error in predicting the 90% bloom date for both Nonpareil and Mission was smaller using the Calendar Model compared to the four temperature pattern models. The Chill Portion model did not have significantly higher average error in predicting the date of 90% bloom than the Calendar model in Nonpareil. The Chill Unit and Chill Portion models had smaller errors in predicting 90% bloom date than the Chill Hour or GDH° model in Mission. GDH° during bloom was positively correlated with bloom length. GDH° during the first four days of Nonpareil bloom was significantly correlated with crop yields, with each additional GDH° during bloom correlated with a 0.4 lbs./tree increase in crop yield. Further research is needed on specific temperature thresholds and their relationship to physiological changes during almond bloom and pollination. The practice of monitoring chilling and heat accumulation will allow growers to anticipate bloom, prepare to optimize bee activity during bloom, and plan for possible crop yield variations due to adverse weather conditions during bloom in almonds.
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Al, Ghadeer Abdulraof. "Cross-cultural adaptation of a child oral health-related quality of life measure." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/crosscultural-adaptation-of-a-child-oral-healthrelated-quality-of-life-measure(2f7f6a0b-75a5-4690-852a-0760de81d278).html.

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Introduction and background: Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) marks a shift in the perception of health from the mere absence of disease and infirmity to complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. The impact of both general and oral health on quality of life has received increasing attention in recent years. OHRQoL assessments are used in oral health research, surveys and studies evaluating the outcome of oral care. If researchers have no appropriate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measure in their own language, they have two options: to develop a new measure or to modify a measure that has previously been validated in another language, in a process known as cross-cultural adaptation. Aim of thesis: To assess the validity and reliability of Arabic versions of two OHRQoL questionnaires – the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for 8-10-year-olds (CPQ8-10) (Jokovic et al, 2003) and Parental Perceptions of Child Oral Health-related Quality of Life (P-CPQ6-14) (Jokovic et al, 2004) among Saudi children aged 8-10 years and their parents respectively. Method: Culturally equivalent Arabic forms of the CPQ8-10 and P-CPQ6-14 were created following the guidelines of Guillemin et al (1993). Seventy-five children aged 8 to 10 years and their parents attending three dental clinics in Alhasa, Saudi Arabia, completed the questionnaires. A further 75 children and their parent from a dental clinic in London and a community clinic were recruited in England. Results: The score means and psychometric properties were similar to the original development scale in the parental and child questionnaires obtained by Jokovic et al (2003) and Jokovic et al (2004) respectively. The Saudi version of the CPQ8-10 also showed good internal consistency for all subscales and the total scale (all Cronbach’s alpha > 0.50). There were no significant differences in OHRQoL for children in the two national samples for the total scale and subscales (p > 0.05), except for social wellbeing (p = 0.018). Comparison of Saudi and English parents found no significant differences on the total scales or any subscales (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: The Arabic versions of the CPQ8-10 and Parental/caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire developed for the study demonstrate cross-cultural equivalence according to the criteria provided by Guillemin et al (1993). The Arabic version of the CPQ8-10 also shows good internal consistency and discriminant validity. In order to assess the change of oral health status and quality of life over time, a prospective study with appropriate sample size is recommended.
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Ertle, John Michael. "Effects of Short-term Chilling Stress on Seedling Quality and Post-transplanting Growth of Grafted and Nongrafted Watermelon." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594742774066127.

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Serrano, Dafne Isaac. "Effect of Evapotranspiration Rate on Almond Yield in California." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1955.

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Since 2011, California has been under drought conditions. These conditions have not only affected water availability for farmers, but also production. California’s second most valuable crop, almonds, has been affected by drought conditions. This study used three models (Model 1-3) to describe almond yield variability from year to year and almond yield variability within a year in Kern County, CA. The study evaluated 185 almond farms that were classified in three locations (east side, west side and north west side). The years of the study were 2011 (wet year) and 2013-2015 (drought condition years). Model 1 determined a functional regression between almond yield and annual evapotranspiration during the 4 years of the study. The R2was 7.9%, meaning low association between both variables and high unexplained variability (92.1%). Model 2 evaluated year to year variation. A regression function between almond yield and annual evapotranspiration after adjusting for location, precipitation, chilling hours and year was made. The R2of this model 62.6%, and all the variables used had a p2was higher than Model 1; however, there was high unexplained variability (47.4%). Model 3 evaluated within-year variation. A regression function between almond yield and annual evapotranspiration after adjusting for tree age and location (east, west and northwest side) was made for each year (2011 and 2013 -2015). Coefficient of variation of evapotranspiration and soil available water storage were analyzed as additional variables in Model 3; however, they were not introduced in Model 3 due to the low increase in R2 in each year (2 of Model 3 for each year were, 60.4%, 49.7%, 53.8% and 53.2% for the years 2011, 2013-2015, respectively. Model 3 also had high unexplained almond yield variability in each year (39.6%-50.3%). This high unexplained variability leads to introduce additional variables to the functional regression model for further studies. Identifying these additional variables and having a functional regression model with high R2 would lead to understand howlow evapotranspiration could potentially lead to a positive response on yield in drought conditions; thus, making farmers improve water use efficiency and hence, lowering production cost. However, the high unexplained variability clearly indicates that evapotranspiration is only one of many factors that influence yield. If improved yield is an important outcome, future studies must examine large- scale almond-producing farms with multiple agricultural system variables.
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(9778178), Lafta Atshan. "Multispectral and thermal imagery approaches to insect pest and disease detection in horticultural crops." Thesis, 2021. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Multispectral_and_thermal_imagery_approaches_to_insect_pest_and_disease_detection_in_horticultural_crops/19919891.

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Early identification and control of insect pests and diseases is a key aspect of profitable crop production, especially for high input, high value horticultural crops. Remote sensing approaches using sensor technologies to detect insect pests and diseases have been previously demonstrated in a range of field crops and were researched in this project as a tool for plant health monitoring in chilli crops. A methodology for image capture using a multispectral camera mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and image processing based on distribution of individual pixel values in collected images was developed. This methodology was demonstrated to be as effective as manual crop scouting in early detection of insect pest and disease affected plants within a crop but could be automated to significantly reduce the cost of crop health monitoring. Initial method development trials demonstrated that detectable changes in NDVI, but not temperature changes measured using a thermal camera, occurred on leaves affected by bacterial spot disease before obvious visible symptoms were apparent. Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xeu)) is a ubiquitous disease infecting field-grown chilli crops, particularly during warm and humid conditions, and symptoms of infection were not apparent until about 7 days after inoculation of leaves with the pathogen. The age of inoculated leaves did not significantly affect the rate of change of NDVI. Non-inoculated leaves tended to have a lower NDVI value on plants with a greater number of inoculated leaves than on plants with none or few inoculated leaves. iii Aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer) cause significant damage to chilli crops both directly via feeding on the host plant and indirectly as vectors for virus transmission. Reflectance data, obtained by multispectral, hyperspectral and thermal sensors, showed that the reflectance of aphid infested leaves in near infrared wavelengths decreased with time as the aphid population infesting a leaf increased. Remote sensing data acquired from low-altitude UAV flights deliver high spectral and spatial resolutions, with sufficient pixels representing individual leaf reflectance to allow detection of changes occurring when disease infection or insect pest infestation first occurs in part of a plant. This capacity for detection at early infection/infestation stage is crucial for effective management in high value horticultural crops. Conventional remote sensing approaches may detect changes occurring at a whole plant or region within a crop but lack the resolution capacity to readily detect changes at the sub-plant level. A five-band multispectral camera (MicaSense, RedEdge) and a low-altitude (15m) airborne platform provided adequate data, recording changes in reflectance imagery. The effectiveness of multispectral imagery decreased as flight altitude increased. The project has demonstrated that early identification of insect pest and pathogen-induced plant stress in chilli crops can be achieved using a methodology that can be automated to deliver a low-cost strategy for horticultural producers
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Kuan, Chao-chi, and 官朝基. "he Role and Function of Religious NPO in Cross Strait Relations-The Case of Chiayi." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89998399196636443824.

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碩士
南華大學
非營利事業管理研究所
91
The fundamental issue of conflict between Taiwan and the Mainland China is the “One-China” principle. From Beijing’s announcement of the White Paper: “Taiwan Issue and the unification with China” in 1993, to recent comments made by Chinese leaders, even some corrections were made, the characters have never changed. The facts that Republic of China is on Taiwan and Taiwan is a sovereignty have never been diplomatically recognized. In fact, in 1994, former Taiwan President Lee Teng-Hui of KMT has already indicated, “Taiwan is a sovereignty”. In addition, the winner of the 2000 Presidential election, Chen Shui-Bian of the Democratic Progressive Party has been highly promulgating this issue. 　 　　In cross strait interaction, there are too many political and economical purposes , thus lack the ability of self decision-making. In Taiwan, several special phenomenons have been observed; they are “facts go before policies, policies go before laws, and the citizens go before government”. These situations have caused that government’s authority being challenged, situation awareness is blurred, the mental defense is loosened. The conflict between unification and independence have been deteriorated . 　 　　Hence, social stability has been affected. For China, after the immerging of the Taiwan experience into China, people’s confidence on Communism has been weakened. The discrepancy between inland and SE coast areas have been broadened and thus affected whole nation’s infrastructure. 　 　　Citizens of Taiwan usually support all kinds of reformation which called by social activity workers . Support from business has also been growing. In recent years, the mutual contacts and interactions among Taiwan NPO organizations have increased intensively and the views have been broadened internationally. In the 21 century, it is necessary that Taiwan has to rely on NPO in order to play more important role. Furthermore, NPO may function as the bridge of cross strait relations. Taiwan’s religious NPOs have been enthusiastic on the religious interchange activities. Beside religious issues, another problem is the culture difference which has been traditionally complicated. The traditional thinking of “Tang-Shan” has occupied people’s mind and is the primary motivation that affects Taiwan’s people keep going to the China for religious pilgrimage activities. For the cross strait religious interchange, Chinese government indicated that the fundamental interchange ideology should be religiously independent, academically advantageous, and politically compatible. On the other side, Beijing sets limits on Taiwanese religious activities in China. The purpose is obvious; Beijing is using the religious interchange as a tool to cover up it’s real purpose: free Taiwan. Economical benefits are the major goal for civilians to acquire from the religious interchange.
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Kao, Chiawen, and 高佳文. "A Study on the State and Effectiveness of Fire Rescue Cross-Functional Training - Chiayi County Fire Bureau as an Example." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f8tg3d.

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碩士
吳鳳科技大學
消防研究所
106
The cross-functional training is very urgent and important in fire rescue because the occurrence of most fires requires many departments to cooperate with each other to control and save them. In this study, Chiayi County Fire Bureau was taken as an example and literature collection and questionnaire survey were used to present the state and effectiveness of fire rescue cross-functional training. A total of 220 questionnaires were distributed and 170 questionnaires were recovered effectively. SPSS statistical software is used and analyzed. The main findings are as follows: 1. "Age" on "invested resources" and "rescue capability"; "Education" on "invested resources", "operation processes" and "rescue capability"; "Job position" on "operation processes" and "rescue capability "; "Duration of service" on "invested resources" have a significant difference. 2. Firefighters with the age of 41-50 have the higher acceptance on invested resources than the others. Meanwhile, firefighters with 31-40 years old have the lower acceptance on rescue capability. 3. Firefighters with the master degree have the higher acceptance on invested resources, operation processes and rescue capability. 4. Firefighters above the head of the team have the higher acceptance on operation processes and rescue capability. 5. Firefighters less than 5 service years have the higher acceptance on invested resources than the others.
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Books on the topic "Chilli crops"

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Hosmani, M. M. Chilli crop: Capsicum annuum L. 2nd ed. Dharwad, Karnataka: Sarasijakshi M. Hosmani, 1993.

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George, Kathleen, and Cross Collectibles. Chilly Girl: Bouguereau Cross Stitch Pattern. Independently Published, 2019.

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Simon, Yvette. Slick Coloring Book: Counting Crows Designs to Chill and Enjoy, Great Antistress Tool for Fans and Friends Alike. Independently Published, 2022.

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Chaisty, Paul, Nic Cheeseman, and Timothy J. Power. Coalitional Presidentialism in Cross-Regional Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817208.003.0002.

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This chapter introduces the three regions—sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Former Soviet Union—and the nine countries—Armenia, Benin, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Kenya, Malawi, Russia, and Ukraine—that provide the empirical material for the book. It introduces the two criteria used for case selection: 1) democratic competitiveness; 2) de jure and de facto constitutional provisions that empower presidents to be coalitional formateurs. It also introduces a variable that measures the salience of cross-party cooperation: the Index of Coalitional Necessity. Finally, it sketches the political landscape that has shaped the dynamics of coalitional presidentialism within each region, and it draws attention to important contextual differences between the nine country cases.
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Forsyth, Rob, and Richard Newton. Consultation with other services. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784449.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the common task of being asked by another paediatric specialty to review a child with neurological symptoms. It addresses common clinical scenarios and presents the principles of good practice. The specialties considered are cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, neonatology, neurosurgery, oncology, intensive care, child psychiatry, nephrology, respiratory medicine, and rheumatology. Advice on causation and patterns of presentation is given along with cross-reference to information on investigation, treatment and outcome.
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Lynch, Julia. A Cross-National Perspective on the American Welfare State. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.023.

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The welfare system in the United States is not simply “small,”“residualist,” or “laggard.” It is true that protection against standard social risks is generally less comprehensive and less generous in the United States than in other rich democracies, but there are other important differences as well: The U. S. welfare state is unusual in its extensive reliance on private markets to produce public social goods; its geographic variability; its insistence on deservingness as an eligibility criterion; and its orientation toward benefits for the elderly rather than children and working-age adults. Nevertheless, the U.S. welfare state is not sui generis. The actors involved in the construction of the U.S. welfare state, the institutions created in response to social problems, and the contemporary pressures confronting the welfare state all have parallels in other countries. The markets that provide so many social goods in the United States are the products of state action and state regulation, and hence should really be thought of as part of the welfare “state.” Even recent expansions to the welfare state in the United States have, with the partial exception of health-care reform, reinforced old patterns of elderly oriented spending and benefits for worthy (working) adults. In order for the U.S. welfare state to adjust successfully to ensure against new social risks, it must focus more on underdeveloped program areas like health care, child care, early childhood education, and vocational training.
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Monico, Caro. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome for Ambulatory Surgery. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0055.

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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disease of the nervous system characterized by pain localized in an extremity. This pain is typically out of proportion to the inciting event and is accompanied by sensory disturbances, as well as motor, vasomotor, and sudomotor signs and symptoms. CRPS is a challenging clinical presentation and diagnosis. The etiology of this previously rare condition in children, is typically post-traumatic. It’s management requires a biopsychosocial approach. The principal modality that will improve pain and function in children with CRPS is physical therapy together with an interdisciplinary approach to management. The key to successful treatment involves early appropriate intervention, education for the child and family, and excellent communication between team members. This chapter uses a case study of a 12-year-old girl with CRPS to illustrate these concepts.
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Sugisaki, Koji. On the Acquisition of Prepositions and Particles. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.11.

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The syntax and semantics of adpositions and particles show substantial cross-linguistic variation, leading to an important question of how children converge on the target grammar. This chapter focuses on cross-linguistic variation in, and acquisition of, two syntactic phenomena that centrally involve prepositions and particles: preposition stranding and the verb-particle construction. Since languages permitting verb-particle constructions are somewhat uncommon, and languages permitting preposition stranding are downright rare, evidence from child language constitutes an extremely important source of insight into the parametric variation permitted in these areas of syntax. Major findings from acquisitional and comparative investigations summarized in this chapter suggest that preposition stranding and verb-particle constructions are both dependent on the availability of productive endocentric compounding.
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Marcelo, Armas M. 8 Chile. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0008.

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This chapter examines the law of set-off in Chile, both before and after insolvency, as well as the alternatives for contractual set-off structures that may be agreed among two or more parties. In Chile, set-off was created as a legal concept primarily on the basis of practical considerations rather than juridical principles. The right to set-off may arise due to a contractual arrangement between the parties or by the operation of law, including the Chilean Civil Code. The chapter first considers set-off in Chile outside insolvency, focusing on set-off by operation of law and contractual set-off, before discussing set-off in insolvency. In particular, it explains the implications of a declaration of liquidation under Chilean Bankruptcy Law and its possible consequences for set-off rights. It also analyses issues arising in cross-border set-off.
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Biesel, Kay, Judith Masson, Nigel Parton, and Tarja Pösö, eds. Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350705.001.0001.

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This comprehensive international study provides a cross-national analysis of different understandings of errors and mistakes in child protection practice and lessons to avoid and handle them, using research and knowledge from eleven countries in Europe and North America. Divided into country-specific chapters, each examines the pathways that led to mistakes, the scale of their impact, how responsibilities and responses are decided and how practice and policy subsequently changed. Considering the complexities of evolving practice contexts, this authoritative, future-oriented study is an invaluable text for practitioners, researchers and policy makers wishing to understand why child protection fails – and offers a springboard for fresh thinking about strategies to reduce future risk.
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Book chapters on the topic "Chilli crops"

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Dhole, R. R., S. P. Patil, R. M. Mahalle, and R. Maurya. "Biointensive Integrated Pest Management of Chilli." In Biointensive Integrated Pest Management for Horticultural Crops, 241–70. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003256922-18.

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Azad, C. S., Pankaj Rautela, Supriya Gupta, and R. P. Singh. "Major Diseases of Chili and Their Management." In Diseases of Fruits and Vegetable Crops, 353–77. Series statement: Innovations in horticultural science: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429322181-20.

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Singh, Ranbir, Sonali Bhagat, Manika Sharma, and Dechan Choskit. "Disease Problems of Chili (Capsicum Annuum L.) Crops and Their Management." In Diseases of Horticultural Crops, 55–78. Boca Raton: Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160427-3.

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Eduardo, Morales-Soriano, and Roberto Ugás. "Nutritional Attributes and Effect of Processing on Peruvian Chili Peppers." In Native Crops in Latin America, 161–83. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003087618-6.

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Pandey, Puja, Ranganathswamy Math, and Jyotika Purohit. "Present Scenario of Diseases in Chili/Shimla Mirch (Capsicum Annum L.) and Their Management." In Diseases of Horticultural Crops, 33–53. Boca Raton: Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160427-2.

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Puripunyavanich, Vichai, Penjan Sutthanukul, Rakchai Kurubunjerdjit, and Prartana Kewsuwan. "Anthracnose resistance induction in chilli by electron beam irradiation." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 172–77. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0017.

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Abstract Chilli seeds were irradiated with 0.3 kGy at 8 MeV from the electron beam source at the Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology. M1 seeds were planted in Sukhothai Horticultural Research Centre and from these the line CA1131 was selected as suitable for growing in this area. Thirty anthracnose-resistant M2 chilli plants were selected after the appearance of anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, in Sukhothai province from an initial M1 mutant population of 123 individuals. However, chilli fruits from 17 plants showed resistance after laboratory inoculation experiments. These chilli plants were crossed with the 'Hoarue Huaisai', which has large fruit. The F2 progenies were selected for anthracnose resistance and large fruits. Two hybrids with anthracnose resistance (derived from the cross CA1131 × 'Hoarue Huaisai') were identified and used for field anthracnose resistance tests in 2015. Resistant plants with large fruits were discovered in the F3 inbred line no. 6-1-4 grown during the dry season, but this line did not show strong disease resistance in the rainy season. A further 63 F5 inbred lines showed anthracnose resistance in the field experiment. Five samples per line of each of the 63 inbred lines were inoculated in the laboratory at Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology. The fruits of inbred line no. 32-2-8 showed complete anthracnose resistance and seven lines were segregating as resistant. All eight of these lines are being used in the ongoing chilli project aimed at developing chilli varieties with broad resistance to anthracnose caused by three Colletotrichum species that are prevalent in Thailand.
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Kunchge, Nandkumar, Kiran Kumar, and Prashant Firke. "Vegetable Crops (Chili Pepper and Onion): Approaches to Improve Crop Productivity and Abiotic Stress Tolerance." In Improving Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stress, 951–78. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527632930.ch37.

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Jaiswal, Vandana, Vijay Gahlaut, Nitin Kumar, and Nirala Ramchiary. "Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Chili Pepper Capsicum frutescens L. and Other Capsicum Species." In Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops, 59–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66961-4_2.

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Fonseca, Antonio C., William Yule, and Nese Erol. "Cross-Cultural Issues." In Issues in Clinical Child Psychology, 67–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1498-9_4.

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Islam, Khushbu, John Momo, Abdul Rawoof, Archa Vijay, V. K. Anusree, Ajay Kumar, and Nirala Ramchiary. "Integrated Use of Molecular and Omics Approaches for Breeding High Yield and Stress Resistance Chili Peppers." In Smart Plant Breeding for Vegetable Crops in Post-genomics Era, 279–335. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5367-5_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chilli crops"

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Malasheva, Petya, Valentin Kazandjiev, and Veska Georgieva. "PECULIARITIES IN THE INITIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT FOR SOME FRUIT TREES, DEPENDING ON THE TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.45.

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The last decade has been characterized by an increased frequency of climatic anomalies and their amplitude. These anomalies affect the productivity of crops and orchards, which is directly dependent on agro-meteorological conditions. The registered tendencies to change the hydrothermal conditions in the different regions of the country sometimes are a risk factor for their productivity, especially in the initial phenological stages of the development of the fruit trees. Bud dormancy on the fruit trees from the temperate zones is a phase of development that occurs annually and enables trees to survive cold winters. To estimate the chill requirements of orchards, besides temperature data, three chronological dates must be defined: the chill accumulation start date, the deep dormancy breaking date, and the date of eco dormancy end. This study aims to assess the thermal conditions in the initial stages of development of some stone fruit plants grown in Bulgaria. There were analyzed the conditions during the deep dormancy in the orchards and the permanent transition of the average daily temperature above 5�C. Chilling requirements for breaking dormancy were studied for some peach, cherry, and apricot cultivars, located in the regions for industrial producing of these plants. The Utah chilling unit model was used to measure the accumulation of chilling requirements.
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Mu, Baojie, Yaoyu Li, Timothy I. Salsbury, and John M. House. "Extremum Seeking Based Control Strategy for a Chilled-Water Plant With Parallel Chillers." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9949.

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Chilled-water plants with multiple chillers are the backbone of ventilation and air conditioning (VAC) systems for commercial buildings. A penalty function based multivariate extremum seeking control (ESC) strategy is proposed in this paper for maximizing the energy efficiency in real time for a variable primary flow (VPF) chilled-water plant with parallel chillers. The proposed ESC algorithm takes the total power consumption (chiller compressors + cooling tower fan + condenser water pumps + penalty terms if inputs saturation occurs) as feedback, and tower fan air flow, condenser water flows and evaporator leaving chilled-water temperature setpoint as plant inputs (ESC outputs). A band-pass filter array is used in place of the conventional high-pass filter at the plant output so as to reduce the cross-channel interference. Chiller sequencing is also enabled with input saturation related signals. A Modelica based dynamic simulation model is developed for a chilled-water plant with two parallel chillers, one cooling tower, one air-handling unit and one zone. Simulation results under several testing conditions validate the effectiveness of the proposed model-free control strategy, as well as the significant energy saving.
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Bhookya, Nageswararao Naik, R. Malmathanraj, and P. Palanisamy. "Yield Estimation of Chilli Crop using Image Processing Techniques." In 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaccs48705.2020.9074257.

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Ansari, Ajmal I. "Post Extrusion Cooling of Multilayer Polymer Sheet on Chilled Rolls." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72459.

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To meet the stringent emission and environmental regulations, polymer sheet with as many as six layers is required for thermoformed fuel tanks used in the automotive industry. The 10 mm to 12 mm thick sheet is made using an extrusion process. Typically each polymer layer has its own hopper, screw, barrel, nozzle and extruder. During manufacturing, polymer layers are fused together within the tool and the multilayer polymer sheet leaves the extruder in a viscoelastic state. The multilayer sheet is initially cooled by passing it over chilled rolls. The final cooling of the sheet is done via natural convection to the ambient air while the sheet is transported to the cutting station at the end of the line. The cooling of the sheet on the chilled and polished rolls has a direct influence on the quality of the sheet as well as the scrap. The conductive heat transfer is primarily responsible for the cooling while the sheet is on the chilled roll. It is desired to have the smooth sheet exterior surfaces with constant thickness of each polymer layer in the cross section. Due to the numerous materials in the cross section, and associated variability of material properties, it becomes a challenging task to meet these requirements. This paper discusses the problem of the smoothness of the exterior surfaces of the extruded sheet. The “dimpled” or “orange peel” surface finish is observed to be linked to the cooling of the sheet on the chilled rolls. Experimental data and simulation results are presented that relate the formation of dimples to the local cooling rate. The variability of thermal contact resistance between the sheet surface and the chill rolls also appear to be another variable that contributes to the dimpled surface.
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Pena, Marco A., Alexander Brenning, and Renfang Liao. "Classifying fruit-tree crops by Landsat-8 time series." In 2017 First IEEE International Symposium of Geoscience and Remote Sensing (GRSS-CHILE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/grss-chile.2017.7995998.

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Syed, Shafaque Fatma, Ditty Varghese, and Amiya Kumar Tripathy. "Remote Sensor Networks for Chilli Crop Disease Prediction Using Thermal Image Processing Techniques." In 2020 3rd International Conference on Communication System, Computing and IT Applications (CSCITA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cscita47329.2020.9137780.

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Paredes, Juan Augusto, Jessenia Gonzalez, Carlos Saito, and Andres Flores. "Multispectral imaging system with UAV integration capabilities for crop analysis." In 2017 First IEEE International Symposium of Geoscience and Remote Sensing (GRSS-CHILE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/grss-chile.2017.7996009.

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Eridani, Dania, Kurniawan Teguh Martono, and Amaniyya Addini Hanifah. "MQTT Performance as a Message Protocol in an IoT based Chili Crops Greenhouse Prototyping." In 2019 4th International Conference on Information Technology, Information Systems and Electrical Engineering (ICITISEE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitisee48480.2019.9003975.

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Berkling, Kay, and Uwe Reichel. "Progression in Materials for Learning to Read and Write - a Cross-Language and Cross-Century Comparison of Readers." In Workshop on Child Computer Interaction. ISCA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/wocci.2016-1.

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Yushu Zhang, Rui Feng, Ruipeng Ji, Pengshi Chen, Shujie Zhang, and Jinwen Wu. "Application of Remote Sensing Technology in Crop Chilling Injury Monitoring." In 2010 Fourth International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing (ICGEC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgec.2010.99.

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Reports on the topic "Chilli crops"

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Shahak, Yosepha, and Donald R. Ort. Physiological Bases for Impaired Photosynthetic Performance of Chilling-Sensitive Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575278.bard.

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Chilling-sensitivity is an important agricultural problem in both the U.S. and Israel. Most research attention has focused so far on herbaceous crop plants, even though the problem is also acute in the fruit tree industry. Under BARD funding we made substantial progress in identifying the mechanisms involved in the disruption of photosynthesis following a chill in mango. Our investigation with fruit trees has been substantially accelerated by drawing on our knowledge and experience with herbaceous crops. The four original research objectives, focused or discovering the underlying mechanisms of chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in fruit trees, and the main achievements are listed below. [1] Separating stomatal from non-stomatal components of chilling on photosynthesis in fruit trees. We found evidence that the dark chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in mango was E combination of both stomatal and mesophyll components. [2] Differentiating photo damage from light-induced photo protection of photosystem II (PSII). Dark chilling exacerbate high light photoinhibition, as a result of primary inhibition in the carbor reduction cycle. Nevertheless, in Israeli orchards we observed chronic photoinhibition of PSII photochemistry in the winter. This photo damage was reversible over a few days if sunlight was attenuated with filters or night temperature rose. Practical implications of this finding deserve further investment. Additional achievement was the development of a new biophysical tool to study macro-structural changes of LHCII particles in intact, attached leaves. [3] Determine the role of oxidative stress in the dark-chilling-induced inhibition, with emphasis on oxygen radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation and redox-controlled carbon-cycle enzymes. We found an increase in lipid peroxidation following a dark chill, and partial protective effects or an antioxidant. However, the photoinhibition observed in mango orchards in Israel during the winter did not appear to be a general oxidative stress. [4] Investigate whether chilling interferes with the diurnal and circadian rhythm of gene expression of key photosynthetic proteins as has been shown for chilling-sensitive crop plants. The results indicated that most of the circadian rhythm in photosynthesis was due to reduced lea: internal CO2 concentrations during the subjective night, as a result of rhythmic stomatal closure Chilling-induced interference with circadian timing in mango, does not play the central role in chilling inhibition of photosynthesis that has previously been demonstrated in certain chilling sensitive herbaceous plants. Practical implications of the research achievements are feasible, but require few more years of research.
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Lers, Amnon, Majid R. Foolad, and Haya Friedman. genetic basis for postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600014.bard.

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ABSTRACT Postharvest losses of fresh produce are estimated globally to be around 30%. Reducing these losses is considered a major solution to ensure global food security. Storage at low temperatures is an efficient practice to prolong postharvest performance of crops with minimal negative impact on produce quality or human health and the environment. However, many fresh produce commodities are susceptible to chilling temperatures, and the application of cold storage is limited as it would cause physiological chilling injury (CI) leading to reduced produce quality. Further, the primary CI becomes a preferred site for pathogens leading to decay and massive produce losses. Thus, chilling sensitive crops should be stored at higher minimal temperatures, which curtails their marketing life and in some cases necessitates the use of other storage strategies. Development of new knowledge about the biological basis for chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables should allow development of both new varieties more tolerant to cold, and more efficient postharvest storage treatments and storage conditions. In order to improve the agricultural performance of modern crop varieties, including tomato, there is great potential in introgression of marker-defined genomic regions from wild species onto the background of elite breeding lines. To exploit this potential for improving tomato fruit chilling tolerance during postharvest storage, we have used in this research a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the red-fruited tomato wild species SolanumpimpinellifoliumL. accession LA2093 and an advanced Solanum lycopersicumL. tomato breeding line NCEBR-1, developed in the laboratory of the US co-PI. The original specific objectives were: 1) Screening of RIL population resulting from the cross NCEBR1 X LA2093 for fruit chilling response during postharvest storage and estimation of its heritability; 2) Perform a transcriptopmic and bioinformatics analysis for the two parental lines following exposure to chilling storage. During the course of the project, we learned that we could measure greater differences in chilling responses among specific RILs compared to that observed between the two parental lines, and thus we decided not to perform transcriptomic analysis and instead invest our efforts more on characterization of the RILs. Performing the transcriptomic analysis for several RILs, which significantly differ in their chilling tolerance/sensitivity, at a later stage could result with more significant insights. The RIL population, (172 lines), was used in field experiment in which fruits were examined for chilling sensitivity by determining CI severity. Following the field experiments, including 4 harvest days and CI measurements, two extreme tails of the response distribution, each consisting of 11 RILs exhibiting either high sensitivity or tolerance to chilling stress, were identified and were further examined for chilling response in greenhouse experiments. Across the RILs, we found significant (P < 0.01) correlation between field and greenhouse grown plants in fruit CI. Two groups of 5 RILs, whose fruits exhibited reproducible chilling tolerant/sensitive phenotypes in both field and greenhouse experiments, were selected for further analyses. Numerous genetic, physiological, biochemical and molecular variations were investigated in response to postharvest chilling stress in the selected RILs. We confirmed the differential response of the parental lines of the RIL population to chilling stress, and examined the extent of variation in the RIL population in response to chilling treatment. We determined parameters which would be useful for further characterization of chilling response in the RIL population. These included chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, water loss, total non-enzymatic potential of antioxidant activity, ascorbate and proline content, and expression of LeCBF1 gene, known to be associated with cold acclimation. These parameters could be used in continuation studies for the identification and genetic mapping of loci contributing to chilling tolerance in this population, and identifying genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance in tomato. Once genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance are identified, the trait could be transferred to different genetic background via marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breeding. The collaborative research established in this program has resulted in new information and insights in this area of research and the collaboration will be continued to obtain further insights into the genetic, molecular biology and physiology of postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. The US Co-PI, developed the RIL population that was used for screening and measurement of the relevant chilling stress responses and conducted statistical analyses of the data. Because we were not able to grow the RIL population under field conditions in two successive generations, we could not estimate heritability of response to chilling temperatures. However, we plan to continue the research, grow the RIL progeny in the field again, and determine heritability of chilling tolerance in a near future. The IS and US investigators interacted regularly and plan to continue and expand on this study, since combing the expertise of the Co-PI in genetics and breeding with that of the PI in postharvest physiology and molecular biology will have great impact on this line of research, given the significant findings of this one-year feasibility project.
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3

Ostoja, Steven, Tapan Pathak, Katherine Jarvis-Shean, Mark Battany, and George Zhuang. Adapt - On-farm changes in the face of climate change: NRCS Area 3. USDA California Climate Hub, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7444387.ch.

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The agricultural economy is more vulnerable to projected changes in climate in some California counties than in others. This flyer highlights on-farm adaptation strategies to mitigate some of the effects of increased winter temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves. Projected conditions will put the most strain on heat intolerant crops and crops with high chill requirements. When crops with these characteristics also have a high market value or are grown in large acreage, counties can be at risk for economic declines. Information on this flyer identifies the most vulnerable counties in California Area 3 for some key, climate-sensitive crops.
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4

Ostoja, Steven, Tapan Pathak, Katherine Jarvis-Shean, and Mark Battany. Adapt - On-farm changes in the face of climate change: NRCS Area 1. USDA California Climate Hub, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7444389.ch.

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Abstract:
The agricultural economy is more vulnerable to projected changes in climate in some California counties than in others. This flyer highlights on-farm adaptation strategies to mitigate some of the effects of increased winter temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves. Projected conditions will put the most strain on heat intolerant crops and crops with high chill requirements. When crops with these characteristics also have a high market value or are grown in large acreage, counties can be at risk for economic declines. Information on this flyer identifies the most vulnerable counties in California Area 1 for five key, climate-sensitive crops.
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5

Ostoja, Steven, Tapan Pathak, Andre S. Biscaro, and Mark Battany. Adapt - On-farm changes in the face of climate change: NRCS area 4. USDA California Climate Hub, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7435379.ch.

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Abstract:
The agricultural economy is more vulnerable to projected changes in climate in some California counties than in others. This flyer highlights on-farm adaptation strategies to mitigate some of the effects of increased winter temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves. Projected conditions will put the most strain on heat intolerant crops and crops with high chill requirements. When crops with these characteristics also have a high market value or are grown in large acreage, counties can be at risk for economic declines. Information on this flyer identifies the most vulnerable counties in California Area 4 for five key, climate-sensitive crops.
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6

Ostoja, Steven, Tapan Pathak, Katherine Jarvis-Shean, Mark Battany, and Andre S. Biscaro. Adapt - On-farm changes in the face of climate change: NRCS Area 2. USDA California Climate Hub, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7444388.ch.

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Abstract:
The agricultural economy is more vulnerable to projected changes in climate in some California counties than in others. This flyer highlights on-farm adaptation strategies to mitigate some of the effects of increased winter temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves. Projected conditions will put the most strain on heat intolerant crops and crops with high chill requirements. When crops with these characteristics also have a high market value or are grown in large acreage, counties can be at risk for economic declines. Information on this flyer identifies the most vulnerable counties in California NRCS Area 2 for six key, climate-sensitive crops.
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7

Beegle, Kathleen, Rajeev Dehejia, and Roberta Gatti. Child Labor, Crop Shocks, and Credit Constraints. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10088.

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8

Edmonds, Eric, and Nina Pavcnik. International Trade and Child Labor: Cross-Country Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10317.

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9

Bertoni, Eleonora, Gregory Elacqua, Luana Marotta, Matias Martínez, Humberto Santos, and Sammara Soares. Is School Funding Unequal in Latin America?: A Cross-country Analysis. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002854.

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Public spending on education has increased significantly in Latin America over the last decades. However, less is known whether increased spending has been translated into a more equitable distribution of resources within countries in the region. This study addresses this gap by measuring the inequality in per-pupil spending between regions with different levels of socioeconomic status (SES) within five Latin American countries: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Results show that Brazil, a federal country, has the widest socioeconomic funding gap due to large inequalities in local revenues between high and low SES regions. However, the country's funding gap has narrowed over time. School funding in Colombia has become more regressive over time, but its gap is half the size of the one in Brazil. The distribution of school funding in Peru has changed over time from being regressive-benefiting the richest regions-to being progressive-benefiting the poorest regions. Education spending in Chile and in Ecuador are, on the other hand, consistently progressive. However, while the progressiveness of funding in Ecuador is driven by transfers targeted at disadvantaged rural areas, the funding formulas in Chile addresses socioeconomic inequalities beyond the rural-urban gap.
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Grantham-McGregor, Sally, Orazio Attanasio, Natalia Varela, Marta Rubio Codina, and Costas Meghir. The socio-economic gradient of child development: cross-sectional evidence from children 6-42 months in Bogota. Institute for Fiscal Studies, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2014.1411.

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