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Figueroa, Maximiliano. "Sobre derecho y sociedad en Jorge Millas." Hermenéutica Intercultural, no. 23 (September 7, 2016): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07196504.23.527.
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ResumenEste artículo es una valoración del derecho que el filósofo chileno Jorge Millas hace desde la perspectiva socio-cultural. Analiza el aporte y función del derecho para el despliegue de la moderna sociedad de masas.Palabras clave: Filosofía chilena – Jorge Millas – Derecho – sociedad de masas – derechos socialesAbstractThis article is an assessment of law that the Chilean philosopher Jorge Millas presents from the socio-cultural perspective. It analyzes the contribution and role of law for the deployment of the modern mass society.Keywords: Chilean philosophy - Jorge Millas – law – mass society – social rightsResumoEste artigo é uma estimação do direito que o filósofo chileno Jorge Millas faz da perspectiva sociocultural. Analisa a contribuição e papel do direito para a expansão da moderna sociedade de massa.Palavras-chave: Filosofia Chilena – Jorge Millas - Direito – Sociedade De Massa – Direitos Sociais.
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Baeza Ruz, Andrés. "Imperio, Estado y Nación en las relaciones entre chilenos y británicos durante el proceso de independencia hispanoamericano, 1806-1831." Revista de Historia y Geografía, no. 36 (September 14, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07194145.36.335.
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El proceso de independencia chileno e hispanoamericano transcurrió en medio de un complejo escenario de rivalidades entre los principales imperios europeos, como Gran Bretaña, Francia y España. Algunos autores sostienen que los Estados hispanoamericanos fueron el resultado de esas luchas, lo que nos indica que para comprender a cabalidad el proceso de independencia es necesario considerar este escenario geopolítico. En este estudio nuestro objetivo es situar el proceso de independencia chileno en dicho escenario, con un particular foco en las dinámicas y cambiantes relaciones experimentadas entre chilenos y británicos durante el periodo. Sostenemos que dichas relaciones fueron fundamentales para catalizar procesos de reflexión y discusión acerca de lo que era o debía ser la nación chilena. Para desarrollar el argumento, el trabajo comienza por analizar el escenario geopolítico, para luego profundizar en la naturaleza de las relaciones británico-chilenas y, finalmente, identificar tres etapas de dichas interacciones, determinadas por el rol cambiante de Gran Bretaña en el escenario internacional.Palabras clave: independencia; imperialismo; reconocimiento; Chile; Gran BretañaEmpire, State and Nation in the relationships between Chilean and Britons people during the process of Spanish-American independence, 1806-1831AbstractThe process of Chilean and Spanish American independence took place in a complex scenario of rivalries among the major European Empires, such as Britain, France and Spain. Some authors argue that the Spanish-American states were the result of these struggles, which indicates that in order to fully understand the process of independence it is necessary to consider this geopolitical scenario. The objective of this study is to situate the process of Chilean independence in this scenario, with a particular focus on the dynamics and changing relations experienced between Chilean and British people during that period. We believe that these relations were fundamental to catalyze processes of reflection and discussion about what was or should be the Chilean nation. In order to develop the argument, the work begins by analyzing the geopolitical scenario, then deepening the nature of British-Chilean relations, and finally identifying three stages of such interactions, determined by the changing role of Great Britain in the international arena.Keywords: Independence; imperialism; reconnaissance; Chile; Great BritainImpério, Estado e Nação nas relações entre chilenos e britânicos durante o processo de independência hispano-americana, 1806-1831ResumoO processo de independência do Chile e da América Latina aconteceu em meio de um complexo cenário de rivalidades entre os principais impérios europeus, como a Grã-Bretanha, França e Espanha. Alguns autores argumentam que os estados latino-americanos foram o resultado dessas lutas, o qual indica que para compreender completamente o processo de independência é necessário considerar este cenário geopolítico. Neste estudo o nosso objetivo é situar o processo de independência do Chile neste cenário, com um foco especial nas dinâmicas e cambiantes relações experimentadas entre chilenos e britânicos durante o período. Argumentamos que ditas relações foram fundamentais para catalisar processos de reflexão e discussão sobreo que era ou deveria ser a nação chilena. Para desenvolver o argumento, o trabalho começa por analisar o cenário geopolítico, para logo aprofundar na natureza das relações britânico-chilenos e, finalmente, identificar três estágios de tais interações, determinadas pela mudança do papel de Grã-Bretanha no cenário internacional.Palavras-chave: independência; imperialismo; reconhecimento; Chile; Grã-Bretanha
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Klein, Marcus. "The Chilean Movimiento Nacional Socialista, the German-Chilean Community, and the Third Reich, 1932–1939: Myth and Reality." Americas 60, no. 04 (April 2004): 589–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500070620.
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The relations between the Chilean Movimiento Nacional Socialista (MNS, or Nacismo) and the German-Chilean community, i.e., Chilean citizens of German origin, as well as the attitude of the former towards the Third Reich are still largely unexplored topics. Despite the growing number of studies on the nacista movement since the late 1980s, which rounded off and partly corrected earlier studies, and thereby substantially increased our knowledge of its ideology, political activities and leader, Jorge González von Marées, they have received little scholarly attention so far. In general, and this reservation applies to earlier as well as more recent publications, authors only briefly refer to the similarities between Chilean Nacismo and German Nazism, and either note the important role German-Chileans played in the organization or state that they were insignificant for its overall development. The only partial exceptions to this rule are Olaf Gaudig and Peter Veit’s as well as Jiirgen Muller’s works, which provide some information about these issues, and especially the relationships between the Chilean fascists and the German-Chileans.
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Klein, Marcus. "The Chilean Movimiento Nacional Socialista, the German-Chilean Community, and the Third Reich, 1932–1939: Myth and Reality." Americas 60, no. 4 (April 2004): 589–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2004.0057.
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The relations between the Chilean Movimiento Nacional Socialista (MNS, or Nacismo) and the German-Chilean community, i.e., Chilean citizens of German origin, as well as the attitude of the former towards the Third Reich are still largely unexplored topics. Despite the growing number of studies on the nacista movement since the late 1980s, which rounded off and partly corrected earlier studies, and thereby substantially increased our knowledge of its ideology, political activities and leader, Jorge González von Marées, they have received little scholarly attention so far. In general, and this reservation applies to earlier as well as more recent publications, authors only briefly refer to the similarities between Chilean Nacismo and German Nazism, and either note the important role German-Chileans played in the organization or state that they were insignificant for its overall development. The only partial exceptions to this rule are Olaf Gaudig and Peter Veit’s as well as Jiirgen Muller’s works, which provide some information about these issues, and especially the relationships between the Chilean fascists and the German-Chileans.
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Avery, Molly. "Promoting a ‘Pinochetazo’: The Chilean Dictatorship's Foreign Policy in El Salvador during the Carter Years, 1977–81." Journal of Latin American Studies 52, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 759–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x20000966.
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AbstractThis article takes existing histories of Chilean transnational anti-communist activity in the 1970s beyond Operation Condor (the Latin American military states’ covert transnational anti-communist intelligence and operations system) by asking how the Pinochet dictatorship responded to two key changes in the international system towards the end of that decade: the Carter presidency and introduction of the human rights policy, and the shift of the epicentre of the Cold War in Latin America to Central America. It shows how both Salvadoreans and Chileans understood the Pinochet dictatorship as a distinct model of anti-communist governance, applicable far beyond Chile's own borders. This study of Chilean foreign policy in El Salvador contributes to new histories of the Latin American Extreme Right and to new understandings of the inter-American system and the international history of the conflicts in Central America in the late 1970s and the 1980s.
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Sіechina, Sabina. "Peculiarities of Perception of the Concept Identity in the Chilean Language Picture of World." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 39 (2021): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2021.39.14.
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The article is devoted to the study of the formation of the linguistic picture of the world of Chile, the features of lexical composition and culturally significant vocabulary of the modern Chilean national version of the Spanish language. The fragment of the Chilean national conceptosphere, represented by the concept IDENTITY, and its ethnospecifics is analyzed, the analysis of the main extralingual factors of formation of worldviews of Chileans and historical preconditions of formation of the specified concept in modern Chilean linguistic culture is carried out.
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Santibañez, Cristián, and Dale Hample. "Orientations toward interpersonal arguing in Chile." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 453–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.25.3.06san.
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This paper reports the first empirical results aiming to characterize argumentative practices in Chile. We described features of Chilean interpersonal arguing among university students, compared those results with others obtained in the United States, and also compared the associations among variables from country to country. Chilean men displayed more aggressive and self-oriented arguing profiles than Chilean women. Compared to U.S. Americans, Chileans were more motivated to argue and saw the practice of arguing as more cooperative and civil. Many results and correlational patterns were recognizable from one nation to the other, but some differences deserve notice. For example, several measures that are routinely seen as opposites in the U.S. (e.g., impulses to approach or avoid arguing) have only modest negative correlations in the Chilean data.
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Sobarzo Morales, Mario. "El currículum de las costumbres dóciles o de cómo Chile eliminó la ignorancia y aprendió a contener el desacuerdo en los estrictos bordes del mercado como verdad." Hermenéutica Intercultural, no. 29 (June 26, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07196504.29.1294.
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ResumenEn este artículo se aborda la problemática que genera la comprensión del conflicto educativo chileno, el más persistente en la historia nacional a pesar de que sus actores y las ideas que los motivaron han cambiado radicalmente en el tiempo. De este modo, se intenta comprender la incógnita acerca de por qué este conflicto ha tenido tanta relevancia, a pesar de que los estándares internacionales muestran al sistema educa- tivo chileno como uno de los mejores a nivel latinoamericano. Se busca interpretar la contradicción entre un sistema que ha tendido a transfor- mar la sociedad chilena en un sistema de castas, pero que a pesar de ello establece vínculos cívicos poco conflictivos, lo que es extraño en los sistemas sociales de este tipo, según Alexis de Tocqueville.Palabras clave: Costumbres dóciles – Conflicto educativo en Chile – Desigualdad social y educación – DesacuerdoAbstractThis article addresses issues generated by understanding the Chilean edu- cation conflict, the most persistent in national history, despite its actors and motivations have changed radically over time. In this way, we try to understand the question about why this conflict has been so relevant, despite international standards show Chilean educational system as one of the best in Latin America. It seeks to interpret the contradictions in a system tending to transform Chilean society into a caste system, never- theless establishing little conflictive civic links which, according to Alexis de Tocqueville, is something particular in this type of social systems.Keywords: Obedient habits – Education conflict in Chile – Social inequity and education – DisagreementResumoNeste artigo aborda-se a problemática que gera a compreensão do conflito educativo chileno, o mais persistente na história nacional, ape- sar de que os seus atores e as ideias que os motivaram têm mudado radicalmente no tempo. Deste modo, tenta-se compreender a incógnita acerca de por que este conflito tem tido tanta relevância, apesar de que os critérios internacionais mostram o sistema educativo chileno como um dos melhores a nível latino-americano. Busca-se interpretar a contradição entre um sistema que tem tendido a transformar a sociedade chilena em um sistema de castas, mas que apesar daquilo estabelece vínculos cívicos pouco problemáticos, o que é estranho nos sistemas sociais deste tipo, segundo Alexis de Tocqueville.Palavras-chave: Costumes dóceis – Conflito educativo no Chile – Des- igualdade social e educação – Desacordo
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Carreño Bolívar, Rubí. "Las revistas del exilio chileno: Araucaria de Chile y Revista de Literatura chilena en el exilio." Altre Modernità, no. 30 (November 30, 2023): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2035-7680/21779.
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SCHMIEDECKE, NATÁLIA AYO. ""Canto porque la guitarra / tiene sentido y razón": folclore e política na música de Víctor Jara * “Canto porque la guitarra / tiene sentido y razón”: folklore and politics in the music of Víctor Jara (1966-1973)." História e Cultura 2, no. 1 (August 19, 2013): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18223/hiscult.v2i1.868.
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<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> O presente artigo se dedica a analisar o discurso político e cultural identificado com o movimento da Nova Canção Chilena através da obra musical do cantor, compositor e diretor de teatro Víctor Jara (1932-73). Apesar da morte prematura – decorrente do golpe de Estado de 1973 –, Jara deixou um legado artístico variado que se constitui em fonte privilegiada para pensar o contexto chileno dos anos 1960 e 1970, período marcado pela forte atuação de movimentos sociais que tinham como plano de fundo uma crescente polarização política. Filiado ao Partido Comunista, o músico se valeu do potencial comunicativo e expressivo da canção para defender a necessidade de se promoverem mudanças políticas estruturais no país, as quais necessariamente passariam pela esfera da cultura. Perguntando pela presença de elementos identitários em sua obra musical, analisaremos os diálogos estabelecidos pelo artista com a conjuntura política nacional, apontando para a heterogeneidade do repertório englobado sob o termo Nova Canção Chilena.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Víctor Jara – Nova Canção Chilena – Unidade Popular.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> The present paper is dedicated to analyze the political and cultural discourse identified to the Chilean New Song Movement through the musical work of the singer, composer and theater director Víctor Jara (1932-73). Despite his premature death - due to the coup of 1973 - Jara left a varied artistic legacy which constitutes a privileged source for thinking about the Chilean context of the 1960s and 1970s, a period marked by the strong presence of social movements that had as background the growing of the political polarization. Affiliated to the Communist Party, the musician used the communicative and expressive potential of music to defend the need to promote structural political changes in the country, which necessarily pass through the sphere of culture. Asking for the presence of identity elements in his musical work, we will analyze the dialogue established by the artist with the national political context, indicating the heterogeneity of the repertoire enclosed under the term Chilean New Song Movement.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Víctor Jara – Chilean New Song Movement – Popular Unity.</p>
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Jara, René-Reyes, Antoine Faure, and Nicolás Del Valle Orellana. "LOOKING FOR A MEDIA BUSINESS MODEL." Brazilian journalism research 19, no. 1 (April 2, 2023): e1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v19n1.2023.1550.
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ABSTRACT – This paper seeks to understand the undergoing digital transformations of the Chilean media system, based on the gaps, challenges, and opportunities that are currently facing the industrial and commercial organization of native digital media in Chile. In the Chilean case, the emergence of native digital media was developed with the new media business models in a context of a crisis of traditional modes of media financing. To study this process, we propose a descriptive-exploratory study focusing on six paradigmatic cases based on a campaign of semi-structured interviews (12) and a platform biography (6) to gather information on the structures, dynamics, and evolution of business models in the journalistic sites of these digital native media. Semi-structured interviews with founders/owners (FD) and monetization managers (MM), allow us to understand the reasons and objectives that underpin these transformations. Our sample is composed of six Chilean native digital media, which are legally registered in the relevant national information system in the Chilean public sphere (Reuters, 2022). The results of this analytical exercise show the tensions that occur in the business model’s five key dimensions: sustainability, innovation, associativity, community building, and journalistic added value. Towards the end, we list the study’s limitations and the understanding of the development of digital native media in Chile. RESUMO – Este artigo procura entender as transformações digitais que o sistema de notícias chileno está passando, com base nas lacunas, desafios e oportunidades que estão atualmente enfrentando as organizações industriais e comerciais da mídia digital nativa no Chile. No caso chileno, o surgimento da mídia digital nativa se deu com os novos modelos de negócios de mídia em um contexto de crise dos modos tradicionais de financiamento da mídia. Para estudar este processo, propomos desenvolver um estudo descritivo-explicativo centrado em seis casos paradigmáticos, baseado em entrevistas semi-estruturadas (12) e uma plataforma de biografia (6), para reunir informações sobre as estruturas, dinâmicas e evolução dos modelos de negócios nos sites jornalísticos destes meios de comunicação nativos digitais. Entrevistas semi-estruturadas com fundadores/proprietários (FD) e gestores de monetização (MM), nos permitem compreender as razões e objetivos que sustentam estas transformações. Nossa amostra é composta por seis mídias digitais nativas chilenas, que estão legalmente registradas no sistema nacional de informação de relevância na esfera pública chilena (Reuters, 2022). Os resultados deste exercício analítico mostram as tensões que ocorrem em cinco dimensões-chave do modelo de negócios: sustentabilidade, inovação, associatividade, construção de comunidades e valor agregado jornalístico. Ao final listamos as limitações do estudo e a compreensão do desenvolvimento da mídia digital nativa no Chile. RESUMEN – Este trabajo busca comprender las transformaciones digitales que está experimentando el sistema informativo chileno, a partir de las brechas, desafíos y oportunidades que enfrenta actualmente la organización industrial y comercial de los medios nativos digitales en Chile. En el caso chileno, el surgimiento de los medios nativos digitales se desarrolló con los nuevos modelos de negocio de los medios en un contexto de crisis de los modos tradicionales de financiación de los medios. Para estudiar este proceso, nos proponemos desarrollar un estudio descriptivo-explicativo centrado en seis casos paradigmáticos, basado en entrevistas semiestructuradas (12) y una plataforma de biografías (6), para recabar información sobre las estructuras, dinámicas y evolución de los modelos de negocio en los sitios web periodísticos de estos medios nativos digitales. Las entrevistas semiestructuradas a fundadores/propietarios (FD) gestores de monetización (MM), nos permiten comprender las razones y objetivos que sustentan estas transformaciones. Nuestra muestra está compuesta por seis medios digitales nativos chilenos, que están legalmente registrados en el sistema nacional de información de relevancia en la esfera pública chilena (Reuters, 2022). Los resultados de este ejercicio analítico muestran las tensiones que se producen en cinco dimensiones clave del modelo de negocio: sostenibilidad, innovación, asociatividad, construcción de comunidad y valor añadido periodístico. Hacia el final se enumeran las limitaciones del estudio y la comprensión del desarrollo de los medios nativos digitales en Chile.
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Muzzo, S., R. Burrows, and L. Leiva. "STATURAL GROWTH OF CHILEAN SCHOOL CHILEREN." Pediatric Research 28, no. 4 (October 1990): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199010000-00029.
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Álvarez Vergara, Marco Antonio. "BAJO EL SOL DE CUBA: INFLUENCIAS DE LA REVOLUCIÓN CUBANA EN LOS ORIGENES DE LA NUEVA IZQUIERDA REVOLUCIONARIA CHILENA (1959 – 1964)." Revista de la Academia 28 (November 27, 2019): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.25074/0196318.0.1239.
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Más de seis décadas han transitado desde el triunfo de la Revolución Cubana y, hasta la fecha, no ha existido un estudio que indague la real influencia sobre las izquierdas en Chile. El presente artículo de investigación procura desentrañar tal magnitud en los orígenes de la nueva izquierda revolucionaria chilena (1959 – 1964), esclareciendo las vinculaciones políticas, teóricas y discursivas de esta con el proceso caribeño. Este cometido, lo abordaremos a través de la trayectoria político – orgánica de tres de los principales referentes del proceso de confluencia insurreccional: Clotario Blest, Enrique Sepúlveda y Miguel Enríquez.
Palabras claves: Revolución Cubana, nueva izquierda revolucionaria chilena, lucha armada, revolución socialista.
UNDER THE SUN OF CUBA. INFLUENCES OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTION IN THE ORIGINS OF THE NEW CHILEAN REVOLUTIONARY LEFT (1959 - 1964)
More than six decades have passed since the triumph of the Cuban Revolution and, to date, there has been no study that investigates its real influence on the Chilean left. The objective of this article is to unravel the influence of this historic milestone in the emergence of the new Chilean revolutionary left (1959 – 1964), identifying its political, theoretical and discursive links with the Caribbean process. This task will be addressed through the analysis of the political-organizational trajectory of Clotario Blest, Enrique Sepúlveda and Miguel Enriquez, three of the main referents of the insurrectional confluence process.
Keywords: Cuban Revolution, new Chilean revolutionary left, armed struggle, socialist revolution.
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MONTES, J. ESTEBAN, SCOTT MAINWARING, and EUGENIO ORTEGA. "Rethinking the Chilean Party Systems." Journal of Latin American Studies 32, no. 3 (October 2000): 795–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00005873.
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Although Chile is a relatively small country, writings about the Chilean party systems have long been better and more voluminous than is the case with most party systems in Latin America. Several orthodoxies have emerged in this literature: that Chilean parties are strong, that the party systems have been divided into three roughly equal parts, and that they have been relatively stable. The purpose of this article is to challenge these three orthodoxies. These orthodoxies are not completely wrong, but they need to be qualified.The dominant view that Chilean parties are strong has been overstated. They have been strong in some respects and for some periods, but not in others. Parties have traditionally dominated mechanisms of representation in Chile's democratic periods, overshadowing unions, social movements, and other forms of representation. Party penetration in the electorate, however, has not been powerful. Parties have appeared and disappeared with frequency, and most parties have been relatively weak organisationally. More so than is the case in Uruguay, Venezuela from 1958 until the 1990s, Costa Rica or most of Western Europe, Chile's democratic periods have allowed space for anti-party populists to develop successful political careers, including capturing the presidency.
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Santibáñez, Cristian, Dale Hample, and Jessica M. Hample. "How do Chilean seniors think about arguing?" Journal of Argumentation in Context 10, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 202–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.20002.san.
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Abstract This project investigates orientations toward interpersonal arguing among Chilean seniors (N = 243), having a mean age of 72 years. We found no prior attention to seniors in the interpersonal arguing literature, and only a little to Chileans. Sited within the US framework for studying interpersonal arguing (see Hample, 2016), this project collected seniors’ responses to survey items indexing argumentativeness, verbal aggressiveness, argument frames, personalization of conflict, and power distance. Our exploratory work involved use of a second sample of Chilean undergraduates (N = 80) for comparison. Comparisons showed that the seniors were less likely to argue, especially for play. Seniors were more interested in asserting dominance and were less cooperative and civil. Few sex differences were observed among the seniors, whereas quite a few had been previously found for Chilean undergraduates. These differences are attributed to the age of the seniors, although the possibility of a cadre effect is considered. Neither Chilean seniors nor younger adults displayed negative correlations between approaching and avoiding arguments, a result which has become an increasingly urgent theoretical issue across the world.
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Gallardo, Kevin, Liseth Varas, and Mauricio Gallardo. "Inequality of opportunity in health: evidence from Chile." Revista de Saúde Pública 51 (December 4, 2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007034.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the possible presence of inequality of opportunities in the health status of Chileans, according to sociodemographic circumstances. METHODS: Self-rated health data were used from the Chilean National Health Survey of 2010 to test the hypothesis of strong and weak equality of opportunities in the health status of the Chilean population. These hypotheses were tested using nonparametric techniques and second-order stochastic dominance criteria. RESULTS: Robust empirical evidence was obtained, which indicate that the education level of the mother, household socioeconomic status, sex, zone, and region of residence determine opportunities to achieve good health in Chile. CONCLUSIONS: Better health status was identified for Chilean adults whenever their mothers had a higher education level, their household income was higher, they were men, or lived in urban areas. The region of residence also affects opportunities to achieve good health in Chile.
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Pérez, T., M. L. Bustamante, F. Magne, D. Alvares, M. Álvarez-Lobos, C. Hernandez-Rocha, N. Aguliar, et al. "P906 Prevalence and CARD9 IBD risk variant rs4077515 in a Chilean IBD Cohort." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 17, Supplement_1 (January 30, 2023): i1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac190.1036.
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Abstract Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of developing IBD. Among risk genes identified by GWAS, CARD9, a gene encoding an adapter molecule involved in the innate immune response to fungi and bacteria, has been related to IBD risk. CARD9 alleles in IBD patients may have either a protective function or a high genetic risk factor such as rs4077515. Interestingly, the CARD9S12N (rs4077515) variant has a higher frequency in the Latin South American population than the Caucasian population. The relevance of rs4077515 in the risk of IBD in the Latino population is unknown. Aims (1) To estimate allele and genotype frequencies for rs4077515 in IBD patients and Chilean controls and compare with Ensembl genome database (public data available). (2) To compare the allele and genotype distributions in IBD patients and controls, including association tests and estimation of ORs according to additive, dominant and recessive penetrance models. Methods 260 IBD patients were genotyped using the TaqMan SNP genotyping technology based on qPCR. Aggregated genotype information for 3147 population-based Chilean controls was retrieved from a published study on gallstones in Chileans (Lorenzo et al., Hepatology 2021). We calculated the allele and genotype frequencies for rs4077515 and then compared these frequencies with controls. A Chi-square test of association was used under the null hypothesis of no association between genotypes and disease. Univariate and multiple logistic regression were performed (additive, dominant, and recessive penetrance models). Results Table 1 compares rs4077515 allele and genotype frequencies in Chileans and other populations (Ensembl data set). Table 2. exhibits the estimated odds ratio for IBD, CD, and UC in Chilean population. Table 3. reveals the association results for rs4077151 models in the Chilean population. Conclusion In this study, the A risk allele for rs4077515 is significantly more frequent in the Chilean population than reported in other populations such as European, but similar to Amerindian. In this Chilean cohort, the variant rs4077515 is not associated with higher IBD risk. However, this could be an effect of sample size, or patients carrying rs4077515 requires an additional factor to IBD development.
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Sánchez Manríquez, Karin. "¿Acción social católica o intervención social estatal? El rol del Estado en la resolución de la Cuestión Social según la Iglesia Católica chilena a inicios del siglo XX." Revista de Historia y Geografía, no. 37 (January 30, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07194145.37.1073.
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ResumenEl objetivo de este artículo es analizar el desarrollo del pensamiento católico chileno sobre el rol del Estado para enfrentar la Cuestión Social a principios del siglo XX. Se argumenta que la Iglesia Católica chilena le daba al Estado un rol secundario en la solución de la Cuestión Social. Pese a reconocer la necesidad de establecer normativas legales para solucionar los problemas entre patrones y obreros, la realización de obras en favor de los trabajadores correspondía a iniciativas privadas que el Estado debía fomentar, lo que la Iglesia denominaba “Acción Social Católica”. Esta preferencia por un Estado con una acción social limitada mostraba a una Iglesia que seguía considerándose como la institución rectora de la sociedad en tanto su accionar incluía tanto la vida terrena como también la vida después de la muerte. El Estado, al centrarse sólo en problemas terrenales, era una institución de rango menor, cobijada por la Iglesia. Se estudiarán textos escritos por sacerdotes de la jerarquíaeclesiástica chilena sobre el rol del Estado en la resolución de los problemas sociales y sobre la discusión en la esfera pública de dos leyes sociales: la ley de habitación obrera de 1906 y la ley de descanso dominical de 1907.Palabras clave: Iglesia, Estado, Cuestión Social, Legislación Social.Catholic social action or State social intervention? The role of the State in the resolution of the Social Problem according to the Chilean Catholic Church at the beginning of the 20th CenturyAbstractThe objective of this article is to analyze the development of Chilean Catholic thinking about the role of the State in facing the Social Problem at the beginning of the 20th Century. It is argued that the Chilean Catholic Church gave the State a secondary role in the solution of the Social Problem. Despite recognizing the need of establishing legal regulations to solve problems between employers and workers, the performance of works in favor of workers corresponded to private initiatives that the State should promote, what the Church called “Catholic Social Action”. This preference for a State with limited social action showed a Church that continued to be considered as the governing institution of society, as its actions included both earthly life and life after death. The State, by focusing only on earthly problems, was an institution of lower rank, sheltered by the Church. The research studied some texts written by priests of the Chilean ecclesiastical hierarchy dealing with the role of the State in the resolution of social problems and the public discussion about two social laws: the 1906 Working Class Law and the 1907 Sunday Rest Law.Keywords: Church, State, Social Problem, Social Law.Ação social católica ou intervenção social do Estado? O papel do Estado na resolução da Questão Social segundo a Igreja Católica Chilena no início do século XXResumoO objetivo deste artigo é analisar o desenvolvimento do pensamento católico chileno sobre o papel do Estado para enfrentar a Questão Social a princípios doséculo XX. Argumenta-se que a Igreja Católica chilena tinha dado ao Estado um papel secundário na solução da Questão Social. Apesar de reconhecer a necessidade de estabelecer normativas legais para resolver problemas entre empregadores e trabalhadores, a realização de obras a favor dos trabalhadores correspondia a iniciativas privadas que o Estado devia promover, o que a Igreja denominou “Ação Social Católica”. Essa preferência por um Estado com uma ação social limitada mostrava uma Igreja que seguia considerando-se como a instituição governante da sociedade, tanto na sua ação incluía a vida terrena como também a vida após a morte. O Estado, ao centrar-se só em problemas terrenais, era uma instituição de alcance inferior, protegida pela Igreja. Vão serestudados os textos escritos por sacerdotes da hierarquia eclesiástica chilena sobre o papel do Estado na resolução de problemas sociais e na discussão na esfera pública de duas leis sociais: a lei da habitação trabalhadora de 1906 e a lei do descanso dominical de 1907.Palavras-chave: Igreja, Estado, Questão Social, Legislação Social.
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Gallardo Peralta, Lorena Patricia. "Diferencias étnicas en salud en personas mayores del norte de Chile / Ethnic Differences in Health among Elderly People Living in Northern Chile." Revista Internacional de Humanidades Médicas 5, no. 2 (October 28, 2016): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revmedica.v5.1385.
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ABSTRACTThis research analyzes the differences in health in terms of belonging to a native Chilean ethnic group in the region of Arica and Parinacota. This is one of the first investigations in Chile and South America that analyze this dimension in the aging process. This is a quantitative and cross-sectional study. The sample consists of 493 Chilean elderly living in the far north of Chile. The application of the questionnaire was conducted through personal interviews. The study was conducted in urban and rural areas, including villages in the Chilean Altiplano. Scales internationally recognized geriatric research to measure the presence of symptoms of impaired health, dependence and depression were applied. The results of data analysis showed statistically significant differences in depression and health in terms of ethnic belonging, establishing a disadvantage for the elderly Indians. The findings confirm the heterogeneity of the aging process and the importance of the cultural aspects through belonged to a native ethnic group. For the field of social sciences this study confirms the need for gerontological contextualized interventions that positively discriminate against groups at riskRESUMENEsta investigación analiza las diferencias en salud en función de la pertenencia a una etnia originaria chilena en la región de Arica y Parinacota. Se trata de unas de las primeras investigaciones en Chile y en Sudamérica que analizan esta dimensión en el proceso de envejecimiento. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y transversal. La muestra está conformada por 493 personas mayores chilenas que residen en el extremo norte de Chile. La aplicación del cuestionario se realizó a través de entrevista personal. El estudio fue realizado en zona urbana y zonas rurales, incluyendo poblados del altiplano chileno. Se aplicaron escalas internacionalmente reconocidas en la investigación geriátrica para medir la presencia de síntomas de deterioro en salud, dependencia y depresión. Los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de datos muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en depresión y salud en función de la pertenecía étnica, estableciendo una desventaja para las personas mayores indígenas. Los hallazgos confirman la heterogeneidad del proceso de envejecimiento y la relevancia de los aspectos culturales a través de la pertenecía a una etnia originaria. Para el campo de las ciencias sociales este estudio confirma la necesidad de realizar intervenciones gerontológicas contextualizadas que discriminen positivamente a los grupos en riesgo social.
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Moral Moreno, Luis, Elizabeth Flores Ferro, and Fernando Maureira Cid. "Nivel de actividad física en estudiantes universitarios: un estudio comparativo España-Chile (Physical activity level in university students: a Spain-Chile comparative study)." Retos 56 (April 23, 2024): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.102969.
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El estudio, de corte transversal, cuantitativo, observacional y comparativo, examinó los niveles de actividad física (AF) entre estudiantes universitarios de España y Chile en postpandemia, así como su correlación con variables individuales, sociales y culturales. Un total de 320 estudiantes (163 chilenos y 157 españoles; 21.9±2.6 años; 49.1% mujeres) completaron el cuestionario online utilizado siendo categorizados según los niveles de AF definidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) a partir de los resultados del IPAQ. Los hallazgos revelan que más del 90% de los estudiantes cumplen con las recomendaciones de AF de la OMS, con una mayor adhesión en hombres y en la muestra chilena. Además, se observa que una proporción significativamente mayor de estudiantes chilenos reportaron haber incrementado su AF tras la pandemia en comparación con los españoles. Asimismo, se identificó que los participantes chilenos, con un índice de masa corporal más elevado y un NSE más bajo que sus contrapartes españolas, exhiben mayores niveles de AF. A pesar de las limitaciones, el estudio ofrece una visión comprensiva de la AF entre estudiantes universitarios en los contextos español y chileno, destacando áreas de intervención para fomentar hábitos saludables en grupos vulnerables. Palabras clave: postpandemia de COVID-19, recomendaciones OMS, factores individuales, sociales y culturales. Abstract. The present study, a cross-sectional, quantitative, observational, and comparative examination, explored post-pandemic levels of physical activity (PA) among university students in Spain and Chile, as well as the influence of individual, social, and cultural variables. A total of 320 students (163 Chilean and 157 Spanish; aged 21.9±2.6 years; 49.1% female) completed the online questionnaire used and were categorized according to PA levels defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) results. Findings reveal that over 90% of students meet WHO PA recommendations, with higher adherence among males and in the Chilean sample. Additionally, a significantly greater proportion of Chilean students reported increasing their PA post-pandemic compared to Spanish students. Furthermore, it was identified that Chilean participants, with a higher body mass index and lower socioeconomic status (SES) than their Spanish counterparts, exhibit higher levels of PA. Despite the limitations, the study provides a comprehensive view of PA among university students in Spanish and Chilean contexts, highlighting areas for intervention to promote healthy habits in vulnerable groups. Keywords: COVID-19 post-pandemic, WHO recommendations, individual, social, and cultural factors.
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Cordella, Marisa. "Apologizing in Chilean Spanish and Australian English." Cross-Cultural Communication in the Professions in Australia 7 (January 1, 1990): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.7.04cor.
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Several studies across languages (Cohen and Olshtain, 1981; Olshtain, 1983; Trosborg, 1987; Holmes, 1989) investigated the different social and contextual factors that influence native speakers to select one or a group of “semantic formula(s)” (Fraser, 1981) in the act of apologizing. Nevertheless the literature is still in its infancy (Fraser, 1981 and Holmes, 1989) in respect to the gender differences between speaker (apologizer) and hearer (recipient), and in the comparison between Spanish and English. This paper aims to investigate the strategies and the semantic formulas that Chilean Spanish and Australian English native speakers use in the act of apologizing. A role play eliciting an apology was carried out in the participants’ mother tongue. Twenty two Chileans (twelve females and ten males) who had lived for not more than three years in Australia and twenty Australians (ten males and ten females) who, like the Chileans, varied in age from 17 to 30 were the informants in this study. Results show that Chilean and Australian cultural values were reflected in the act of apologizing. Chileans in comparison to Australians make less use of the apology strategy “explicit expression of apology”. Nevertheless they appear to give more explanations than Australians in the act of apologizing. Differences were also found in both languages in the use of “speaker and hearer oriented apologies” and in the use of some strategies and intensifiers, in which the addressee’s gender played an important role in both languages.
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PARTY, DANIEL. "Rethinking Post-Authoritarian Chile through Its Popular Music." Twentieth-Century Music 20, no. 1 (February 2023): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572222000494.
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AbstractThis article is a study of Chilean popular music produced during the 1990s, the first decade following the end of the Pinochet dictatorship. The return of democracy and a period of strong economic growth contributed to a boom in the Chilean music industry. A wealth of music was recorded and the opportunities for listening to live music multiplied. The article's main objectives are to illuminate the ways in which Chilean popular music addressed democracy's inspiring promises and frustrating limits and to consider how Chileans used popular music to foster new post-authoritarian identities. First, it argues that music was used to reclaim national symbols that had been coopted by the dictatorship. Second, it considers the music of two generations of musicians who returned to the country after living in exile. Finally, it focuses on punk and hip-hop, the styles that produced the most significant examples of protest music in the post-authoritarian period.
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Véliz Rojas, Claudio A. "“Puede decirse que el roto era como pan blanco, si no francés, en medio de aquella mezcolanza de razas”: “chinos” y mujeres como representaciones del subalterno en la narrativa de la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1884). / “It can be said that roto was ..." Revista Liminales. Escritos sobre Psicología y Sociedad 5, no. 10 (November 1, 2016): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.54255/lim.vol5.num10.292.
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El texto de Daniel Riquelme Bajo la Tienda (edición de 1958) escribe la identidad chilena sobre la representación subalterna de mujeres y ‘chinos’. Utilizando el contexto de la guerra del Pacífico (1879-1884), la narrativa de Riquelme justifica la superioridad del roto chileno soportada por las representaciones subalternas de estos grupos. Al interior de sus relatos, loschinos y las mujeres operan como referentes de contraste para la reafirmación de los valores nacionales. En este sentido y con el objetivo de sustentar teóricamente mi análisis, me serviré del concepto “subalternidad” explicado por el Grupo Latinoamericano de Estudios Subalternos así como por la investigadora india Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak. Asimismo, aplicaré las categorías desarrolladas por el teórico francés Pierre Bourdieu respecto a la existencia de un habitus, una hexis corporal y un uso constante de violencia simbólica, para la develación de los modos de dominación que ejercen los rotos chilenos sobre dichos grupos subalternos.
The text of Daniel Riquelme Bajo la Tienda (1958 edition) writes the chilean identity about the subaltern representation of women and ‘Chinese’. Using the context of the Pacific War (1879-1884), Riquelme’s narrative justifies the superiority of the chilean rupture supported by the subaltern representations of these groups. Within their narratives, the Chinese and the women operate as contrasting references for the reaffirmation of national values. In this sense and in order to theoretically support my analysis, I will use the concept “subalternity” explained by the Grupo Latinoamericano de Estudios Subalternos as well as by the Indian researcher Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak. I will also apply the categories developed by the french theorist Pierre Bourdieu regarding the existence of a habitus, a corporal hexis and a constant use of symbolic violence, for the unveiling of the modes of domination exercised by the Chilean ruptures on these subalterngroups.
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Véliz Rojas, Claudio A. "“Puede decirse que el roto era como pan blanco, si no francés, en medio de aquella mezcolanza de razas”: “chinos” y mujeres como representaciones del subalterno en la narrativa de la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1884). / “It can be said that roto was ..." Revista Liminales. Escritos sobre Psicología y Sociedad 5, no. 10 (November 1, 2016): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.54255/lim.vol5.num10.292.
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El texto de Daniel Riquelme Bajo la Tienda (edición de 1958) escribe la identidad chilena sobre la representación subalterna de mujeres y ‘chinos’. Utilizando el contexto de la guerra del Pacífico (1879-1884), la narrativa de Riquelme justifica la superioridad del roto chileno soportada por las representaciones subalternas de estos grupos. Al interior de sus relatos, loschinos y las mujeres operan como referentes de contraste para la reafirmación de los valores nacionales. En este sentido y con el objetivo de sustentar teóricamente mi análisis, me serviré del concepto “subalternidad” explicado por el Grupo Latinoamericano de Estudios Subalternos así como por la investigadora india Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak. Asimismo, aplicaré las categorías desarrolladas por el teórico francés Pierre Bourdieu respecto a la existencia de un habitus, una hexis corporal y un uso constante de violencia simbólica, para la develación de los modos de dominación que ejercen los rotos chilenos sobre dichos grupos subalternos.
The text of Daniel Riquelme Bajo la Tienda (1958 edition) writes the chilean identity about the subaltern representation of women and ‘Chinese’. Using the context of the Pacific War (1879-1884), Riquelme’s narrative justifies the superiority of the chilean rupture supported by the subaltern representations of these groups. Within their narratives, the Chinese and the women operate as contrasting references for the reaffirmation of national values. In this sense and in order to theoretically support my analysis, I will use the concept “subalternity” explained by the Grupo Latinoamericano de Estudios Subalternos as well as by the Indian researcher Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak. I will also apply the categories developed by the french theorist Pierre Bourdieu regarding the existence of a habitus, a corporal hexis and a constant use of symbolic violence, for the unveiling of the modes of domination exercised by the Chilean ruptures on these subalterngroups.
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Silva Gatta, Iván. "“El Golpe y la Dictadura Militar en las caracterizaciones tempranas de la Izquierda Chilena (1973 – 1977)”." Revista Grafía- Cuaderno de trabajo de los profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Universidad Autónoma de Colombia 10, no. 2 (July 14, 2013): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26564/16926250.495.
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Resumen:Este artículo es una aproximación a la temática del golpe militar de 1973 y la experiencia de la izquierda chilena (la Unidad Popular y el MIR) en los primeros años de dictadura (1973 -1977). Específicamente daremos cuenta de cuáles fueron las caracterizaciones, interpretaciones y/o lecturas tempranas desplegadas por dicho sector político, en torno al golpe y la dictadura. Daremos a conocer el proceso de evolución de dichas caracterizaciones a través del tiempo, la forma en la que éstas se mantienen, van cambiando o sistematizándose, a la luz de la información manejada por la izquierda chilena en los primeros años de la dictadura militar.Palabras Clave: Golpe militar, dictadura, izquierda chilena, caracterizaciones tempranas.*************************************************************** The coup d’état and the military dictatorship on the early characterization of Chilean left (1973-1977)AbstractThis article is an approximation to the subject about the military strike in 1973 and the experience of the left wing in Chile (Unidad Popular and MIR), in the early years of the dictatorship (1973 -1977). Specifically, we will show, which were the characterizations, interpretations and the premature readings that were deployed by the left wing, around the strike and the dictatorship. We will expose the evolution process of these characterizations trough the time, and the way that this kept, change or begin to take “shape”, depending on the information managed for the Chilean left in the early years of the dictatorship.Key Words: Military strike, dictatorship, Chilean left wing, early Characterizations.******************************************************O golpe e a ditadura militar nas caracterizações iniciais da esquerda chilena (1973 – 1977)ResumoEste artigo é uma aproximação à temática do golpe militar de 1973 e à experiência da esquerda chilena (a Unidade Popular e o MIR) nos primeiros anos de ditadura (1973 -1977). Especificamente vamos dar conta de quais foram as caracterizações, interpretações e/ou leituras iniciais despregadas pelo referido setor político, em torno do golpe e da ditadura. Vamos dar a conhecer o processo da evolução das mencionadas caracterizações através do tempo, a forma na qual estas se mantêm vão mudando ou sendo sistematizadas à luz da informação manejada pela esquerda chilena nos primeiros anos da ditadura militar.Palavras- chave: Golpe militar, ditadura, esquerda chilena, caracterizações iniciais
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Granados Zambrano, Paulina, Nicolás Rivera González, and María Fernanda Toledo Badilla. "Characterization of immigration in the Chilean Pension and Unemployment Insurance Systems." RIEM. Revista internacional de estudios migratorios 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2024): 31–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/riem.v12i2.4656.
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The levels of immigration recorded in Chile over the last few decades are unprecedented. Despite the magnitude of this phenomenon, the literature on immigration in Chile is scarce. Even though it is expected immigration has important effects on the Chilean labour market, there is not much historical neither systematic evidence available for a better understanding of the phenomenon. This can be mainly explained by the fact that related sources of information are limited and infrequent.This paper aims at describing the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the immigrants’ formal working population in Chile (i.e. individuals working in the formal sector who by law contribute to the social security system), using administrative records of the Pension Systems and the Unemployment Insurance System, in addition to information provided by the Civil Registry and Identification Service on their nationality and country of origin.The results obtained show an exponential increase in new foreigners to the social security system over the last few years. Haitians and Venezuelans are the largest groups, representing 70% of the total number of new foreign affiliates to the Pension System in 2018. The average wage difference between Chileans and foreigners increased by over 600% during the 2010-2018 period, differing by almost USD 300 in 2018 in favor of Chileans. This difference deepens with higher wages. Finally, there is an important gender gap both for Chileans and foreigners (around 10% in 2018). The gender gap for foreigners has importantly decreased during the last decade reaching the relatively more stable, but still important, Chilean gender gap of around 10%. However, foreign women are in a much weaker relative situation than Chilean women when age, cohort and time effects are obtained.
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Contreras, Rodrigo. "Cooperation as a Foreign Policy Instrument." Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 1, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52143.
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Cooperation is undoubtedly a great tool to deploy Chilean foreign policy, since it creates long-term ties with the beneficiary countries. This generates small-scale retributions in bilateral relations and in specific technical areas, as well at the multilateral level. Chile's cooperation flows have undergone important changes since the creation of the International Cooperation Agency in the 90s, to the present, since Chile has gone from being a net recipient, to being a participant in international cooperation through the South-South modality or horizontal. In spite of this, it is not possible to clearly establish the benefits that cooperation generates for the country because there is no clear evaluation methodology. Finally, Chilean cooperation does not have a priority budget, and its programs are affected by short-term issues in the absence of a more leading role in the formulation of Chilean foreign policy.
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Keough, Christian. "Thrash metal, del sonido al contenido: Origen y gestación de una contracultura chilena (‘Thrash metal, from sound to content: Origin and development of a Chilean counterculture’), Maximiliano Sánchez Mondaca (2014)." Metal Music Studies 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/mms_00016_5.
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Review of: Thrash metal, del sonido al contenido: Origen y gestación de una contracultura chilena (‘Thrash metal, from sound to content. Origin and development of a Chilean counterculture’), Maximiliano Sánchez Mondaca (2014)Santiago: RIL Editores, 170 pp.,ISBN 978-9-56010-059-7, p/bk, $9.99
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Garcia, V., RJ Rona, and S. Chinn. "Effect of the choice of food composition table on nutrient estimates: a comparison between the British and American (Chilean) tables." Public Health Nutrition 7, no. 4 (June 2004): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003555.
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AbstractObjective:To determine the level of agreement between the American (Chilean) and British food composition tables in estimating intakes of macronutrients and antioxidants.Design, setting and subjects: Information based on a food-frequency questionnaire with emphasis on antioxidants was collected from 95 Chileans aged 24–28 years. Nutritional composition was analysed using the British table of food composition and the American table of food composition modified by Chilean food items. Mean differences and limits of agreement (LOAs) of estimated intake were assessed.Results:Mean differences between the two tables of food composition ranged from 5.3% to 8.9% higher estimates when using the American (Chilean) table for macronutrients. For micronutrients, a bias towards a higher mean was observed for vitamin E, iron and magnesium when the American (Chilean) table was used, but the opposite was observed for vitamin A and selenium. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81–0.91) to 0.998 (95% CI 0.995–1.00), indicating high to excellent agreement. LOAs for macronutrients and vitamins A and C were satisfactory, as they were sufficiently narrow. There was more uncertainty for other micronutrients.Conclusion:The American table gives relative overestimates of macronutrients in comparison to the British table, but the relative biases for micronutrients are inconsistent. Estimates of agreement between the two food composition tables provide reassurance that results are interchangeable for the majority of nutrients.
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Whitman, Christopher J. "STRAW BALES, A POSSIBLE SOLUTION FOR HYGRO-THERMALLY COMFORTABLE DWELLINGS IN CHILE'S CENTRAL VALLEY: PHYSICAL TEST CHAMBERS AND IN SITU MEASUREMENTS." Journal of Green Building 9, no. 2 (July 2014): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.2.161.
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Dwellings in a Mediterranean climate, such as that of Chile's Central Valley, must provide hygro-thermal comfort both during the cold winters, and the hot days and cool summer nights. Straw, once a material common in Chile's indigenous and vernacular architecture, could meet these demands when coupled with sufficient thermal mass in the form of earth renders and floor finishes. This article presents measurements of dry bulb temperatures and relative humidity, both in physical test chambers and Chilean straw bale homes. The results of these measurements confirm that straw bale construction could provide hygro-thermal comfort with heating demands 28% less than those of constructions that meet the Chilean thermal building regulations. Straw bale, therefore, could provide a viable solution for comfortable, energy efficient, rural dwellings in Chile's Central Valley. Whilst over 40 private straw bale projects have been completed in Chile to date, restrictions applying to projects receiving government subsidies prevent this technology being available to those who need it most.
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Bronfman, Paulina. "Performing art as a new form of youth participation and engagement in politics: The case of Chileans’ social outburst." Citizenship Teaching & Learning 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ctl_00099_1.
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Protest activity has become a central element for political change in Chile. In 2019, during Chileans’ October social outburst, performing arts were in the centre of the street protests. This article explores the inspiration social movements have gained from artistic practices and the role the arts in general have had as a new form of youth participation and engagement in politics in Chile. Also, this article examines the relation between the lack of formal citizenship education in the Chilean curriculum after the return of democracy and the birth of these new forms of political participation and activism within the youth. Additionally, based on the Chilean case, the article argues the need for new conceptualizations of citizenship education beyond the traditional boundaries of education institutions.
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Iacobelli Delpiano, Pedro. "La “neutralidad” chilena en la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1943): Un análisis historiográfico con énfasis en la literatura sobre las relaciones Chile-Japón." Revista de Historia y Geografía, no. 34 (September 13, 2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07194145.34.356.
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ResumenLa literatura sobre la historia internacional de Chile durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial ha centrado el debate en torno al juego de presiones ejercidas por los Estados Unidos hacia los gobiernos radicales de Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia y Juan Antonio Ríos Morales para conseguir que Chile se sumara a la política continental contra las fuerzas del Eje. La neutralidad chilena fue interpretada como una actitud traicionera por los estadounidenses y en un triunfo por los países del Eje durante 1941 a 1943. Este artículo introduce el debate y busca presentar las posibilidades historiográficas al incluir a Japón, tanto como actor relevante en la política chilena como receptor de la “neutralidad” chilena en el periodo.Palabras clave: Chile, Japón, Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos, historiografíaThe Chilean “Neutrality” in World War II (1939-1943): A historiographical analysis focused on the literature of the diplomatic relations between Chile and JapanAbstractThe literature about Chile´s international history during World War II has heavily laid on the power dynamics between the US and the Chilean radical governments of vice-president (interim) Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia and president Juan Antonio Rios Morales. Since the Roosevelt administration sought to secure the rupture of diplomatic relations between Chile and the Axis powers, Santiago´s refusal to break relations was understood as treason by the US and as a diplomatic success by the Axis powers during 1941-1943.This paper delves into the historiographical possibilities in including Japan, either as a relevant actor in the Chilean politics and as receptor of the newsabout Chile´s neutrality.Keywords: Chile, Japan, Second World War, United States, historiographyA “neutralidade” chilena na segunda guerra mundial(1939-1943): uma análise historiográfica, com ênfase naliteratura sobre as relações Chile-JapãoResumoA literatura sobre a história internacional do Chile durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial tem-se centrado no debate em torno ao jogo de pressões exercidas pelos Estados Unidos aos governos radicais de Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia e Juan Antonio Rios Morales, para conseguir que o Chile pudesse se somar a política continental contra as forças do Eixo. A neutralidade chilena foi interpretada como uma atitude traiçoeira pelos norte-americanos e uma vitória para os países do Eixo durante 1941 a 1943. Este artigo introduz o debate e procura a presentar as possibilidades historiográficas ao incluir ao Japão, tanto como um ator relevante na política chilena como o destinatário da “neutralidade” chilena no período.Palavras-chave: Chile, Japão, Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos, historiografia
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Merchant, Paul. "Rhetorics of Chilean Cinema (Pablo Corro, 2014)." Film Studies 16, no. 1 (2017): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/fs.16.0008.
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Pablo Corro‘s 2014 book Retóricas del cine chileno (Rhetorics of Chilean Cinema) is a wide-ranging examination of the style and concerns that have come to characterise Chilean film-making from the 1950s to the present day. Corro demonstrates how ideas of national cinema are always to some extent dependent on transnational currents of cinematic ideas and techniques, as well as on local political contexts. The chapter presented here, Weak Poetics, adapts Gianni Vattimo‘s notion of weak thought to discuss the growing attention paid by Chilean films to the mundane, the everyday and the intimate. Corro‘s dense, allusive writing skilfully mirrors the films he describes, in which meaning is fragmented and dispersed into glimpsed appearances and acousmatic sounds. Corros historicisation of this fracturing of meaning allows the cinema of the everyday to be understood not as a retreat from politics, but as a recasting of the grounds on which it might occur.
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Gutiérrez Urzúa, Mauricio I. "Proyección del ratio de pago de dividendos a través de la simulación de Montecarlo." Horizontes Empresariales 8, no. 1 (August 26, 2015): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/hem.v8i1.2038.
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La presente investigación estima la tasa de pago de dividendos de las empresas chilenas, mediante la simulación de Montecarlo. El comportamiento de las variables exógenas del modelo se estimó a través de la teoría de agencia. La investigación se realizó para el período 2001 y 2005, por medio de una regresión de mínimos cuadrados generalizados (GLS), luego la variable endógena se proyectó utilizando la simulación de Montecarlo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que las empresas chilenas pagarían en promedio el 65% de sus utilidades como dividendos. AbstractThis paper estimated dividend payout using Monte Carlo simulation. The exogenous variables the model was estimated through agency theory. This research was made in Chilean firms in 2001 – 2005, with generalized least squares (GLS) Then endogenous variable was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that Chilean firms pay on average 65% of their profits as dividends.
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Moreno García, Maider. "Un doble exilio: militancia de mujeres chilenas exiliadas en Francia = A double exile: Chilean women’s militancy in France." Cuestiones de género: de la igualdad y la diferencia, no. 14 (June 27, 2019): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/cg.v0i14.5844.
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<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>La militancia en tierra de asilo representa, en un primer momento, la continuidad con la actividad política realizada en Chile. Para una gran parte de la diáspora chilena militar es la única razón de vivir. Participar de lo político da sentido al exilio y además favorece la integración de las/os chilenas/os en tierra de asilo. El compromiso político, la práctica asociativa y partidista, así como las reivindicaciones, tienen un carácter sexuado. A continuación, analizamos las prácticas militantes, los espacios específicos que ocupan las mujeres en los ámbitos de militancia, así como las estrategias de acción y resistencia que estas ponen en práctica.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Militancy in the land of asylum represents, at first, the continuity with the political activity carried out in Chile. For a large part of the Chilean diaspora, to militate is the only reason to live. Getting involved in politics gives sense to the exile, as well as encourages the integration of Chilean women and men in the land of asylum. The political commitment, the associative and partisan practice, besides the migrants’ claims, have a sexed aspect. We will analyze the militant practice, the specific spaces occupied by women in these militancy fields and the action and resistance strategies that they implement.</p>
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Huerta, Patricia, Cyntia Rivera, and Angélica Torres. "Análisis de la relación entre responsabilidad social corporativa y los resultados empresariales: Un estudio por estrategia corporativa." Horizontes Empresariales 9, no. 2 (August 25, 2015): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/hem.v9i2.2030.
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El presente artículo persigue dos objetivos, en primer lugar, realizar una revisión teórica sobre las definiciones de responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC) y resultados empresariales (RE), describir los principales modelos de RSC y, por último, analizar la relación entre RSC y RE. En segundo lugar, se contrastarán los planteamientos anteriores para aportar evidencia empírica al respecto. El contraste se hace sobre las empresas chilenas, utilizando la base de datos de la Asociación Chilena de Seguridad (ACHS) y FECUS, para el periodo 2003-2006. Los resultados muestran que existe una relación entre RSC y los RE y además que la RSC influye en los RE, sin embargo, estos resultados cambian dependiendo de la estrategia corporativa y la medida de resultados utilizada. AbstractThe present article pursues two objectives. Firstly, to realize a theoretical revision on the definitions of corporate social responsibility (RSC) and managerial results (RE), to describe the main models of RSC and, lastly, to analyze the relationship between RSC and RE, and secondly, to contrats the previous positions to contribute with empiric evidence in this respect. The contrast is made on the chilean companies, using the database of the Chilean Association of Security (ACHS) and FECUS, for the period 2003-2006. The results show that a relationship exists between RSC and the RE and also that the RSC influences in the RE, however, these results change depending on the corporate strategy and the used measure of results.
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Frens-String, Joshua. "Natural Partners." Agricultural History 97, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 48–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-10154307.
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Abstract This article examines how Chilean nitrate fertilizer producers and their international marketing agents persuaded farmers in the US South to use nitrogen-rich mineral fertilizers mined from the Atacama Desert, even as cheaper synthetic fertilizers flooded agricultural markets in the early decades of the twentieth century. At the same time, it explores how agricultural experts working in the United States on behalf of Chile's nitrate industry (and increasingly the Chilean government itself) articulated not just connections between nitrogen and soil vitality but also underscored the importance of other mineral “impurities” to healthy plant development. Working in the US Cotton Belt in particular, many of these agents promoted a vision of pan-American ecological and economic interdependence, and through their racialized depictions of agricultural knowledge, they sought to convince US farmers of the unique “all-natural” attributes of Chilean nitrates. In reconstructing this history, the article reveals the far-reaching impact that Chilean fertilizers had on the modernization of US agriculture and advocates for a transnational approach to understanding that process in the early twentieth century. It also traces how the exchange of agricultural commodities and knowledge between Chile and the United States contributed to the emergence of intensive agriculture and what observers would later call the “green revolution.”
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Schelchkov, Andrey. "The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the “Chilean Way to Socialism”." ISTORIYA 13, no. 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023408-7.
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This paper offers an analysis of the policy of the CPSU in relation to the government of Popular Unity in Chile (1970—1973) and in general to such a political phenomenon as the “Chilean path to socialism”. Based on the documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the archive of the RGANI, the author proposes to explore the view of the Chilean events from the offices of the highest Soviet authorities, the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. We are talking about the forms of political support for the government of Salvador Allende, for the line of the Communist Party of Chile, in the difficult internal and external conditions of the development of the Chilean revolution, including the ambiguous position of Cuba in the domestic policy of Chile. The USSR did its best in the political sphere to support its main ally in Chile, the Communist Party, although it made efforts to strengthen its position among the popular unity parties, primarily the Socialists. Economic assistance from the USSR was limited to the proposal of long-term development projects, while chileans needed concrete immediate financial support. Such a divergence of intentions between the parties has led to empty bureaucratic activity, declarations, exchanges of delegations that are not able to exert any influence on the dramatic state of the Chilean economy. The USSR did not fully believe in the success of the Chilean revolution, moreover, even otherwise it was extremely limited in its ability to help Chile, which was due to both the geographical factor and moscow's economic inability to provide the necessary funds, and not ideological differences about the ways of the revolution.
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Larraín George, Javiera. "El diálogo afectivo con la tradición en el teatro chileno reciente: una lectura de Neva, de Guillermo Calderón." Investigación Teatral. Revista de artes escénicas y performatividad 10, no. 15 (April 10, 2019): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/it.v10i15.2586.
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El presente artículo pretende establecer una lectura acuciosa de la obra Neva, del destacado dramaturgo y director Guillermo Calderón, a través de su trabajo en torno a la metateatralidad y el uso de la voz natural. Neva, en consecuencia, articula los principios básicos de aquellos elementos que son característicos de gran parte de la producción del autor. Asimismo, a partir del análisis de esta obra se persigue entender la filiación entre el trabajo de Calderón y la tradición chilena teatral que éste hereda, influida por una fuerte presencia del realismo naturalista. An Affective Dialogue with Tradition in Recent Chilean Theater: A Reading of Neva, by Guillermo CalderónAbstractThis article seeks to establish a thorough reading of Neva, by prominent Chilean playwright and director Guilermo Calderón, using both his work on metatheatricality and the natural voice. The reading will therefore articulate the basic principles of the elements that characterize the author’s entire production. From the analysis of this piece, we seek to understand the relationship between Calderon’s work and the Chilean theatrical tradition that he inherits, influenced as it is by a strong presence of naturalist realism.Recibido: 26 de noviembre de 2018Aceptado: 27 de febrero de 2019
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Herr, Pilar M. "Settler Colonialism in Araucanía: The Mapuche's Defense of Their Lands and Citizenship Rights Through the Medium of Letters in Nineteenth Century Chile." Latin Americanist 68, no. 1 (March 2024): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tla.2024.a923802.
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Abstract: As Chilean citizens, the Mapuche peoples were landowners of large tracts of lands in Araucanía, Chile's southern borderlands region between the Bío- Bío and Toltén rivers. This article analyzes a series of letters that Mapuche leaders wrote to state authorities and others in the middle of the nineteenth century. The content of these letters reveals multiple ways that Mapuche leaders argued for the protection of their lands and interests, as the state created policies that actively worked to undermine them through a settler colonization plan. This strategy included appropriating Mapuche lands for outside settlers and denying the Mapuche their citizen rights as Chilean citizens.
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Rojas, Darío. "Historicization of Chilean Spanish in Nicolás Palacios’ Raza Chilena (1904)." Rilce. Revista de Filología Hispánica 32, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 467–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/008.32.2.467-88.
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Pérez, T., M. L. Bustamante, F. Magne, D. Travisany, M. Alvarez-Lobos, C. Hernandez-Rocha, L. Azocar, et al. "P902 Native American Mapuche ancestry is related to higher IBD risk in Chileans." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 17, Supplement_1 (January 30, 2023): i1015—i1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac190.1032.
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Abstract Background Most genetic association studies rely on Caucasian, African and Asian individuals with inconsistent results depending on the population investigated, suggesting that genetic susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may depend on interactions between ethnicity and genetic-environmental factors. Aim: To explore the contribution of genetic ancestry to IBD risk in Chileans. Aim: To explore the contribution of genetic ancestry to IBD risk in Chileans. Methods 192 Chilean IBD patients were genotyped using Illumina’s Global Screening Array. Genotype data was combined with similar information from 3147 population-based Chilean controls from a published study on gallstones, body mass index, c-reactive protein and gallbladder cancer in Chileans (Barahona et al., Hepatology 2021). The individual proportions of Aymara, African, European and Mapuche ancestry were estimated using the software ADMIXTURE (supervised estimation). Using the statistical software R version 4.2.1, we calculated the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for gender, as well as age and ancestry proportions grouped into quartiles using the library "epitools". Results Table 1 shows the investigated characteristics of the study population and their association with IBD risk. For example, the 1st and 3rd quartiles of the proportion of Mapuche ancestry in IBD patients were 24.7% and 34.2%, respectively, and the corresponding OR was 2.30 (95%CI 1.52-3.48) for the lowest versus the highest group. Conclusion The type and proportion of Native American ancestry in Chileans seems to be associated with IBD risk.
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Rivadenerira Martínez, Carlos. "El sistema privado de pensiones chileno Injusto, riesgoso, e insuciente." Derecho y Justicia, no. 2 (July 7, 2015): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07196377.2.919.
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ResumenApoyandose en estadsticas ociales, el artculo muestra que el sistema privado de pensiones chileno es insuciente en cuanto es incapaz de asegurar pensiones que permitan vivir dignamente. Se describe el sistema privado de pensiones chileno, los distintos tipos y modalidades de pensiones que entrega, y se exploran crticamente su caracter individualista y no solidario, y los roles limitados que el Estado juega en el, que hacen que sea dudoso incluso considerarlo como un sistema de seguridad social. Se exponen el caracter intrinsecamente riesgoso del sistema, y problemas como la discriminacion hacia las mujeres, y sus altos costos.Palabras clave: Pensiones; AFP; Seguridad social; Discriminacion; Riesgo.The Chilean private pensions system: Unfair, risky,and insufficientAbstractBased on social statistical data, the article shows that the Chilean private pensions system is insucient insofar as it is incapable of securing pensions that allow for a decent living. The Chilean private pensions system, the different kinds of pensions it provides and their modalities are described,and its individualistic and non-solidary characteris critically examined, as well as the limited roles the stateplays in it, all of which makes it dubious to even refer to itas a system of social security. The intrinsically risky characterof the system, and problems such as discrimination against women, and high costs are presented.Keywords: Pensions; AFP; Social security; Discrimination; Risk.
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López Muñoz, Ricardo. "La solidaridad chilena con la primera guerra de independencia de Cuba: sus tensiones y contradicciones." Revista de Historia y Geografía, no. 32 (May 24, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07194145.32.1260.
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La solidaridad que Chile manifestó con la primera guerra de independencia deCuba (1868-1878) estuvo marcada por el declinar de un americanismo quehabía sido preeminente en la sociedad en el contexto de las intervencioneseuropeas sobre Hispanoamérica a inicios de la segunda mitad del siglo XIXy, especialmente, ante la guerra de Chile con España en 1865. El artículoexpone y analiza las características contradictorias de esta solidaridad, que,por una parte, expresó la deriva cultural de la mayoría de las élites chilenashacia una visión de su país en donde sólo importaban sus procesos internosy su diferenciación con el resto del continente y que, por otra parte, evidencióla existencia de un americanismo ciudadano, solidario con la causa de Cuba.Ambas perspectivas convivieron con dificultad, negociando su interacción,hasta que finalmente primó la primera, pasando el americanismo al olvidoentre la comunidad patricia chilena.Palabras clave:americanismo, solidaridad chilena, Cuba, ciudadanía.Chilean solidarity in the Cuba’s first war of independence: tensions and contradictionsAbstractChile expressed solidarity with the first war of independence in Cuba (1868-1878), which was marked by the decline of an Americanism that had beenprominent in society in the context of European interventions on Latin Americaat the beginning of the second half of the Nineteenth Century and especiallybefore the war between Chile and Spain in 1865. The article describes andanalyzes the contradictory characteristics of this solidarity, which, on the one hand, expressed the cultural drift of most Chilean elites towards a vision of their country which only focused on its internal processes and differentiation with the rest of the Continent and that, on the other hand, revealed the existence of a citizen Americanism, in solidarity with the Cuba’s cause. Both perspectives coexisted with difficulty negotiating their interaction until the first prevailed, leading to the oblivion of Americanism among Chilean patrician community. Keywords: Americanism, Chilean solidarity, Cuba, citizenship.A solidariedade chilena com a primeira guerra da independência de Cuba: suas tensões e contradiçõesResumoA solidariedade que Chile expressou com a primeira guerra de independênciade Cuba (1868-1878) foram marcadas pela queda de um americanismo quetinha sido proeminente na sociedade no contexto das intervenções europeiassobre a América Latina no início da segunda metade do século XIX e, especialmente, antes da guerra entre o Chile com Espanha em 1865. O artigo expõe e analisa as características contraditórias desta solidariedade, que, por um lado, expressou a deriva cultural da maioria das elites chilenas em direção auma visão de seu país onde só se preocupam dos seus processos internose sua diferenciação com o resto do continente e que, além disso, revelou aexistência de um americanismo cidadão, solidário com a causa de Cuba.Ambas perspectivas coexistiram com dificuldade, negociando sua interaçãoaté que finalmente prevaleceu a primeira, passando ao esquecimento oamericanismo entre a comunidade patricia chilena.Palavras-chave: americanismo, solidariedade chilena, Cuba, cidadania.
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Carte, Lindsey, and Hugo Zunino. "CHILEAN PATAGONIA." Geographical Review 112, no. 5 (October 6, 2022): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167428.2022.2121652.
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McCleary, Graham. "Chilean detainees." Medical Journal of Australia 145, no. 8 (October 1986): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb112413.x.
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G.M.D. "Chilean Politics." Americas 42, no. 4 (April 1986): 499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500052317.
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Arriagada, Jaime. "CHILEAN MIDGETT." Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes 28, no. 5 (September 2017): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2017.10.006.
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Klubock, Thomas Miller. "Copper Workers, Organized Labor, and Popular Protest under Military Rule in Chile, 1973–1986." International Labor and Working-Class History 52 (1997): 106–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900006967.
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In April of 1983, the Chilean copper miners'confederation (the Confederación de Trabajadores de Cobre, or CTC), representing 26,000 copper workers, called for a general strike in Chile's copper mines and for a day of national protest against the military regime of Augusto Pinochet.
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Valenzuela-Vergara, Emilia M. "Media Representations of Immigration in the Chilean Press: To a Different Narrative of Immigration?" Journal of Communication Inquiry 43, no. 2 (October 9, 2018): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859918799099.
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This article examines representations of immigration in Chilean newspapers. From January to December 2016, a total of 507 articles from three mainstream newspapers were analyzed. The findings show a dual discourse on immigration in the Chileans press: a criminalization of immigrants, which frame them as delinquents, deviant, and dangerous people, and a positive and more humanizing discourse, which portrays them as people who deserve to be protected by the Chilean society. The study also finds a shift in the way media sources are representing immigration compared to previous reports, characterized by presenting alternative images of migrants, a more cautious use of language, and increased attention to the voices of governmental and religious leaders. Nevertheless, this shift has also intensified the “difference” and “otherness” of foreigners in Chile by repeatedly focusing on their nationality and differentiating between the “good” and “bad” immigrants.