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Journal articles on the topic 'Chile – Race relations'
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Crow, Joanna. "Photographic Encounters: Martín Chambi, Indigeneity and Chile–Peru Relations in the Early Twentieth Century." Journal of Latin American Studies 51, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x18000342.
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AbstractIn 1936, the indigenous Peruvian photographer Martín Chambi travelled to and exhibited his work in Chile. Using a transnational framework of historical analysis, this article explores the multiple meanings of his visit. In particular it underscores the involvement of the Chilean and Peruvian governments in this cultural encounter, and highlights some of the commonalities and connections, as well as differences, between the discourses of race that were circulating in Chile and Peru at the time. This is important because it undermines the dominant historical narratives, which have tended to present Chile as a country that – in contrast to Peru – failed to engage in discussions about the so-called ‘indigenous question’, and which have interpreted relations between Chile and Peru almost exclusively as antagonistic and hostile.
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Williams, John Hoyt. "Observations on Blacks and Bondage in Uruguay, 1800-1836." Americas 43, no. 4 (April 1987): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007186.
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In the last ten years there has been a great deal of interest in the scholarship devoted to the related issues of slavery and race relations in Latin America. This writer has himself published works which shed some light on the Black “experience” in isolated, interior Paraguay in the nineteenth century. The ongoing task to more fully understand the different patterns of racial (in all of its aspects) relations in Latin America has been fruitful and has elucidated much of a story, an experience, long hidden. There is, however, much to be done, for the vast bulk of the studies published to date deal with a few, selected countries (or colonies); most notably Brazil and Cuba. Nations such as Chile, Uurguay, Colombia and even Argentina, have received as yet very little attention from the scholars of slavery and race relations.
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KENDALL MOORE, JASON. "Maritime Rivalry, Political Intervention and the Race to Antarctica: US–Chilean Relations, 1939–1949." Journal of Latin American Studies 33, no. 4 (November 2001): 713–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x01006228.
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Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States and Chile competed for dominance in the Pacific, and their maritime rivalry reemerged in the race to Antarctica during the 1940s. The US Navy was able to circumnavigate the white continent, for the first time ever, while Chile's once great navy no longer posed a threat even to its neighbours. The Chilean government expressed concern about the scope of US exploration since the Antarctic always had been an essential component of its maritime policy with national security ramifications. President Gabriel González Videla seized upon Washington's unsuccessful attempts to determine the legal fate of the Antarctic to gain acceptance for a Chilean proposal that avoided the need to renounce sovereignty claims. In doing so, he secured essentially maritime objectives by diplomatic means. This success was more profound than widely appreciated since it came at a time when US intervention in Chile's domestic affairs had reached an unprecedented level.
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CARR, M. K. V. "THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.): A REVIEW." Experimental Agriculture 49, no. 2 (January 9, 2013): 256–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479712001317.
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SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation need of avocado are collated and reviewed in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices. Background information is given on the centre of origin (Mexico and Central America) and the three distinct ecological areas where avocados are grown commercially: (1) Cool, semi-arid climates with winter-dominant rainfall (e.g. Southern California, Chile, Israel); (2) Humid, subtropical climates with summer-dominant rainfall (e.g. eastern Australia, Mexico, South Africa); and (3) Tropical or semi-tropical climates also with summer-dominant rainfall (e.g. Brazil, Florida and Indonesia). Most of the research reported has been done in Australia, California, Israel and South Africa. There are three ecological races that are given varietal status within the species: Persea americana var. drymifolia (Mexican race), P. americana var. guatemalensis (Guatemalan race) and P. americana var. americana (Antillean, West Indian or Lowland race). Interracial crossing has taken place. This paper summarises the effects of water deficits on the development processes of the crop and then reviews plant–water relations, crop water requirements, water productivity and irrigation systems. Shoot growth in mature trees is synchronised into flushes. Flower initiation occurs in the autumn, with flowering in late winter and spring. Flowers form on the ends of the branches. A large heavily flowering tree may have over a million flowers, but only produce 200–300 fruits. Fruit load adjustment occurs by shedding during the first three to four weeks after fruit set and again in early summer. Water deficits during critical stages of fruit ontogeny have been linked to fruit disorders such as ring-neck. Reproductive growth is very resistant to water stress (compared with vegetative growth). Avocado is conventionally considered to be shallow rooted, although roots extend to depths greater than 1.5 m. The majority of feeder roots are found in the top 0.60 m of soil and root extension can continue throughout the year. Leaves develop a waxy cuticle on both surfaces, which is interrupted by stomata on the abaxial surface (350–510 mm−2), many of which are blocked by wax. Stomata are also present on the sepals and petals at low densities (and on young fruit). During flowering, the canopy surface area available for water loss is considerably increased. Stomatal closure is an early indicator of water stress, which together with associated changes in leaf anatomy, restricts CO2 diffusion. There have only been a few attempts to measure the actual water use of avocado trees. In Mediterranean-type climates, peak rates of water use (in summer) appear to be between 3 and 5 mm d−1. For mature trees, the crop coefficient (Kc) is usually within the range 0.4–0.6. The best estimate of water productivity is between 1 and 2 kg fruit m−3. Soil flooding and the resultant reduction in oxygen level can damage roots even in the absence of root rot. Avocado is particularly sensitive to salinity, notably that caused by chloride ions. Rootstocks vary in their sensitivity. Both drip and under-tree microsprinklers have been/are successfully used to irrigate avocado trees. Mulching of young trees is a recommended water conservation measure and has other benefits. A large proportion of the research reviewed has been published in the ‘grey’ literature as conference papers and annual reports. Sometimes, this is at the expense of reporting the science on which the recommendations are based in peer-reviewed papers. The pressures on irrigators to improve water productivity are considered.
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Staab, Silke, and Kristen Hill Maher. "The Dual Discourse About Peruvian Domestic Workers in Santiago de Chile: Class, Race, and a Nationalist Project." Latin American Politics & Society 48, no. 1 (2006): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lap.2006.0014.
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Marić, Ivana, Jonathan A. Mayo, Maurice L. Druzin, Ronald J. Wong, Virginia D. Winn, David K. Stevenson, and Gary M. Shaw. "Maternal Height and Risk of Preeclampsia among Race/Ethnic Groups." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 08 (November 5, 2018): 864–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675205.
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Objective Shorter maternal height has been associated with preeclampsia risk in several populations. It has been less evident whether an independent contribution to the risk exists from maternal height consistently across different races/ethnicities. We investigated associations between maternal height and risk of preeclampsia for different races/ethnicities. Study Design California singleton live births from 2007 to 2011 were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios for the association between height and preeclampsia after stratification by race/ethnicity. To determine the contribution of height that is as independent of body composition as possible, we performed one analysis adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and the other for weight. Additional analyses were performed stratified by parity, and the presence of preexisting/gestational diabetes and autoimmune conditions. Results Among 2,138,012 deliveries, 3.1% preeclampsia/eclampsia cases were observed. The analysis, adjusted for prepregnancy weight, revealed an inverse relation between maternal height and risk of mild and severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. When the analysis was adjusted for BMI, an inverse relation between maternal height was observed for severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. These associations were observed for each race/ethnicity. Conclusion Using a large and diverse cohort, we demonstrated that shorter height, irrespective of prepregnancy weight or BMI, is associated with an increased risk of severe preeclampsia/eclampsia across different races/ethnicities.
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Hou, Yifei, J. Jill Suitor, Megan Gilligan, Destiny Ogle, Catherine Stepniak, and Yufu Jiang. "Costs of Raising Grandchildren on Grandmother-Adult Child Relations in Black and White Families." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1524.
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Abstract The cost of raising grandchildren on grandmothers’ mental and physical health has been well-documented; however, little is known about whether raising grandchildren also has a cost on grandmothers’ relationships with the adult children whose children the grandmothers have raised. Drawing from theories of exchange and affect, stress process model, and racial differences in intergenerational solidarity, we tested how raising grandchildren affects grandmother-adult child relations. Further, we explored the extent to which these patterns differed by race. To address this question, we used mixed-methods data collected from 553 older mothers regarding their relationships with their 2,016 adult children; approximately 10% of the mothers had raised one or more of their grandchildren “as their own.” Data were provided by the Within-Family Differences Study-I. Multilevel analyses showed that raising grandchildren was associated with greater closeness in grandmother-adult child relationship in Black families; however, in White families, raising grandchildren was associated with greater conflict in the grandmother-adult child relationship. Further, the differences by race in the effects of raising grandchildren on closeness and conflict were statistically significant. Qualitative analyses revealed that race differences in the association between raising grandchildren and relationship quality could be explained by mothers’ reports of greater family solidarity in Black than White families. Our findings highlight the ways in which race and family solidarity interact to produce differences in the impact of raising grandchildren on Black and White mothers’ assessment of the quality of their relationships with their adult children, consistent with broader patterns of racial differences in intergenerational cohesion.
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Duesterberg, Luann M. "Theorizing Race in the Context of Learning to Teach." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 100, no. 4 (January 1999): 751–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146819910000403.
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Given the context of schools and society, in which the meanings of race so deeply impact social arrangements and social interactions, it is imperative for preservice teachers and teacher educators to engage in efforts to theorize race and understand how constructions of race affect our actions and decisions. Requiring that student teachers be committed to teaching every child in their classrooms demands that preservice teachers think through how they understand themselves and others through race in a society in which race is both the vehicle through which oppression is accomplished and the vehicle through which groups rally to combat that oppression. Thinking through race is complicated by the various theoretical conceptions of race that have grounded race relations in this country for the last 300 years. Arguing that race is neither purely ideological nor purely essential but grounded in sociohistorical ideologies and performances, this author uses this conceptualization of race both to interpret the practices of student teachers and to ground her own practice as a teacher educator.
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Fix, Rebecca L., Janice E. Clifford, and Barry R. Burkhart. "Parent–Child Relations and Delinquency Among African American and European American Juvenile Offenders: An Expanded Examination of Self-Control Theory." Race and Justice 11, no. 1 (May 17, 2018): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368718776052.
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Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime indicates that low levels of self-control leads to subsequent delinquency. Multiple studies suggest an indirect effect of parent and family factors on delinquency through self-control. Furthermore, evidence exists that race/ethnicity may affect the mediated relationship between parenting and delinquency. The present study collected information on demographics, parent–child attachment, self-control, and delinquency from 350 confined male adolescents. Models were run to test whether self-control mediated the relationship between total parent–child attachment and facets of parent–child attachment on delinquency. Results indicated self-control mediated the relationship between parent attachment and delinquent behavior. Follow-up models indicated uniquely influential pathways to delinquency depending on aspects of parent-child attachment and the race/ethnicity of the participant. Select aspects of parent–child attachment were more meaningfully predictive of self-control and delinquency among African American youth compared with European American youth. Furthermore, while models run with European American adolescents support previous theories and study outcomes on the link between self-control and delinquency, self-control levels did not predict delinquency within models rung with African American adolescents, identifying a possible limitation of self-control theory. Implications from the present study are discussed alongside future directions for continuing research on culturally informed models of self-control and delinquency.
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Zheng, Peter, and Melissa Libertus. "The Role of Parental Education, Household Income, and Race on Parents’ Academic Beliefs and the Provision of Home Learning Opportunities for 4- to 8-Year-Old Children." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 8, no. 1 (March 11, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v8n1p118.
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Previous research has highlighted the importance of parents’ education, household income, and race for children’s academic achievement. In addition, these factors relate to their beliefs about their children’s academic achievement and their provision of opportunities to strengthen learning. However, direct comparisons of the unique roles of parents’ education, household income, and race are rare and the current study seeks to fill this gap. A heterogeneous sample of 398 parents of 4- to 8-year-old children in the US completed a survey assessing beliefs about the importance of math and reading/writing for their child, how frequently they provided learning opportunities in these skill sets at home, and demographic information. We found that parents’ education was significantly related to their beliefs about the school’s importance in teaching their child math, but when splitting our sample by race, this effect was only significant for White non-Hispanic parents. No significant effects were found for parents’ education on their beliefs about the importance of the school or home in teaching their child reading/writing. In addition, we found that household income was significantly related to parents’ beliefs about the school’s but not the home’s importance in teaching their child math. Finally, household income was found to be significantly related to parents’ beliefs about the home’s but not the school’s importance in teaching their child reading/writing, but this effect was only significant for African American parents. These results suggest that parents’ education and income play different roles in determining parents’ beliefs about the importance of the school or the home in teaching math and reading/writing to their child and these relations were modulated by race.
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Dankertsen, Astri, and Tone Gunn Stene Kristiansen. "“Whiteness Isn’t about Skin Color.” Challenges to Analyzing Racial Practices in a Norwegian Context." Societies 11, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11020046.
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While being Norwegian is often associated with being white, the absence of a discourse on race makes it difficult to analyze racialization scientifically. It is sometimes argued that critical race theory is developed within an American context and that it is not culturally relevant in a Norwegian context. We argue that while this might be true in some cases, critical race theory might nevertheless give new insights into how racial practices and colonial structures continue to be important parts of the power relations in Norway. We base our article on two empirical materials from a Norwegian-Sámi context and from professionals in Norwegian child protective services in order to illuminate how racialization is expressed. In our comparative perspective and collaborative and self-reflexive writing process, we use the concept of interpretive repertoire to explore how postcolonial and critical race theory is a challenging, but nevertheless useful approach to analyze racialization and discrimination in Norway.
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Lansford, Jennifer E., Michael M. Criss, Robert D. Laird, Daniel S. Shaw, Gregory S. Pettit, John E. Bates, and Kenneth A. Dodge. "Reciprocal relations between parents' physical discipline and children's externalizing behavior during middle childhood and adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 23, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000751.
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AbstractUsing data from two long-term longitudinal projects, we investigated reciprocal relations between maternal reports of physical discipline and teacher and self-ratings of child externalizing behavior, accounting for continuity in both discipline and externalizing over time. In Study 1, which followed a community sample of 562 boys and girls from age 6 to 9, high levels of physical discipline in a given year predicted high levels of externalizing behavior in the next year, and externalizing behavior in a given year predicted high levels of physical discipline in the next year. In Study 2, which followed an independent sample of 290 lower income, higher risk boys from age 10 to 15, mother-reported physical discipline in a given year predicted child ratings of antisocial behavior in the next year, but child antisocial behavior in a given year did not predict parents' use of physical discipline in the next year. In neither sample was there evidence that associations between physical discipline and child externalizing changed as the child aged, and findings were not moderated by gender, race, socioeconomic status, or the severity of the physical discipline. Implications for the reciprocal nature of the socialization process and the risks associated with physical discipline are discussed.
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Jindal, Monique, Maria Trent, and Kamila B. Mistry. "The Intersection of Race, Racism, and Child and Adolescent Health." Pediatrics In Review 43, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2020-004366.
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There has been an increasing focus on the impact of racism both within pediatrics and throughout society as a whole. This focus has emerged as a result of the current sociopolitical climate in the United States coupled with the recent deaths of Black Americans by law enforcement and the maltreatment of Latina/o immigrants. In 2019, the American Academy of Pediatrics released the landmark policy statement “The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health,” which describes the profound effects of racism on health, its function in perpetuating health disparities, and the potential role of child health professionals in addressing racism as a public health issue. (1) Foundational knowledge regarding race, racism, and their relation to health are not consistently included in standard medical education curricula. This leaves providers, including pediatricians, with varying levels of understanding regarding these concepts. This article seeks to provide an overview of the intersection of race, racism, and child/adolescent health in an effort to reduce knowledge gaps among pediatric providers with the ultimate goal of attenuating racial health disparities among children and adolescents. Please reference the Table for additional resources to reinforce concepts described throughout this article.
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Othman, Sally, Amanda Trofholz, and Jerica Berge. "How Time in the US and Race/Ethnicity Shape Parents Feeding Practices and Child Diet Quality." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab051_030.
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Abstract Objectives Childhood obesity is a critical public health issue with short and long-term health and financial burdens. Studies show that childhood obesity is higher among children of immigrant/refugee households compared to children whose parents were born in the United States. Poor child dietary intake is a critical risk factor for elevated obesity prevalence. Nonetheless, parents feeding practices are known to be associated with child dietary intake. Thus, this study aimed to examine the associations between length of residence time in the US of migrants/refugees, parents feeding practices, and child diet quality while also taking into consideration race/ethnicity. Methods Data are from baseline measures of a longitudinal cohort study called Family Matters. The sample includes 1307 children ages 5–9 and their families from six racial/ethnic backgrounds. Results Results showed that feeding practices of immigrant/refugee parents changed in relation to their length of residency in the US, in particular, with regard to using directive (e.g., restriction), non-directive (e.g., modeling), and emotional feeding practices. Additionally, race/ethnicity was found to influence the relation between time length in the US and parents feeding practices. Moreover, the diet quality score changed in relation to parents' length of time in the US. For example, Hmong children had the poorest diet quality compared to African American, Native American, Hispanic, Somali, and White children. Conclusions Future research should consider studying more in-depth why parent feeding practices may change when parents move to the US and explore whether there is a combination of parent feeding practices that are most useful in promoting healthful child diet quality. It is also important to further examine why child diet quality declines (e.g., Hmong children) with parents' time living in the US as a migrant/refugee. Funding Sources Research is supported by grant number R01HL126171 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (PI: Berge). Content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health.
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Reece, R. H. W. "A “Suitable Population”: Charles Brooke and Race-Mixing in Sarawak." Itinerario 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 67–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003442.
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In the “Concluding Remarks” appended to his journal for 1853–63, published in London in 1866 as Ten Years in Sarawak, Charles Brooke gave his support to the unfashionable idea of miscegenation between Europeans and Asians. The younger nephew of the first Rajah, James Brooke, and heir apparent to the Brooke raj to which he succeeded two years later, his views were of some significance. Accepting that a tropical climate was “not adapted for the permanent residence of Anglo-Saxons,” he proposed that a mixed race could provide Sarawak with a “suitable population.” To support his argument, Brooke cited the observation of Dr W.J. Moore of the Bombay Medical Service that Europeans had not survived as a race after many generations of British rule in India:Of the numerous pensioners, etc. etc., there is not one single instance – there is not a great-grand-child or grand-child of these pensioners retaining their European characteristics. An infusion of native blood is essential to the continuance of the race. The fact is, for the white man, or his offspring, there is no such thing as acclimatisation in India. Exposure, instead of hardening the system, actually has the contrary effect, and the longer Europeans remain in this country, the more they feel the effects of the vertical sun.
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Pikulski, Paige J., Jeffrey E. Pella, Elizabeth P. Casline, Amy E. Hale, Kelly Drake, and Golda S. Ginsburg. "School connectedness and child anxiety." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 30, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.3.
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AbstractPoor school connectedness (SC), defined as students’ feelings of belonging, safety, and fairness at school, is a risk factor for negative psychosocial outcomes. Few studies have examined the specific relationship between SC and anxiety. This study examined the relation between SC and anxiety within a group of 114 clinically anxious youth (mean age = 10.82; SD = 2.93; 48.2% female; 70.2% White, non-Hispanic); age differences were also examined. Results indicated that SC was significantly negatively associated with age but unrelated to gender, race/ethnicity, socio-economic status, parent education, or presence of a comorbid disorder. Findings generally revealed that low SC was associated with greater total and domain specific anxiety. SC may play a unique role in the maintenance of global and domain specific anxiety symptoms.
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Patel, Khushbu F., Pengsheng Ni, Silvanys L. Rodríguez-Mercedes, Kate E. Surette, Camerin A. Rencken, Renata Fabia, Carrie Tully, et al. "74 The Association Between Burn Injury and Peer Relations: A preschool-libre1-5 Study." Journal of Burn Care & Research 43, Supplement_1 (March 23, 2022): S49—S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irac012.077.
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Abstract Introduction Children ages one to five years old are naturally curious and build their personality and social skills through interactions with others. Positive peer relations are especially important after a burn injury as bullying and peer rejection can delay development of social skills. This study assessed the association between burn injuries and burn survivors’ ability to connect with and maintain peer relations in this age group using the Preschool-LIBRE 1-5 (Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation). Methods The Preschool-LIBRE1-5 was field-tested with 426 parents of burn survivors. Each item was scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (always). Data was recoded for selected items such that higher scores denote better functioning. Classic test theory methods were used to assess the peer relation items from a social functioning domain. Individual items and mean scores in the domain were examined. Multiple linear regression analyses (controlling for gender, race and ethnicity, pain severity, burn injury to critical area, burn size, and age at survey completion) measured the association between demographic and clinical characteristics and calculated a peer relation score based on multiple imputation samples. Results The mean age was 3.06 + 1.41 years, mean time since injury of 1.16 + 1.34 years, mean total body surface area (TBSA%) of 4.21 + 7.92, and 55.16% male and 74.18% white. Items from peer relations item pool (n=15) were identified as a unidimensional scale (α=0.92, item-total correlations for all 15 items >0.4, ratio of the 1st and 2nd eigenvalues (8.729/1.287=6.78) = > 4). The mean peer relation score was 2.86 + 0.76. The two items with the lowest and highest score were “My child would ask for things nicely when playing with other children” (x̄ = 2.09) and “My child liked to play near and be with family members and friends (x̄ = 3.59) respectively. Results indicated that age was a significant predictor, such that older age at survey completion was significantly associated with higher peer relation score (β = 0.16, p < 0.0001). With each year of age increase, peer relationship score increased by 0.16 + 0.21 points. Conclusions Preschool-aged burn survivors, as reported by parents, often had the ability to connect with peers through imitation and participating in play activities, and maintained peer relationships well. These findings emphasize the importance of promoting early interventions that build social skills, allowing for positive interactions with peers and improving social functioning in the long-term.
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Epstein, B. J. "Translating national history for children: a case study of a classic." Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language, Literatures in English and Cultural Studies 71, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2018v71n1p103.
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Mark Twain’s classic novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is arguably about the history of theUnited States in terms of slavery and race relations. How, then, can this be translated to another language and culture, especially one with a very different background in regard to minorities? And in particular, how can this be translated for children, who have less knowledge about history and slavery than adult readers? In this essay, I analyse how Twain’s novel has been translated to Swedish. I study 15 translations. Surprisingly, I find that instead of retaining Twain’s even-handed portrayal of the two races and his acceptance of a wide variety of types of Americans, Swedish translators tend to emphasise the foreignness, otherness, and lack of education of the black characters. In other words, although the American setting is kept, the translators nevertheless give Swedish readers a very different understanding of theUnited Statesand slavery than that which Twain strove to give his American readers. This may reflect the differences in immigration and cultural makeup inSwedenversus inAmerica, but it radically changes the book as well as child readers’ understanding of what makes a nation.
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Valentino, Kristin, Amy K. Nuttall, Michelle Comas, John G. Borkowski, and Carol E. Akai. "Intergenerational Continuity of Child Abuse Among Adolescent Mothers." Child Maltreatment 17, no. 2 (January 27, 2012): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559511434945.
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Among the negative sequelae of child maltreatment is increased risk for continuity of maltreatment into subsequent generations. Despite acknowledgment in the literature that the pathways toward breaking the cycle of maltreatment are likely the result of dynamic interactions of risk and protective factors across multiple ecological levels, few studies have followed high-risk samples of maltreated and nonmaltreated parents over time to evaluate such processes. In the current investigation, exposure to community violence and authoritarian parenting attitudes were evaluated as predictors of the intergenerational continuity of abuse, and the moderating effect of African American race was examined. The sample included 70 mothers and their 18-year-old children, who have been followed longitudinally since the third trimester of the adolescent mothers’ pregnancy. Results revealed that among mothers with a child abuse history, higher exposure to community violence and lower authoritarian parenting attitudes were associated with increased risk for intergenerational continuity of abuse. The relation of authoritarian parenting attitudes to intergenerational continuity was moderated by race; the protective effects of authoritarian parenting were limited to the African American families only. The salience of multiple ecological levels in interrupting the intergenerational continuity of child abuse is discussed, and implications for preventive programs are highlighted.
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Maffly-Kipp, Laurie F. "Mapping the World, Mapping the Race: The Negro Race History, 1874–1915." Church History 64, no. 4 (December 1995): 610–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168841.
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In 1883, the African American Baptist preacher George Washington Williams published hisHistory of the Negro Race in America, 1619–1880. The book, a fundamentally optimistic account of the black presence in the New World, represented an attempt by the well-educated, northern divine to balance his commitments to an American evangelical tradition with an awareness of the ongoing oppression of his fellow African Americans at the hands of whites. “I commit this work to the public, white and black,” he noted in the preface, “to the friends and foes of the Negro in the hope that the obsolete antagonisms which grew out of the relation of master and slave may speedily sink as storms beneath the horizon; and that the day will hasten when there shall be no North, no South, no Black, no White,—but all be American citizens, with equal duties and equal rights.” The work revealed much about Williams: his upbringing in antebellum Pennsylvania as the child of an interracial union, his training at Howard University and Newton Theological Seminary, and his work experiences at Baptist churches in New England and Ohio. But this particular passage highlights the motivating force behind the book: it reveals, in anticipation of a historical narrative of over two hundred years of African enslavement, Williams's desire to recast much of the American past. Williams's historical account was, at heart, an attempt to impart moral meaning to the present by reconstructing the historical consciousness of both blacks and whites. In this desire, Williams fit precisely Friedrich Nietzsche's characterization of “historical men,” those who “believe that ever more light is shed on the meaning of existence in the course of itsprocess, and they look back to consider that process only to understand the present better and learn to desire the future more vehemently.”
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Leong, Fee Ching. "The race relations (ni) order 1997: Implications for work with children." Child Care in Practice 3, no. 3 (March 1997): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13575279708412888.
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Cascardi, Michele, Ernest N. Jouriles, and Jeff R. Temple. "Distinct and Overlapping Correlates of Psychological and Physical Partner Violence Perpetration." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 13-14 (April 13, 2017): 2375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517702492.
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Despite its high prevalence, adverse impact, and potential significance in understanding the onset of physical partner violence (PV), there has been surprisingly scant research on psychological PV perpetration. The present research, guided by social learning and attachment theories, addresses this gap in the literature by examining overlapping and distinct correlates for psychological and physical PV perpetration in emerging adults. Undergraduates ( N = 504) with current or recent dating experience were recruited to complete a self-report survey. The survey included measures of emotional and physical child maltreatment, witnessing physical family violence, insecure attachment, hostility, and anger. The sample was 63% female and racially and ethnically diverse (50% non-White, non-Hispanic, or Hispanic of any race). Insecure attachment and anger, but not hostility or child maltreatment, were uniquely correlated with psychological PV, whereas only physical child maltreatment and witnessing physical family violence were unique correlates for physical PV. Neither emotional nor physical child maltreatment potentiated relations between insecure attachment, hostility, or anger and either form of PV. Although females were more likely to perpetrate psychological and physical PV, correlates for each form of PV did not vary by gender. The relations between physical child maltreatment and physical PV are consistent with a social learning theory explanation for physical PV. Insecure attachment and anger appear to be particularly important correlates for psychological, but not physical, PV. Thus, psychological and physical PV may have distinct risk profiles and may require different intervention targets.
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Linde, Robyn. "From Rapists to Superpredators: what the practice of capital punishment says about race, rights and the American child." International Journal of Children's Rights 19, no. 1 (2011): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x528706.
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AbstractAt the turn of the 20th century, the United States was widely considered to be a world leader in matters of child protection and welfare, a reputation lost by the century's end. This paper suggests that the United States' loss of international esteem concerning child welfare was directly related to its practice of executing juvenile off enders. The paper analyzes why the United States continued to carry out the juvenile death penalty after the establishment of juvenile courts and other protections for child criminals. Two factors allowed the United States to continue the juvenile death penalty after most states in the international system had ended the practice: the politics of American federalism and a system of racial subordination that excluded some juvenile off enders from the umbrella of child protection measures, a conclusion suggesting that racial prejudice has interfered with U.S. compliance with international norms of child welfare and juvenile justice.
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Simmons, Michaela Christy. "Becoming Wards of the State: Race, Crime, and Childhood in the Struggle for Foster Care Integration, 1920s to 1960s." American Sociological Review 85, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122420911062.
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Using archival materials from the Domestic Relations Court of New York City, this article traces the conflict between private institutions and the state over responsibility for neglected African American children in the early twentieth century. After a long history of exclusion by private child welfare, the court assumed public responsibility for the protection of children of all races. Yet, in an arrangement of delegated governance, judges found themselves unable to place non-white children because of the enduring exclusionary policies of private agencies. When the situation became critical, the City sought to wrest control from private agencies by developing a supplemental public foster care system. This compromise over responsibility racialized the developing public foster care system of New York City, and it transformed frameworks of child protection as a social problem. The findings highlight the political salience surrounding issues of racial access in the delegated welfare state. Tracing how the conflict over access unfolded in New York City child protection provides an empirical case for understanding how the delegation of social welfare to private agencies can actually weaken racial integration efforts, generate distinct modes of social welfare inclusion, and racialize perceptions of social problems.
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Wymer, Sarah C., Catherine M. Corbin, and Amanda P. Williford. "The relation between teacher and child race, teacher perceptions of disruptive behavior, and exclusionary discipline in preschool." Journal of School Psychology 90 (February 2022): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2021.10.003.
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Kunemund, Rachel L., Shannon Nemer McCullough, Chelsea D. Williams, Chantelle C. Miller, Kevin S. Sutherland, Maureen A. Conroy, and Kristen Granger. "The mediating role of teacher self‐efficacy in the relation between teacher–child race mismatch and conflict." Psychology in the Schools 57, no. 11 (July 8, 2020): 1757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pits.22419.
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Bingham, Gary, Kyong-Ah Kwon, and John Kesner. "Child Maltreatment in United States: An Examination of Child Reports and Substantiation Rates." International Journal of Children's Rights 17, no. 3 (2009): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181809x439437.
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AbstractChild maltreatment represents a serious threat to children's rights and is a grave problem in the US and around the world. It is the second leading cause of death for children in the US. Each year, hundreds of thousands of reports are made to child protective services across the US. A fraction of these reports are made by the alleged victims of child maltreatment. While research into maltreatment reporting has generally focused on adult reporters, research on reports made by children themselves has been largely ignored. Data from a national child maltreatment reporting system were analyzed to first describe and then compare reports of maltreatment made by the alleged child victim to other adult reporters. Results indicated that a minority of self-reports are substantiated by child protective services and that the type of maltreatment most often reported by the alleged child victim differed significantly from other adult reporters. Differences related to the gender, race and ethnicity of the child reporter were also found.
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Mudd, Lanay M., Jim M. Pivarnik, Karin A. Pfeiffer, Nigel Paneth, Hwan Chung, and Claudia Holzman. "Maternal Physical Activity During Pregnancy, Child Leisure-Time Activity, and Child Weight Status at 3 to 9 Years." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 12, no. 4 (April 2015): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2013-0173.
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Background:We sought to evaluate the effects of maternal leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) during pregnancy and current child LTPA on child weight status.Methods:Women with term pregnancies in the Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health Study (1998–2004) were followed-up. A race-stratified subset of participants (cohort A) received extensive follow-up efforts leading to better response rates (592/926 = 64%) and diversity. The remainder (Cohort B) had a lower response rate (418/1629 = 26%). Women reported child height, weight and LTPA at 3 to 9 years (inactive vs. active), and recalled pregnancy LTPA (inactive vs. active). A 4-category maternal/child LTPA variable was created (reference: active pregnancy + active child). Children were classified as healthy weight, overweight, or obese using age- and sex-specific Body Mass Index percentiles. Logistic regression was used to assess the odds of child obesity (reference: healthy weight).Results:In unadjusted analyses, pregnancy inactivity increased odds for obesity when the child was active (1.6 [95% CI, 1.0−2.6] in Cohort A; 2.1 [95% CI, 1.1−4.0] in Cohort B), and more so when the child was inactive (2.4 [95% CI, 1.2−4.9] in Cohort A; 3.0 [95% CI, 1.0−8.8] in Cohort B). Adjustment for covariates attenuated results to statistical nonsignificance but the direction of relations remained.Conclusions:Maternal inactivity during pregnancy may contribute to child obesity risk.
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Lawson, Karen A., and J. Ray Hays. "Self-Esteem and Stress as Factors in Abuse of Children." Psychological Reports 65, no. 3_suppl2 (December 1989): 1259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3f.1259.
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A comparison of stress and self-esteem as made between a group of 23 couples in treatment who had abused their children and 23 control couples who were matched for age, race, sex, education, and occupation. Stress was measured by the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire. Self-esteem was measured by a synthesis of 38 items selected by mental health professionals from the Clarke Parent/Child Relations Questionnaire and the Self-description and Mate Description Form. Analysis of variance showed that couples who had abused their children had significantly greater stress than control couples. However, there was no significant difference between the groups on the measure of self-esteem. There was also no interaction effect of stress with self-esteem on abuse. While it seems well established that stress is a major contributor in child abuse, the interaction of stress with personality factors of parents who abuse their children remains uncertain.
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Emery, Jacob. "Kinship and Figure in Andrey Bely's Petersburg." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, no. 1 (January 2008): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.1.76.
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Andrey Bely's novel Petersburg (one of the high points of Russian literary modernism and a rough analogue to James Joyce's Ulysses) repeatedly claims that parent and child, being of the same flesh and blood, share an ambivalent identity. At the same time, because the novel opens by invoking a major character's genealogical relation to Adam, the book implies that this kin identity is universal and can be applied to the entire human race. This essay analyzes the role of kinship metaphor in Petersburg, demonstrating that tropes of parent-child identity facilitate the novel's dizzying metaphoric conflation, that they form a kind of metafictional mirror in which the novel probes its own nature as a work of the imagination, and that Bely's theory and practice of metaphor touch on broader philosophical issues of figure and fictionality.
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Kaplowitz, P. B., E. J. Slora, R. C. Wasserman, S. E. Pedlow, and M. E. Herman-Giddens. "Earlier Onset of Puberty in Girls: Relation to Increased Body Mass Index and Race." PEDIATRICS 108, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.2.347.
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Khoshnood, Babak, Jaideep K. Singh, Hui-Lung Hsieh, Sudhir Sriram, and Kwang-sun Lee. "Birth prevalence of omphalocele/gastroschisis in relation to maternal age and race/ethnicity † 448." Pediatric Research 41 (April 1997): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199704001-00468.
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Haugen, Heidi Østbø. "The Love Child and the State: Transnational Family Formation in Guangzhou." NAN NÜ 24, no. 1 (June 9, 2022): 134–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685268-02410039.
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Abstract Transnational families are becoming more common in China. They emerge within a social system that is designed for sedentary rather than mobile lives and favours two-parent households over other family forms. Chinese citizens who have children with foreigners must navigate national and local bureaucratic institutions while building and maintaining social relations in transnational fields. The bureaucratic challenges associated with transnational family formation can cause emotional and financial friction within intimate relationships, while gender norms shape how various family members manage these frictions. Gender and race intersect through the ways ethnic boundary crossings are judged differently for men and women, while immigration status affects prospects for meeting gender-specific expectations in romantic relationships. Drawing upon data from ethnographic fieldwork among Chinese−African families in a multi-ethnic neighbourhood in Guangzhou, the article explores tensions that arise as families pursue cosmopolitan aspirations at the same time as they struggle to access basic welfare services and legal and social recognition of their family relationships.
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Jaya, Dr K. "A Study of Cultural conflict and trauma of the protagonist in Amitav Ghose’s The Glass Palace." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 11 (November 6, 2021): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/10863.
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Amitav Ghosh is one of the most popular novelists of the period, with an amazing intelligence of place, history and politics. Ghosh has joined the ranks of notable novelists such as Monohar Malgonkar, Shashi Tharoor, Khushwant Singh, Salman Rushdie, Chaman Nahal, and others. In Ghosh’s novels, one may detect a feeling of historical realism. Ghosh’s writings are characterised by a strong desire for strong identifications and race relations. Amitav Ghosh recognises that society must be reformed from problems such as caste system, gender discrimination, ill-treatment of women, child marriages, poverty, exploitation, and demonic tradition, among others. Ghosh’s humanistic approach provides voice to the forgotten and lowly women characters in his works. He wants to free the entire world from the squabbles of caste, race, gender, religion, untouchability, and geographical dislocation that obstruct human development. It is also demonstrated how the sacrifices of marginalised and female characters have gone unnoticed in the pages of history. This paper examines the Cultural conflict and trauma of the protagonist in AmitavGhose’s The Glass Palace.
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ALEXANDER PAN, BARBARA, MEREDITH L. ROWE, ELIZABETH SPIER, and CATHERINE TAMIS-LEMONDA. "Measuring productive vocabulary of toddlers in low-income families: concurrent and predictive validity of three sources of data." Journal of Child Language 31, no. 3 (August 2004): 587–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006270.
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This study examined parental report as a source of information about toddlers' productive vocabulary in 105 low-income families living in either urban or rural communities. Parental report using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory – Short Form (CDI) at child age 2;0 was compared to concurrent spontaneous speech measures and standardized language assessments, and the utility of each source of data for predicting receptive vocabulary at age 3;0 (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) was evaluated. Relations between language measures of interest and background variables such as maternal age, education, and race/ethnicity were also considered. Results showed that for the sample as a whole, parental report was moderately associated with other language measures at age 2;0 and accounted for unique variance in PPVT at age 3;0, controlling for child language skills derived from a standard cognitive assessment. However, predictive validity differed by community, being stronger in the rural than in the urban community. Implications of significant differences in background characteristics of mothers in the two sites are discussed.
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Nikulina, V., and C. S. Widom. "Child neglect, race, childhood family and neighborhood poverty and adult physical health: does mental health mediate or moderate these relations?" Comprehensive Psychiatry 54, no. 1 (January 2013): e7-e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.037.
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Kellen, Kit. "Race and Nation in Ella McFadyen’s Pegmen Tales." Journal of Literary Education, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/jle.2.13767.
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eader witnesses an Australian wishfulness read in the triumphant adventures of the small – of domestic objects brought to life through the imagination of children. In McFadyen’s highly didactic tales, clothes pegs stolen and deliberately misused come to embody an understated national ethos with biblical pretensions. The Peg family sail the world in their “Ark”, spreading antipodean wonder, cheer and ingenuity everywhere they go. The Pegs themselves – as home-made toys – represent the imaginative ingenuity of Australian children. These are toys any child could make, and so may be read as a social leveller. The dream bringing them to life is that of decent, healthy children and the Pegs (as post-war family, sans father, strive to set themselves and the world good standards).
Every anthropomorphism is deservedly read as comment on the human race or some department or aspect of it, and in this case it is Australian class, race and national pretensions which are promoted through the vehicle of mainly exemplary characters who, in their travels – for the sake of plot – negotiate a series of mildly ethical crises, and always come out smiling.
This paper proceeds by considering the issues raised above in relation a small number of episodes from the tales: these dealing with the invasion of rogue mice, the creation of the Pegmen, with Pongo (from the Congo) and the Australian Aborigines, with the Peg’s expedition to Antarctica and with the metamorphosis of swagmen into grey kangaroos.
Race and Nation in Ella McFadyen’s Pegmen Tales
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Engel, Madeline, Frances DellaCava, and Norma Kolko Phillips. "Cultural Difference and Adoption Policy in the United States: The Quest for Social Justice for Children." International Journal of Children's Rights 18, no. 2 (2010): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092755609x12488514988991.
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AbstractThis article discusses the impact of cultural difference on adoption in the United States (U.S.) during three historical periods and along three dimensions: religion, race and ethnicity. The focus is on the extent to which national and international definitions of the rights of the child as put forth by the United States, the United Nations and The Hague have affected adoption policy and practice. The article questions the extent to which the failure to respond to cultural differences has diminished the rights of the child and resulted in social injustice. Although focused on the U.S., the argument has relevance for many other countries, including Sweden, Romania, Ukraine, Australia, Korea and China.
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Rhodes, Cristina. "Constructing the Twentieth-Century Child: Postcolonial Retellings of Estevanico from Cabeza de Vaca’s La Relación." Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures 9, no. 2 (December 2017): 140–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jeunesse.9.2.140.
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Sparked by the racially divisive socio-cultural environment of the United States in the post-war period, children’s literature saw a rise in the publication of children’s books that reimagined colonial texts such as Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca’s La Relación. By highlighting the country’s colonial origins, many such texts reinforced the ideals of white American nationalism. This trend is illustrated in retellings of La Relación, which complicate race relations through an emphasis on Estevanico, the Moorish slave, whose relationships with the child characters in books like Frank G. Slaughter’s Apalachee Gold, Betty Baker’s Walk the World’s Rim, and Jeanette Mirsky’s The Gentle Conquistadors ultimately reveal twentieth-century America’s reluctance to accept minorities. Estevanico’s childish relationships and infantilization represent emergent ideologies of children and childhood that promote colonial/white children’s power over the Other.
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Asmawati, Asmawati, and Fransario A. Pasolon. "Analisis hubungan karies gigi dan status gizi anak usia 10-11 tahun di SD Athirah, SDN 1 Bawakaraeng dan SDN 3 Bangkala." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 6, no. 2 (October 30, 2007): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v6i2.179.
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Tooth decay is a serious problem in health of tooth and oral inIndonesia with finite prevalence up to 90.05% mainly at school age ofchildren. Tooth decay can be caused by various factors, such asmicroorganism, food, tooth, saliva, and time, and supported by variousother factors like race, age, gender, and genes. Children's dental cariesis frequently caused by the habit to consume food cariogenic whichdoes not only affect tooth but also the nutrition status of child. The aim of this analytic observational study was to know the prevalenceof tooth decay, nutrition status, and the relation of dental caries andnutrition status at school age child ( 0.05 . This study involved 180samples (60 samples from SD Athirah, SDN 1 Bawakaraeng, and SDN3 Bangkala respectively). These three elementary schools in wereselected based on their socio-economic status. SD Athirah representsthe high socio economic status, SDN 1 Bawakaraeng the middle socioeconomicstatus,and SDN 3 Bangkala the lowest status. Dental cariesstatus was investigated with DMF-T index and nutrition status with BM/Aindex. Data were analyzed using chi-square test. Results of the studywere as follows from the three schools, only SD Athirah shows relationbetween dental caries and nutrition status with its significance value0.009 (p<0.05). no significance relation between dental caries andnutrition status at SDN 1 Bawakaraeng with p=0.536 (p>0.05). Thesimilar relation was found at SDN 3 Bangkala with p= 0.926 (p>0.05).
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Ehlers, Nadine. "Life’s continuation: repro-tech, biogenetic affinity, and racial capitalism." BioSocieties 16, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41292-021-00252-6.
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AbstractThis paper examines the affinity ties of biological and familial whiteness in ART as evident in the 2014 Illinois Northern District Court case of Cramblett v. Midwest Sperm Bank—where a white mother filed a wrongful birth suit and sought legal compensation for the loss of perceived genetic similarity and giving birth to a ‘black’ child via donor insemination. Applying critical legal and critical race studies to the case and engaging its surrounding media, the paper considers what Cramblett can tell us about loss—as it is related to notions of value and property within an overarching system of racial capitalism. This paper considers how race, value, and property inter-articulated in Cramblett through notions of biogenetic relations and familial whiteness within the organization of family; how these ideas travel through to investments in life—and its continuation—as a form of racial property (for some); and what this case can tell us about broader operations of structural racism and the role of biomedicine (and law) within these operations. Ultimately, the paper shows that biogenetic affinity in ARTs condition life’s continuation in ways that resecure the disparities of racial capitalism.
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SHIPMAN, KIMBERLY L., and JANICE ZEMAN. "Socialization of children's emotion regulation in mother–child dyads: A developmental psychopathology perspective." Development and Psychopathology 13, no. 2 (May 16, 2001): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401002073.
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This study investigated the socialization of children's emotion regulation in 25 physically maltreating and 25 nonmaltreating mother–child dyads. Maltreating mothers and their 6- to 12-year-old children were recruited from two parenting programs affiliated with Children's Protective Services with a control group matched on race, SES, child gender, and child age. Children and their mothers were interviewed individually about their (a) management of emotional expression, (b) strategies for coping with emotional arousal, and (c) anticipated consequences following emotional displays. Compared to controls, maltreated children expected less maternal support in response to their emotional displays, reported being less likely to display emotions to their mothers, and generated fewer effective coping strategies for anger. Maltreating mothers indicated less understanding of children's emotional displays and fewer effective strategies for helping children to cope with emotionally arousing situations than nonmaltreating mothers. Further, findings indicated that maternal socialization practices (e.g., providing support in response to children's emotional display, generating effective coping strategies for their child) mediate the relation between child maltreatment and children's regulation of emotional expression and emotional arousal. These findings suggest that children's emotion regulation strategies are influenced by their relationship with their social environment (e.g., physically maltreating, nonmaltreating) and that the experience of a physically maltreating relationship may interfere with children's emotional development.
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Piper, Crystal N., Saundra Glover, Keith Elder, Jong-Deuk Baek, and Larrell Wilkinson. "Disparities in access to care among asthmatic children in relation to race and socioeconomic status." Journal of Child Health Care 14, no. 3 (June 17, 2010): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367493510371629.
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Encila, Maria. "Familial Experiences: The Translation in Adults' Future Romantic Relationships." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 14, no. 2 (January 1, 2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29763.
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This paper explores the different ways in which familial experiences can impact an adult’s future intimate relationships. There are multiple factors such as parent-child attachment styles, parenting styles, personal background (race, ethnicity, religion, culture) and gender that influence their approach and attitude towards intimate relationships. Current research suggests that positive upbringing and familial experiences positively reflect adult children’s future intimate relationships. On the contrary, unpleasant familial experiences can negatively impact one’s social competency, jeopardizing their ability to maintain and establish relationships with others. I will discuss the multidimensional factors traced from the quality of family relations and how that translates to adult children’s intimate relationships. Family serves as children’s initial sense of emotional bond, moulding their competence in various social settings and ability to establish relationships with others.
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Kyonne, Jinman, Michael J. Kelly, and Dong Pil Yoon. "Public Child Welfare Employees’ Perception of Their Work Environment: Are Gender and Race Important Factors?" International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations: Annual Review 5, no. 6 (2006): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9532/cgp/v05i06/39169.
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Li, De-Kun, and Janet R. Daling. "Concordance of parental race/ethnicity in relation to the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 7, no. 3 (July 1993): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.1993.tb00403.x.
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Bagwell, Kyle, Petros C. Mavroidis, and Robert W. Staiger. "It’s A Question of Market Access." American Journal of International Law 96, no. 1 (January 2002): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2686125.
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In this paper, we argue that market access issues associated with the question of the optimal mandate of the World Trade Organization should be separated from nonmarket access issues. We identify race-to-the-bottom and regulatory-chill concerns as market access issues and suggest that the WTO should address these concerns. We then describe ways that WTO principles and procedures might be augmented to do so. As for nonmarket access issues, we argue that as a general matter these are best handled outside the WTO, and that, while implicit links might be encouraged, explicit links between the WTO and other labor and environmental organizations should not as a general matter be forged. We view this as a measured approach to labor and the environment within the WTO.
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Rodrigues, Bárbara Gabriela da S., Juliane Leonardo Oliveira Silva, Pryscilla Gualberto Guimarães, Cibelle Kayenne Martins Roberto Formiga, and Fabiana Pavan Viana. "Evolution of a child with Treacher Collins syndrome undergoing physiotherapeutic treatment." Fisioterapia em Movimento 28, no. 3 (September 2015): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-5150.028.003.ao11.
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AbstractIntroduction Treacher Collins syndrome, or mandibulofacial dysostosis, is a hereditary disorder and is manifested by craniofacial malformations. The incidence is close to one case per 40,000 live births, without relation to gender or race. The infant carrier may present neurological development. This rare syndrome requires documentation of its main clinical and kinetic-functional consequences.Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and kinetic-functional findings for a child who has Treacher Collins syndrome and receives treatment in the Physiotherapy Department at the Pestalozzi Association in Goiania, and to present the evolution of motor function and psychomotor development during rehabilitation.Materials and methods The information was obtained through interviews with the mother, and evaluation of the child at nine and eleven months old, using the infant neurological assessment sheet, Inventory Operational Portage (IPO) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM).Results The GMFM showed that the child had a higher trend in the items for lying and rolling, sitting, crawling and kneeling and minor changes in the items for standing, walking, running and jumping. In the IPO, the child progressed in all of the assessed areas: infant stimulation, motor development, socialization, self-care, cognition and language.Conclusion The child showed progress in psychomotor development in accordance with that expected for their age and initial assessment. It is suggested that children with this syndrome be treated by multidisciplinary teams in the first years of life, preventing delays and deviations in development.
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Thakor, Mitali. "Digital Apprehensions: Policing, Child Pornography, and the Algorithmic Management of Innocence." Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v4i1.274.
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In this paper, I discuss the embodied labor of policing child pornography through the ways in which algorithms and human reviewers like Linda see abuse images. I employ the concept of “apprehension” to suggest that the ways that reviewers “see” child pornography is always already oriented toward the capture and arrest of suspected offenders. As I have argued elsewhere (Author 2017; Forthcoming), the use of new digital techniques to find child pornography has fundamentally transformed and expanded policing into a distributed network of labor increasingly done by computer scientists and technology companies. Rather than suggest new software is the cause of these transformations, I draw attention to the constitutive and mutually defining relation between computing and corporeality, or how image detection algorithms need the work of human perception to put their detective skills to work. I argue further still that the case study of child pornography detection offers an entry point into examining the algorithmic management of race. I suggest that childhood innocence is coded as whiteness, and whiteness as innocence, in the algorithmic detection of victims and abusers. By taking ‘detection’ as a dynamic practice between human and machine, I make an intervention into critical algorithm studies that have tended to focus solely on the programming of racial bias into software. The algorithmic detection of child pornography hinges, crucially, upon practice and the tacit observation of human reviewers, whose instinctual feelings about child protection and offender apprehension become embedded within the reviewing and reporting process as cases escalate for law enforcement.
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Thakor, Mitali. "Digital Apprehensions: Policing, Child Pornography, and the Algorithmic Management of Innocence." Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v4i1.29639.
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In this paper, I discuss the embodied labor of policing child pornography through the ways in which algorithms and human reviewers like Linda see abuse images. I employ the concept of “apprehension” to suggest that the ways that reviewers “see” child pornography is always already oriented toward the capture and arrest of suspected offenders. As I have argued elsewhere (Author 2017; Forthcoming), the use of new digital techniques to find child pornography has fundamentally transformed and expanded policing into a distributed network of labor increasingly done by computer scientists and technology companies. Rather than suggest new software is the cause of these transformations, I draw attention to the constitutive and mutually defining relation between computing and corporeality, or how image detection algorithms need the work of human perception to put their detective skills to work. I argue further still that the case study of child pornography detection offers an entry point into examining the algorithmic management of race. I suggest that childhood innocence is coded as whiteness, and whiteness as innocence, in the algorithmic detection of victims and abusers. By taking ‘detection’ as a dynamic practice between human and machine, I make an intervention into critical algorithm studies that have tended to focus solely on the programming of racial bias into software. The algorithmic detection of child pornography hinges, crucially, upon practice and the tacit observation of human reviewers, whose instinctual feelings about child protection and offender apprehension become embedded within the reviewing and reporting process as cases escalate for law enforcement.