Journal articles: 'Children Victoria Growth Measurement'

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Foote, Jan M. "Optimizing Linear Growth Measurement in Children." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 28, no. 5 (September 2014): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2014.01.001.

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Stevenson, Richard D. "Measurement of Growth in Children with Developmental Disabilities." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 38, no. 9 (November 12, 2008): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15121.x.

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CLOTHIER, H. J., T. VU, V. SUNDARARAJAN, R. M. ANDREWS, M. COUNAHAN, G. F. TALLIS, and S. B. LAMBERT. "Invasive pneumococcal disease in Victoria: a better measurement of the true incidence." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 2 (March 15, 2007): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807008187.

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SUMMARYInvasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) notifications are used to monitor IPD vaccination programmes. We conducted sequential deterministic data-linkage between IPD notifications and hospitalization data in Victoria, Australia, in order to determine whether all diagnosed cases were being reported. The proportion of each relevant hospital admission ICD-10-AM code that could be linked to notified cases was calculated. Total and age-specific annual rates were calculated and compared for notified and non-notified cases. Total incidence was estimated using data-linkage results and application of a two-source capture–recapture method. The first 2 years of IPD surveillance in Victoria missed at least one-sixth of laboratory-confirmed IPD cases. Estimated annual IPD rate increased from 9·0 to 10·7/100 000 and rose even higher, to 11·5/100 000, with age-specific rates possibly reaching 90·0/100 000 children aged <2 years, when using capture–recapture. Strategies to improve notification and coding of hospitalized cases of IPD are required.

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KURLAND, BRENDA F., and CATHERINE E. SNOW. "Longitudinal measurement of growth in definitional skill." Journal of Child Language 24, no. 3 (October 1997): 603–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000997003243.

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This study examines individual growth rates in definitional skill over a period of three to six years, for 68 low-income children. Children were asked to define words once a year at school, from kindergarten (youngest administration at 5;3) through fourth grade (oldest administration at 10;10). A plateau was observed between age nine and ten both for percent formal definitions (characterized by presence of a superordinate) and for the quality of formal definitions. The plateau was lower than the theoretical ceiling for these measures. However, the children appear to have attained ‘adult levels’ of definitional skill: forty-seven fourth-graders (aged 9;1 to 10;10) performed higher, on average, than their own mothers when giving definitions. These results support the notion that definitional skill is related to being part of an academic culture: low-income mothers, whose formal schooling is complete, generally do not give oral definitions to simple nouns as well as do their nine- to ten-year-old children.

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Rępalska, Marta, Adam Woźniak, and Marek Kulus. "Measurement of the growth of children at weekly intervals." Review of Scientific Instruments 90, no. 2 (February 2019): 024103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5018268.

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Foote, Jan M., Nicole Kirouac, and Terri H. Lipman. "PENS Position Statement on Linear Growth Measurement of Children." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 30, no. 2 (March 2015): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2014.12.008.

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Greenwood, K. L., G. N. Mundy, and K. B. Kelly. "On-farm measurement of the water use and productivity of maize." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06094.

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Maize, as a C4 species, is likely to use water more productively than the perennial ryegrass and white clover pastures typically grown for dairy cows in northern Victoria. However, only estimates of water use by irrigated maize crops are available for this region. We measured the growth and water use of three commercial maize crops used for silage in northern Victoria. Crops under centre pivot irrigation were monitored in 2003–04 (Spray 1) and 2004–05 (Spray 2). A border-check irrigated crop (Border-check) was monitored in 2004–05. The Spray 1 crop was irrigated 30 times and received 782 mm of rainfall and irrigation. The crop yielded 22 t DM/ha, giving a water productivity of 28 kg DM/ha.mm (including irrigation, rainfall and change in soil water content). In the cooler, wetter summer of 2004–05, the water productivity was 34 kg DM/ha.mm for the Spray 2 crop and 30 kg DM/ha.mm for the Border-check crop. Crop evapotranspiration was estimated from weather data and a daily soil water balance was computed according to FAO 56. The estimated and measured changes in soil water content were in good agreement and indicated that the basal crop coefficients in the model (Kcb = 1.15 during the mid-season, before correction for non-standard humidity and wind speed) were appropriate to local conditions. Maize grown for silage in northern Victoria has higher water productivity than pastures. However, high yields are required to make it economically viable compared with alternative forages for dairy cows. These data will assist dairy farmers to select the optimum forage mix for their enterprises.

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Sukegawa, Izumi, Naomi Hizuka, Kazue Takano, Kumiko Asakawa, Reiko Horikawa, Seiichi Hashida, Eiji Ishikawa, Zen-ichi Mohri, Yoshiaki Murakami, and Kazuo Shizume. "Measurement of nocturnal urinary growth hormone values." Acta Endocrinologica 121, no. 2 (August 1989): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1210290.

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Abstract. Nocturnal urinary growth hormone values were measured by a sensitive enzyme immunoassay in normal adults, patients with GH deficiency, patients with Turner's syndrome, normal but short children who had normal plasma GH responses to provocative tests, and patients with acromegaly. The mean nocturnal urinary GH values in patients with acromegaly were significantly greater than those in normal adults (1582.3 ± 579.8 vs 53.5 ± 8.6 pmol/mmol creatinine (± sem); p < 0.05). In the normal but short children and patients with Turner's syndrome, the mean nocturnal urinary GH values were 83.1 ± 5.2 and 79.8 ± 29.5 pmol/mmol creatinine, respectively. In patients with GH deficiency, the nocturnal urinary GH values were undetectable (< 5.3 pmol/mmol creatinine) except in one patient where the value was 6.3 pmol/mmol creatinine. The nocturnal urinary GH values of the patients with GH deficiency were significantly lower than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). In normal but short children, the nocturnal urinary GH values correlated significantly with mean plasma nocturnal GH concentrations (r = 0.76, p < 0.001), and 24-hour urinary GH values (r = 0.84, p < 0.001), respectively. In 4 patients with GH deficiency who had circulating anti-hGH antibody, the urinary GH values were also undectable. These data indicate that nocturnal urinary GH value reflects endogenous GH secretion during collection time, and that measurement of the nocturnal urinary GH values is a useful method for screening of patients with GH deficiency and acromegaly.

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FIDONE, GEORGE S. "Growth of Children With Cerebral Palsy." Pediatrics 84, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.3.588.

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Careful perusal of the article by Rempel et al has caused us to question the validity of the growth measurements that form the basis for the study's conclusions. Of the 57 patients reported, 21 were examined by one of the authors; 14 others had their data "reviewed in the care facility in which they resided" or were obtained by telephone contact with caretakers; data regarding the remaining 22 were culled from hospital records. Nowhere are the height or weight methods of measurement specified.

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Rępalska, Marta, Adam Woźniak, and Marek Kulus. "Measurement of the growth of children at weekly intervals: Results." Review of Scientific Instruments 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 024104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0036736.

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Bogin, B. "Measurement of growth variability and environmental quality in Guatemalan children." Annals of Human Biology 18, no. 4 (January 1991): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014469100001602.

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TANAKA, T., A. YOSHIZAWA, Y. MIKI, J. ITO, M. TANAKA, A. TANAE, S. YOKOYA, and I. HIBI. "Clinical Usefulness of Urinary Growth Hormone Measurement in Short Children." Acta Paediatrica 79, s366 (March 1990): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11621.x.

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Batubara, Jose RL. "Practices of growth assessment in children: Is anthropometric measurement important?" Paediatrica Indonesiana 45, no. 4 (October 10, 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi45.4.2005.145-53.

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Assessing and monitoring growth iscommon practice in pediatric care, andhealth professionals accept routine growthmonitoring in children as a standardcomponent of community child health servicesthroughout the world. In clinical level, by theseactivities one can detect and intervene while growthfaltering happens. The internationally recommendedway to assess malnutrition at population level is to takeanthropometric measurements. In developedcountries, growth monitoring is an intrinsic part of‘well child’ clinics. As growth is a proxy for childhealth, the child who grows well is generally healthyand illness in a child is usually associated with poorgrowth. Interpretation of child growth is based onanthropometric indicators established in a referencepopulation with cut-off points to differentiate under-and overnutrition, short stature or tall stature,proportionate or disproportionate growth. Practicesof growth monitoring consist of regularly measuringthe weight and height of children, then plotting theinformation on a growth chart to make abnormalgrowth visible. When growth is abnormal, the healthworker does something in concert with the family andas a result of these actions the child receivesappropriate social or medical support, his or hernutrition improves, or a serious condition is diagnosedearlier.

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Brown, Ted, and Carolyn Unsworth. "Evaluating Construct Validity of the Slosson Visual-Motor Performance Test Using the Rasch Measurement Model." Perceptual and Motor Skills 108, no. 2 (April 2009): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.108.2.367-382.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of the Slosson Visual-Motor Performance Test by applying the Rasch Measurement Model to evaluate the test's scalability, dimensionality, differential item functioning based on sex, and hierarchical ordering. Participants were 400 children ages 5 to 12 years, recruited from six schools in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Slosson Visual-Motor Performance Test requires a child to copy 14 different geometric designs three times each for a total 42 scale items. Children completed the test under the supervision of an occupational therapist. Overall, 13 of 42 of the test items exhibited poor measurement properties. As nearly one-third of the scale items were problematic, the Slosson Visual-Motor Performance Test in its current form is not recommended for clinical use.

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Bolton, Kristy A., Peter Kremer, Rachel Laws, Karen J. Campbell, and Miaobing Zheng. "Longitudinal analysis of growth trajectories in young children of Chinese-born immigrant mothers compared with Australian-born mothers living in Victoria, Australia." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e041148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041148.

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BackgroundChinese immigrants are the third largest immigrant group in Australia. Little is known about growth trajectories of their offspring when moving to a Western country. The aim was to describe the growth trajectories between birth to 3.5 years in children of Chinese-born immigrant mothers compared with Australian-born mothers living in Victoria, Australia.MethodsTen nurse measured weights and lengths from birth to 3.5 years were used to examine growth trajectory using linear spline multilevel models. Five knot points were identified at visit 2 (0.5 months), visit 4 (2 months), visit 5 (4.5 months), visit 8 (18 months) and visit 9 (25 months).ResultsEthnic disparities in growth trajectories between these two groups were revealed in models adjusted for birth weight, sex and level of socioeconomic disadvantage. Children of Chinese-born compared with Australian-born mothers revealed different growth rates and significant differences in predicted mean body mass index Z score (zBMI) at all time points from birth to 44 months, except for 12 months. Specifically, when compared with children of Australian-born mothers, children of Chinese-born mothers started with lower predicted zBMI from birth until 0.5 months, had a higher zBMI from 1 to 8 months and a lower zBMI from 12 to 44 months. Early and sharp acceleration of growth was also observed for children of Chinese-born mothers (0.5–2 months) when compared with children of Australian-born mothers (2–18 months).ConclusionDifferences in growth trajectories exist between young children of Chinese-born and Australian-born mothers. Better understanding of these ethnically patterned growth trajectories is important for identifying key opportunities to promote healthy growth in early life.

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Betts, P. "A Guide to the Measurement and Assessment of Growth in Children." Archives of Disease in Childhood 69, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.69.2.266-b.

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Oleson, Jacob J., Joseph E. Cavanaugh, J. Bruce Tomblin, Elizabeth Walker, and Camille Dunn. "Combining growth curves when a longitudinal study switches measurement tools." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 25, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 2925–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280214534588.

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When longitudinal studies are performed to investigate the growth of traits in children, the measurement tool being used to quantify the trait may need to change as the subjects’ age throughout the study. Changing the measurement tool at some point in the longitudinal study makes the analysis of that growth challenging which, in turn, makes it difficult to determine what other factors influence the growth rate. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework that relates the growth curves per individual for each of the different measurement tools and allows for covariates to influence the shapes of the curves by borrowing strength across curves. The method is motivated by and demonstrated by speech perception outcome measurements of children who were implanted with cochlear implants. Researchers are interested in assessing the impact of age at implantation and comparing the growth rates of children who are implanted under the age of two versus those implanted between the ages of two and four.

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Saunders, Kerryn, John Spensley, Judith Munro, and George Halasz. "Growth and Physical Outcome of Children Conceived by In Vitro Fertilization." Pediatrics 97, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.5.688.

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Objective. To determine the growth and physical outcome at 2 years of age for children born after assisted reproductive techniques in the state of Victoria. Design. Using a case-matched control study between January 1991 and July 1993, 314 children (196 singletons, 47 sets of twins, 8 sets of triplets) conceived after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and related techniques at the Monash IVF and Royal Women's Hospital Reproductive Biology Unit and 150 control children (113 singletons, 17 sets of twins, 1 set of triplets) randomly selected from the general population using the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection Unit records were enrolled to be examined for minor dysmorphic and major organ abnormalities. Singleton and twin cases were matched for plurality and gestation and date of birth. Triplets were not matched. Results. IVF status was not a significant independent factor for physical outcomes, including malformation rates, nor for days of hospitalization postdischarge and operations. There was no significant interaction between IVF status and mean percentiles for weight and head circumference. The IVF group had a greater mean length percentile. Twins in both groups had significantly poorer physical outcomes than singletons on some measures. Conclusion. This study did not demonstrate an independent IVF effect on the growth and physical outcome of children at 2 years of age when matched for plurality and gestation. The poor outcomes where noted were related to the effects of multiple births. These findings must be viewed in context of the response rates and therefore representativeness of the data. The need for longitudinal studies is demonstrated.

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Jeyaruban, M. G., D. J. Johnston, and H. U. Graser. "Estimation of genotype×environment interactions for growth, fatness and reproductive traits in Australian Angus cattle." Animal Production Science 49, no. 1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08098.

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The magnitude of genotype × environment interactions (G × E) were estimated for growth, real time ultrasound scanned carcass and reproductive traits in Angus cattle. Traits measured in the states of Victoria and Queensland were assumed as different traits and the genetic correlations between them were estimated. Estimated heritabilities across states were similar for all traits. However, additive genetic variances of fat depth at the P8 (rump) site for bulls (BP8), intramuscular fat percent at the 12/13th rib for bulls (BIMF) and heifers (HIMF) were significantly different between states. Estimated genetic correlations across states for direct genetic effects were high for growth traits and ranged from 0.89 to 1.00. For the maternal genetic effects the correlations across states ranged from 0.66 to 0.87. The across state correlations for scanned traits were also high. The exception was for BIMF (0.65), where measurement procedures were observed to influence the result. The genetic correlation between the states increased to 0.94 when the records of bulls with low IMF value were removed. For reproductive traits, the estimated genetic correlations ranged from 0.97 to 1.00. These results indicated little evidence of G × E for growth, ultrasound scanned carcass and reproductive traits of Angus cattle from Victoria and Queensland. Combining performance data across states in a national genetic evaluation is appropriate and it is expected that the progeny of Angus cattle would rank similarly across states.

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Chinnappa, Gayathri Devi, Venugopal S., Meera Varadarajan, Mallesh Kariyappa, and Smitha R. "Nutritional status and growth of children with hemophilia: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 6 (May 22, 2020): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20202026.

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Background: Haemophilia A and B are the most common severe bleeding disorders and are inherited as X linked recessive pattern. The main clinical manifestations include bleeding into musculoskeletal sites or soft tissues mainly causing joint impairment and thus resulting in various morbidities. Prophylaxis therapy and inhibitor management have contributed a lot to the management of haemophilia cases. However in resource poor setting countries, like India, availability of factors, prophylactic therapy is farfetched leading to joint abnormalities, decreased physical activity and thus leading to different nutritional states. Studies from developed countries reveal obesity and overweight instances in children with Hemophilia. However not many studies have been undertaken to evaluate the nutritional status of such children in India.Methods: This study was conducted in the Comprehensive hemophilia Care Centre, Victoria Hospital, attached to Bangalore Medical College. A total of 50 children were included in the study. Children aged between 4 and 18 years attending the hemophilia Clinic were included in the study. Observations and review of relevant documents were done.Results: Among 50 children of haemophilia, 18(36%) children were aged less than 10 years and 32(64%) children were aged more than 10 years. The mean age of onset of disease in haemophilia A was 27.5 months (SD of 24.84; range 6-120) and in haemophilia B was 8 months (SD of 2.72; range 3-12). The mean BMI among children aged more than 10 years was more (21.35; SD= 4.02) compared to the children less than 10 years (16.87; SD= 3.41).Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children with Haemophilia is more in adolescent age group compared to children in the first decade.

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Jančič, Sonja Golob, Mirjam Močnik, and Nataša Marčun Varda. "Glomerular Filtration Rate Assessment in Children." Children 9, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9121995.

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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement is a key tool for determining the degree of chronic kidney disease. The assessment of GFR is even more challenging in children than in adults with more variables in the equation than race and sex. Monitoring the progress of the kidney disease can therefore be difficult as in the initial stages of a decline in kidney function, there are no clinical signs. Due to children’s growth and development, changes in muscle mass and growth impair GFR estimation based solely on serum creatinine values. More invasive methods of GFR measurement are more reliable, but techniques using ionising agents, requiring large volume blood samples or timed voiding, have limited application in children. This paper reviews the methods of measuring and determining glomerular filtration rate and kidney function in children.

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Priest, Jeff S., Scott R. Mcconnell, Dale Walker, Judith J. Carta, Ruth A. Kaminski, Mary A. Mcevoy, Roland H. Good, Charles R. Greenwood, and Mark R. Shinn. "General Growth Outcomes for Young Children: Developing a Foundation for Continuous Progress Measurement." Journal of Early Intervention 24, no. 3 (July 2001): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10538151010240030101.

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Muhammad Akram, Abid Ali Anjum, Muhammad Usman, Imran Qaisar, and Ameer Ahmed Malik. "Rickets among children ≤ 5 years of age presenting with poor growth visiting a tertiary healthcare facility." Professional Medical Journal 29, no. 08 (July 31, 2022): 1203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2022.29.08.7023.

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Objective: To determine the frequency of rickets among children ≤ 5 years of age presenting with poor growth visiting a tertiary care facility. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Pediatric Unit-2, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Period: July 2021 to January 2022. Material & Methods: A total of 261 patients with poor growth and ≤5 years of either gender were included. A written consent was taken from the parents/guardian of all study participants after explaining them the nature of this study. All demographic data along with outcome variable (frequency of rickets) was noted on a predesigned proforma. Results: Mean age was 3.34 ± 1.41 years. Majority of the patients 136 (52.11%) were between 4 to 5 years of age. Out of the 261 patients, 153 (58.62%) were male and 108 (41.38%) were females with male to female ratio of 1.4:1. Mean sunlight exposure time was 25.67 ± 11.72 minutes/day. Mean age of start of weaning was 8.13 ± 4.33 months. Frequency of rickets among children ≤ 5 years of age presenting with poor growth was found in 18 (6.9%) patients. Conclusion: The frequency of rickets among children ≤ 5 years of age presenting with poor growth was high (6.9%).

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Tan, Tiong Yang, David J. Amor, Merilyn Riley, Jane Halliday, Nicky Kilpatrick, Katrina Simms, and Susan M. White. "Registry- and Clinic-Based Analyses of Birth Defects and Syndromes Associated with Cleft Lip/Palate in Victoria, Australia." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 46, no. 6 (November 2009): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/07-241.1.

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Objective: To study the birth defects and syndromes associated with cleft lip and/or cleft palate in children born from 2000 through 2002 in Victoria, Australia, comparing data from the birth defects registry and detailed clinical assessment. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data recorded in the Victorian Birth Defects Register were retrieved for all children with cleft lip and/or palate born from 2000 through 2002. In parallel, a cohort of children with clefts was recruited from the two cleft centers in Victoria. Clinical data were collected using structured parental interview, clinical/dysmorphologic examination, and file review. Results: Victorian Birth Defects Register records of 312 children with cleft lip and/or palate were identified, and 53 children were recruited for the clinical study. The clinical study found a higher proportion of nonisolated clefts than were listed in the registry; this was largely due to the more detailed assessment, but some selection bias was possible. Poor growth and developmental delay were most likely to predict the presence of other birth defects or a syndrome diagnosis in a child with cleft lip and/or palate. The clinical study led to modifications to 16/53 (30.2%) of records in the Victorian Birth Defects Register. Conclusions: This study provides complementary registry- and clinic-based data on cleft lip and/or palate–associated malformations and syndrome diagnoses in Australian children and emphasizes the value of having a clinician experienced in dysmorphology involved in cleft services with ongoing reporting to the Victorian Birth Defects Register.

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Pringle, P. J., P. C. Hindmarsh, L. Di Silvio, J. D. Teale, A. B. Kurtz, and C. G. D. Brook. "The measurement and effect of growth hormone in the presence of growth hormone-binding antibodies." Journal of Endocrinology 121, no. 1 (April 1989): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1210193.

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ABSTRACT We have developed methods for measuring the concentrations of free GH in plasma using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) separation procedure to remove antibody-bound GH within 1 h of collection. Total GH concentrations were obtained by acidification of the GH–antibody complex to release the GH followed by PEG precipitation of the antibody. The plasma GH assay had a within-assay coefficient of variation (C.V.) of 6·8% at 4·6 mU/l and a between-assay C.V. of 9·2% at 4·0 mU/l. The PEG-modified assay had a within-assay C.V. of 4·3% at 6·3 mU/l and a between-assay C.V. of 10·9% at 5·3 mU/l. Both assays had a sensitivity of 1·3 mU/l. There was good correlation between plasma and free GH concentrations in 24-h profiles in two tall children (r = 0·98; P < 0·001) and between total and free GH in the same profiles (r = 0·97; P < 0·001). GH antibodies were measured using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay. In children who did not develop GH antibodies there was no difference between total, plasma and free GH concentrations. In contrast, in those who developed GH antibodies both total and plasma GH concentrations were markedly increased compared with free GH concentrations. The presence of GH antibodies did not affect the growth, plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations or fasting serum insulin concentration responses to 1 year of therapy with biosynthetic human GH. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 121, 193–199

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Kirsch, Jeffrey R., Richard J. Traystman, and Mark C. Rogers. "Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement Techniques in Infants and Children." Pediatrics 75, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.75.5.887.

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The tremendous growth of interest in neurologic intensive care and in the pathophysiology of the cerebral circulation in the past few years has resulted in increasing numbers of studies that document alterations in cerebral flow during the course of various diseases or as a response to treatment of them. Before pediatricians come to conclusions based on these studies, it is important to have an understanding of the techniques involved. The techniques are complex and difficult but are based on understandable principles. They also have limitations and are subject to misinterpretations. Pediatricians should become knowledgeable about some of these techniques and their limitations because it is likely that they will be applied with increasing frequency in the next several years. We are on the threshold of exciting discoveries in abnormalities of cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism not only in critically ill children but also in children with congenital and learning disorders.

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NELSON, RICHARD P., GINA REMPEL, and SARAH O. COLWELL. "In Reply: Growth of Children With Cerebral Palsy." Pediatrics 84, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.3.589.

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Dr Haruda suggests that deficient somatic growth in children with severe cerebral palsy may be the consequence of "bilateral hemiatrophy." This concept is an attractive potential cause, but basic physiologic mechanisms remain elusive. The validity of linear growth measurements in our study is at issue in Dr Fidone's correspondence. All measurements of children obtained in this study were performed by several trained staff of the cerebral palsy service at Gillette Children's Hospital. We acknowledge the difficulties in securing reliable measurement in children with skeletal deformity, but the large majority of children were young and did not have fixed contractures.

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Magnus, Maria C., Allen J. Wilcox, Elin A. Fadum, Håkon K. Gjessing, Signe Opdahl, Petur B. Juliusson, Liv Bente Romundstad, and Siri E. Håberg. "Growth in children conceived by ART." Human Reproduction 36, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1074–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab007.

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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is the growth pattern of children conceived by ART different compared to naturally conceived children. SUMMARY ANSWER Both ART and underlying parental subfertility may contribute to differences in early childhood growth between children conceived with and without the use of ART. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Children conceived by ART weigh less and are shorter at the time of delivery. The extent to which differences in growth according to mode of conception persist during childhood, and the role of underlying parental subfertility, remains unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We conducted a prospective study population-based study. We studied 81 461 children participating in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and 544 113 adolescents screened for military conscription. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Conception by ART as registered in the Medical Birth Registry. We compared maternally reported length/height and weight among children in MoBa from mid-pregnancy to age 7 according to mode of conception using mixed-effects linear regression. Differences in self-reported height and weight at 17 years of age at screening for military conscription were assessed with linear regression. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE At birth, children conceived by ART were shorter (boys −0.3 cm; 95% CI, −0.5 to −0.1), girls −0.4 cm; 95% CI, −0.5 to −0.3) and lighter (boys −113 grams; 95% CI, −201 to −25, girls −107 grams; 95% CI, −197 to −17). After birth, children conceived by ART grew more rapidly, achieving both greater height and weight at age 3. Children conceived by ART had a greater height up to age 7, but did not have a greater height or weight by age 17. Naturally conceived children of parents taking longer time to conceive had growth patterns similar to ART children. Children born after frozen embryo transfer had larger ultrasound measures and were longer and heavier the first 2 years than those born after fresh embryo transfer. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTIONS Selection bias could have been introduced due to the modest participation rate in the MoBa cohort. Our reliance on self-reported measures of length/height and weight could have introduced measurement error. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS : Our findings provide reassurance that offspring conceived by ART are not different in height, weight or BMI from naturally conceived once they reach adolescence. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Research Council of Norway; Medical Research Council; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The authors have no competing interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.

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Zwiren, Linda D. "Anaerobic and Aerobic Capacities of Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 1, no. 1 (February 1989): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.1.1.31.

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This paper deals with the measurement of aerobic and anaerobic power in children, and how these capacities are affected by growth and training. The type of tests available, the selection of ergometer, establishment of criteria for determining whether a maximal value has been attained, and the limitations of the various expressions of maximal values are discussed. Aerobic capacity, when expressed in liters per minute, has been observed to increase with growth; when expressed relative to body weight, aerobic capacity has been shown to remain the same or decrease with age. Anaerobic capacity increases with age no matter how the values are expressed. Limited evidence suggests that training during prepubescence does not increase aerobic capacity beyond that expected from growth. Several methodological limitations of longitudinal studies are examined.

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OWEN, G., A. EVANS, R. CANTER, and A. ROBINSON. "The reproducibility of urinary growth hormone measurement in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: a pilot study." Clinical Otolaryngology 21, no. 1 (February 1996): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2273.1996.tb01025.x.

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Foote, Jan M., Linda H. Brady, Amber L. Burke, Jennifer S. Cook, Mary E. Dutcher, Kathleen M. Gradoville, Jennifer A. Groos, et al. "Development of an Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline on Linear Growth Measurement of Children." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 26, no. 4 (August 2011): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.09.002.

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Ohta, Masanori, Kenji Ohyama, Emi Sawanobori, Kohsuke Higashida, Yoshiko Nakagomi, Toshihide Ishihara, Toshitugu Yamori, et al. "Physiological Significance of Growth Hormone Binding Protein (GHBP) Measurement in Children with Normal Height." Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology 3, Supple5 (1994): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1297/cpe.3.supple5_176.

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Yap, Fabian, Yung Seng Lee, and Marion Margaret HY Aw. "Growth Assessment and Monitoring during Childhood." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 47, no. 4 (April 15, 2018): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v47n4p149.

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Growth is an indicator of the health and nutritional status of infants and children. Health organisations and professionals worldwide advocate monitoring the growth of children with the primary aim of identifying and preventing malnutrition and/or obesity. Growth monitoring should be part of every health care consultation for children. However, physicians during health care consultations are often so busy addressing acute health issues, that they miss the opportunity to monitor the child’s growth and provide anticipatory guidance. Appropriate growth monitoring would enable health care providers to detect abnormal growth in a timely manner, as well as to reassure parents if their concerns are unfounded. To perform this effectively, physicians need to be familiar with measurement methods, use of appropriate growth charts and interpretation of results. As weight, height and growth rates may vary among children, physicians also need to understand what constitutes normal growth. This paper aims to clarify the purpose of growth monitoring and provide recommendations for physicians to assess, monitor and manage growth in infants and children in a primary care setting. Key words: Body mass index, Child, Height, Weight

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Bajaj, Sumati, Rasmi Avula, Anjali Pant, Phuong Nguyen, Marie Ruel, and Purnima Menon. "Routine Growth Monitoring Processes in Nutrition Programs in India Have Multiple Falter Points with Implications for Quality of Care." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_011.

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Abstract Objectives Growth monitoring (GM) and promotion is a routine part of primary healthcare for children in >80% of countries. In India, 57.5 million children are measured every month by frontline workers to assess their growth and to trigger preventive or curative services. Standard guidance for anthropometry suggests that quality can be compromised by the choice of measurement equipment, placement of equipment, and positioning of children during measurement. Little is known about the quality of measurement processes during GM. We compared child height and weight measurement processes with standards for anthropometry to assess GM quality. Methods We observed the process of measuring weight and height of <5 years-old-children (N = 681) in 4 states using a checklist based on standards for anthropometry. We summarized data along critical measurement falter points that could affect quality. Open-ended interviews were conducted with caregivers to assess how they value GM. Results Most children (75%) were weighed using age-appropriate weighing scales (baby-weighing scales, salter scales, and on adult scales with a caregiver). However, for Salter scales, only 44% of children were placed in a sling/pants appropriate for their age. More than 30% of children wore heavy clothing and 45% were not calm during weighing. Over 60% were weighed in a sitting/standing position on a baby-weighing scale. More than 50% of infants were not measured using age-appropriate height equipment. Height equipment was placed on a stable surface while measuring a majority of children, but a large proportion of children were incorrectly positioned on the equipment. Caregivers valued GM and reported having children weighed to learn about any changes; nearly half the caregivers considered weight as a marker for child growth. Conclusions Multiple measurement-related falter points were observed during GM. Most were measured incorrectly, increasing the potential for under-or over estimation of their weight/height and consequent misclassification for screening and referrals. As routine GM appears to be an assurance of child growth to caregivers, it is imperative to strengthen the quality of measurements, focusing on the falter points to ensure better data for programs and for caregiver use. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through POSHAN, led by International Food Policy Research Institute.

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Rahmalisa, Uci, and Yulisman Yulisman. "Automatic Height and Weight Measurement Integrated Database System." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN OPEN SOURCE 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36378/jtos.v4i2.1792.

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Measurement of height and weight, it is needed especially for school age 5-15 years old. From the results of monitoring height and weight measurements, we can monitor whether the child is underweight or overweight and obese. We can also monitor the growth of elementary school age children. The problem faced is that monitoring the growth of children in schools cannot be carried out effectively. This is because the process of measuring children's height and weight is done manually and of course it takes time for the process, besides that, data on student height and weight are also recorded still manually, so that data processing and utilization is not optimal. The purpose of making this Automatic Height and Weight Measurement Integrated Database System to process of measuring height and weight can be done effectively and efficiently, so it can produce integrated information in Database. The existence of an integrated database will make it easier for related parties to recap and archive children's data and store history of children's growth as material for evaluating and monitoring child growth. The results of this evaluation can be used as a reference for follow-up to be conducted. The resulting output is information in the form of tables and graphs of children's growth. In this research using the prototyping method which aims to get an overview of the tool to be designed and built, then it will be evaluated by the user. The evaluated prototype will be used as a reference to make a tool as the final product as the output of this research.

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Hattori, Naoki, Akira Shimatsu, Chutaro Yamanaka, Toru Momoi, and Hiroo Imura. "Nocturnal urinary growth hormone excretion in children with short stature." Acta Endocrinologica 119, no. 1 (September 1988): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1190113.

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Abstract. Nocturnal urinary growth hormone levels in children with short and normal stature were measured by a sensitive enzyme immunoassay. Urinary GH excretion during sleep correlated positively with peak plasma GH values during pharmacological (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) and sleep (r = 0.85, P < 0.001) tests. The amounts of urinary GH excretion during sleep differed significantly from each other in the following groups: complete GH deficiency (mean ± sem: 0.1 ± 0.1 ng/m2 of body surface area; range: < 0.1–0.4), partial GH deficiency (1.6 ± 0.3 ng/m2; 0.2–3.1), and short stature without GH deficiency (3.7 ± 0.6 ng/m2; 0.7–11.5). No significant difference was found between short stature without GH deficiency and normal stature (5.0 ± 0.5 ng/m2; 2.1 – 10.5). Measurement of nocturnal urinary GH excretion is a simple method for screening of GH excretion and may be helpful in the differentiation of the various etiologies of short stature in children.

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Muzsnai, A., J. Sólyom, I. Ilyés, J. Kovács, E. Sólyom, T. Niederland, and F. Péter. "Appropriate Sampling Times for Growth Hormone (GH) Measurement during Insulin Tolerance Testing (ITT) in Children." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 68, no. 5 (2007): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000110675.

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Mohr, Pamela J., Jan M. Foote, Linda H. Brady, Amber L. Burke, Jennifer S. Cook, Mary E. Dutcher, Kathleen M. Gradoville, et al. "The Development of an Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline on Linear Growth Measurement of Children." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 25, no. 3 (June 2010): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.02.007.

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Kayemba-Kay's, S., S. Epstein, P. Hindmarsh, A. Burguet, P. Ingrand, and R. Hankard. "Does plasma IGF-BP3 measurement contribute to the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in children?" Annales d'Endocrinologie 72, no. 3 (June 2011): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2011.01.002.

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Rumapea, Fernando, Eddy Fadlyana, Meita Dhamayanti, Rodman Tarigan, Rahmayani Rahmayani, and Kusnandi Rusmil. "Height Prediction Using the Knee Height Measurement Among Indonesian Children." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 42, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03795721211002067.

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Background: Height is essential for assessing growth and nutrition in children. Assessing height with appropriate measurement is important, although in certain physically disabled and hospitalized children direct height measurement is almost not possible. In these situations, segmental measurements can be used as proxy height. Knee height (KH) has been determined as the most reliable surrogate. Objective: This study aimed to establish a height-predicted equation using KH for use in both community and clinical practices. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study design that collected data from 1114 healthy children (596 boys and 518 girls) aged 7 to 12 years to develop the equations for predicting height from KH. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop the equations. Results: Two equations were established to predict height using KH: (1) for boys H = 29.895 + (0.081 × age [months] + (2.267 × KH)) and (2) for girls H = 26.297 + (0.110 × age [months] + (2.278 × KH)). The very high correlation between KH and actual height indicates a very strong agreement. Conclusions: Knee height can be used for prediction equations for height with a very good predictive power. The age variable using the month unit generates a more accurate equation.

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Porquet, D., O. Rigal, D. E. Brion, F. Valade, J. Leger, and P. Czernichow. "Direct Double Monoclonal Immunoradiometric Assay of Urinary Human Growth Hormone." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.9.1717.

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Abstract Several reports indicate that urinary growth hormone (GH) excretion might reflect central release of the hormone, and that measurement of urinary GH shows promise in the investigation of physiological and pathological GH secretion. We have developed and evaluated a direct immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in which two monoclonal antibodies are used to measure GH in the urine of children. The detection limit is approximately 0.018 pmol/L for a sample volume of 2 mL. Within- and between-run variations (CVs) were 5.6% and 14.2%, respectively. Analytical recovery and dilution experiments showed the specificity of the method for GH. In normal-stature prepubertal children ages 3-12 years, 24-h urinary GH excretion was 0.189 (SD 0.100) pmol and correlated well with the amount of GH in the first morning miction, which showed wide day-to-day variations. Like others, we found a strong correlation between GH concentrations in serum and urine during stimulation tests with GH-releasing hormone (somatoliberin) and (or) during physiological nocturnal secretion, confirming that urinary GH measurement may be of help in investigating patients (particularly young children) with diseases in which GH secretion is impaired.

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Hamza, Rasha Tarif, Amira I. Hamed, and Mahmoud T. Sallam. "Vitamin D status in prepubertal children with isolated idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: effect of growth hormone therapy." Journal of Investigative Medicine 66, no. 5 (February 24, 2018): 1.2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2017-000618.

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Few studies, and with controversial results, analyzed vitamin D status in children before and after growth hormone (GH) treatment. Thus, we aimed to assess vitamin D status in prepubertal children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (GHD), and to evaluate the effect of GHD and GH treatment on vitamin D levels. Fifty prepubertal children with isolated GHD were compared with 50 controls. All were subjected to history, anthropometric assessment and measurement of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), serum calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone (PTH) at diagnosis and 1 year after GH therapy. Serum 25(OH)D levels <30 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL were defined as vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, respectively. 25(OH)D was lower in cases than controls. Forty per cent of children with GHD were 25(OH)D insufficient and 44% deficient, while 16% were sufficient at baseline. There was a positive correlation between 25(OH)D and peak GH levels. Peak GH was a significant predictor of 25(OH)D levels. After 1 year of GH therapy, 25(OH)D increased (18.42±5.41 vs 34.5±10.1 ng/mL; P<0.001). Overall, 22% of cases remained insufficient and 24% deficient, with an increase in prevalence of children with normal levels (54%; P<0.001). 25(OH) correlated negatively with PTH (r=−0.71, P=0.01). In conclusion, hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in children with GHD and significantly improved 1 year after GH therapy. 25(OH)D should be assessed in children with GHD at diagnosis and during follow-up.

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Blum, Werner F., Abdullah Alherbish, Afaf Alsagheir, Ahmed El Awwa, Walid Kaplan, Ekaterina Koledova, and Martin O. Savage. "The growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-I axis in the diagnosis and treatment of growth disorders." Endocrine Connections 7, no. 6 (June 2018): R212—R222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-18-0099.

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The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis is a key endocrine mechanism regulating linear growth in children. While paediatricians have a good knowledge of GH secretion and assessment, understanding and use of measurements of the components of the IGF system are less current in clinical practice. The physiological function of this axis is to increase the anabolic cellular processes of protein synthesis and mitosis, and reduction of apoptosis, with each being regulated in the appropriate target tissue. Measurement of serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 concentrations can complement assessment of GH status in the investigation of short stature and contribute to prediction of growth response during GH therapy. IGF-I monitoring during GH therapy also informs the clinician about adherence and provides a safety reference to avoid over-dosing during long-term management.

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Hancock, Caroline, Silvana Bettiol, and Lesley Smith. "Socioeconomic variation in height: analysis of National Child Measurement Programme data for England." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 5 (September 4, 2015): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308431.

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ObjectiveShort stature is associated with increased risk of ill health and mortality and can negatively impact on an individual's economic opportunity and psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between height and area-level deprivation by ethnic group in children in England.DesignCross-sectional analysis of data gathered from the National Child Measurement Programme 2008/2009 to 2012/2013.Participants/methodsChildren (n=1 213 230) aged 4–5 and 10–11 years attending state-maintained primary schools in England. Mean height SD score (SDS) (based on the British 1990 growth reference) was calculated for children by Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index as a measure of area-level deprivation. Analyses were performed by sex and age group for white British, Asian and black ethnicities.ResultsFor white British children mean height decreased 0.2 SDS between the least and the most deprived quintile. For Asian children the relationship was weaker and varied between 0.08 and 0.18 SDS. For white British boys the magnitude of association was similar across age groups; for Asian boys the magnitude was higher in the age group of 10–11 years and in white British girls aged 10–11 years the association decreased. Height SDS was similar across all levels of deprivation for black children.ConclusionsSocial inequalities were shown in the height of children from white British and Asian ethnic groups. Further evaluation of height in black children is warranted. Action is needed to reduce inequalities in height by addressing the modifiable negative environmental factors that prevent healthy growth and development of children.

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Kratzsch, J., G. Schreiber, T. Selisko, E. Keller, C. D. Pflaum, and C. J. Strasburger. "Measurement of Serum Exon 3-Retaining Growth Hormone-Binding Protein in Children and Adolescents by Radioimmunoassay." Hormone Research 48, no. 6 (1997): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000185530.

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Torresani, T., E. Schuster, C. De Canpo, E. Werder, and M. Zachaann. "92 MEASUREMENT OF URINARY GROWTH HORMONE (uGH) BY A SENSITIBE BNZYME IMMUNOMETRIC ASSAY (EIA) IN CHILDREN." Pediatric Research 24, no. 4 (October 1988): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198810000-00113.

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Budhyanti, Weeke, and Dr Lisnaini. "Relation Between Growth and Developmental Status of Children in Kebon Pala, Jakarta." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.6203.

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Background: Child development usually mentioned as related with child’s growth. Assuming that delayed growth will affect children development, but in fact, no report about this relation in national research. This study conducted to find relation between children growth and their development. Methods: this study is relational quantitative research that used a quantitative approach to measure children body height, body weight, and their developmental status. Study limited in Kebon Pala, Jakarta. Measurement were held by local administrator of Kebon Pala. Body height and weight compared with WHO growth standard, whereas developmental status measured with Developmental Screening Questioner (Kuisioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan, KPSP). Relation between body weight, body height and developmental status assessed with correlational function of Microsoft Excel. Results: there are 12.24% underweight children, 8.16% overweight children, 16.33% short children, 4.08% tall children, 4.08% delayed development children, and 20.41% children with suspicious state of development. Relation between weight and development were -0.17 and between height and development were -0.12. Conclusion: Prevalence of short children were lower than Indonesian report, and 25% children need attention to may catch their development. No relation between nutritional status and developmental status. Nutrition and development approach should be treated together.

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Rao, Jadhav S. Jaya Sankar, and Papa Rao Alahari. "Pre-Adoleseent Growth Studies among the Ahirs of Haryana." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 13, no. 2 (July 2013): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1301300221.

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A cross-sectional growth study was undertaken among the Ahir boys and girts of Mahendragarh district of Haryana. The study urns conducted among the school going children ranging the age from six to ten years. Anthropometric measurements were taken on 420 children (209 boys and 211 girls). A steady growth was observed for all the measurements in both the sexes with the advancement of age while, skinfold measurement did not showed a definite trend. It was observed thai the growth among boys is higher than to girls except for the sixth age group. Nutritional status of the children was observed through weight for age, height for age and mid upper arm classifications. It was observed that for weight for age classification, around 31.66 percent and 37.38 percent of children fall under grade-I and grade-II malnutrition respectively. Height for age classification showed that 60.71 percent are under mild retardation and for mid upper arm circumference classification 48.33 percent and 29.28 percent were normal and mild malnourished respectively. Based on the above indices it is inferred that, the nutritional status of the Ahir children were below normal and are mildly malnourished.

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Schumacher, Laurie B., I. Guy Pawson, and Norman Kretchmer. "Growth of Immigrant Children in the Newcomer Schools of San Francisco." Pediatrics 80, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.80.6.861.

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A semilongitudinal study on growth and development was initiated on immigrant and refugee school-aged children in San Francisco. Anthropometric values (height, weight, arm circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds) were collected soon after their arrival in the United States and repeated at 3-month intervals for 1 year. Data were analyzed by age-gender cohorts. z Score calculations for measures of height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height demonstrated a significant overall deficiency in height-for-age and weight-for-age at the time of the first measurement. Comparisons with a US standard indicated that most of the children were between the fifth and 25th percentiles in these measures. There were fewer children who were significantly deficient in weight-for-height. Calculations for median growth rate indicated that most cohorts exhibited a median growth velocity that was close to or exceeded the median for US white children. There was also significant improvement in weight-for-age. The results indicated that these immigrant and refugee children accelerated their growth markedly in an optimum nutritional environment and were in a period of catch-up growth.

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Kemp, Stephen F. "New Treatments for Growth Hormone Deficiency." US Endocrinology 09, no. 01 (2013): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2013.09.01.71.

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First recognized in the early 20th century, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has been treated with growth hormone (GH) replacement since 1958. Initial replacement was with cadarevic GH. In 1985, GH therapy with recombinant human GH (rhGH) replaced cadaveric GH, which increased not only safety, but also efficacy (because of increased supply). Improvements in GH dosing and frequency of injection has resulted in adult heights now usually in the normal range. GHD is diagnosed from the clinical picture, along with measurement of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), IGF binding protein-3, and GH response to provocative stimuli. Several long-acting GH preparations are now under development. There has been a great deal of data from databases that confirms safety of GH administration while patients are taking GH. A recent report of increased mortality risk in adults who were treated with GH as children has not been confirmed by a second similar retrospective evaluation. Additional long-term follow-up studies of adults who took GH as children are needed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Children Victoria Growth Measurement'

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