Journal articles: 'Children Institutional care South Australia'

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Doore, Kathryn E. van. "Regulating Australia’s Participation in the Orphanage Industry." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 7, no. 1 (March 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300319894498.

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Orphanages harness the goodwill of volunteers, visitors and donors to generate funding. However, in recent years, evidence has emerged that in some cases children are being recruited or trafficked into orphanages in order to generate profit from this goodwill. This is known as the ‘orphanage industry’, and the recruitment of children into orphanages for the purpose of profit and exploitation is ‘orphanage trafficking’. Australia is reported to be the largest funder of residential care for children in South East Asia. In 2017, Australia became the first government in the world to consider orphanage trafficking as a form of modern slavery. This article traces the evolution of the recognition of orphanage trafficking broadly, and then focusses on recommendations made by the Australian government following the release of its 2017 Hidden in Plain Sight Report. This article analyses the emerging policy and legislative reforms that are being undertaken by the Australian government and recommends further development to ensure that funding and finances are appropriately directed to divest from orphanages and instead support burgeoning care reform in the South Asian region. Finally, the article responds to critiques of the Australian government’s standpoint on orphanage trafficking as it relates to the over-reliance on institutional care and provides clarification on why a criminal justice response to orphanage trafficking is appropriate.

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Hil, Richard, Joanna Penglase, and Gregory Smith. "Closed worlds. Reflections on institutional care and child slavery in Australia." Children Australia 33, no. 1 (2008): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200000067.

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This article deals with various implications arising from evidence of slavery experienced by children placed in orphanages and children's homes between 1910 and 1974. Slavery was an integral part of the day-to-day realities of many of these children who also experienced forms of sexual, physical and emotional abuse in institutions that were supposedly responsible for their care. It is argued that slave labour in care settings contravened various provisions contained in welfare legislation of the period and was used to supplement the incomes of care institutions. The end result was that children were often compelled to work rather than receive the education to which they were entitled, rendering them ill-prepared to deal with various challenges in later life. This largely hidden story of slavery among the ‘Forgotten Australians’ is one of crude exercise of self-serving authority over children – authority aimed at serving the interests of institutions rather than the children they were meant to help.

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Vadlamudi, Eswari. "Deinstitutionalisation of Children in Care with Special Focus on Institutional Care in South Asia." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 5, no. 1 (March 2018): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349301120180104.

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Vadlamudi, Eswari. "Deinstitutionalisation of children in care with special focus on institutional care in South Asia." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 5, no. 1 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-3011.2018.00001.4.

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Delfabbro, Paul H., and James G. Barber. "The micro-economics of foster care in South Australia." Children Australia 27, no. 2 (2002): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200005046.

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The South Australian foster care system is plagued by problems of both supply and demand. Decreases in the availability of residential care and suitably trained foster carers has led to a shortage of placements to meet current demand. At the same time, increased selectivity in the intake of children into care has led to an over-concentration of more challenging children who either cannot be placed in foster care, or are being placed with the support of significantly higher loadings or payments. In this paper, it is argued that these problems can be understood conceptually using basic micro-economic principles, namely: demand-supply curve analysis, separation of market segments, and supply elasticity. It is argued that the supply of placements has become increasingly price-inelastic due to the nature of demand (the type of child), and that increasing short-term payment rates only serves to magnify the problem by artificially maintaining unsuitable care arrangements. Alternative solutions, such as the introduction of training and professional foster carers, are discussed.

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Barclay, Katie, Dee Michell, and Clemence Due. "Providing Care for Children: How Service Providers Define and Apply “Care” in Contemporary South Australia." Children Australia 41, no. 3 (July 26, 2016): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2016.20.

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While a wide array of service providers and academic scholars apply the use of “care” in their work, the concept of “care” itself remains largely undefined. This has widespread implications for applied work with children and young people (CYP), particularly since institutions such as schools and non-governmental organisations are increasingly being expected to care for or about children. In this paper, we use thematic analysis to report on interviews with representatives from four service providers and organisations responsible for the care of children. In our analysis, we explore both how care is defined by these organisations, and the implications for practice when working with CYP.

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Delfabbro, Paul H., James G. Barber, and Lesley Cooper. "Placement disruption and dislocation in South Australian substitute care." Children Australia 25, no. 2 (2000): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200009676.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of disruption experienced by 235 children aged 4–17 years placed into substitute care in South Australia during 1998–1999. Key measures of disruption included: the frequency of placement changes, the number of children forced to change school, the geographical distance from birth families, and the amount of planned contact between children and families during the placement. Parental contact was reduced when children were victims of abuse, but more likely when children were placed because of parental incapacity. Changes in school were more likely when children were older or were placed a long way from their families. Geographical dislocation was, as expected, more likely to be a feature of rural placements, although there were no rural-metropolitan differences in the nature and frequency of family contact. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.

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Mooney, Gavin, and Shane Houston. "Equity in health care and institutional trust: a communitarian view." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, no. 5 (May 2008): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008000500024.

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Communitarianism acknowledges and values, and not just instrumentally, the bonds that unite and identify communities. Communitarians also value community per se. This paper argues that trust is likely to be stronger in communities where these bonds are greater. Equity in health care is a social phenomenon. In health care, it is apparent that more communitarian societies, such as Scandinavia and within Aboriginal Australia, are likely to value more equity-orientated systems. Where, as in the latter case, this desire for equity takes place against a background of the powerful dominant (white) society treating the minority (black) society as dependent, Aboriginal trust in Australian society and in its public institutions is eroded. Lack of trust and inequity then come to the fore. This paper discusses institutional trust as a facilitator of equity in health care in the specific context of Indigenous health. The example used is Australian Aboriginal health but the principles would apply to other Indigenous populations as in for example South America.

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Tarren-Sweeney, Michael, and Philip Hazell. "Mental health of children in foster and kinship care in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 42, no. 3 (March 2006): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00804.x.

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Scarvelis, Beverly, Beth R. Crisp, and Sophie Goldingay. "From institutional care to life in an Australian family: The experiences of intercountry adoptees." International Social Work 60, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815580048.

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Intercountry adoption programmes have brought children from racially and culturally diverse backgrounds to live as Australians, including 30 Thai children from Rangsit Children’s Home who arrived in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This article provides insight into the experiences of intercountry adoptees at four key stages of the adoption process: leaving the orphanage, arrival in Australia, becoming a member of a family and reconnecting with Thai culture. As this study demonstrates, each of these phases can be challenging for both the adoptees and the families who adopt them and supports may be required long after adoptees become adults.

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Luu, Betty, Amy Conley Wright, and Judith Cashmore. "Sibling networks of children adopted from out-of-home care in New South Wales, Australia." Children and Youth Services Review 119 (December 2020): 105588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105588.

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Bendall, Jason C., Paul M. Simpson, and Paul M. Middleton. "Prehospital Analgesia in New South Wales, Australia." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, no. 6 (December 2011): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000180.

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AbstractIntroduction: With at least 20% of ambulance patients reporting pain of moderate to severe intensity, pain management has become a primary function of modern ambulance services. The objective of this study was to describe the use of intravenous morphine, inhaled methoxyflurane, and intranasal fentanyl when administered in the out-of-hospital setting by paramedics within a large Australian ambulance service.Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from ambulance patient health care records (PHCR) for all cases from 01 July 2007 through 30 June 2008 in which an analgesic agent was administered (alone or in combination).Results: During the study period, there were 97,705 patients ≤100 years of age who received intravenous (IV) morphine, intranasal (IN) fentanyl, or inhaled methoxyflurane, either alone or in combination. Single-agent analgesia was administered in 87% of cases. Methoxyflurane was the most common agent, being administered in almost 60% of cases. Females were less likely to receive an opiate compared to males (RR = 0.83, 95% CI, 0.82–0.84, p <0.0001). Pediatric patients were less likely to receive opiate analgesia compared to adults (RR = 0.65, 95% CI, 0.63–0.67, p <0.0001). The odds of opiate analgesia (compared to pediatric patients 0–15 years) were 1.47; 2.10; 2.56 for 16–39 years, 40–59 years, and ≥60 years, respectively. Pediatric patients were more likely to receive fentanyl than morphine (RR = 1.69, 95% CI, 1.64–1.74, p < 0.0001).Conclusion: In this ambulance service, analgesia most often is provided through the use of a single agent. The majority of patients receive non-opioid analgesia with methoxyflurane, most likely because all levels of paramedics are authorized to administer that analgesic. Females and children are less likely to receive opiate-based analgesia than their male and adult counterparts, respectively. Paramedics appear to favor intranasal opiate delivery over intravenous delivery in children with acute pain.

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Mendes, Philip. "Remembering the ‘forgotten’ Australians: The Care Leavers of Australia Network and the Senate Inquiry into Institutional and Out-of-home Care." Children Australia 30, no. 1 (2005): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s103507720001052x.

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This study examines the findings of the recent Community Affairs Reference Committee report into institutional and out-of-home care. Attention is drawn to the key role played by the Care Leavers of Australia Network (CLAN) in pushing the concerns of older care leavers onto the public agenda, successfully lobbying for the Senate Inquiry, and providing services and supports to care leavers.The report highlighted the historical failure of state authorities to protect the well-being of children and young people placed in alternative care. Many of those children have subsequently experienced significant emotional and psychological problems, the results of which include psychiatric illness, depression, suicide, substance abuse, illiteracy, impaired relationship skills and marriage breakdown, and incarceration.The report also has contemporary implications. In order to achieve better outcomes for care leavers in the future, we need to ensure that child welfare services are adequately funded, employ properly trained and qualified professional staff, promote a gradual and functional transition from dependence to independence, and ensure accountability to external bodies including consumer groups.

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GRIMMOND, T. R., A. J. RADFORD, T. BROWNRIDGE, A. FARSHID, C. HARRIS, P. TURTON, and K. WORDSWORTH. "Giardia carriage in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children attending urban day-care centres in South Australia." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 24, no. 5 (October 1988): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1988.tb01369.x.

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Buchanan, Fiona. "Zero Tolerance in South Australia: A Statewide Community Initiative." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 1 (1996): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96013.

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The Zero Tolerance Campaign against violence to women and children is a hard hitting, controversial campaign designed to raise public awareness and provoke debate about male abuse of power in the areas of domestic violence, rape and sexual assault, and child sexual abuse. Zero Tolerance is also an example of best practice in cross sectoral co-operation. The campaign comprises a statewide initiative involving the Health Promotion Unit of the South Australian Health Commission, the Domestic Violence Resource Unit, Family and Community Services, community health workers and local community action groups throughout the state. The process of bringing together a wide range of individuals from very different backgrounds and differing perspectives to work collaboratively on a controversial, innovative project led to extensive examination and defining of the issues involved. The planning process included a microcosm of the debate which Zero Tolerance intends to generate in the community. Resolution of the issues raised, employed many of the strategies developed and identified as best practice in the field of primary health care. The paper explores the challenges and rewards in the context of working collaboratively through the planning of a controversial initiative and identifies the merits of a campaign which has built on a diverse range of knowledge. Zero Tolerance, as a campaign, has the scope to be adapted in a variety of culturally and socially diverse initiatives as it becomes identified as an example of international best practice developed to stop violence against women and children.

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Delfabbro, Paul H., James G. Barber, and Lesley Cooper. "Children Entering Out-of-home Care in South Australia: Baseline Analyses for a 3-year Longitudinal Study." Children and Youth Services Review 24, no. 12 (December 2002): 917–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-7409(02)00252-9.

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Dickins, Emma. "Scaling paediatric integrated care for chronic and medically complex children living in rural New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Integrated Care 21, S1 (September 1, 2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.icic20186.

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Dimitropoulos, Yvonne, Kylie Gwynne, Anthony Blinkhorn, and Alexander Holden. "A school fluoride varnish program for Aboriginal children in rural New South Wales, Australia." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 31, no. 2 (April 2020): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpja.266.

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Laurence, Jennifer, and David McCallum. "On Innocence Lost: How Children Are Made Dangerous." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i4.930.

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This article explores continuities of despotism within liberal governance. It introduces recent government investments in the need to protect children from institutional and organisational abuse in the context of which loss of innocence is conceptualised as a moment in a biography, following exposure to violence. The article contrasts those investments with contemporaneous claims by the state that as other-than-innocent, certain children in its care are legitimately exempted from moral-ethical norms embedded elsewhere in the logic of governing childhood proper. The article turns to historical understandings of the welfare of children in the state of Victoria, Australia, to explore the conditions and the means by which children in state care came to be figured as other-than-innocent exceptions, rightly exposed to forms of authoritarian violence. Loss of innocence is explored as an enduring achievement of government in the context of aspirations to do with population, territory and national security.

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Luu, Betty, Amy Conley Wright, and Melanie Randle. "General public perceptions and motivations to adopt children from out-of-home care in New South Wales, Australia." Children Australia 44, no. 4 (August 19, 2019): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2019.33.

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AbstractRecent reforms in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, prioritise adoption over long-term foster care. While previous research has examined motivation to foster, less is known about the interest by the general public in adoption from out-of-home care. A general sample of the NSW public (N = 1030) completed an online survey about adoption practices and their willingness to consider adopting from out-of-home care, with background questions on perceived social support and life satisfaction. Barriers to pursuing adoption were identified, including concerns about the characteristics of the child related to their experiences of care and personal impacts including financial costs. Availability of post-adoption supports was viewed positively as increasing interest in adoption. General Linear Model univariate analyses identified that likelihood of considering adoption was primarily predicted by younger age, knowing someone who had been adopted as a child, actively practicing religion, living in the city rather than a regional area and higher life satisfaction. Customised marketing campaigns can target people more likely to consider adoption, with messages that resonate with their social and psychological characteristics. There is also a need for policy changes to ensure adequate provision of post-adoption support.

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Church, Rick. "Case Notes Accreditation: Substitute Care Programmes for Children. A Step Forward." Children Australia 12, no. 4 (1987): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000001636.

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A history of children's welfare services in Australia demonstrates the significant and on-going role of the non-government sector. This is particularly true within New South Wales. Many programmes, frequently under the auspice of mainstream religious institutions, were established early in response to critical social needs. These programmes routinely developed in isolation from each other, often with primary ties only to the auspice body and the local community. Some things are slow to change.Today the non-government sector is an amorphous collective of agencies with highly variable philosophical under pinnings, welfare ideologies, resources and competency levels.We have learned a great deal about the needs of children, the process of change, and competency in service delivery (within a specific statutory umbrella). Our new knowledge is yet to be consistently reflected in practice.

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del Pozo de Bolger, Andrea, Debra Dunstan, and Melissa Kaltner. "Open Adoptions of Children From Foster Care in New South Wales Australia: Adoption Process and Post-Adoption Contact." Adoption Quarterly 21, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2018.1448915.

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Mertin, Peter, and Richard Baxter. "Promoting Stability in Foster Care." Children Australia 11, no. 1 (1986): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000015563.

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For the child in residential care who, for whatever reason will not be returning to the natural family, long term foster placement is often seen as a means of providing a suitable alternative family environment. The formation of mutually satisfying emotional ties within a family setting is recognised as being an important ingredient is the healthy psychological development of a child. However, the high rate of foster placement breakdown attests to the fact that these ties are not easily formed.In South Australia, at any one time, approximately 2,300 children are known to be living apart from their parents. Some 1,500 of these children are in foster care. A 1982 Department for Community Welfare survey of a 50% sample of children who had been in continuous foster care for more than three years revealed that, while 60%of the sample had experienced only one foster placement, 24% had experienced three or more foster placements. Figures are similar In the United States where analysis of eleven foster care studies revealed that some 23% of children had three or more placements. (Westman, 1979).

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Kendall, Sacha, Stacey Lighton, Juanita Sherwood, Eileen Baldry, and Elizabeth Sullivan. "Holistic Conceptualizations of Health by Incarcerated Aboriginal Women in New South Wales, Australia." Qualitative Health Research 29, no. 11 (May 13, 2019): 1549–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732319846162.

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While there has been extensive research on the health and social and emotional well-being (SEWB) of Aboriginal women in prison, there are few qualitative studies where incarcerated Aboriginal women have been directly asked about their health, SEWB, and health care experiences. Using an Indigenous research methodology and SEWB framework, this article presents the findings of 43 interviews with incarcerated Aboriginal women in New South Wales, Australia. Drawing on the interviews, we found that Aboriginal women have holistic conceptualizations of their health and SEWB that intersect with the SEWB of family and community. Women experience clusters of health problems that intersect with intergenerational trauma, perpetuated and compounded by ongoing colonial trauma including removal of children. Women are pro-active about their health but encounter numerous challenges in accessing appropriate health care. These rarely explored perspectives can inform a reframing of health and social support needs of incarcerated Aboriginal women establishing pathways for healing.

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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "Establishing Adoption as a Route Out of Care in New South Wales: A Commentary." Children Australia 41, no. 3 (August 17, 2016): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2016.26.

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Over the last 25 years (1990–2015), the number of adoptions of children (and young persons) in Australia declined from 1,142 to 292 (25.5 %). Of the 292 adoptions that took place in 2014–15, 83 (28%) were inter country adoptions, with the remaining 209 (72 %) adoptions of Australian children. Very few of the adoptions of Australian children were in New South Wales. In amendments in 2014 to the New South Wales Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 and the Adoptions Act 2000, a new emphasis on ‘open’ adoption was introduced. The focus of these amendments is on adoption of children who are in foster care where the New South Wales Children's Court has ruled that there is no realistic possibility of restoration of the child to parental care. This article is about the implementation of this new legislative emphasis on adoption. It does not examine the benefit or otherwise of adoption for children who cannot be safely restored to parental care as this issue has been extensively canvassed elsewhere. This article also highlights the US and English experience of adoption from care in order to place the New South Wales development in perspective. The article concludes with discussion of the issues adoption raises for the parents of a child who is being considered for adoption from care.

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van Spijker, Bregje A., Jose A. Salinas-Perez, John Mendoza, Tanya Bell, Nasser Bagheri, Mary Anne Furst, Julia Reynolds, et al. "Service availability and capacity in rural mental health in Australia: Analysing gaps using an Integrated Mental Health Atlas." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 10 (June 28, 2019): 1000–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419857809.

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Objective: Access to services and workforce shortages are major challenges in rural areas worldwide. In order to improve access to mental health care, it is imperative to understand what services are available, what their capacity is and where existing funds might be spent to increase availability and accessibility. The aim of this study is to investigate mental health service provision in a selection of rural and remote areas across Australia by analysing service availability, placement capacity and diversity. Method: This research studies the health regions of Western New South Wales and Country Western Australia and their nine health areas. Service provision was analysed using the DESDE-LTC system for long-term care service description and classification that allows international comparison. Rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated to compare the care availability and placement capacity for children and adolescents, adults and older adults. Results: The lowest diversity was found in northern Western Australia. Overall, Western New South Wales had a higher availability of non-acute outpatient services for adults, but hardly any acute outpatient services. In Country Western Australia, substantially fewer non-acute outpatient services were found, while acute services were much more common. Acute inpatient care services were more common in Western New South Wales, while sub-acute inpatient services and non-acute day care services were only found in Western New South Wales. Conclusion: The number and span of services in the two regions showed discrepancies both within and between regions, raising issues on the equity of access to mental health care in Australia. The standard description of the local pattern of rural mental health care and its comparison across jurisdictions is critical for evidence-informed policy planning and resource allocation.

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Hazell, Philip, Titia Sprague, and Joanne Sharpe. "Psychiatric hospital treatment of children and adolescents in New South Wales, Australia: 12-year trends." BJPsych Open 2, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000794.

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BackgroundIt is preferable that children and adolescents requiring in-patient care for mental health problems are managed in age-appropriate facilities. To achieve this, nine specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in-patient units have been commissioned in New South Wales (NSW) since 2002.AimsTo examine trends in child and adolescent in-patient admissions since the opening of these CAMHS units.MethodAnalysis of separation data for under 18-year-olds to CAMHS, adult mental health and paediatric units for the period 2002 to 2013 in NSW, comparing districts with and without specialist CAMHS units.ResultsSeparations from CAMHS, adult and paediatric units rose with time, but there was no interaction between time and health district type (with/without CAMHS unit). Five of eight health districts experienced increased separations of under 18-year-olds from adult units in the year of opening a CAMHS unit. Separations from related paediatric units increased in three of seven health districts.ConclusionsOpening CAMHS units may be followed by a temporary increase in separations of young people from adult units, but it does not influence the flow of patients to non-CAMHS facilities in the longer term.

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Boyd, Wendy, Sandie Wong, Marianne Fenech, Linda Mahony, Jane Warren, I.-Fang Lee, and Sandra Cheeseman. "Employers’ perspectives of how well prepared early childhood teacher graduates are to work in early childhood education and care services." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 45, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1836939120935997.

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With an unprecedented number of children in early childhood education and care in Australia, demand for early childhood teachers is increasing. This demand is in the context of recognition of the importance of the early years and increasing requirements for more highly qualified early childhood teachers under the National Quality Framework. Increasingly, evidence shows the value-added difference of university-qualified teachers to child outcomes. Within Australia there are multiple ways to become an early childhood teacher. Three common approaches are a 4-year teaching degree to teach children aged birth to 5 years, children aged birth to 8 years, or children aged birth to 12 years. There is, however, no evidence of how effective these degree programmes are. This paper presents the perspectives of 19 employers of early childhood teachers in New South Wales regarding how well prepared early childhood teacher graduates are to work in the early childhood sector in Australia. Although participants noted the strengths of new graduate early childhood teachers, they also identified several areas in which they were less well prepared to teach in the early years.

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Chege, Njeri, and Stephen Ucembe. "Kenya’s Over-Reliance on Institutionalization as a Child Care and Child Protection Model: A Root-Cause Approach." Social Sciences 9, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9040057.

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Institutionalization of children who are deprived of parental care is a thriving phenomenon in the global South, and has generated considerable concern both nationally and internationally, in the last two decades. In Kenya, the number of children growing up in live-in care institutions has been growing ever since the country’s early post-independence years. Although legislative and regulatory measures aimed at child protection have been in place for a number of years now, and the national government appears to be standing by the commitment it expressed in recent times to implement care reform which encompasses de-institutionalization, the national child protection system remains very dependent on institutional care. Against the backdrop of a global and national movement towards de-institutionalization of child care and child protection, in this paper we tease out the range of factors reinforcing Kenya’s over-reliance on live-in institutions as a child care and child protection model. Numerous factors—structural, political, economic, socio-cultural, and legal—contribute to the complexity of the issue. We highlight this complexity, bringing together different angles, while pointing out the interests of the different stakeholders in reinforcing institutional care. We argue that the sustainability, efficiency and effectiveness of the intended change from institutional care to alternative family-based care requires that a root-cause approach be adopted in addressing the underlying child care and child protection issues.

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Barber, J. G., P. H. Delfabbro, and L. Cooper. "Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in out-of-home care." Children Australia 25, no. 3 (2000): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200009743.

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A full year’s intake of 38 Aboriginal children and 198 non-Aboriginal children referred for a new out-of-home placement in South Australia were studied as part of the first phase of a 3-year longitudinal study into the outcomes of alternative care. The baseline profile of this cohort revealed a number of significant racial and geographical differences between the children. Among the most important of these was an interaction between race and geographical location on length of time in care which indicated that Aboriginal children from metropolitan areas and non-Aboriginal children from rural areas had the longest histories of alternative care. In addition, Aboriginal children in metropolitan areas were the least likely to be referred into care for reasons of emotional abuse or neglect, no doubt because so many of them were already in alternative care at the time of the referral. Metropolitan Aboriginal children were also the unhealthiest and, together with rural non-Aborigines, the most likely to be under a court order at the time of placement. Overall, results are consistent with the proposition that metropolitan Aboriginal children and rural non-Aboriginal children are the most reliant on the formal alternative care system.

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Chambers, Megan F., Alison M. Saunders, Brendan D. New, Catherine L. Williams, and Anna Stachurska. "Assessment of children coming into care: Processes, pitfalls and partnerships." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 15, no. 4 (October 2010): 511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104510375932.

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Children in out-of-home care (OOHC) present with high levels of physical, developmental and emotional and behavioural difficulties, yet often fail to receive appropriate services. This article describes a joint health and welfare service specifically developed to provide comprehensive physical, developmental and mental health assessments to a cohort of children entering long-term care in one region of Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Paediatric, allied health, dental and psychosocial assessments were co-ordinated from a single referral from the child’s welfare case manager. Follow-up appointments were held 6—12 months later to assess the outcomes of recommendations. Physical, mental health and developmental difficulties in the children are reported, the implications for service requirements are presented and process blocks described. There is a need for a specific co-ordinating service to overcome the inherent fragmentation of this group (related both to transience and change in the welfare sector, and levels of comorbidity and chronicity in health presentations). Health and Welfare services must operate together, with an awareness of the processes and resource constraints in each sector, if they are to deliver sustainable and reliable health care to this vulnerable group.

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Hansen, Patricia, and Frank Ainsworth. "Children in out-of-home care: What drives the increase in admissions and how to make a change." Children Australia 33, no. 4 (2008): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200000390.

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In Australia the number of children removed from birth parents and admitted to State care, i.e. foster care, kinship care, other home-based care, group homes or residential care, continues to rise. Because the number of foster carers (the preferred care option after kinship care) has fallen and the recruitment of new carers has become more difficult, this rise in admissions to care is a critical issue. This paper explores those factors that drive the increase in the number of children that are taken into State care and makes suggestions about how this trend might be reversed. New South Wales is used as the example for this purpose although the points made are applicable in other States and Territories.

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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "Group Homes for Children and Young People: The Problem Not the Solution." Children Australia 43, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.4.

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In every state and territory in Australia, child welfare departments, under various names, maintain or, alternatively, fund group homes for children and young people in the non-government sector. Increasingly, these group homes offer only four places with no integrated treatment or educational services. In that respect they can best be viewed as providing care and accommodation only. Since 2010, following the release of a definition of therapeutic residential care by the National Therapeutic Residential Care Work Group, there has been debate about how to make group homes therapeutic. In 2017, as part of a wider reform effort, New South Wales renamed all their out-of-home care (foster care and residential care) as intensive therapeutic care and ceased using the term residential. The net result is that the group homes in New South Wales will from now on be referred to as intensive therapeutic care homes. This article raises questions about the utility of this renaming and explores whether or not group homes can be therapeutic given the characteristics of the population of children and young people they accommodate, their small size, the staffing complement and the limited job satisfaction with high staff turnover as a consequence of this smallness. All of these factors lead to the well-documented, anti-therapeutic instability of the group home life space.

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Choe, Kwisoon, Yoonjung Kim, and Yoonseo Yang. "Pediatric nurses’ ethical difficulties in the bedside care of children." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 2 (June 14, 2017): 541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733017708330.

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Background: Pediatric nurses experience ethically difficult situations in their everyday work. Several studies have been conducted to reveal ethical issues among pediatric nurses; we do not think their ethical difficulties have been explored sufficiently from their own perspective. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the ethical difficulties faced by pediatric nurses during bedside care for hospitalized children. Methods: A phenomenological approach was used to collect and analyze interview data from 14 female pediatric nurses in South Korea. Ethical considerations: Ethical review was obtained from an ethics committee. The participants were informed about the aim of the study, and voluntary participation, anonymous response, and confidentiality were explained to them. Findings: Three themes emerged from the analysis: ethical numbness in a task-oriented context, negative feelings toward family caregivers, and difficulty in expressing oneself in an authoritative climate. Conclusion and implications: We need to develop strategies to manage ethical difficulties at an institutional level. Furthermore, it is important that pediatric nurses have the opportunity to communicate with fellow nurses and other medical staff regarding ethical difficulties. In addition, cultivation of pediatric nurses’ moral, ethical, and philosophical thinking patterns requires the immediate provision of continuous education in nursing ethics at the site of clinical nursing, time to discuss ethical difficulties, and other supportive measures. Findings indicated that, to provide high-quality patient-centered care, we should enhance nurses’ ethical sensitivity and autonomy and improve the ethical climate in hospitals.

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Ammenwerth, Elske, Georg Duftschmid, Zaid Al-Hamdan, Hala Bawadi, Ngai T. Cheung, Kyung-Hee Cho, Guillermo Goldfarb, et al. "International Comparison of Six Basic eHealth Indicators Across 14 Countries: An eHealth Benchmarking Study." Methods of Information in Medicine 59, S 02 (November 18, 2020): e46-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715796.

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Abstract Background Many countries adopt eHealth applications to support patient-centered care. Through information exchange, these eHealth applications may overcome institutional data silos and support holistic and ubiquitous (regional or national) information logistics. Available eHealth indicators mostly describe usage and acceptance of eHealth in a country. The eHealth indicators focusing on the cross-institutional availability of patient-related information for health care professionals, patients, and care givers are rare. Objectives This study aims to present eHealth indicators on cross-institutional availability of relevant patient data for health care professionals, as well as for patients and their caregivers across 14 countries (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong as a special administrative region of China, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States) to compare our indicators and the resulting data for the examined countries with other eHealth benchmarks and to extend and explore changes to a comparable survey in 2017. We defined “availability of patient data” as the ability to access data in and to add data to the patient record in the respective country. Methods The invited experts from each of the 14 countries provided the indicator data for their country to reflect the situation on August 1, 2019, as date of reference. Overall, 60 items were aggregated to six eHealth indicators. Results Availability of patient-related information varies strongly by country. Health care professionals can access patients' most relevant cross-institutional health record data fully in only four countries. Patients and their caregivers can access their health record data fully in only two countries. Patients are able to fully add relevant data only in one country. Finland showed the best outcome of all eHealth indicators, followed by South Korea, Japan, and Sweden. Conclusion Advancement in eHealth depends on contextual factors such as health care organization, national health politics, privacy laws, and health care financing. Improvements in eHealth indicators are thus often slow. However, our survey shows that some countries were able to improve on at least some indicators between 2017 and 2019. We anticipate further improvements in the future.

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Luu, Betty, Marc de Rosnay, Amy Conley Wright, and Susan Tregeagle. "Identity Formation in Children and Young People in Open Adoptions from Out-of-home Care in New South Wales, Australia." Adoption Quarterly 21, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2018.1468371.

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Cramer, Lorinda. "Making ‘everything they want but boots’: Clothing Children in Victoria, Australia, 1840–1870." Costume 51, no. 2 (September 2017): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2017.0024.

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Dress was charged with meaning in the British colonies. Its visual cues made dress an obvious vehicle for formulating identity in material ways, and as a communicative device it was a means to measure migrants of unknown social origin — though not always with success. This article explores children's clothing in south-eastern Australia during the decades spanning the mid-nineteenth century, when the Port Phillip District transformed from a pastoral settlement into the thriving gold-rush colony of Victoria, attracting migrants from around the globe. In particular, it focuses on the material practices of mothers in clothing their children. In considering the links between a mother's domestic needlework and expressions of identity, it develops the concept of clothing as a visible indicator to observers of a mother's care of and devotion to her children, while acknowledging the circumstances that may have influenced her sewing — shortages of labour and materials, isolation and the financial uncertainty of life in a new colony.

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Thapar, Rekha, Meher Singha, Nithin Kumar, Prasanna Mithra, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Ramesh Holla, Vaman Kulkarni, B. B. Darshan, and Avinash Kumar. "Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Children Orphaned due to AIDS Residing in Care Giving Institutions in Coastal South India." AIDS Research and Treatment 2019 (November 3, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4712908.

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Background. HIV/AIDS has a greater impact on children. Besides being orphaned by the untimely demise of one or both parents due to the disease, these children are more prone for discrimination by the society. Methods. In this cross-sectional study 86 children orphaned by AIDS residing in care giving institutions for HIV positive children in Mangalore were assessed for their clinico-epidemiological profile and nutritional status. Institutional Ethics Committee clearance was obtained before the commencement of the study. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 11.5 and the results expressed in mean (standard deviation) and proportions. BMI was calculated and nutritional status assessed using WHO Z scores (BMI for Age) for children between 5 and 19 years separately for boys and girls. Results. The mean age of the children was 13.2 ± 3 years. Majority (n=56, 65.1%) of the children were double orphans. Most of the children orphaned by AIDS (n=78, 90.7%) had a history of both the parents being HIV positive. The median CD4 count of participants at the time of our study was 853.5 (IQR 552–1092) cells/microliter. A higher percentage of orphans were malnourished compared to nonorphans. (41.1% vs. 36.7%). All the educational institutions, wherein the children orphaned by AIDS were enrolled, were aware about their HIV status. Five of the participants felt discriminated in their schools. Only two of the participants felt discriminated by their friends because of their HIV status. Conclusion. From our study we draw conclusion that even though the children orphaned due to AIDS are rehabilitated in terms of having shelter and provision of education and health care, much needs to be done in terms of improving the nutritional status of these children and alleviating the discriminatory attitude of the society towards them.

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Tarren-Sweeney, Michael. "Concordance of mental health impairment and service utilization among children in care." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 15, no. 4 (October 2010): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104510376130.

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This paper describes caregiver-reported patterns of mental health service use for 347 pre-adolescent children in foster and kinship care in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Children’s mean time in care and mean time with their present caregivers were 4.3 and 3.3 years respectively. Forty-four percent of children received individual therapy or counselling, 45% received interventions in the form of clinical guidance for their caregivers, and 31% received both forms of service. Among children scoring in the clinical range on any CBCL sub-scale ( N = 191), equivalent rates of mental health service use were 60%, 55% and 41% respectively. Although not directly comparable, these findings describe a higher rate of service use than that reported for children in care elsewhere. While children with more complex and severe difficulties had higher rates of service use, there was no evidence of variable access for treatment of different types of disorder. Predictors of service use are reported and contrasted with previous findings. The paper considers several features of the NSW child welfare, health and education systems that may account for the relatively high rate of service use.

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Sloth-Nielsen, Julia, and Marilize Ackermann. "UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED FOREIGN CHILDREN IN THE CARE SYSTEM IN THE WESTERN CAPE – A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 19 (June 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a1207.

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This article reports on the findings of a study of foreign children accommodated in the care system in the Western Cape, based on fieldwork conducted in child and youth care centres. The objectives of the study were firstly to map and quantify the number and demographics of foreign children placed in all CYCCs across the Western Cape. Secondly, the study aimed to analyse the reasons for children's migration and the circumstances around their placement in residential care institutions in order to establish whether family reunification was possible or desirable. Thirdly, the study explores the sufficiency of efforts made to trace and reunify the children with their families, whether in South Africa or across borders, as the institutional placement of children should not only be a last resort but it should preferably be temporary whilst family-based solutions are sought. Lastly, the documentation status of the children in the study was examined. Recommendations emanating from the research conclude the study.

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Gerard, Alison, Andrew McGrath, Emma Colvin, and Kath McFarlane. "‘I’m not getting out of bed!’ The criminalisation of young people in residential care." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 52, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865818778739.

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Evidence from both Australian and international jurisdictions show that children in residential care are over-represented in the criminal justice system. In the current study, we interviewed 46 professionals who had contact with young people in residential care settings in New South Wales, Australia. Our sample included police officers, residential care service providers, legal aid lawyers and juvenile justice workers, about their perceptions of the link between residential care and contact with the criminal justice system. Factors identified by the participants included the care environment itself, use of police as a behavioural management tool, deficient staff training and inadequate policies and funding to address the over-representation. These factors, combined with the legacy of Australia’s colonial past, were a particularly potent source of criminalisation for Aboriginal children in care.

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Williamson, Anna, Adam Skinner, Kathleen Falster, Kathleen Clapham, Sandra J. Eades, and Emily Banks. "Mental health-related emergency department presentations and hospital admissions in a cohort of urban Aboriginal children and adolescents in New South Wales, Australia: findings from SEARCH." BMJ Open 8, no. 11 (November 2018): e023544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023544.

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ObjectivesThe aim of the current study is to quantify mental health-related emergency department (ED) presentations and hospitalisations, and associated child and family characteristics, in children recruited through four Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations.SettingFour Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services that deliver primary care. All services were located in urban or large regional centres in New South Wales, Australia.Participants1476 Aboriginal children aged 0–17 years at recruitment to the Study of Environment on Aboriginal Resilience and Child Health.Primary outcome measuresED presentations and hospital admissions with a primary mental health diagnosis obtained via linkage to population health datasets.ResultsOver a median of 6-year follow-up, there were 96 ED presentations affecting 62 children (10.7/1000 person-years) and 49 hospitalisations affecting 34 children (5.5/1000 person-years) for mental health conditions. Presentations/admissions increased with age. ED presentation was increased with: living in foster versus parental care (adjusted rate ratio (RR)=3.97, 95% CrI 1.26 to 11.80); high versus low baseline child emotional/behavioural problems (adjusted RR=2.93, 95% CrI 1.50 to 6.10); and caregiver chronic health conditions versus none (adjusted RR=2.81, 95% CrI 1.31 to 6.63). Hospitalisations were significantly increased with caregiver unemployment versus home duties (adjusted RR=4.48, 95% CrI 1.26 to 17.94) and caregiver chronic health problems versus none (adjusted RR=3.83, 95% CrI 1.33 to 12.12).ConclusionsTertiary care for mental health issues was relatively common among participating Aboriginal children, with risk elevated for those living in foster care, with prior mental health and behavioural problems and with carers with chronic illness and/or unemployment. While this study suggests high rates of serious mental health events among children from participating communities, the optimum means for reducing these rates, and the need for tertiary care, has not yet been determined. Such information is urgently required to inform policy and programmes to support Aboriginal child and adolescent mental health.

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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "Family Foster Care: Can it Survive the Evidence?" Children Australia 39, no. 2 (May 21, 2014): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2014.5.

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The media coverage of foster care in Australia is replete with adoration for foster carers who look after disadvantaged and difficult children and youth. As this article is being written, New South Wales is holding a ‘foster care week’ with enhanced media coverage and praise for foster carers, the recruitment of new foster carers and acclaim for the ‘foster carer of the year’. Yet, there is another side to foster care that offers less than ideal circumstances for children in care. There is the worrying issue of multiple placements, the problem with children and young people running away from foster care before they reach the legal age for discharge, and evidence of increased incidence of poor educational attainment and involvement in juvenile offending for young people in foster care. In addition, there are cases of foster children being abused by foster carers. As adults, former foster-care children and youth are over-represented among the homeless, in adult correction centres, the unemployed and the users of mental health services. This article documents these negative outcomes of entering the foster-care system, and asks whether family (or non-relative) foster care can survive this evidence. For too many children and young people, family foster care may not provide better outcomes than less-than-optimal parental care from which the children were removed. An alternative is to reduce the use of family foster care and increase intensive support and parenting education services for birth parents who have limited parenting capacity. The aim should be to limit the number of children being taken into care.

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Ali, Syed Zagham, Sana Waqar, Waqas Imran Khan, and Asim Khurshid. "Endocrine complications in thalassemic children at a tertiary childcare hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan." Professional Medical Journal 28, no. 09 (August 31, 2021): 1302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.09.5704.

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Objective: To find out the frequency of endocrine complications in thalassemic children at a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Medicine, “The Children’s Hospital and Institute of Child Health (CHICH), Multan,”. Period: 10-08-2018 to 09-05-2019. Material & Methods: A total of 160 children of both gender and aged 2 – 14 years having thalassemia major were enrolled from thalassemia center, CHICH Multan. Venous blood sample (5 ml) was taken and dispatched to central institutional laboratory for performing specific investigations. Results: Majority of the patients, 101 (63.1 %) were male. Overall, mean age was 6.79+2.10 years. Mean no. of transfusions in our study cases was 3.16+1.14 while 128 (80.0%) had to undergo blood transfusion more than twice per month. Parental consanguinity was positive in 122 (76.2%). Mean Fasting blood sugar level was 117.28+32.43 mg/dl and diabetes was noted in 70 (43.8%). Mean FT4 was 0.99+0.12 ng/dl and hypothyroidism was noted in 32 (20.0%). Endocrine complications were noted in 102 (36.8%) cases. Conclusion: Very high frequency of endocrine complications was seen among children having thalassemia. Endocrine complications were significantly associated with age, residential status, number of blood transfusions per month, disease duration and parental consanguinity.

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Adamson, Elizabeth, and James A. Smith. "Exploring the Links between Fathering, Masculinities and Health and Well-Being for Migrant Fathers: Implications for Policy and Practice." International Journal of Mens Social and Community Health 3, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): e58-e65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/ijmsch.v3i2.36.

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Fathers’ uptake of paternity leave and care of children is shaped by various factors, including structuralbarriers and gender norms, which influence masculine identity formation. Such barriers to accessing leave and caring for children are thus influenced by a complex intersection of individual and institutional factors. Focusing on Australia, this article looks at migrant fathers’ decisions about parental leave and caregiving, and its intersection with gender (masculinities) and culture (race/ethnicity). We do so to unpack the structural barriers these men face, including those that influence their (mental) health and well-being. The authors identify a gap in research, and argue that there is a need to better understand the intersection of gender and culture on migrant fathers’ decisions to access parental leave and care for children. A better understanding of these decisions is integral to building better policy and programme supports for different groups of fathers and, ultimately, improving their mental health and well-being. It also identifies the need for research and policy to recognise the diversity of “migrant” fathers in both quantitative and qualitative research.

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P. J., Saritha, Jayakrishnan M. P., Ashraf T. P., and Geeta M. G. "Acute kidney injury in paediatric intensive care: need for extended vigil." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190742.

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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important contributor towards morbidity and mortality among critically ill children. The objective of this study was to ascertain the etiological factors, categorize the severity and determine the immediate outcome of AKI among children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary referral hospital in south India.Methods: A prospective study was conducted from January to December 2012 in the PICU, Government medical college, kozhikode, a major referral hospital in north Kerala. The institutional ethics committee approved the study. Children in the age group of 1 month to 12 years admitted to the PICU for at least 48 hours were included if they had no previous renal disease/AKI at the time of admission. Serum creatinine levels of the children were measured at the time of admission, at 48 hours, and one month later. Outcome measures included normalization of serum creatinine or persistence of impaired renal function. Mortality was assessed both immediately and after one month.Results: A total of 1716 children were included in the study, of which 107 children developed AKI (6.2%). Among the 107 children, 56 children (52.3%) were boys. Majority of children were infants 75(70.1%). Infection was the commonest underlying condition associated with AKI. Most of the children with acute kidney injury were in the earliest phase (Stage 1). Twenty-six children (24.29%) died. Among the survivors, 10% were found to have impaired renal function when followed up a month later.Conclusions: There is a high incidence of AKI in critically ill infants admitted in PICU. Residual renal impairment can persist even after discharge from hospital and these children need follow up for a longer time.

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Delfabbro, Paul, Mignon Borgas, Robyn Vast, and Alexandra Osborn. "The effectiveness of public foster carer recruitment campaigns: The South Australian experience." Children Australia 33, no. 3 (2008): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200000298.

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Between 2004 and 2006, the State Government of South Australia funded a foster carer recruitment service to increase the number of foster carers within the State. Based on a combination of public advertising, community consultation, and a step-by-step process of assessment, the service was successful in attracting considerable public interest in foster care. However, only limited success was achieved in recruiting new foster carers. To investigate this, a retrospective survey of 347 people who made contact with the recruitment service was conducted. The survey examined several factors that might have acted as barriers to becoming a foster carer, including: perceptions of the quality of the service, the nature of the assessment process, concerns about foster care, and personal characteristics and circumstances. The results showed that concerns about the nature of foster care (e.g. nature of the children, their families and fear of being falsely accused of abuse) discouraged around 30% of respondents, but that the majority declined to continue because of inopportune personal circumstances or a fear of failure. The findings highlight the importance of providing greater community information regarding foster care prior to large-scale campaigns, as well as undertaking more specifically targeted recruitment strategies.

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Yelland, Jane, Donna Weetra, Deanna Stuart-Butler, Janiene Deverix, Cathy Leane, Jackie Ah Kit, Karen Glover, Deirdre Gartland, Jonathan Newbury, and Stephanie Brown. "Primary health care for Aboriginal women and children in the year after birth: findings from a population-based study in South Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 40, no. 5 (September 13, 2016): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12581.

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Delfabbro, Paul, and Jim Barber. "Before it's too late: Enhancing the early detection and prevention of long-term placement disruption." Children Australia 28, no. 2 (2003): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200005538.

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In this paper, we examine some of the principal findings of a recent 3-year longitudinal study into foster care in South Australia and their implications for addressing the needs of children who experience high rates of placement disruption while in care. A critical finding of this study was that many of the most serious problems in foster care, such as repeated placement disruption, can be anticipated and predicted with considerable accuracy. Children who experience a disproportionately higher rate of placement disruption appear to be readily identifiable at intake. In addition, there appears to be an approximate threshold or point beyond which children subject to placement disruption begin to experience significant deterioration in their psychosocial functioning. This predictability of outcomes suggests the possibility of the early detection of children most at risk in foster care, and a means of identifying children failing to adapt to care. We believe that the extension of this form of analysis to other Australian states, for example, through the development of nationally agreed-upon definitions of ‘at risk’ and ‘harm due to disruption’ in foster care, may significantly enhance current attempts to evaluate and target treatment programs designed for children with challenging behaviours.

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Woolfenden, Susan R., Troy Dalkeith, and Teresa Anderson. "The first eighteen months of a paediatric ambulatory and community service." Australian Health Review 29, no. 4 (2005): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050429.

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Hospital admission is distressing and traumatic for children as they are separated from their families and home. Internationally, and in Australia, alternative models of health care are being developed to meet the needs of children and their families. We describe the first eighteen months of the establishment of a paediatric ambulatory and community service in a district health service in New South Wales. Key outcomes include: increased referral to the service from acute hospital and primary care services; parental satisfaction and saved hospital beddays. Lessons learnt in the setting up of this service include the need for proactive engagement of consumers and stakeholders; clear definition of roles and responsibilities; and measurable and reasonable performance indicators.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Children Institutional care South Australia'

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