Journal articles on the topic 'Children Institutional care Australia'
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1
Hil, Richard, Joanna Penglase, and Gregory Smith. "Closed worlds. Reflections on institutional care and child slavery in Australia." Children Australia 33, no. 1 (2008): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200000067.
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This article deals with various implications arising from evidence of slavery experienced by children placed in orphanages and children's homes between 1910 and 1974. Slavery was an integral part of the day-to-day realities of many of these children who also experienced forms of sexual, physical and emotional abuse in institutions that were supposedly responsible for their care. It is argued that slave labour in care settings contravened various provisions contained in welfare legislation of the period and was used to supplement the incomes of care institutions. The end result was that children were often compelled to work rather than receive the education to which they were entitled, rendering them ill-prepared to deal with various challenges in later life. This largely hidden story of slavery among the ‘Forgotten Australians’ is one of crude exercise of self-serving authority over children – authority aimed at serving the interests of institutions rather than the children they were meant to help.
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Doore, Kathryn E. van. "Regulating Australia’s Participation in the Orphanage Industry." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 7, no. 1 (March 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300319894498.
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Orphanages harness the goodwill of volunteers, visitors and donors to generate funding. However, in recent years, evidence has emerged that in some cases children are being recruited or trafficked into orphanages in order to generate profit from this goodwill. This is known as the ‘orphanage industry’, and the recruitment of children into orphanages for the purpose of profit and exploitation is ‘orphanage trafficking’. Australia is reported to be the largest funder of residential care for children in South East Asia. In 2017, Australia became the first government in the world to consider orphanage trafficking as a form of modern slavery. This article traces the evolution of the recognition of orphanage trafficking broadly, and then focusses on recommendations made by the Australian government following the release of its 2017 Hidden in Plain Sight Report. This article analyses the emerging policy and legislative reforms that are being undertaken by the Australian government and recommends further development to ensure that funding and finances are appropriately directed to divest from orphanages and instead support burgeoning care reform in the South Asian region. Finally, the article responds to critiques of the Australian government’s standpoint on orphanage trafficking as it relates to the over-reliance on institutional care and provides clarification on why a criminal justice response to orphanage trafficking is appropriate.
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Scarvelis, Beverly, Beth R. Crisp, and Sophie Goldingay. "From institutional care to life in an Australian family: The experiences of intercountry adoptees." International Social Work 60, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815580048.
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Intercountry adoption programmes have brought children from racially and culturally diverse backgrounds to live as Australians, including 30 Thai children from Rangsit Children’s Home who arrived in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This article provides insight into the experiences of intercountry adoptees at four key stages of the adoption process: leaving the orphanage, arrival in Australia, becoming a member of a family and reconnecting with Thai culture. As this study demonstrates, each of these phases can be challenging for both the adoptees and the families who adopt them and supports may be required long after adoptees become adults.
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Laurence, Jennifer, and David McCallum. "On Innocence Lost: How Children Are Made Dangerous." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i4.930.
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This article explores continuities of despotism within liberal governance. It introduces recent government investments in the need to protect children from institutional and organisational abuse in the context of which loss of innocence is conceptualised as a moment in a biography, following exposure to violence. The article contrasts those investments with contemporaneous claims by the state that as other-than-innocent, certain children in its care are legitimately exempted from moral-ethical norms embedded elsewhere in the logic of governing childhood proper. The article turns to historical understandings of the welfare of children in the state of Victoria, Australia, to explore the conditions and the means by which children in state care came to be figured as other-than-innocent exceptions, rightly exposed to forms of authoritarian violence. Loss of innocence is explored as an enduring achievement of government in the context of aspirations to do with population, territory and national security.
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Wüstenberg, Jenny. "Dark Pedagogies in Comparative Perspective: Remembering Institutional Child Abuse." Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jeunesse.13.2.55.
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This article sketches three cases of institutional child abuse in different historical contexts and places—St. Michael’s Residential School in Alert Bay (Canada), Parramatta Girls’ Home in Sydney (Australia), and the Closed Juvenile Detention Center in Torgau (German Democratic Republic). I propose Katharina Rutschky’s concept of “dark pedagogy” to analyze the striking similarities in the methods and justification of treatment of children, in the experiences that survivors describe, and in the nature of commemoration. This concept can help us see how the extremes of violence and the techniques of control in “care” facilities that were common across the profiled cases are immersed in similar norms governing the social roles of children and adults. My core argument is that institutional child abuse—because of its systemic nature, its embeddedness in the modernist project, and the resulting stigmas—has lead to similar challenges and practices in confronting and memorializing these histories.
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Mendes, Philip. "Remembering the ‘forgotten’ Australians: The Care Leavers of Australia Network and the Senate Inquiry into Institutional and Out-of-home Care." Children Australia 30, no. 1 (2005): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s103507720001052x.
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This study examines the findings of the recent Community Affairs Reference Committee report into institutional and out-of-home care. Attention is drawn to the key role played by the Care Leavers of Australia Network (CLAN) in pushing the concerns of older care leavers onto the public agenda, successfully lobbying for the Senate Inquiry, and providing services and supports to care leavers.The report highlighted the historical failure of state authorities to protect the well-being of children and young people placed in alternative care. Many of those children have subsequently experienced significant emotional and psychological problems, the results of which include psychiatric illness, depression, suicide, substance abuse, illiteracy, impaired relationship skills and marriage breakdown, and incarceration.The report also has contemporary implications. In order to achieve better outcomes for care leavers in the future, we need to ensure that child welfare services are adequately funded, employ properly trained and qualified professional staff, promote a gradual and functional transition from dependence to independence, and ensure accountability to external bodies including consumer groups.
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McPhillips, Kathleen. "Religion after the Royal Commission: Challenges to Religion–State Relations." Religions 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11010044.
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The findings and recommendations emanating from the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (2012–2017) have advised religious organisations that they need to undertake significant changes to legal, governance and cultural/theological practices. The reason for urgency in enacting these changes is that religious organisations were the least child safe institutions across all Australian organisations, with poor practices of transparency, accountability and responsibility coupled with a tendency to protect the reputation of the institution above the safety of children in their care. In Australia, new state laws have been enacted and are impacting on the internal governance systems of religious organisations, including removing the secrecy of the Catholic confessional, instituting mandatory reporting of child abuse by clerics and criminalising the failure to report child sexual abuse. Religious organisations have moved to adopt many of the recommendations regarding their troubled governance including the professionalisation of religious ministry; adoption of professional standards; and appropriate redress for survivors and changes to religious laws. However, these changes signal significant challenges to current church–state relations, which have been characterised by positioning religious organisations as special institutions that enjoy exemptions from certain human rights legislation, on the basis of protecting religious freedom. This article examines and evaluates the nexus between state and religion in Australian public life as it is emerging in a post-Royal Commission environment, and in particular contested claims around the meaning and value of religious freedom versus the necessity of institutional reform to ensure that religious organisations can demonstrate safety for children and other vulnerable groups.
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Kaufman, Keith L., Marcus Erooga, Benjamin Mathews, and Erin McConnell. "Recommendations for Preventing Child Sexual Abuse in Youth-Serving Organizations: Implications From an Australian Royal Commission Review of the Literature." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 20 (September 5, 2019): 4199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260519869239.
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Evidence suggests that tens of millions of children and adolescents are involved in youth-serving organizations (YSOs) outside of their homes on a daily basis. Children’s involvement with YSOs clearly offers a broad array of emotional, social, and personal development benefits. This involvement can, however, also be associated with a variety of safety risks, including the potential for child sexual abuse (CSA) victimization and the myriad short- and long-term consequences to its victims and their families. Recognizing the significance of CSA within YSOs, the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse funded a comprehensive review of the literature on risk and protective factors related to CSA in institutions. This yielded more than 400 primarily research articles from the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia, examining institutional CSA victims, perpetrators, and settings. Findings were provided regarding six specific types of institutional settings, including faith-based, early childhood education, childcare and schools, health care, out-of-home/foster care, and sport. This article is based on the findings of Kaufman and Erooga’s comprehensive literature review and Royal Commission findings. It provides a brief review of critical risks associated with CSA victims, perpetrators, and organizational settings, as well as highlights risks particular to specific types of YSOs and risks that are present across these organizations. Optimal prevention directions and strategies are outlined in response to identified patterns of organizational risk. Recommendations for YSO policy enhancements are also provided to complement the article’s prevention focus. Finally, suggestions are offered for future research directions to foster the development of an evidence-based foundation for work in this area.
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Adamson, Elizabeth, and James A. Smith. "Exploring the Links between Fathering, Masculinities and Health and Well-Being for Migrant Fathers: Implications for Policy and Practice." International Journal of Mens Social and Community Health 3, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): e58-e65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/ijmsch.v3i2.36.
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Fathers’ uptake of paternity leave and care of children is shaped by various factors, including structuralbarriers and gender norms, which influence masculine identity formation. Such barriers to accessing leave and caring for children are thus influenced by a complex intersection of individual and institutional factors. Focusing on Australia, this article looks at migrant fathers’ decisions about parental leave and caregiving, and its intersection with gender (masculinities) and culture (race/ethnicity). We do so to unpack the structural barriers these men face, including those that influence their (mental) health and well-being. The authors identify a gap in research, and argue that there is a need to better understand the intersection of gender and culture on migrant fathers’ decisions to access parental leave and care for children. A better understanding of these decisions is integral to building better policy and programme supports for different groups of fathers and, ultimately, improving their mental health and well-being. It also identifies the need for research and policy to recognise the diversity of “migrant” fathers in both quantitative and qualitative research.
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McCausland, Ruth, and Leanne Dowse. "From ‘at risk’ to ‘a risk’: The criminalisation of young people with cognitive disability in residential care." Incarceration 3, no. 2 (July 2022): 263266632110216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26326663211021687.
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There is a growing body of research in Australia and internationally focused on ‘care-criminalisation’: the criminal justice system involvement of young people in out-of-home care. Residential care – a model of out-of-home care where groups of children and young people live with paid staff – has been identified as a specific site of criminalisation for those who live there, in particular young people with cognitive disability and complex support needs. This raises significant human rights concerns and the need for greater systemic scrutiny. This article aims to make a contribution by focusing specifically on the institutional arrangements and characterisations that criminalise young people with cognitive disability in residential care through interrogating the official administrative records of two young people with cognitive disability who spent time in residential care and had contact with the criminal justice system as teenagers. Analysing case studies compiled from these records illustrates the ways that criminal justice intervention becomes justified and normalised for young people with cognitive disability in residential care. We critique the ways that institutional mechanisms and narratives serve to construct, coerce and constrain young people with cognitive disability in residential care. The specific forms of surveillance and control they are subjected to mean that their designation of ‘at risk’ almost routinely transmutes to ‘a risk’ to others, to themselves and to property and in the process their vulnerability and need for care and protection becomes instead a mechanism of criminalisation. Often disability becomes erased or at least overshadowed in administrative records, with care-specific and disability-related behaviour reinscribed as offending behaviour. Particularly stark in this analysis is the institutional and interpersonal violence that accompanies such criminalisation and the pervasive nature of this violence in the lives of young people with cognitive disability in residential care settings: violence they are subjected to by those responsible for their care and safety and violence as their response to the regulation of their circumstances – against property and staff and towards themselves.
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Kau, Max, Trevor Carlyon, and John Pearson. "Kids Help Line: A unique counselling service for children." Children Australia 17, no. 2 (1992): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200007914.
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Brother Paul Smith returned to Australia from Britain in 1990 committed to establishing a national telephone counselling service for children that would be preventive.As a De La Salle Brother, Paul Smith had worked with young people in a number of community and institutional settings. At the time of his visit to Britain he was in his tenth year as Director of Boystown, a residential facility for young males placed in care as the result of child protection concerns or offending behaviour. His frustration with Government bureaucracies and their inability to support preventive programs was well known in Queensland.The study tour of Britain included time at Childline, a telephone counselling service for children established in 1986. Childline counselled 57,342 children in 1990 with more than 30% of their calls relating to physical or sexual abuse. Childline is 80% funded by donations and covenants, and markets itself to children in need of help and protection. The service is supported by a referral system and a client-call data base as well as a sophisticated supervision system for its volunteer counsellors.Brother Paul returned home impressed with the potential of a service such as Childline, but determined to both broaden its access by children and to support the counselling with state-of-the-art technology.
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Hamilton, Sharynne, Deborah Cleland, and Valerie Braithwaite. "‘Why can’t we help protect children too?’ Stigma by association among community workers in child protection and its consequences." Community Development Journal 55, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 452–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsz004.
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Abstract Community workers provide critical support services to parents and families with children who may be placed in out-of-home care by child protection authorities. Drawing on in-depth interviews with fifteen community workers, who represent nine agencies assisting families with child protection issues in a small jurisdiction in Australia, we show how the stigma attached to ‘bad’ parents is passed on to the community workers who are supporting them. The ‘stigma by association’ directed at community workers by child protection authorities means they are stereotyped negatively, undermined professionally and socially excluded. In spite of such stigmatic treatment, community workers remained committed to their professional role. Although workers were frustrated and disappointed in the treatment they received, there was no open acknowledgment of stigma-induced poor mental health. The results are interpreted within a broader social context where child protection authorities are being constantly reviewed and criticized in Australia. The support that community workers give to each other as frontline defenders of families against a powerful and publicly criticized government authority may allow community workers to construe themselves as heroes rather than villains in this highly adversarial environment. The costs play out at the institutional level, however, because reduced trust limits opportunities for genuine collaboration between government and community organizations.
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Alessia, Kate, and Louise Roufeil. "‘It's Quite a Journey’: Australian Parents’ Experience of Adopting Older Children from Overseas Orphanages." Children Australia 37, no. 4 (November 6, 2012): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2012.37.
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Intercountry adoption, often of children post-infancy, is one way of forming a family in Australia. However, few studies have invited Australian parents who have incorporated older children into their family to tell their story. Fathers are under-represented in studies of parenting generally and adoptive parenting specifically.As part requirement for a clinical psychology dissertation, with ethics approval from the relevant university, 28 parents (13 fathers and 15 mothers) were interviewed about their experiences of adopting children over the age of 24 months from orphanages in China, Ethiopia, India and Thailand. Although parents’ experiences and recollections were diverse, almost all parents had been confronted by difficult child behaviours, at least initially. Contrary to previous research, the child's gender, age or duration of institutional care did not appear related to parental experience.Six major themes emerged from parent interviews: (1) the long wait and intense emotions of adoption; (2) disparity between expectations and reality; (3) recognition of children's difficult past experiences; (4) parenting as a path to self-discovery; (5) the perception of needing to present as coping; and (6) unmet needs. Mothers blamed themselves for their children's behavioural problems, rather than attributing difficulties to children's previous adverse life events. Both mothers and fathers were reluctant to use support services because they felt scrutinised and feared repercussions, and those who sought assistance generally found professionals ill-informed and unhelpful. Parents made recommendations about how the adoptive parenting process could be improved and expressed a strong desire for more information, both pre- and post-placement.
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Fleer, Marilyn, and Jill Robbins. "Broadening the Circumference: A Socio-Historical Analysis of Family Enactments of Literacy and Numeracy within the Official Script of Middle Class Early Childhood Discourse." Outlines. Critical Practice Studies 6, no. 2 (September 30, 2004): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ocps.v6i2.2141.
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Informed by s socio-historical theory, this paper will report on a study that sought to document the literacy and numeracy outcomes for children living in low socio-economic circumstances in a region south-east of Melbourne, Australia. The research focused on children in preschool and child care centres in the year prior to beginning school, and was designed to map literacy and numeracy experiences of children in the home and in the early childhood centre. In this paper an analysis of the cultural tools that families were intentionally developing in the context of their homes and communities is featured. A socio-historical analysis of the data revealed children’s active engagement in the funds of knowledge (Moll and Greenberg 1990, Moll, 1990, and Moll, 2000) available within the community, the situated nature of learning (Lave and Wenger, 1991) within their communities, and the challenge for families transcending the constraints of ‘everyday learning’ to engage with ‘schooled learning’ (Hedegaard, 1998). The study also revealed the institutional barriers to learning the landscape of schooling (Greeno, 1991) and the deficit positioning evident for children and their families within the official script of middle class early childhood discourse (Fleer, 2003).
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Downs, Jenny, Meir Lotan, Cochavit Elefant, Helen Leonard, Kingsley Wong, Nicholas Buckley, and Michelle Stahlhut. "Implementing telehealth support to increase physical activity in girls and women with Rett syndrome—ActivRett: protocol for a waitlist randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e042446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042446.
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IntroductionIndividuals with Rett syndrome (RTT) experience impaired gross motor skills, limiting their capacity to engage in physical activities and participation in activities. There is limited evidence of the effectiveness of supported physical activity interventions. This study aims to evaluate the effects of a telehealth-delivered physical activity programme on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and quality of life in RTT.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre study, conducted in Australia, Denmark and Israel. It is a randomised waitlist-controlled trial comparing an intervention to support physical activity with usual care. Participants are children and adults with RTT, recruited from the Australian Rett Syndrome Database, the Danish Center for Rett Syndrome and the Rett Syndrome Association of Israel. The intervention duration is 12 weeks, including fortnightly telephone contact to plan, monitor and develop individual activity programmes. Outcomes are measured at baseline, at 13 weeks and then at 25 weeks. The primary outcomes are sedentary behaviour assessed with an activPAL accelerometer and the number of daily steps measured with a StepWatch Activity Monitor. Secondary outcomes include sleep, behaviour and quality of life. Caregiver experiences will be assessed immediately after the intervention using a satisfaction questionnaire. Group differences for each outcome will be evaluated with analysis of covariance, adjusting for baseline values on an intention-to-treat basis.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained in Western Australia from the Child and Adolescent Health Services (RGS3371), in Denmark from the Capital Region Ethics Committee (H-19040514) and in Israel from the Ariel University Institutional Review Board (AU-HEA-ML-20190331). Manuscripts on the development of the intervention from pilot work and the results of the intervention will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals. Results will be presented at conferences and consumer forums. We will develop an online resource documenting the physical activity programme and available supporting evidence.Trial registration numberNCT04167059; Pre-results.
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Ong, Royston, Samantha Edwards, Denise Howting, Benjamin Kamien, Karen Harrop, Gianina Ravenscroft, Mark Davis, et al. "Study protocol of a multicentre cohort pilot study implementing an expanded preconception carrier-screening programme in metropolitan and regional Western Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e028209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028209.
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IntroductionPreconception carrier screening (PCS) identifies couples at risk of having children with recessive genetic conditions. New technologies have enabled affordable sequencing for multiple disorders simultaneously, including identifying carrier status for many recessive diseases. The aim of the study was to identify the most effective way of delivering PCS in Western Australia (WA) through the public health system.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre cohort pilot study of 250 couples who have used PCS, conducted at three sites: (1) Genetic Services of Western Australia, (2) a private genetic counselling practice in Perth and (3) participating general practice group practices in the Busselton region of WA. The primary outcome of the pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing the comprehensive PCS programme in the WA healthcare system. Secondary outcome measures included evaluation of the psychosocial impact of couples, such as reproductive autonomy; identification of areas within the health system that had difficulties in implementing the programme and evaluation of tools developed during the study.Ethics and disseminationApproval was provided by the Women and Newborn Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) at King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women (RGS0000000946) and the University of Western Australia (UWA) HREC (RA/4/20/4258). Participants may choose to withdraw at any time. Withdrawal will in no way affect participating couples' medical care. Study couples will be redirected to another participating health professional for consultation or counselling in the event of a health professional withdrawing. All evaluation data will be deidentified and stored in a password-protected database in UWA. In addition, all hard copy data collected will be kept in a locked cabinet within a secure building. All electronic data will be stored in a password-protected, backed-up location in the UWA Institutional Research Data Store. All evaluative results will be published as separate manuscripts, and selected results will be presented at conferences.
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Thé, Tama, Alison Curfman, Carey-Ann D. Burnham, Ericka Hayes, and David Schnadower. "Pediatric Anaerobic Blood Culture Practices in Industrialized Countries." Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 3, no. 4 (January 1, 2019): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/jalm.2018.027128.
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Abstract Background Routine anaerobic blood culture collection in febrile children is controversial, as clinicians try to account for the severe but relative infrequency of anaerobic bacteremia. Furthermore, clinical and laboratory practice variation among institutions may lead to potentially inaccurate epidemiological data. Our goal was to assess blood culture practices in pediatric patients throughout an international network of hospitals in industrialized countries. Methods We conducted a survey of current clinical and laboratory practice patterns in a convenience sample of international institutions participating in 6 pediatric emergency research networks in the US, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. A lead clinician at each institution queried institutional practices from the emergency department, pediatric intensive care unit, and oncology medical directors. The microbiology director at each institution completed the laboratory survey. Results Sixty-five of 160 (41%) invited institutions participated in the survey. Routine anaerobic blood cultures are collected in 30% of emergency departments, 30% of intensive care units, and 48% of oncology wards. Reasons for restricting anaerobic culture collection included concerns regarding blood volume (51%), low pretest probability (22%), and cost-effectiveness (16%). The most common reasons institutions allow for selectively obtaining anaerobic cultures are clinical suspicion (64%) and patients who are immunosuppressed (50%). The microbiology survey showed variation in systems, although most use the BACTEC™ culture system and MALDI-TOF for organism identification. Conclusions There is broad variation in anaerobic blood culture practices among a network of pediatric hospitals in industrialized countries.
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Taylor-Leech, Kerry, and Eseta Tualaulelei. "Knowing Who You Are: Heritage Language, Identity and Safe Space in a Bilingual Kindergarten." TESOL in Context 30, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/tesol2021vol30no1art1581.
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Evidence shows that when young children’s diverse language heritages are valued and supported, there are benefits for their linguistic and conceptual development, their sense of identity and their learning. However, there are few early learning settings in Australia which nurture young children’s bilingual repertoires. And, while it is well established that early childhood is a critical period for first and second language acquisition, there is a lack of empirical research available on children’s bilingual development in institutional early childhood education and care. Against this backdrop, our article reports on a study of a bilingual Samoan community kindergarten (a’oga amata) in southeast Queensland. In this paper, we focus on how the a’oga amata supported the maintenance of the children’s heritage language and culture. We explore language use in the a’oga amata, the cultural values underpinning the educators’ practices, and the positive responses of the children and parents in the study. We also examine the constraints on the community leaders and educators’ efforts to create an authentic bilingual experience in this English-dominant environment. Finally, we revisit the notion of safe spaces for young bilingual learners (Conteh & Brock, 2011) and rearticulate the need for clear language policies that support heritage language education.
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Taylor-Leech, Kerry, and Eseta Tualaulelei. "Knowing Who You Are: Heritage Language, Identity and Safe Space in a Bilingual Kindergarten." TESOL in Context 30, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/tesol2021vol30no1art1581.
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Evidence shows that when young children’s diverse language heritages are valued and supported, there are benefits for their linguistic and conceptual development, their sense of identity and their learning. However, there are few early learning settings in Australia which nurture young children’s bilingual repertoires. And, while it is well established that early childhood is a critical period for first and second language acquisition, there is a lack of empirical research available on children’s bilingual development in institutional early childhood education and care. Against this backdrop, our article reports on a study of a bilingual Samoan community kindergarten (a’oga amata) in southeast Queensland. In this paper, we focus on how the a’oga amata supported the maintenance of the children’s heritage language and culture. We explore language use in the a’oga amata, the cultural values underpinning the educators’ practices, and the positive responses of the children and parents in the study. We also examine the constraints on the community leaders and educators’ efforts to create an authentic bilingual experience in this English-dominant environment. Finally, we revisit the notion of safe spaces for young bilingual learners (Conteh & Brock, 2011) and rearticulate the need for clear language policies that support heritage language education.
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Semple, D., M. M. Howlett, J. D. Strawbridge, C. V. Breatnach, and J. C. Hayden. "A Systematic Review and Pooled Prevalence of Paediatric Delirium in Critically Ill Children." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 29, Supplement_1 (March 26, 2021): i31—i32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riab015.038.
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Abstract Introduction Paediatric Delirium (PD) is a neuropsychiatric complication that occurs during the management of children in the critical care environment (Paediatric Intensive Care (PICU) and Neonatal Intensive Care (NICU). Delirium can be classified as hypoactive (decreased responsiveness and withdrawal), hyperactive (agitation and restlessness), and mixed (combined) (1). PD can be assessed using a number of assessment tools. PD has been historically underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, having many overlapping symptoms with other syndrome such as pain and iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (2). An appreciation of the extent of PD would help clinicians and policy makers drive interventions to improve recognition, prevention and management of PD in clinical practice. Aim To estimate the pooled prevalence of PD using validated assessment tools, and to identify risk factors including patient-related, critical-care related and pharmacological factors. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL databases was undertaken. Eligible articles included observational studies or trials that estimated a prevalence of PD in a NICU/PICU population using a validated PD assessment tool. Validated tools are the paediatric Confusion Assessment Method-ICU (pCAM-ICU), the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD), the PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (psCAM-ICU), pCAM-ICU severity scale (sspCAM-ICU), and the Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms scale Paediatric Delirium scale (SOS-PD) (1). Only full text studies were included. No language restrictions were applied. Two reviewers independently screened records. Data was extracted using a pre-piloted form and independently verified by another reviewer. Quality was assessed using tools from the National Institutes of Health. A pooled prevalence was calculated from the studies that estimated PD prevalence using the most commonly applied tool, the CAPD (1). Results Data from 23 observational studies describing prevalence and risk factors for PD in critically ill children were included (Figure 1). Variability in study design and outcome reporting was found. Study quality was generally good. Using the validated tools prevalence ranged from 10–66% of patients. Hypoactive delirium was the most prevalent sub-class identified. Using the 13 studies that used the CAPD tool, a pooled prevalence of 35% (27%-43% 95%CI) was calculated. Younger ages, particularly less than two years old, sicker patients, particularly those undergoing mechanical and respiratory ventilatory support were more at risk for PD. Restraints, the number of sedative medications, including the cumulative use of benzodiazepines and opioids were identified as risk factors for the development of PD. PD was associated with longer durations of mechanical ventilation, longer stays and increased costs. Data on association with increased mortality risk is limited and conflicting. Conclusion PD affects one third of critical care admissions and is resource intense. Routine assessment in clinical practice may facilitate earlier detection and management strategies. Modifiable risk factors such as the class and number of sedative and analgesic medications used may contribute to the development of PD. Early mobility and lessening use of these medications present strategies to prevent PD occurrence. Longitudinal prospective multi-institutional studies to further investigate the presentations of the different delirium subtypes and modifiable risk factors that potentially contribute to the development of PD, are required. References 1. Semple D (2020) A systematic review and pooled prevalence of PD, including identification of the risk factors for the development of delirium in critically ill children. doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/5KFZ8 2. Ista E, te Beest H, van Rosmalen J, de Hoog M, Tibboel D, van Beusekom B, et al. Sophia Observation withdrawal Symptoms-Paediatric Delirium scale: A tool for early screening of delirium in the PICU. Australian Critical Care. 2018;31(5):266–73
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Fisher, Jane, Tuan Tran, Stanley Luchters, Thach D. Tran, David B. Hipgrave, Sarah Hanieh, Ha Tran, et al. "Addressing multiple modifiable risks through structured community-based Learning Clubs to improve maternal and infant health and infant development in rural Vietnam: protocol for a parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e023539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023539.
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IntroductionOptimal early childhood development is an international priority. Risks during pregnancy and early childhood have lasting effects because growth is rapid. We will test whether a complex intervention addressing multiple modifiable risks: maternal nutrition, mental health, parenting capabilities, infant health and development and gender-based violence, is effective in reducing deficient cognitive development among children aged two in rural Vietnam.Methods and analysisThe Learning Clubs intervention is a structured programme combining perinatal stage-specific information, learning activities and social support. It comprises 20 modules, in 19 accessible, facilitated groups for women at a community centre and one home visit. Evidence-informed content is from interventions to address each risk tested in randomised controlled trials in other resource-constrained settings. Content has been translated and culturally adapted for Vietnam and acceptability and feasibility established in pilot testing.We will conduct a two-arm parallel-group cluster-randomised controlled trial, with the commune as clustering unit. An independent statistician will select 84/112 communes in Ha Nam Province and randomly assign 42 to the control arm providing usual care and 42 to the intervention arm. In total, 1008 pregnant women (12 per commune) from 84 clusters are needed to detect a difference in the primary outcome (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Cognitive Score <1 SD below standardised norm for 2 years of age) of 15% in the control and 8% in the intervention arms, with 80% power, significance 0.05 and intracluster correlation coefficient 0.03.Ethics and disseminationMonash University Human Research Ethics Committee (Certificate Number 20160683), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and the Institutional Review Board of the Hanoi School of Public Health (Certificate Number 017-377IDD- YTCC), Hanoi, Vietnam have approved the trial. Results will be disseminated through a comprehensive multistranded dissemination strategy including peer-reviewed publications, national and international conference presentations, seminars and technical and lay language reports.Trial registration numberACTRN12617000442303; Pre-results.
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Salter, Michael. "Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: Guest Editor’s Introduction." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.240.
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One of the most unnerving aspects of child sexual abuse is that it is constantly manifesting in unexpected ways. The current Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse has collected testimony of abuse in churches, schools, out-of-home care, hospitals and religious communities, demonstrating the breadth of institutional arrangements whose structures and cultures have facilitated child sexual abuse. Cases of serious and prolonged sexual abuse in family contexts have been excluded from the terms of reference of the Royal Commission but nonetheless continue to surface in media reports. In 2013, twelve children were permanently removed from an extended family living in rural NSW in what has been described as one of the worst cases of child abuse in Australia, involving intergenerational incest going back at least three generations (Auebach 2014). Another recent high-profile case involved the use of the Internet to facilitate the sexual exploitation of an adopted child by his parents in Queensland (Ralston 2013). These cases challenge the received wisdom that child sexual abuse is characterised by the victimisation of one child by one opportunistic offender. Such incidents suggest instead that child sexual abuse takes varied and systemic forms, and can operate to perpetuate and entrench toxic cultures and power structures. This special issue on Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation is a timely contribution to ongoing efforts to understand the multiplicity of child sexual abuse. It is an interdisciplinary collection of insights drawn from criminology, sociology, psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis, and includes papers from academic researchers alongside academic practitioners whose writing is grounded in their work with affected individuals and communities. A key aim of the special issue is to contextualise the diversity of child sexual abuse socially, politically and historically, recognising the dynamic and iterative relationships between sexual abuse and the contexts in which it takes place. The contributions to this special issue examine how the diversity and dynamics of abuse unfold at the individual, community and social level, and across time. The issue is focused on emerging or under-recognised forms of child sexual abuse, such as organised abuse and sexual exploitation, which illustrate recent shifts in the knowledge base and require new and innovative criminological thinking.Download the PDF file from this page to find out more about this special edition.
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Stokes, Jennifer, and John Pike. "Future ready? Engaging learners and building transferable skills through authentic assessment and digital literacy." Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2022): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v4i1.139.
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Students are excited by the possibilities presented through digital technologies and their applicability across a broad range of industries. Digital literacy has been identified as a foundational 21st Century skill by the Australian Government (2020, p. 4), which is ‘essential for individuals to participate effectively in today’s society’. The need for strong transferable skills has accelerated during the pandemic as many industries have migrated to digital contexts. Digital literacy is a transferable skill sought after by employers, alongside other emerging transferable skills required for 21st Century success, including critical thinking, creativity and problem-solving (FYA 2017, p. 8). In this paper, we will provide a case study of authentic assessment in an innovative digital literacy course at an Australian university, designed to support students from underrepresented backgrounds to build transferable skills for degree study and future careers.
Authentic assessment provides opportunities for meaningful learning as students complete assessments aligned with their aspirations and career interests: ‘Authenticity automatically gives relevance to the learning journey; relevance encourages engagement and enthusiasm, which should bring about meaningful learning’ (ACEL 2016). The scaffolded course design focuses on embedding professional practice through authentic assessment. Recent student projects include: an infographic of wellbeing techniques for children designed for educational contexts, an informative website to support refugees, a share-economy inspired app for deep cleaning, an infographic on sustainable architecture, a blog on brand development, and a review of robot programming for IT students. We will provide strategies for authentic assessment through technology-enhanced learning, which will offer insight and inspiration for educators interested in adopting these approaches.
Choice is a key element of course design, allowing students to demonstrate key concepts through the creation of unique and meaningful projects. First, students demonstrate threshold concepts, then they follow industry practice to pitch and produce an individual digital project. Course design is grounded in Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and enabling pedagogy (Stokes 2017). UDL techniques, including multiple modes of representation, action and expression, and engagement, support the learning of all students (CAST 2011). Enabling pedagogical approaches work to support the development of confidence, capability and agency, while valuing the strengths individual students bring (Stokes 2021). Students aiming for diverse fields have followed their interests to create digital projects aligned with their career aspirations, from game development to health apps, business sites to educational modules, critical digital reviews to music videos, animations to augmented and virtual reality content. Production work is negotiated with tutors, who provide guidance and mentorship, following a production company ethos. Students adhere to industry standards for copyright and ethical practice in assessments, while building their professional portfolio and skills for future success.
The combination of digital literacy and authentic assessments motivates students to follow their passions and create digital products they care about. This approach has resulted in outstanding student evaluations and learning outcomes, above average retention, and institutional recognition through a Digital Learning citation. Importantly, this approach supports students to build professional skills and knowledge for emerging industries and future career opportunities.
References
ACEL. (2016). Authentic learning: what, why and how? e-Teaching, 10. http://www.acel.org.au/acel/ACEL_docs/Publications/e-Teaching/2016/e-Teaching_2016_10.pdf
Australian Government. (2020). Foundation Skills for Your Future Program: Digital Literacy Skills Framework, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
Australian Technology Network. (2020). ATN joint statement on authentic assessment, Australian Technology Network. https://www.atn.edu.au/news-and-events/latest-news/atn-joint-statement-on-authentic-assessment
CAST. (2011). Universal Design for Learning Guidelines Version 2.0. Massachusetts: Wakefield.
Foundation for Young Australians (2017). The new work smarts. https://www.fya.org.au/report/the-new-work-smarts
Stokes, J. (2017). Inclusion and engagement by design: Creating a digital literacy course to inspire diverse learners in an Australian university enabling program. International Studies in Widening Participation, 4(2), 65–78. https://novaojs.newcastle.edu.au/ceehe/index.php/iswp/article/download/85/103
Stokes, J. (2021). Those skills to take on the world: developing capitals through university enabling programs. The International Journal of Learning in Higher Education, 28 (2), 133-146. DOI: 10.18848/2327-7955/CGP/v28i02/133-146
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Rigby, Ken, and Dasia Black. "Attitudes toward Institutional Authorities among Aboriginal School Children in Australia." Journal of Social Psychology 133, no. 6 (December 1993): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1993.9713947.
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Abou-Khadra, Maha K. "Sleep of children living in institutional care facilities." Sleep and Breathing 16, no. 3 (September 14, 2011): 887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11325-011-0592-z.
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Ames, David. "Depressive Disorders among Elderly People in Long-Term Institutional Care." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 27, no. 3 (September 1993): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679309075793.
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Depressive disorders are common among old people in residential and nursing homes. Outside Australia the prevalence rate for depressive symptoms in homes ranges from 30–75% while that for depressive disorders defined by psychiatric diagnostic criteria is well over 20% in many nursing home studies. These rates are between two and twenty times higher than those found among the elderly living at home. Evidence from Australia indicates that a problem of similar magnitude exists here. While physical disability is strongly associated with depression in these populations, it is not the only factor likely to be responsible for the initiation and maintenance of depression among those in long-term care. There is an urgent need for studies which will better define likely aetiological and maintaining factors for depression in institutional populations, as well as controlled trials of both pharmacological treatments and environmental improvements. In addition, research is needed to establish whether depression is an independent risk factor for mortality among institutional residents.
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Gibson, Diane. "Reforming Aged Care in Australia: Change and Consequence." Journal of Social Policy 25, no. 2 (April 1996): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400000295.
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ABSTRACTFor the last ten years, the Australian system of services for frail elderly people has been undergoing significant reforms. Prior to that time, a series of government reviews and inquiries had repeatedly identified the same problems, including the dominance of institutional care, the inadequate supply of home and community based services, the lack of co-ordination, the inefficiency, and the unequal distribution of services by geographical area. Changes since the implementation of the Aged Care Reform Strategy in 1985 have been considerable, particularly with regard to the residential care sector. This article is concerned with the policy responses which emerged under the Strategy, and their impact on aged care service delivery in Australia.
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Rohta, Sonam. "Institutional care for the vulnerable children in India: The perspective of institutional caregivers." Children and Youth Services Review 121 (February 2021): 105777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105777.
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Bátki, Anna. "Emotion regulation development of children adopted from institutional care." Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle 68, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/mpszle.68.2013.1.8.
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Számtalan nemzetközi vizsgálat igazolta, hogy az intézetekből örökbefogadott gyerekek, bár sok területen jelentős fejlődést mutatnak, még évekkel családba kerülésük után is sok szocioemocionális problémával küzdenek. Nagyon keveset tudunk azonban azokról a folyamatokról, amelyeken keresztül a korai élmények ezekhez a fejlődési problémákhoz vezetnek. Az itt bemutatott vizsgálat célja az érzelemregulációs képességek fejlődésének jobb megismerése örökbefogadott gyermekeknél, mivel ezen képességek alapvető feltételei a pszichés egészségnek, a hatékony társas működésnek. A vizsgálat központi hipotézise, hogy azok a gyerekek, akik életük első (minimum) 6 hónapját intézetben töltötték, fejletlenebb érzelemregulációs képességgel rendelkeznek. A vizsgálatban 90 4 és 6 év közötti gyerek vett részt, akik a 3 vizsgálati csoport egyikébe tartoztak: 1. olyan gyerekek, akik születésükkor gyermekotthonba kerültek, és ott éltek örökbefogadásukig, de leg¬alább 6 hónapos korukig; 2. csecsemőkorban (6 hetes koruk előtt) örökbefogadott gyerekek; 3. (kontroll) vér szerinti családjukban élő gyerekek. A vizsgálat során az érzelemregulációs képességet a játék-narratívák elemzésével (MacArthur Story Stem Battery) vizsgáltuk. A három vizsgálati csoport összehasonlításának eredményeit összefoglalva elmondható, hogy igazolódott az a hipotézis, miszerint az intézeti gondozás egyik fontos következménye az elmaradás az érzelemregulációs képességekben. Ugyanakkor az eredmények arra is felhívják a figyelmet, hogy az újszülött korban örökbefogadott gyerekek bizonyos érzelemregulációs képességei is, bár jóval kevésbé, de eltérnek a vér szerinti kontrollcsoportétól. Ez az eredmény összefüggésbe hozható egyrészt pre- és perinatális tényezőkkel, másrészt pedig az örökbefogadó szülők és család jellegzetességeivel, valamint az örökbefogadottság tényéből következő vulnerabilitással.
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Sellick, Clive. "The use of institutional care for children across europe." European Journal of Social Work 1, no. 3 (September 1998): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691459808413791.
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Johnson, Rebecca, Kevin Browne, and Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis. "Young Children in Institutional Care at Risk of Harm." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 34–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838005283696.
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K Jose, Minimol. "Strength-based Case Management for Children in Institutional Care." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 2, no. 2 (September 2015): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349301120150207.
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Larsson, Gunilla, Ann-Britt Bohlin, and Marlene Stenbacka. "Prognosis of children admitted to institutional care during infancy." Child Abuse & Neglect 10, no. 3 (January 1986): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(86)90011-6.
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Jose, Minimol K. "Strength-based case management for children in institutional care." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 2, no. 2 (2015): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-3011.2015.00013.4.
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van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Jesús Palacios, Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke, Megan R. Gunnar, Panayiota Vorria, Robert B. McCall, Lucy Le Mare, Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, Natasha A. Dobrova-Krol, and Femmie Juffer. "I. CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE: DELAYED DEVELOPMENT AND RESILIENCE." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 76, no. 4 (December 2011): 8–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00626.x.
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Nossar, Victor. "The care of children from developing countries in Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 6 (March 1992): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb139831.x.
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Nyland, Berenice. "Child Care in Australia: The rights of children and child care workers." Development 44, no. 2 (June 2001): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1110242.
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Duckett, Stephen. "The new market in health care:Prospects for managed care in Australia." Australian Health Review 19, no. 2 (1996): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah960007.
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Most developed countries are experimenting, or moving at full speed, to implementnew forms of health delivery based in part on capitation arrangements and strongeraccountability of health service providers. Proposals for introduction of capitation ormanaged care have been advanced in Australia but have attracted strong oppositionfrom the medical profession. This paper reviews the policy issues surrounding theintroduction of managed care, including how Australia?s current institutional formsmay evolve into managed care provision.
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Hapčová, Margaréta, Hana Celušáková, Daniela Turoňová, Michaela Souček Vaňová, Lenka Besedová, Diana Demkaninová, and Katarína Babinská. "Adaptive Behavior in Slovak Children with Intellectual Disability in Institutional Care." Children 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): 1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9121911.
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This study aimed to analyze the adaptive skills of children with intellectual disabilities in institutional care. We focused on communication, socialization, daily living skills and their relationship with risk factors, and institutional care. Our sample included 197 children aged 5–18 years (M = 12.8, SD = 2.97), 50% boys, with IQ < 85 placed in different types and lengths of stay in institutional care. There were 17% that presented with borderline intellectual functioning (IQ 84–87) and 83% that had intellect disabilities. Adaptive behavior (AB) was assessed by Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS-3). The BIF and Mild ID groups did not differ in Socialization. The profile of adaptive behavior for BIF and Mild ID was Daily Living Skills > Communication > Socialization, and for Moderate and Severe ID, Socialization > Daily Living Skills > Communication. Longer institutional care was associated with lower competencies in AB. Gender differences were found, females overperformed males in Socialization, Daily Living Skills, and ABC score. Levels of ID, gender, length of stay in institutional care, and neonatal difficulties were significant predictors in the model which explain the 63% variance of AB. The practical implications of the results are discussed related to the assessment of ID, prevention, and care for institutionalized children.
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Shin, Sun Hee, and Sun Hee Ko. "Comparison Discourse Comprehension Between Children in Institutional Care and Children Reared at Home." Journal of speech-language & hearing disorders 29, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15724/jslhd.2020.29.2.097.
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Shin, Sunhee, and Sunhee Ko. "The Abilities of Predictive Inference in Children in Institutional Care." Journal of Special Education 36, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31863/jse.2020.12.36.3.123.
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Rohta, Sonam. "Children living in institutional care in northern India: A study." Developmental Child Welfare 2, no. 4 (December 2020): 278–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516103220985873.
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A very large number of children live without parental care in the entire world. Poverty is considered to be the main reason behind institutionalization of the children because 80% of children living in care have at least one parent alive. The present paper emphasizes on the trends of institutional care in India where the large population is poor. Keeping in view the socio-economic conditions of the country, it is an attempt to explore the challenges and living conditions of children in institutional care run by government and non-governmental organizations in the regions of Punjab and Chandigarh in northern India. The findings of the study are based on the empirical data that included around 177 institutionalized children both boys and girls between the age group of 5 and 18 years living in four different children’s institutions. The study also provides suitable recommendations for better alternative care in countries with large populations of vulnerable children.
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Shin, Sunhee, and Sunhee Ko. "The Abilities of Predictive Inference in Children in Institutional Care." Journal of Special Education 36, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31863/jse.2020.12.36.3.123.
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Kauhanen, Iida, Mervi Kaukko, and Maija Lanas. "Pockets of love. Unaccompanied children in institutional care in Finland." Children and Youth Services Review 141 (October 2022): 106621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106621.
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de Jesus Fontel Cunha Donato, Lilian, Celina Maria Colino Magalhaes, and Laiane da Silva Corrêa. "Practices of Care from Educators at Institutional Shelters for Children." Psychology 08, no. 08 (2017): 1161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2017.88075.
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Bergin, John. "Dysfunctional Organization? Institutional Abuse of Children in Care in Ireland." Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion 4, no. 4 (January 2007): 461–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14766080709518679.
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Browne, Kevin, Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis, Rebecca Johnson, and Mikael Ostergren. "Overuse of institutional care for children in Europe: Table 1." BMJ 332, no. 7539 (February 23, 2006): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7539.485.
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Vávrová, Soňa. "Children and Minors in Institutional Care: Research of Self-Regulation." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 171 (January 2015): 1434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.265.
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Bruce, Jacqueline, Amanda R. Tarullo, and Megan R. Gunnar. "Disinhibited social behavior among internationally adopted children." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000108.
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AbstractPostinstitutionalized children frequently demonstrate persistent socioemotional difficulties. For example, some postinstitutionalized children display an unusual lack of social reserve with unfamiliar adults. This behavior, which has been referred to as indiscriminate friendliness, disinhibited attachment behavior, and disinhibited social behavior, was examined by comparing children internationally adopted from institutional care to children internationally adopted from foster care and children raised by their biological families. Etiological factors and behavioral correlates were also investigated. Both groups of adopted children displayed more disinhibited social behavior than the nonadopted children. Of the etiological factors examined, only the length of time in institutional care was related to disinhibited social behavior. Disinhibited social behavior was not significantly correlated with general cognitive ability, attachment-related behaviors, or basic emotion abilities. However, this behavior was negatively associated with inhibitory control abilities even after controlling for the length of time in institutional care. These results suggest that disinhibited social behavior might reflect underlying deficits in inhibitory control.
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Ptacek, R., H. Kuzelova, L. Celedova, and R. Cevela. "P01-335-Stress and trauma in children in foster and institutional care." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72046-6.
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Current studies show that individuals who were in foster or institutional care experience higher rates of physical and psychiatric morbidity than the general population. Children in foster care have a higher probability of having Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and deficits in executive functioning, anxiety as well other developmental problems. These children experience higher degrees of incarceration, poverty, homelessness, and suicide.Recent studies show alarming occurrence of trauma and high stress load in children in institutional but as well as foster care.We have conducted an extensive study (n = 360) monitoring occurrence of trauma in history of children in foster care (n = 120), in institutional care (n = 120) and in functional biological families (n = 120). We have also evaluated levels of social emotional development and occurrence of child psychopathology.The results of the presented study showed that children in institutional and foster care show substantially higher occurrence of trauma in their history, higher incidence of reactive psychopathology (i.e. depression) and their level of social emotional development is substantially lower comparing to children from functional biological families (p < 0.01).The study proposes that children in foster and institutional care require substantial psychosocial support and attention.SUPPORTED BY THE RESEARCH GRANT GK MPSV-01-202.