Relevant bibliographies by topics / Children Growth Measurement Evaluation

Academic literature on the topic 'Children Growth Measurement Evaluation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Children Growth Measurement Evaluation"

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Rahmalisa, Uci, and Yulisman Yulisman. "Automatic Height and Weight Measurement Integrated Database System." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN OPEN SOURCE 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36378/jtos.v4i2.1792.

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Measurement of height and weight, it is needed especially for school age 5-15 years old. From the results of monitoring height and weight measurements, we can monitor whether the child is underweight or overweight and obese. We can also monitor the growth of elementary school age children. The problem faced is that monitoring the growth of children in schools cannot be carried out effectively. This is because the process of measuring children's height and weight is done manually and of course it takes time for the process, besides that, data on student height and weight are also recorded still manually, so that data processing and utilization is not optimal. The purpose of making this Automatic Height and Weight Measurement Integrated Database System to process of measuring height and weight can be done effectively and efficiently, so it can produce integrated information in Database. The existence of an integrated database will make it easier for related parties to recap and archive children's data and store history of children's growth as material for evaluating and monitoring child growth. The results of this evaluation can be used as a reference for follow-up to be conducted. The resulting output is information in the form of tables and graphs of children's growth. In this research using the prototyping method which aims to get an overview of the tool to be designed and built, then it will be evaluated by the user. The evaluated prototype will be used as a reference to make a tool as the final product as the output of this research.
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Fisberg, Regina Mara, Maria Eugênia da Silva-Fernandes, Benjamim José Schmidt, and Mauro Fisberg. "Nutritional evaluation of children with phenylketonuria." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 117, no. 5 (September 2, 1999): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801999000500002.

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CONTEXT: Dietary phenylalanine (PA) restriction is the most effective form for reducing its excess in the blood and is the only efficient method for treating phenylketonuria. The diet is complex and should be adapted to combine the patients' eating habits, growth and development. It depends basically on the use of industrialized products as substitutes free of PA for proteins that are not fully supplied. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status of children with phenylketonuria (PKU) by anthropometric measurements and food intake. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Children with PKU attending the Association of Parents and Friends of Handicapped Children (Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais - APAE) and normal children attending at municipal day care centers in São Paulo. PARTICIPANTS: 42 children with PKU and 31 normal children aged 1 to 12 of both sexes were assessed in two groups, under and over 7 years of age. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Weight and height measurements. RESULTS: Children with PKU ingested calories, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper below the recommended values, whereas the protein intake was within the normal range. Food intake in the group of normal children was within normality rates. The height/weight Z-score means for children with PKU were 0.47 for those under 7 years and 1.86 for 7 year-olds and over; in normal children the means were 0.97 <7 years and 1.54 <FONT FACE="Symbol">³</FONT>7 years, with no statistically significant difference. The height/age Z-score means were significantly lower in the PKU children <7 years (-1.23) than in the normal controls (0.91). CONCLUSIONS: The data presented demonstrate the importance of nutritional surveillance in patients with PKU so as to support adequacy of nutrient intake and to guarantee growth within the relevant standards.
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Suharjito, Suharjito, Jimmy Jimmy, and Abba Suganda Girsang. "Mobile Decision Support System to Determine Toddler's Nutrition Using Fuzzy Sugeno." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 3683. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3683-3691.

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Determination of nutritional status is closely related to the determination of dietary patterns should be given to infants. Nutrition is very important role in mental, physical development, and human productivity. In this study, the system based on android is developed to determine the nutritional status of infants by using Fuzzy Sugeno. Indicator variables are age, height, circle head, and body weight according to the male or female. In this study, the results of measurements of nutritional status of children with Fuzzy Sugenoare tested by comparing the nutritional quality of the data Posyandu toddler by using anthropometric tables. The results of the evaluation measurement accuracy in this application are compared with the results of manual calculation based infant growth charts according to WHO standards. Therefore, these applications can be used to help the community in monitoring the nutritional status of children so that the growth of children is more appropriate in line with expectations.
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Silva, Patrícia Isabel Pereira, and Miriam Perez. "Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnosis of Biometric changes in the Brain of Growth Restricted Fetuses. A Systematic Review of Literature." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 43, no. 07 (July 2021): 545–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730290.

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AbstractFetal growth restriction (FGR) occurs when the fetus does not reach its intrauterine potential for growth and development as a result of compromise in placental function. It is a condition that affects 5 to 10% of pregnancies and is the second most common cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Children born with FGR are at risk of impaired neurological and cognitive development and cardiovascular or endocrine diseases in adulthood. The purpose of the present revision is to perform a literature search for evidence on the detection and assessment by ultrasound of brain injury linked to FGR during fetal life. Using a systematic approach and quantitative evaluation as study methodology, we reviewed ultrasound studies of the fetal brain structure of growth-restricted fetuses with objective quality measures. A total of eight studies were identified. High quality studies were identified for measurement of brain volumes; corpus callosum; brain fissure depth measurements, and cavum septi pellucidi width measurement. A low-quality study was available for transverse cerebellar diameter measurement in FGR. Further prospective randomized studies are needed to understand the changes that occur in the brain of fetuses with restricted growth, as well as their correlation with the changes in cognitive development observed.
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Hancock, Caroline, Silvana Bettiol, and Lesley Smith. "Socioeconomic variation in height: analysis of National Child Measurement Programme data for England." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 5 (September 4, 2015): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308431.

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ObjectiveShort stature is associated with increased risk of ill health and mortality and can negatively impact on an individual's economic opportunity and psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between height and area-level deprivation by ethnic group in children in England.DesignCross-sectional analysis of data gathered from the National Child Measurement Programme 2008/2009 to 2012/2013.Participants/methodsChildren (n=1 213 230) aged 4–5 and 10–11 years attending state-maintained primary schools in England. Mean height SD score (SDS) (based on the British 1990 growth reference) was calculated for children by Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index as a measure of area-level deprivation. Analyses were performed by sex and age group for white British, Asian and black ethnicities.ResultsFor white British children mean height decreased 0.2 SDS between the least and the most deprived quintile. For Asian children the relationship was weaker and varied between 0.08 and 0.18 SDS. For white British boys the magnitude of association was similar across age groups; for Asian boys the magnitude was higher in the age group of 10–11 years and in white British girls aged 10–11 years the association decreased. Height SDS was similar across all levels of deprivation for black children.ConclusionsSocial inequalities were shown in the height of children from white British and Asian ethnic groups. Further evaluation of height in black children is warranted. Action is needed to reduce inequalities in height by addressing the modifiable negative environmental factors that prevent healthy growth and development of children.
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Kemp, Stephen F. "New Treatments for Growth Hormone Deficiency." US Endocrinology 09, no. 01 (2013): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2013.09.01.71.

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First recognized in the early 20th century, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has been treated with growth hormone (GH) replacement since 1958. Initial replacement was with cadarevic GH. In 1985, GH therapy with recombinant human GH (rhGH) replaced cadaveric GH, which increased not only safety, but also efficacy (because of increased supply). Improvements in GH dosing and frequency of injection has resulted in adult heights now usually in the normal range. GHD is diagnosed from the clinical picture, along with measurement of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), IGF binding protein-3, and GH response to provocative stimuli. Several long-acting GH preparations are now under development. There has been a great deal of data from databases that confirms safety of GH administration while patients are taking GH. A recent report of increased mortality risk in adults who were treated with GH as children has not been confirmed by a second similar retrospective evaluation. Additional long-term follow-up studies of adults who took GH as children are needed.
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Ekholuenetale, Michael, Amadou Barrow, Anthony Ike Wegbom, and Amit Arora. "Measuring the Uptake of Growth Monitoring and Nutrition Promotion among under-5 Children: Findings from the Rwanda Population-Based Study." Children 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9111758.

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Regular growth monitoring can be used to evaluate the nutritional and physical health of children. Ample evaluation of the reach and quality of nutrition interventions is necessary to increase their effectiveness, but there is little research on improving coverage measurement. The aim of this study was to explore the coverage of growth monitoring, nutrition promotion, and associated factors by Rwandan caregivers of children under the age of five. Data from 2019–2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey with a total of 8092 children under the age of five were used for this study. Prevalence of growth monitoring and nutrition promotion were reported and the factors influencing this were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression model. The prevalence of growth monitoring and nutrition promotion among under-5 children was 33.0% (95%CI: 30.6–35.6%). Older children, caregivers who were native residents, those with a health insurance, in a marital relationship, employed, and residing in rural areas had higher odds to participate in growth monitoring and nutrition promotion compared to their counterparts. Rwanda has a low rate of coverage for growth monitoring and nutrition promotion among children <5 and public health nutrition interventions should prioritize nutritional counseling as well as the availability of growth monitoring and promotion services.
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Rose, Charles E., Jeanne Bertolli, Jacob Elijah Attell, Cynthia A. Moore, Flavio Melo, Kim Kotzky, Nevin Krishna, et al. "Early Growth Parameters as Predictors of Developmental Delay among Children Conceived During the 2015–2016 Zika Virus Outbreak in Northeastern Brazil." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040155.

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Background: Identifying infants with congenital infection for early intervention will likely be challenging in future Zika virus outbreaks. We investigated indicators of risk for developmental delay among children born with and without obvious manifestations of congenital Zika virus infection. Methods: We evaluated 120 children conceived during the 2015−2016 Zika virus outbreak in Paraíba, Brazil. We analyzed data from children at birth; ages 1−7 months and approximately 24 months, using medical records (i.e., anthropometric measurements diagnoses), medical evaluation (i.e., Zika/other laboratory tests, dysmorphic features), and parent report (seizures, developmental delay). We used a Bayesian modeling approach to identify predictors of developmental delay. Results: Head circumference (HC) and length at birth and rates of growth for HC and length at follow-up were consistent across domains of developmental delay; (e.g., for every 1 cm per month decrease in HC growth rate; there was a corresponding decrease in the gross motor z-score). Modeling results indicated that HC and length at birth, and follow-up HC and length rates of growth, were predictive of developmental delay. Conclusion: These findings suggest that accurate measurement and frequent monitoring of HC and length, especially in the first few months of life, may be useful for identifying children possibly congenitally exposed to Zika virus who could benefit from early intervention services.
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Marsh, David R., Helena Pachón, Dirk G. Schroeder, Tran Thu Ha, Kirk Dearden, Tran Thi Lang, Nguyen Dhanh Hien, Doan Anh Tuan, Tran Duc Thach, and David Claussenius. "Design of a Prospective, Randomized Evaluation of an Integrated Nutrition Program in Rural Viet Nam." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 23, no. 4_suppl2 (December 2002): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265020234s206.

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Few prospective studies of child growth and its determinants take place in programmatic contexts. We evaluated the effect of Save the Children's (SC) community empowerment and nutrition program (CENP) on child growth, care, morbidity, empowerment, and behavioral determinants. This paper describes the research methods of this community-based study. We used a longitudinal, prospective, randomized design. We selected 12 impoverished communes with documented child malnutrition, three comparison, and three intervention communes in each of two districts in Phu Tho Province, west of Hanoi. SC taught district trainers in November 1999 to train local health volunteers to implement the 10-month CENP, including situation analysis, positive deviance (PD) inquiry, growth monitoring and promotion, nutrition education and rehabilitation program (NERP), deworming, and monitoring. PD inquiries aim to discover successful care practices in poor households that likely promote well-nourished children. NERPs are neighborhood-based, facilitated group learning sessions where caregivers of malnourished children learn and practice PD and other healthy behaviors. We dewormed all intervention and comparison children. We weighed all children less than 24 months of age living in the intervention and comparison communes and randomly selected 240 children (120 intervention and 120 comparison). We gathered information on nutritional status, diet, illness, care, behavioral determinants, empowerment, and program quality, monthly for six months with a re-survey at 12 months. We collected most information through maternal interview but also observed hygiene and program quality, and videotaped feedings at home. Some implementation and research limitations will attenuate CENP impact and measurement of its effectiveness.
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Banfi, Gluseppe, Marcello Marinelli, Ermlnla Casari, Michelangelo Murone, and Plerangel Bonini. "Isotopic and nonisotopic assays for measuring somatotropin compared: re-evaluation of cutoff value in provocative tests." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.2.273.

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Abstract Measurement of human growth hormone (hGH; somatotropin) concentrations in serum after provocative tests is crucial for diagnosing deficiencies in production of this hormone. Serum hGH can be measured by various immunoassays, isotopic and nonisotopic, with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies: a cutoff value of 10 micrograms/L after provocative testing is usually used to distinguish normal from hGH-deficient children. Previous studies demonstrated discrepancies in hGH measurement by different radioisotopic immunoassays. Here we evaluated the responses of six different commercial assays, radioisotopic and nonisotopic, with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies in a series of 16 provocative tests (stimulation with clonidine) in short children. A wide range of discrepant values was obtained with the different kits. A cutoff of 10 micrograms/L produced discordance of diagnosis among assays for two children, whereas complete agreement was reached for a cutoff value of 7 micrograms/L. Parallelism tests performed with hGH international standard, pure recombinant hGH, and a serum with high hGH content suggest that heterogeneity of the antibodies used by the manufacturers, even among monoclonal antibodies, is the main source of discordant results. Cutoff values and reference values must be established separately for each method proposed for routine use.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Children Growth Measurement Evaluation"

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Nabwera, Helen Muenje. "Evaluation of growth faltering in rural Gambian children." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4645491/.

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Growth faltering associated with undernutrition in early childhood is endemic in sub- Saharan Africa. Worldwide, over 3 million child deaths annually are attributed to foetal growth restriction, underweight, stunting, wasting, suboptimal breastfeeding and micronutrient deficiencies. Survivors suffer adverse health and socio-economic outcomes. Although rates of stunting have halved worldwide, progress in sub-Saharan Africa has been slow. The prevalence of wasting has not shifted. This work aimed to describe secular trends of growth faltering in early childhood and the hormone correlates of malnourished children during nutritional rehabilitation in rural Gambia. Also, to explore factors associated with severe wasting in infancy. Firstly, secular trends of growth faltering among under 2’s from three rural Gambian villages were described using routinely collected clinic anthropometry data. Over the past four decades, rates of stunting and underweight halved, but significant growth faltering persisted. Secondly, changes in energy regulating hormones during the nutritional rehabilitation of children aged 6-24 months were evaluated. The variations in growth amongst the malnourished children during nutritional rehabilitation were not explained by differences in energy regulating hormones. Baseline C-peptide was the only predictor of future response to nutritional rehabilitation, but would not be a useful clinical marker in isolation. Thirdly, risk factors for severe wasting in infants were explored. Adverse maternal psychosocial circumstances and infant feeding difficulties constrained mothers from practicing the recommended infant feeding practices. The conclusion from these findings is that current nutrition and health interventions are inadequate in mitigating growth faltering in early childhood in rural Gambia, in the face of poor living conditions and adverse maternal psychosocial circumstances. In addition, the missing contributors of variable growth during outpatient nutritional rehabilitation remain unknown. Further research into the development and upscaling of the nutrition-sensitive interventions is required to address growth faltering in childhood in low and middle income settings.
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Airdrie, Sarah Elizabeth. "Evaluation of measurement properties of post-traumatic growth questionnaires in physical health and predictors of post-traumatic growth post lung transplant." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/415888/.

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A systematic review evaluated the psychometric properties of 23 studies examining posttraumatic growth (PTG) instruments in physical health. The methodological quality of peer-reviewed studies was assessed using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. The findings suggest that the Benefit Finding Scale, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Impact of Self-Concept Scale are the most psychometrically sound measures of PTG in physical health. However, further research is needed to ensure that good quality, theoretically-driven PTG instruments are developed within physical health and informed by established criteria, such as the COSMIN. There has been growing evidence examining the existence of, and benefits from, PTG. However, limited research has been conducted with transplant patients. A mixed methods cross-sectional design explored the relationships between cognitive processing, distress, social support, resilience and PTG following lung transplant. Overall, 147 participants completed the quantitative and 12 competed the qualitative components of the study. The results showed that higher levels of deliberate rumination and social support, particularly friends, significantly predicted greater PTG. Higher levels of resilience also significantly predicted higher levels of PTG but, contrary to prediction, resilience did not mediate the relationship between deliberate rumination and social support with PTG. Qualitative analysis provided additional support for the mechanisms underlying PTG. Deliberate rumination and social support were reflected in the themes ‘steps towards rebuilding life’, ‘looking beyond transplant’ and ‘importance of peer support’. Individuals also identified experiences related to PTG, illustrated by the subordinate themes ‘discovering a new potential’, ‘change in outlook’ and ‘appreciation for life’. This research provides a platform for further research in this area and encourages professionals to consider these constructs and ensure positive outcomes of the transplant journey. Limitations, further research and implications for clinical practice are discussed.
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Guyo, V. "Evaluation of a potato-based food product for acceptability, growth and diarrheal management in children." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/399.

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Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks diarrhoea as the second greatest killer of children below the age of five years. In South Africa, children’s illness and death is highly attributable to diarrhoea and malnutrition, with undernutrition and HIV infections predisposing children to the illness due to suppressed immune system. Therefore, the malnutrition status of children synergically worsens as a result of each episode of diarrhoea. This study was a contract research with Feed My Starving Children (NGO) for testing a potato-based food product for nutritional impact and relief for diarrhoeal episodes. Objectives: The purpose was to evaluate the acceptability of the product as a nutritional supplement for child growth and as a first food to complement oral rehydration and other efforts to reduce the impact and support the resolution of the symptoms of chronic and acute diarrhoea in children between the ages of two and thirteen in a Qwa-Qwa community (the experimental group), and in pre-schools in the Vaal region of Gauteng (the control group). Study design: A baseline cross-sectional and subsequent experimental study design was used. Methods: The study purposively enrolled children between the ages of 2-12 years, in experimental group of 96 and control group of 100. The study was conducted in three phases the first of which was a cross-sectional baseline survey in which the measurements included questionnaires to establish the nutritional status, diarrhoea prevalence in the two groups and sensory analysis questionnaire to establish acceptability of the potato-based based food product by the experimental group only. The anthropometric measurements included weight and height; the diarrhoea measurements included prevalence, duration and severity; while the sensory analysis included the taste, texture and appearance of the product. The second phase was the intervention programme in which the experimental group consumed the product for six weeks. The measurements taken included height, weight and diarrhoea episodes on weekly bases in the two groups. In the last phase all the measurements done at baseline were repeated to v determine if the potato-based food intervention had an impact on the experimental group with respect to nutritional status and diarrhoeal mitigation as well as acceptability of the food product. Data analyses: All data was captured on Excel spreadsheets. The WHO growth standards were used to make a statistical comparison of the anthropometric indicators using WHO anthroPlus programme version 1.0.02. Data for diarrhoea and sensory analysis was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for descriptive statistics (frequencies, means and standard deviations). Two tailed tests were done in order to determine any statistical differences between baseline and follow up measurements of both experimental and control groups.
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O'Loughlin, Christina. "Evaluation of measurement quality in the assessment of health related issues using structural equation modelling techniques." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342424.

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Geving, Megan McGee. "An Observation System to Aid in the Evaluation and Implementation of Early Intervention Programs for Children with Autism." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9928/.

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Early and intensive behavioral intervention outcome research includes descriptions of intervention variables that may increase treatment success. This study was designed to develop an observation system that incorporates and expands on some of these variables. Measures include the number of interventionist teaching units, types of skills addressed during instruction, consequences programmed by interventionists, and engagement with teaching materials. This system allowed for a view of the differences in teaching behaviors among the participants. It is proposed that this observation system is a start toward standardized intervention measures that can be applied to evaluate varied treatment models. Such standardization can help in ensuring that all children have access to evidence-based services.
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Routen, Ashley. "Body mass index and accelerometer measurement issues for use in the evaluation of pedometer-based physical interventions in children." Thesis, University of Worcester, 2013. http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/2734/.

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Participation in physical activity (PA) of at least moderate intensity may yield important health benefits for children. A popular behavioural tool used to promote increased PA is the pedometer. There is however limited evidence regarding pedometer-based strategies in children. This thesis reports on a series of anthropometric and accelerometer-measurement issue studies which inform the methods used to address the primary aim of this thesis- to determine the effectiveness of goal-setting, selfmonitoring and step-feedback pedometer-based interventions for increasing PA in 10- 11-year-old children. In addition, each study in their own right provides an original contribution to knowledge within their specific area of scholarship. The first objective of this thesis was therefore to determine diurnal variation of height and weight and the combined effect upon body mass index (BMI) weight status in children via a field based study. Next, the reliability of the Actiwatch 4 (AW4) accelerometer was tested in a mechanical laboratory experiment. Following this laboratory trial a second field based study examined the impact of placement site upon AW4 output, and the validity of a regression equation to predict hip-derived AW4 data from wrist-derived data. Finally, a brief intervention mapping approach was used to develop goal-setting, selfmonitoring and step-feedback pedometer-based interventions, the effectiveness of which was evaluated in a small scale controlled trial involving two primary schools. The main findings of this thesis were a) that diurnal variation in height (and in girls alone, weight) impact upon increased BMI and BMI percentile in afternoon versus morning measurements b) AW4 activity counts exhibit acceptable reliability statistics (comparable to other accelerometer models), which improve when raw activity counts are reduced into derived activity intensity variables c) wrist and hip derived AW4 data are not comparable, and the derived regression equation may not be suitable for group level prediction due to inaccurate individual level prediction and the large standard error of the estimate observed d) pilot testing pedometer wear and intervention materials may highlight practical pedometer issues (i.e. pedometer attachment, wearing compliance and acceptability of instruction sheets) that inform intervention implementation and e) pedometer-based goal-setting, self-monitoring and step-feedback interventions did not increase PA in 10-11-year-old children. However, individual-standardised goal setting may be more promising as this appeared to mitigate any decline in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in moreactive children, and increased MVPA in less-active. To summarise, the findings of this thesis highlight important issues for physical activity scientists to consider when using BMI-determined weight status as a grouping variable and accelerometers as an outcome measure, when evaluating physical activity interventions in children. With regard to the primary aim of this thesis, future researchers should further examine the effectiveness of the individual-standardised against the group-standardised goal type in a longer-duration intervention and using a larger sample of children, which may permit sub-group analyses to be conducted. Of primary importance is future clarification on the effectiveness of goal setting, self-monitoring and step-feedback pedometer-based interventions per se for changing PA in children.
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O'Regan, Shaun. "A critical evaluation of the accuracy of foetal age estimation by sonographic biometry at Ipswich Hospital." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1991. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35980/1/35980_O%27Regan_1991.pdf.

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Diagnostic Ultrasound plays an important role in the management of the obstetric patient, particularly in relation to the estimation of foetal age in cases of clinical uncertainty. The sonographic determination of foetal maturity is based on the correlation of ultrasonic measurements of selected anatomical parameters with age estimates in biometric nomograms. The prediction of foetal age at Ipswich General Hospital has been based on biometric models developed by Hadlock. 45 The accuracy of these models in predicting foetal age in patients at Ipswich Hospital is evaluated. Significant errors in predicted foetal age are revealed and factors contributing to these errors are highlighted. Biometric models which more accurately predict foetal age in the obstetric patient population at Ipswich Hospital are developed by regression analysis of data derived from a study sample of 346 patients with known gestational age and normal foetal growth.
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Ånestrand, Grimstedt Ida. "Milk consumption and growth of children in the Kilimanjaro region in rural Tanzania. : An ethnographic research done through quantitative and qualitative methodes." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för arbets- och folkhälsovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14675.

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The aim of this study was to investigate milk consumption among children in a village in a developing country where access to milk during childhood may be limited. Another aim was to see if measurable information could demonstrate growth among children who drank milk. The data was collected through anthropometric measurements on 66 boys and girls (aged 5-6). Nutritional data from a selected group of parents of the participating children were done through 24-hour-recall, questions about meal arrangement, availability and attitudes about milk were asked. Result: Five-year-old girls who drank milk at home and in school were significantly taller compared to girls (5 yr) who did not drink milk, as well as taller than the girls (5 yrs) who drank milk only at home. Arm muscle area, and arm circumference was also significantly larger among the girls (5 yr) who drank milk. No significant differences were shown among the boys. Food consumption included more nutrients among children who drank milk, which might contribute to the growth effect among the girls (5 yrs). Consumption of milk was due to economic situations, access to school-milk or owning a cow. Conclusions: Some significant differences among 5-year-old girls were shown. Poverty was the main reason for not drinking milk, as well as lack of access to milk.
Syftet med denna etnografiska studie var att undersöka mjölkkonsumtion bland barn i en by i ett utvecklingsland där tillgång till mjölk under barndomen kan vara begränsad. Syftet var även att se om mätbar information kan visa tillväxt hos barn som dricker mjölk. Data samlades in genom antropometriska mätningar på 66 pojkar och flickor (5-6 år). Kostdata hos en utvald grupp föräldrar till några av de barn som deltog i mätningarna har gjorts genom 24-timmars-intervjuer, där även frågor kring måltidsordningen, tillgänglighet och attityder kring mjölk ställdes. Resultat: Femåriga flickor som drack mjölk både i skolan och i hemmet visade sig vara signifikant längre än flickor (5 år) som inte drack mjölk, de var även längre än flickor (5 år) som bara drack mjölk i hemmet. Armmuskelarea och armomkrets var också signifikant större hos flickorna (5 år) som drack mjölk jämfört med de flickor som inte drack mjölk. Inga signifikanta skillnader gällande tillväxten visade sig hos pojkarna. Matkonsumtionen var mer varierad hos de barn som drack mjölk, vilket kan ha påverkat resultatet. Mjölkkonsumtionen berodde på ekonomi, tillgång till skolmjölk, brist på mjölk och kunskap om mjölk. Slutsats: Några signifikanta skillnader gällande tillväxten visade sig hos femåriga flickor. Fattigdom var största anledningen till att inte konsumera mjölk, även brist på mjölk i bostadsområdet. Barn som drack mjölk hade tillgång till mjölk i skolan och/eller i hemmet.
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Zivkovich, Caitlin J. "An Evaluation of a Supplemental Snack Feeding Program on Growth in School-aged Children Living in Rural Tanzania, East Africa." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1302883411.

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Achen, Jasinta H. "Evaluation of the nutritional correlates of growth of early and middle stage HIV-infected children in Uganda and zinc content of Ugandan food plants." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83957.

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A cross-sectional survey was carried out to evaluate the nutritional correlates of growth in 93 HIV-infected children in the early and middle stages of infection. Also, as zinc is important for growth and immune function, foods commonly eaten by these children were evaluated for zinc content. Foods with relatively high zinc were identified in Uganda, and these food items were legumes and cereals. A high prevalence of stunting and wasting was found in HIV-infected children. The study also found that the frequency of past week oil/fat and staples consumption was non-significantly correlated to weight-for-height at the early stage, while household size was negatively, but non-significantly, associated with WHZ in all HIV-infected children. Few caregivers reported feeding certain foods to HIV-infected children based on beliefs.
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Books on the topic "Children Growth Measurement Evaluation"

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1955-, Young Mary E., and Richardson Linda M, eds. Early child development from measurement to action: A priority for growth and equity. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2007.

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Growth and development of children. 8th ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1986.

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1942-, Docherty David, and Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology., eds. Measurement in pediatric exercise science. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996.

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Wortham, Sue Clark. Measurement and evaluation in early childhood education. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Merrill, 1995.

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Wortham, Sue Clark. Measurement and evaluation in early childhood education. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill, 2001.

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R, Shinn Mark, ed. Curriculum-based measurement: Assessing special children. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1989.

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Thorndike, Robert M. Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill, 1997.

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Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall, 2005.

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Lau, Boulderson B. An evaluation of oocyte size in multiple regressions predicting gonad weight from body weight: A test using hawaiian ehu, Etelis carbunculus. [La Jolla, Calif.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, [Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 1994.

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Engle, Patrice L. Care and nutrition: Concepts and measurement. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Children Growth Measurement Evaluation"

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Stenner, A. Jackson, June D. Bland, Earl L. Hunter, and Mildred L. Cooper. "The Standardized Growth Expectation: Implications for Education Evaluation." In Explanatory Models, Unit Standards, and Personalized Learning in Educational Measurement, 1–15. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3747-7_1.

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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review some assumptions underlying the use of norm-referenced tests in educational evaluations and to provide a prospectus for research on these assumptions as well as other questions related to norm-referenced tests. Specifically, the assumptions which will be examined are (1) expressing treatment effects in a standard score metric permits aggregation of effects across grades, (2) commonly used standardized tests are sufficiently comparable to permit aggregation of results across tests, and (3) the summer loss observed in Title I projects is due to an actual loss in achievement skills and knowledge. We wish to emphasize at the outset that our intent in this paper is to raise questions and not to present a coherent set of answers.
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Perfumo, F., M. Giusti, D. Bessarione, F. Ginevri, G. Basile, and R. Gusmano. "Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor in the Evaluation of Hypophyseal Function in Children Undergoing CAPD." In CAPD in Children, 112–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70213-6_15.

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Pretzsch, H., T. Hilmers, E. Uhl, M. del Río, A. Avdagić, K. Bielak, A. Bončina, et al. "Efficacy of Trans-geographic Observational Network Design for Revelation of Growth Pattern in Mountain Forests Across Europe." In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, 141–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80767-2_5.

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AbstractUnderstanding tree and stand growth dynamics in the frame of climate change calls for large-scale analyses. For analysing growth patterns in mountain forests across Europe, the CLIMO consortium compiled a network of observational plots across European mountain regions. Here, we describe the design and efficacy of this network of plots in monospecific European beech and mixed-species stands of Norway spruce, European beech, and silver fir.First, we sketch the state of the art of existing monitoring and observational approaches for assessing the growth of mountain forests. Second, we introduce the design, measurement protocols, as well as site and stand characteristics, and we stress the innovation of the newly compiled network. Third, we give an overview of the growth and yield data at stand and tree level, sketch the growth characteristics along elevation gradients, and introduce the methods of statistical evaluation. Fourth, we report additional measurements of soil, genetic resources, and climate smartness indicators and criteria, which were available for statistical evaluation and testing hypotheses. Fifth, we present the ESFONET (European Smart Forest Network) approach of data and knowledge dissemination. The discussion is focussed on the novelty and relevance of the database, its potential for monitoring, understanding and management of mountain forests toward climate smartness, and the requirements for future assessments and inventories.In this chapter, we describe the design and efficacy of this network of plots in monospecific European beech and mixed-species stands of Norway spruce, European beech, and silver fir. We present how to acquire and evaluate data from individual trees and the whole stand to quantify and understand the growth of mountain forests in Europe under climate change. It will provide concepts, models, and practical hints for analogous trans-geographic projects that may be based on the existing and newly recorded data on forests.
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Ecklund, Kirsten. "Sports-Related Injuries of the Pediatric Musculoskeleton." In IDKD Springer Series, 269–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71281-5_19.

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AbstractWorldwide, more than 50 million children and adolescents participate in organized athletic programs annually. Despite the numerous health and well-being benefits, this widespread involvement also leads to acute and overuse injuries that account for millions of medical visits each year. Musculoskeletal injury in childhood may lead to growth disturbance and lifelong disability. Imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of these injuries. While radiography is sufficient for most long bone fractures, MRI is often necessary for optimal evaluation of injuries involving the radiolucent growth mechanism and articular structures. The following review will discuss the imaging features associated with many sports-related injuries unique to the pediatric musculoskeleton, specifically the lower extremity.
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Sisto, Raffaele, Javier García López, Julio Lumbreras Martín, Carlos Mataix Aldeanueva, and Linos Ramos Ferreiro. "City Assessment Tool to Measure the Impact of Public Policies on Smart and Sustainable Cities. The Case Study of the Municipality of Alcobendas (Spain) Compared with Similar European Cities." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 81–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_6.

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AbstractData analytics is a key resource to analyze cities and to find their strengths and weaknesses to define long-term sustainable strategies. On the one hand, urban planning is geared to adapting cities’ strategies towards a qualitative, intelligent, and sustainable growth. On the other hand, institutions are geared towards open governance and collaborative administration models. In this context, sustainability has become a global concern for urban development, and the sustainable development goals (SDGs), defined by United Nations, are the framework to be followed to define the new city goals and to measure the advances of the policies implemented over recent years. The main objective of this research is to explain the methods and results of the application of a city assessment tool for measuring the impact of public policies on the socioeconomic and environmental structure of a city. It addresses the case study of the evaluation of the strategic plan “Diseña 2020” of the municipality of Alcobendas (Madrid, Spain, with 116.037 inhabitants), the document used to communicate the actions needed to achieve the city goals during the planning exercise. A selection of urban indicators has been aligned with the SDGs defined in the Agenda 2030 to develop a tool for the measurement of the impacts of policies in economic, social, and ecological terms. Through this set of indicators, the tool is able to quantify the impact of the policies on the city and the SDGs and to support the decision-making processes of the administration. The set of urban indicators is divided into five areas: economic development and employment, sustainable development, open government, social responsibility, and quality of life. The data evolution, across the recent years 2012–2018, is used to monitor and benchmark the effects of the applied policies. In addition, Alcobendas can be compared with other Spanish and European cities with similar characteristics; it makes possible assessing the achievement of the city’s strategic areas, incorporating the current trends and fostering the SDGs. Thanks to the quantitative comparable results and the objective approach, this research shows a methodology based on indicators that could be applied and scaled to other cities to generate a common framework for measuring the impact of public policies on cities.
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Matheson, Loren A., and Ciarán M. Duffy. "Assessment of paediatric rheumatic disease." In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology, 275–82. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0036.

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Assessment of children with rheumatic diseases has evolved significantly over the past 20 years. Previously, assessment focused primarily on the measurement of disease activity status, an evaluation that provided information that was mainly physician-derived. More recently, emphasis has been placed on the need to incorporate estimates of physical, social, and mental functioning into health assessment. Consequently, there has been tremendous growth in the development of measurement instruments that evaluate health status, functional status, disability, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). An array of these broader instruments has been developed for children with rheumatic diseases. These latter measures are mainly patient-derived. Clearly, in an era of patient-centred care, the latter approach is critical to appropriate patient assessment. Despite this, such measurement is restricted to research studies rather than clinical practice. Most of these measures are used in the assessment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis; however, increasingly, measures are being developed for other diseases including juvenile dermatomyositis and juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Herein, we review the measures that are currently available to highlight their utility, with particular emphasis on their potential roles as supported by recent literature.
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Colaco, Prisca. "Growth Evaluation." In Atlas of Growth and Endocrine Disorders in Children, 1. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/13048_2.

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Hediger, Mary L., and K. S. Joseph. "Fetal Growth: Measurement and Evaluation." In Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology, 168–85. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387902.003.0044.

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Sung, Lillian, Stavros Petrou, and Wendy J. Ungar. "Measurement of health utilities in children." In Economic Evaluation in Child Health, 77–90. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547494.003.04.

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Bai, S. "Assessment of Growth." In Clinical Evaluation of Newborns, Infants and Children, 34. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10129_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Children Growth Measurement Evaluation"

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Palupi, Fitria Hayu, Ana Wigunantiningsih, Luluk Nur Fakhidah, Siskana Dewi Rosita, and Dewi Arradhini. "Effect of Family Support on Child Growth and Development in Sukoharjo, Central Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.53.

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ABSTRACT Background: Impaired growth and development of children remains a serious problem globally. The role of the family, especially the support and participation of parents are the important factors in monitoring the growth and development of infants/ toddlers. This study aimed to determine the effect of family support on the growth and development of infants/ toddlers. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Kragilan Village, Mojolaban, Sukoharjo, Central Java in November 2018. The study subjects were total of 115 mothers with children aged 1-60 month. Multistage cluster sampling technique was conducted. Dependent variable was growth and development of children. Independent variable was family support. The data for family support was collected by questionnaire. The data for growth of infants/ toddlers was collected by assessing growth chart (monitoring whether weight gain or loss from previous month), assessing length/height-for-age (normal height or stunted), head circumference measurement (macrocephalic/ microcephalic/ normocephalic), and assessing teething chart (erupts/ loss of teeth in accordance with age or not). The data for development of infants/ toddlers was collected by evaluating the gross motor, fine motor, language, and social skills based on child development pre-screening questionnaire. Results: Good family support increases growth (b= 0.895; p <0.001) and development (b= 0.337; p <0.001) of infants/ toddlers. Conclusion: Good family support increases growth and development of infants/ toddlers. Keywords: family support, growth, development Correspondence: Fitria Hayu Palupi. Midwifery Study Program, School of Health Science Mitra Husada Karanganyar. Jl. Brigjen Katamso Barat, Papahan, Tasikmadu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: fitriahp45@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285326848008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.53
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Karaboncuk, Mehmet, and Mehmet Tansel Ersavas. "Evaluation, Training and Measurement System for Autistic Children." In Sixth International Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing (C5 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/c5.2008.17.

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Contreras, P., B. Guaman, M. Saca, F. Sumba, and M. Falconi. "Measurement of height throught software developed for mobile devices for the growth control in children." In 2014 IEEE ANDESCON. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/andescon.2014.7098582.

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Uchida, Hoshito, Shohei Akita, Michiko Nishiyama, Norikazu Kumekawa, and Kazuhiro Watanabe. "Measurement of a tree growth condition by the hetero-core optical fiber sensor." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Masayoshi Tomizuka. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.880388.

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Zhang, Xiangwei, Haili Chui, Eric Olcott, Philippe Raffy, and Naichang Yu. "Evaluation of lung nodule growth measurement for MDCT exams with different dosages using synthetic nodules." In Medical Imaging, edited by Maryellen L. Giger and Nico Karssemeijer. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.709774.

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Astini, D. A. A., and Ni Komang Sumadewi. "Relationship of screening results development with KPSP method and results of measurement of growth parameters in children in Denpasar-Bali." In The Proceedings of the 1st Seminar The Emerging of Novel Corona Virus, nCov 2020, 11-12 February 2020, Bali, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.11-2-2020.2301973.

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Clem, Michelle M., Mark R. Woike, and Ali Abdul-Aziz. "Investigation of a cross-correlation based optical strain measurement technique for detecting radial growth on a rotating disk." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Kara J. Peters, Wolfgang Ecke, and Theodoros E. Matikas. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2012266.

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Clem, Michelle M., Mark R. Woike, and Ali Abdul-Aziz. "Progress of a cross-correlation based optical strain measurement technique for detecting radial growth on a rotating disk." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Wolfgang Ecke, Kara J. Peters, Norbert G. Meyendorf, and Theodoros E. Matikas. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2044718.

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Abidah, Siska Nurul, and Hinda Novianti. "Effect of Exclusive Breastfeeding on Growth and Development of Infants Aged 0-24 Months." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.60.

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ABSTRACT Background: Impaired growth and development of children impact the child’s future. Exclusive breastfeeding is essential for the optimal growth and development of children. This study aimed to determine the effect of exclusive breastfeeding on the growth and development of infants aged 0-24 months. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Wonokromo district, Surabaya, East Java, from June to July 2020. A total of 40 under-two-years children was selected by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was the growth and development of children. The data for the growth of children were collected by accessing weight-for-age, length/ height-for-age, and head circumference measurement. The data for the development of children were collected using Revised Prescreening Developmental questionnaires (R-PDQ). The independent variable was exclusive breastfeeding. The data were analyzed by chi-square. Results: Children receiving exclusive breastfeeding (96.8%) showed a better status of growth and development than without receiving exclusive breastfeeding (11.1%), and it was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Children receiving exclusive breastfeeding (96.8%) show a better status of growth and development than without receiving exclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, growth and development, children Correspondence: Siska Nurul Abidah. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya. Jl. Raya Jemursari No.57, Jemur Wonosari, Wonocolo, Surabaya, East Java, 60237. Email: Siskanurul@unusa.ac.id. Mobile: +6282232261545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.60
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Cloney, Dan, and Kellie Picker. "Developing an assessment of oral language and literacy: Measuring growth in the early years." In Research Conference 2021: Excellent progress for every student. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-638-3_2.

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Children develop rapidly in their early years. A crucial component of this development is a child’s ability to learn and use language. Even before they enter formal education, children have learned much about oral language and literacy through meaningful interactions with others, and from their life experiences. Children, however, do not develop at the same pace – some children arrive in early childhood education and care (ECEC) programs more advanced while others require additional support. Recent reviews of the assessment tools available to ECEC educators show a lack of good quality measurement and a reliance on checklist style inventories or narrative approaches. This paper presents a new measure of oral language and pre-literacy specifically designed to be accurate enough to reliably measure an individual child’s growth. Results from a combined calibration of children’s responses using a many-facets item response model show the measure to be reliable, valid and sensitive enough to measure growth within children and between groups of children over time. Implications for future assessment development and for educators’ practice are discussed, including how such measures can provide insight into what children know, understand, and can do (Reynolds, 2020) and what educators can do to support future learning experiences targeted at children’s specific language and literacy needs.
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Reports on the topic "Children Growth Measurement Evaluation"

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Hales, Craig M., David Freedman, Lara Akinbami, Rong Wei, and Cynthia Ogden. Evaluation of alternative body mass index (BMI) metrics to monitor weight status in children and adolescents with extremely high BMI using CDC BMI-for-age growth charts. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:121711.

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McCall, Jamie, Nora Anzawi, Miles Zeller, and James Onorevole. Growth, Equity, and Individual Welfare: A Theoretical Framework for “Moving the Needle” on CDFI Impact Evaluation. Carolina Small Business Development Fund and AltCap, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46712/evaluation.frameworks.

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Community development financial institutions (CDFI) are grassroots entities that guide sustainable economic growth by prioritizing the needs of marginalized populations. Traditionally, CDFIs have been evaluated by the extent to which their activities foster local development or lessen economic inequities. Our analysis suggests this phenomenon is the result of deeply entrenched alliances between the public sector and the interests of CDFI stakeholders. These institutions are major resource providers and thus have set the narrative around CDFI impact measurement and evaluation. We propose an alternative framework that prioritizes changes in individual welfare which foster economic autonomy and improve relationships with community institutions. Our framework is admittedly theoretical, and further iteration will be required to operationalize it into a workable concept. Ultimately though, the existing framework around these issues is broken – and we find scant evidence that it can be salvaged.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.

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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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