Journal articles: 'Children Diseases Malaysia'

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Binti Mustafa Khan, Nurul Jannah, and Zuhaira Nadiah Binti Zulkipli. "COMPULSORY VACCINATION FOR CHILDREN IN MALAYSIA: LEGISLATION AND REALISATION." Yuridika 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v33i3.9826.

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For ages, it has been proven that vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventing infectious diseases from spreading in the population of human beings. The result of high immunization coverage is the drastic deteriorations in vaccine-preventable diseases. Hence, it is indeed disturbing to see the report by Ministry of Health that the number of cases of parents refusing vaccination for their children is escalating, for an example, measles and pertussis cases to rise. Whether these parents realized it or not, they had denied the right of their children to be vaccinated against preventable diseases that had been in control all this while because of vaccines, and more, jeopardizing the public health as well. For this reason, the Ministry of Health has contemplated making vaccination compulsory for children as to protect them against preventable diseases and for the benefit of the society as a whole. This article discusses the extent of the regulations that may be implemented. Therefore for the purpose of this article, the scrutinization of vaccination law as implemented in California will be referred. At the end of this article, some recommendations are proposed in relation to the realization of legislation of vaccination regulations that may be implemented by the government, hopefully soon. This article employs a doctrinal analysis and secondary data from academic journals and online databases.

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Abdul Shukor, Siti Fazilah, Nurul Jannah Mustafa Khan, and Farahdilah Ghazali. "COMPULSORY VACCINATION FOR CHILDREN: VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS?" UUM Journal of Legal Studies 12, Number 2 (July 5, 2021): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2021.12.2.6.

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Immunisation protection includes vaccination programme that is very crucial to prevent the spread of disease among children or those with low immune systems. However, the cases of contagious diseases such as measles have increased dramatically in many countries around the world, including Malaysia. This may be partly due to the rise of certain groups or movements that do not believe in the efficacy of the vaccines. This paper outlined the scenario and existing framework on the administration of the vaccines in Malaysia, with respect to the practices of some countries namely the United State, Italy and Singapore on the implementation of the immunisation programme to its community. Subsequently, this paper highlighted the issues on compulsory vaccination on whether it violated the fundamental liberties incorporated in the Federal Constitution. The researchers adopted a doctrinal approach, whereby materials were compiled from the Malaysian and other jurisdictions’ legislations, case laws, journal articles, and databases. This paper is intended for policymakers as well as the public to understand the possibility for implementing compulsory vaccinations from a legal perspective.

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Zahidin, Muhamad Aidil, Noor Haslina Mohd Noor, Muhammad Farid Johan, Abu Dzarr Abdullah, Zefarina Zulkafli, and Hisham Atan Edinur. "A Review on Secondary Immune Thrombocytopenia in Malaysia." Healthcare 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10010038.

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Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disease that occurs in adults and children. In Malaysia, the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the management of ITP was issued in 2006, which focused almost exclusively on primary ITP (pITP), and only a few secondary ITP (sITP) forms were addressed. All published (twenty-three) sITP articles among children and adults in Malaysia, identified on the academic databases were retrieved. The articles were published between 1981 and 2019, at a rate of 0.62 publications per year. The publications were considered low and mainly focused on rare presentation and followed-up of secondary diseases. This review revealed that sITP in Malaysia is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases (Evan’s syndrome, SLE and WAS), malignancy (Kaposi’s sarcoma and breast cancer) and infection (dengue haemorrhagic fever, Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis C virus). The relationship between ITP and autoimmune diseases, malignancy and infections raise the question concerning the mechanism involved in these associations. Further studies should be conducted to bridge the current knowledge gap, and the further information is required to update the existing CPG of management of ITP in Malaysia.

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Hashim, Noraini, Norlizah Turiman, Nur’shafinaz Salehen, and Suryanto Suryanto. "Caregiver Burden of Children with Chronic Disease at Teaching Hospital." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 7, no. 20 (July 5, 2022): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.3300.

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Handling children with chronic diseases may negatively impact caregivers' quality of life. This research objective is to identify the caregiver burden in children with chronic disease care. A cross-sectional study used the PedsQl Family Impact Module questionnaire to identify the caregiver burden among 230 caregivers of children with chronic diseases at UMCC. The participant perceived burden (n=154, 67%) with mean M=1.67 (SD 0.47). However, age and gender are not significantly associated with caregiver burden. In conclusion, caregivers perceive the burden of caring for children with chronic diseases. Therefore, continuous support from healthcare providers may help reduce the caregiver burden. Keywords: Caregiver, burden, children, chronic disease eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.3300

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Norhayati, M., H. M. Al-Mekhlafi, M. Azlin, U. Nor Aini, A. Shaik, A. Sa'iah, M. S. Fatmah, et al. "Intestinal microsporidial infections among Orang Asli (aborigine) children from Malaysia." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 101, no. 6 (September 2007): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136485907x193789.

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ISMAIL, ROKIAH, CHIN KENG TOH, and YUN FONG NGEOW. "Gonococcal Vulvovaginitis among Female Children in Malaysia." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 12, no. 3 (July 1985): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-198507000-00004.

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Ch’ng, Ling-Sing, Way S. Lee, and Carl D. Kirkwood. "Rare Rotavirus Strains in Children with Severe Diarrhea, Malaysia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 5 (May 2011): 948–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.101652.

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Md Tahir, Farah Sherwani, and NorHusna Emirah Onn. "TOBACCO SMOKE AND CHILDREN: THE LEGAL PROTECTION UNDER MALAYSIAN LAWS." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 7, no. 29 (September 9, 2022): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.729023.

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The well-being of children is a major concern that the public need to be aware of. Health and environment play crucial factors in contributing to children’s development. However, tobacco smoking is one of the ‘diseases’ that has been a concern to many especially secondhand smoke which is a threat not only to adults but also to children. There are almost 7 billion people who die from tobacco smoke while 1.2 billion non-smokers die due to secondhand-smoke (World Health Organization, 2022). The objective of this research is to examine and analyze the extent to which Malaysian law shields children from exposure to tobacco smoke. Thus, this article adopts a doctrinal research by referring to several legislations available in Malaysia as well as the international conventions and treaties to highlight the inductive analysis of this research.

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Noor, Mohd Ismail. "The nutrition and health transition in Malaysia." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 1a (February 2002): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001293.

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AbstractThe accelerated phase of industrialisation and urbanisation in recent decades has inevitably brought about changes in the lifestyle of Malaysians. Changes in dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles are known to be associated with changes in health and increased prevalence of chronic diseases in the population. The objective of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the link between demographic variables and food consumption patterns related to the nutrition transition in Malaysia. This review uses various reports and publications from several ministries and selected local studies. The statistics compiled over the last two decades have shown that as the population achieves affluence, intakes of calories, fats and sugars increase, which may account for the substantial increase in food importation bills over the same period. Similarly, the rapid growth of the fast food industry during the last decade has added another dimension to the change in food consumption patterns of Malaysians. With the exception of a study on adolescents, the prevalences of overweight and obesity in children and adults are not strictly comparable due to the difference in body mass index (BMI) cut-off points in children and the study protocol in adults, and hence should not be misinterpreted as trends. The recent recommendation to lower the BMI cut-off points for Asians would only increase the magnitude of the existing prevalence among adults. The need to promote healthy nutrition for the population must be pursued vigorously, as the escalation of nutrition-related chronic degenerative diseases – once an urban phenomenon – has now spread to the rural population at an alarming rate. This paper indicates that the problem is real and needs urgent attention because it may be just the tip of the iceberg.

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Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Nabil A. Nasr, Yvonne A. L. Lim, Fatin Nur Elyana, Hany Sady, Wahib M. Atroosh, Salwa Dawaki, Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Rahmah Noordin, and Rohela Mahmud. "Prevalence and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among Orang Asli schoolchildren: new insights into the epidemiology, transmission and diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in Malaysia." Parasitology 146, no. 12 (July 31, 2019): 1602–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019000945.

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AbstractThis cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of S. stercoralis infection among 1142 Orang Asli primary schoolchildren in six different states of Peninsular Malaysia. Fecal samples were examined using direct smear, formalin-ether sedimentation (FES), agar plate culture (APC) and PCR techniques. Overall, 15.8% of the children were found to be infected with S. stercoralis. The prevalence was 0.2, 1.3, 15.2 and 13.7% by direct smear, FES, APC and PCR, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that an age of >10 years, being male, belonging to a Proto-Malay tribe, belonging to the Senoi tribe, indiscriminate defecation, using an unimproved water source for drinking water and not wearing shoes when outside were the significant risk factors of infection among these children. In conclusion, we provide new evidence on the occurrence of S. stercoralis in Malaysia to show that there is a relatively high prevalence of infection among Orang Asli schoolchildren. Therefore, the use of specific methods for detecting S. stercoralis should be considered when screening these children for intestinal parasites. Moreover, prevention and control measures specific to S. stercoralis should be integrated into the intestinal parasitic infections control programme in Malaysia.

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Mok, Wilfred Kok Hoe, Noran Naqiah Hairi, Caryn Mei Hsien Chan, Feisul Idzwan Mustapha, Thamil Arasu Saminathan, and Wah Yun Low. "The Implementation of Childhood Obesity Related Policy Interventions in Malaysia—A Non Communicable Diseases Scorecard Project." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 5950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115950.

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(1) Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children has increased tremendously in the ASEAN region, including Malaysia. In Malaysia, the National Strategic Plan for Non-Communicable Diseases (2015–2025) provides the overall framework for its response to the non-communicable diseases (NCD) epidemic. Preventing childhood obesity is one of the key strategies for early intervention to prevent NCDs. The objective of this research is to examine the current status of policy interventions in addressing childhood obesity in Malaysia. (2) Methods: A panel of 22 stakeholders and experts from Malaysia, representing the government, industry, academia and non-governmental organizations, were sampled using a modified Delphi technique. Data were collected using a modified NCD scorecard under four domains (governance, risk factors, surveillance and research and health systems response). A heat map was used to measure the success of the four realms of the NCD scorecard. For each domain of the NCD scorecard, the final score was grouped in quintiles. (3) Results: A total of 22 participants responded, comprising of eight (36.4%) males and 14 (63.4%) females. All the domains measured in implementing policies related to childhood obesity were of low progress. Nine governance indicators were reported as 22.5% (low progress), four in the risk factors domain, and two in the surveillance. This shows that timely and accurate monitoring, participatory review and evaluation, and effective remedies are necessary for a country’s surveillance system. (4) Conclusion: Although Malaysia has published several key strategic documents relating to childhood obesity and implemented numerous policy interventions, we have identified several gaps that must be addressed to leverage the whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach in addressing childhood obesity in the country.

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Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Johari Surin, Atiya A. Sallam, Ariffin W. Abdullah, and Mohammed A. K. Mahdy. "Giardiasis and Poor Vitamin A Status among Aboriginal School Children in Rural Malaysia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0371.

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Ashari, Noor Suryani Mohd, and Wan Zuraida Wan Abdul Hamid. "A Rare Case of Ataxia Telangiectasia in Malaysia." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 16, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v16i1.31151.

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Ataxia telangiectasia is a primary immunodeficiency disease that affects multiple organs systems. Affected patients typically manifest ataxia, immune function abnormalities, sinopulmonary infections, and telangiectasia. Ataxia telangiectasia is listed as a rare disease by the Office of Rare Diseases [ORD] of the National Institutes of Health [NIH]. Because ataxia telangiectasia is so rare, doctors may not be familiar with the symptoms, or methods of making a diagnosis. Not all children develop in the same manner or at the same rate; it may be some years before ataxia telangiectasia is properly diagnosed. We report a rare case of ataxia telangiectasia in Malaysia who was diagnosed only at the age of 10 years.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.16(1) 2017 p.154-156

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Md Isa, Zaleha, Nor Rumaizah Mohd Nordin, Muhammad Hilmi Mahmud, and Syahirah Hashim. "An Update on Vitamin D Deficiency Status in Malaysia." Nutrients 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030567.

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Vitamin D is essential for maintaining serum calcium levels, ensuring sufficient bone mineralization, immunomodulatory properties, and a protective effect on the cardiovascular system, renal disease, cancer, as well as in pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent worldwide, and it is not related to a country’s development index. However, the data on vitamin D deficiencies are primarily taken from out-of-date, small-scale studies on target age groups or specific diseases, rather than from large-scale, population-based surveys. In Malaysia, for the past 16 years, studies were conducted involving adult men and women, pregnant women, postmenopausal women, adolescent, and children especially with specific diseases such as spina bifida, epilepsy, chronic liver disease, and atopic dermatitis. Only a few large surveys were conducted involving children and adolescents. Across the specific target population studied, vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were seen particularly among females, Indians, and those of Malay ethnicity. This is related to widely known causes of vitamin D deficiency such as skin type (melanin) and sun avoidant lifestyles that include covering clothes, largely practiced by Malay Muslims in Malaysia. Other related causes or the high-risk groups are breastfed infants, the elderly, the obese, those on medications, and those characterized by fat malabsorption and geophysical factors. Vitamin D deficiency can be managed with pharmacological or non-pharmacological approaches, depending on the severity. The objective is to raise serum vitamin D to a normal level, hence, relieving the symptoms and reducing the adverse health outcomes. Despite no clear guidelines in treating vitamin D deficiency in Malaysia, this condition can be prevented with taking adequate vitamin D in food resources, sun exposure, or supplementation. Special attention should be given to high-risk groups including infants, obese patients, and the elderly.

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Mokhtar, Aida Syafinaz, Yee Ling Lau, John-James Wilson, and Noraishah Mydin Abdul-Aziz. "Genetic Diversity of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Molecular Detection of Its Potential Associated Pathogens." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (December 11, 2019): 915–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz234.

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Abstract Pediculosis capitis caused by Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer) is endemic all over the world, and children are mostly affected, particularly those living in overcrowded institutions. Several studies have shown that P. h. capitis carried human pathogenic bacteria, suggesting the potential role of head lice in the transmission of pathogens to humans. In this study, we determined the genetic diversity of head lice collected from welfare homes sheltering underprivileged children by using DNA barcoding and demonstrated the presence of Acinetobacter spp., Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus in head lice, which have never been investigated before in Malaysia. Cox1 DNA barcoding identified the head lice, P. h. capitis collected from welfare homes across two geographical areas of Peninsular Malaysia as belonging to clades A, B, and D. Acinetobacter bacteria: Acinetobacter guillouiae, Acinetobacter junii, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Acinetobacter nosocomialis were detected in head lice belonging to clades A and also D. In addition, DNA from S. marcescens and S. aureus were also detected in both clades A and D. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the genetic diversity of head lice in Malaysia through DNA barcoding, as well as the first to provide molecular evidence on the type of bacteria occurring in head lice in Malaysia. It is anticipated that the DNA barcoding technique used in this study will be able to provide rapid and accurate identification of arthropods, in particular, medically important ectoparasites.

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Ng, David Chun-Ern, Kah Kee Tan, Ling Chin, Marlindawati Mohd Ali, Ming Lee Lee, Fatin Mahirah Mahmood, Mohammad Faid Abd Rashid, Harlina Abdul Rashid, and Erwin Jiayuan Khoo. "Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with COVID-19 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 108 (July 2021): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.073.

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Al-Delaimy, Ahmed K., Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Nabil A. Nasr, Hany Sady, Wahib M. Atroosh, Mohammed Nashiry, Tengku S. Anuar, Norhayati Moktar, Yvonne A. L. Lim, and Rohela Mahmud. "Epidemiology of Intestinal Polyparasitism among Orang Asli School Children in Rural Malaysia." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, no. 8 (August 21, 2014): e3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003074.

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Asari, Khairun Nisaa, Yuhanif Yusof, and Rohizan Halim. "ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMPULSORY CHILDHOOD VACCINATION IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 6, no. 22 (March 10, 2021): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.6220019.

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Childhood vaccination is an important tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases among infants, who are most vulnerable due to their weaker immune systems. Due to this, certain countries resorted to enforcing compulsory childhood vaccination laws. Yet despite the proven effectiveness of childhood vaccination, it is also outweighed by numerous ethical implications. This paper focuses on the discussion of ethical considerations surrounding compulsory childhood vaccination in Malaysia. Focusing on the topic of compulsory vaccination of children, this paper discusses ethical issues related to parental autonomy, medical paternalism, compulsory childhood vaccination, and related legal issues. For the purpose of this article, the vaccination practices as implemented in the United States will be referred. At the end of this article, some recommendations are proposed in relation to the drafting of the legal framework on compulsory childhood vaccination in Malaysia. This article employs a doctrinal analysis and secondary data from academic journals and online databases.

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Malik, A. "Susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae among pre-school children in Kota Bharu, Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 44, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/44.1.10.

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Kan, S. P., H. L. Guyatt, and D. A. P. Bundy. "Geohelminth infection of children from rural plantations and urban slums in Malaysia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, no. 6 (November 1989): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(89)90342-8.

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Ramli, Mohd Anuar, Mohd Hazzman Omar, and Mohammad Aizat Jamaludin. "Fast-Food Consumption among Children According to Shari'ah Perspective." Halalpshere 1, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/hs.v1i2.17.

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Fast-food consumption among children is becoming increasingly worrying as it is associated with unhealthy nutrition and its long-term health effects. This concern is due to signs of obesity among children and numerous other harmful diseases linked to low-nutrition, high-fat, and salt diets. According to Li et al. (2020), children aged 12 to 15 years in Malaysia consume fast food twice a week on average. Different factors influence fast-food intake. These include a rise in advertising, the growing number of fast-food restaurants, and shifting current lifestyles, particularly food selection. Accordingly, this study focuses on fast-food consumption from the Syari'ah point of view. This research adopts the library research, analysed selected documents, and summarised the Syari'ah rulings on fast-food consumption among children. The results show that Syari'ah ruling on fast-food consumption relies on habits of intake, fast-food sources and the side-effects on children, whether they are permissible (mubah), abominable (makruh) or prohibited (haram).

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AHMED, ABDULHAMID, HESHAM M. AL-MEKHLAFI, MOHAMMAD NURUL AZAM, INIT ITHOI, ABDULELAH H. AL-ADHROEY, AWATIF M. ABDULSALAM, and JOHARI SURIN. "Soil-transmitted helminthiasis: a critical but neglected factor influencing school participation of Aboriginal children in rural Malaysia." Parasitology 139, no. 6 (February 6, 2012): 802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201100237x.

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SUMMARYSoil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), among the most common neglected tropical diseases, is a major public health problem in Malaysia with a possible impact on the nutritional status and school participation of rural children. This study was carried out among Aboriginal schoolchildren, living in an endemic area for STH in Malaysia, to determine the possible relationship between intestinal helminthiasis and school absenteeism. We also evaluated whether successful treatment of the infection will affect school attendance among the subjects. Stool analysis revealed that more than 90% of the subjects were infected with at least 1 helminth species, with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections being most prevalent. Infection of moderate-to-heavy worm burdens, low level of fathers' education and anaemia were identified as the significant predictors of high absenteeism among the subjects (P<0·05). Following treatment of the infected children, it was found that school absenteeism was reduced significantly (P<0·01). In conclusion, STH continues to have significant impacts on public health, particularly in rural communities with a negatively significant effect on the school participation of Aboriginal children. A school-based de-worming programme should be introduced and incorporated in the current educational assistance targeted towards the Aboriginal communities, under the auspices of the government.

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Al-Mekhlafi, M. S. Hesham, M. Azlin, U. Nor Aini, A. Shaik, A. Sa’iah, M. S. Fatmah, M. G. Ismail, et al. "Giardiasis as a predictor of childhood malnutrition in Orang Asli children in Malaysia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99, no. 9 (September 2005): 686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.02.006.

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Chew, Chii-Chii, Amar-Singh HSS, Huan-Keat Chan, and Mohamed Azmi Hassali. "Medication Safety at Home: A Qualitative Study on Caregivers of Chronically Ill Children in Malaysia." Hospital Pharmacy 55, no. 6 (June 6, 2019): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578719851719.

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Introduction: Medication errors are more likely to occur in chronically ill children, who are highly dependent on caregivers for medication administration. This study aimed to explore the issues related to medication safety among pediatric outpatients in Malaysia from the caregivers’ perspective. Methods: This was a qualitative study conducted between May and June 2018 at a pediatric clinic of a regional referral hospital. Caregivers of children who (1) were under 6 years of age and (2) had hypothyroidism, epilepsy, thalassemia, asthma, or other chronic diseases were recruited via purposive sampling. Each selected disease was represented by at least 3 caregivers, who were identified from the medical records of their children. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with each of them, facilitated by a semi-structured interview guide. All the interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. Results: A total of 15 mothers with a median age of 34 years were interviewed. Three themes emerged from the interviews: (I) actual experiences with medication errors, (II) underlying risk factors for medication errors, and (III) recommendations to improve medication safety. Several cases of administration errors, including missed doses and self-decided dose adjustment, were detected. Furthermore, the caregivers were found to have inadequate understanding of the medications in general. Conclusions: While children were shown to be consistently exposed to medication errors at home in Malaysia, the recommendations of the caregivers, including the use of written instructions and a diary, could be effective strategies to improve the out-of-hospital medication safety in children.

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Goh, Shu Ling, Boon Pin Kee, Kartini Abdul Jabar, Kek Heng Chua, Anna Marie Nathan, Jessie Bruyne, Soo Tein Ngoi, and Cindy Shuan Ju Teh. "Molecular detection and genotypic characterisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in Malaysia." Pathogens and Global Health 114, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2020.1719325.

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Al -Kubaisy, Waqar, Shatha Hussain Ali, and Dawood Al – Thamiri. "Pediatric Asthma and its Relation to SocioDemographic Factors in Baghdad." Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies 2, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v2i4.212.

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Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of children, causing a huge burden on family and society It’s prevalence has risen sharply over the past 30 years in many parts of the world with large geographical variations. However, in Iraq there is no national database which could be obtained. Due to the increasing number of cases and the burden of this health problem we investigated the sociodemographic and other risk factors related to asthma among primary school children. Modified ISAAC questionnaires were completed by the parents of 2262 children randomly chosen. We found males having higher rat of asthma Bing male be more at risk of developing asthma steadily increasing (27.4%), (28.3%)and (39.5%) with increased (CR) crowding rate (<3, 5 - 5,and >5) respectively. only CR of >5 acts as a significant risk factor for asthma. Urbanization acts as significant risk for developing asthma Keywords: Asthma, Environment, Social, Children. eISSN 2514-751X © 2017 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

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Etemadi, Mohammad Reza, Norlijah Othman, Carita Savolainen-Kopra, Zamberi Sekawi, NoraAbd Wahab, and Lye Munn Sann. "Biodiversity and clinico-demographic characteristics of human rhinoviruses from hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Malaysia." Journal of Clinical Virology 58, no. 4 (December 2013): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2013.05.017.

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Wong, Weng Kin, Phiaw Chong Foo, Mohamad Noor Mohamad Roze, Chau Dam Pim, Puvaneswari Subramaniam, and Boon Huat Lim. "Helminthic Infection and Nutritional Studies among Orang Asli Children in Sekolah Kebangsaan Pos Legap, Perak." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1326085.

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Background. Orang Asli (aborigine) children are susceptible to soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections due to their lifestyle and substandard sanitation system.Objectives.This study aimed to examine the helminthic and nutritional status of Orang Asli school children in Sekolah Kebangsaan Pos Legap, a remote primary school at Kuala Kangsar District in the state of Perak, Malaysia. In addition, the sensitivities of four STH stool examination techniques were also compared.Methods.Demography and anthropometry data were collected by one-to-one interview session. Collected stools were examined with four microscopy techniques, namely, direct wet mount, formalin ether concentration (FEC), Kato-Katz (KK), and Parasep™.Results.Anthropometry analysis showed that 78% (26/33) of children in SK Pos Legap were malnourished and 33% (11/33) of them were stunted. Stool examinations revealed almost all children (97%) were infected by either one of the three commonest STHs. FEC was the most sensitive method in detection of the three helminth species.Conclusion. This study revealed that STH infections and nutritional status still remain a health concern among the Orang Asli children. These communal problems could be effectively controlled by regular monitoring of STH infection loads, administration of effective antihelminthic drug regimen, and also implementation of effective school nutritional programs.

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Noor Amira Syazwani Abd Rahman, Jamal Rizal Razali, MOHD ROZAIMY RIDZUAN, and Soon Yew. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CHILDHOOD VACCINATION POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA, EUROPE AND MALAYSIA." International Journal of Humanities Technology and Civilization 7, no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijhtc.v7i1.7613.

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Vaccination from an early in life is one of the most effective medical strategies for reducing infant mortality and morbidity while also ensuring the well-being of society. Following World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, vaccination is provided free of charge to children worldwide as part of the country's maternal and child health programmes. Nevertheless, many people believe vaccines are harmful and unnecessary, even though they are widely accepted as an effective preventive measure in public health. Many previously eradicated infectious diseases have reappeared because of vaccine hesitancy. Due to vaccine rejection, vaccine avoidance is becoming increasingly common around the world. As a result, the WHO has identified vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats for 2019. However, policies that encourage parents to vaccinate their children, on the other hand, may increase their willingness to do so. Government policy instruments such as mandatory regulation, incentives, promotion, and education can be used to influence parental intentions. Policy measures can encourage parents' intentions to vaccinate their children. Consequently, governments can use policy instruments like required regulation, incentives and promotion to control parents' intentions. This paper examines relevant literature on childhood vaccination policies in several countries, including Malaysia, using academic journals and observations from various articles. It is hoped that this study will add to existing knowledge about childhood vaccination policies around the world.

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Wong, Judith Ju Ming, Chin Seng Gan, Sanghvi Heli Kaushal, Soo Lin Chuah, Rehena Sultana, Natalie Woon Hui Tan, Kah Peng Eg, Koh Cheng Thoon, Jan Hau Lee, and Chee Fu Yung. "Pediatric COVID-19 Risk Factors in Southeast Asia-Singapore and Malaysia: A Test-Negative Case–Control Study." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-1000.

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ABSTRACT. There is a scarcity of population-level data of pediatric COVID-19 infection from Southeast Asia. This study aims to describe and compare epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and outcome data among pediatric COVID-19 cases versus controls in two neighboring countries, Singapore and Malaysia. We used a test-negative case–control study design recruiting all suspected COVID-19 cases (defined by either clinical or epidemiological criteria) from January 2020 to March 2021 admitted to two main pediatric centers in Singapore and Malaysia. Data were collected using a standardized registry (Pediatric Acute and Critical Care COVID-19 Registry of Asia). The primary outcome was laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with COVID-19. This study included 923 children with median age of 4 (interquartile range 2–9) years. Of these, 35.3% were COVID-19 cases. Children with COVID-19 were more likely to be asymptomatic compared with controls (49.4 versus 18.6%; P < 0.0001). They were also less likely to develop respiratory complications, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, or organ dysfunction. Four (1.2%) of our COVID-19 patients required respiratory support compared with 14.2% of controls needing respiratory support. COVID-19 cases tended to have lower neutrophil count but higher hemoglobin compared with controls. There were no reported deaths of COVID-19 infection; in contrast, 0.7% of the control group died. In the multivariable analysis, older age, travel history, and close contact with an infected household member were associated with COVID-19 infection. This study shows that the majority of pediatric COVID-19 cases were of lesser severity compared with other community acquired respiratory infections.

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Ramli, Mohd Anuar, Tengku Fatimah Azzahra Tengku Md Fauzi, and Noor Fahimah Mohd Razif. "Autoriti Kerajaan Dalam Mewajibkan Vaksinasi Kanak-kanak: Kajian Menurut Perspektif Hukum Islam (Authority of the Government to Enforce Child Vaccination: A Study from the Islamic Ruling Perspective)." UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 6, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/umran2019.6n2.243.

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Public health is the main priority of the government policy. In line with this, various efforts have been undertaken to improve the health of the community, including vaccination programs, explicitly the injection of vaccines, specifically immunization among children. This is due to the transmission of various types of diseases that risks the survival of children. However, there are parents who reject giving the vaccine to their children based on claims of non-halal vaccine sources and the adverse events following immunization. They deny the importance of vaccines by choosing alternative treatments that are said to be better and safer. Since the vaccine injection is not a mandatory requirement by the government, they feel entitled to reject the vaccine injection by choice. As a result of the vaccine rejection, some previously reduced vaccine-preventable diseases are on the increase in Malaysia. Therefore, this literature review, based on the qualitative approach, discusses the polemics of vaccines and governmental authorities in enforcing a policy from an Islamic ruling perspective. Findings of this study indicate that based on the principle of maslahah in Islam, it is permissible for the government to devise vaccination as a compulsory requirement for the citizens. Thus, the government can enforce mandatory vaccinations so that parents will allow their children to be vaccinated. The effects of not vaccinating children are not on the children only; they also pose risks to the community at large.

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Abdullah, Nur Baizura Aini, and Ahmad Filza Ismail. "Food Poisoning Outbreaks among School Children in Terengganu and their Associated Factors." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 1027–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5004-13.

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Food poisoning is a public health problem in Malaysia and among the top five communicable diseases in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the proportion of food poisoning cases involving schoolchildren in Terengganu in 2016 and their associated factors. This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data collected from 21 food poisoning outbreaks among schoolchildren in Terengganu in 2016. The proportion of food poisoning outbreaks involving schoolchildren in Terengganu in 2016 was 63.6%. Ministry of Education (MOE) school had contributed to 95.3% of outbreak cases, 81% occurred at secondary school and 57.1% involved school located in urban district. Poultry (61.9%) was the most common food vehicle, and Salmonella spp. (52.4%) was the most common microbial etiological agent. Urban district schools had the adjusted odds (aOR=1.803; 95% CI: 1.435,2.267; p < 0.001) compared with rural district schools. Non-MOEschoolchildren were more likely to be involved in school food poisoning (aOR= 4.439; 95% CI: 2.690,7.177; p <0.001) compared with MOE schoolchildren. Moreover, egg consumption was 4.6 times (aOR=4.627; 95% CI: 1.779,12.035; p=0.002) more likely to be associated with school food poisoning outbreaks in Terengganu in 2016 compared with rice consumption. Cross-contamination (aOR=0.445; 95% CI: 0.445,0.231; p=0.015) was less likely to be linked to school food poisoning compared with inadequate cooking and reheating. Food poisoning among schoolchildren in Terengganu has been associated with non-modifiable factors, such as school district location, and modifiable factors, such as food vehicles and critical control points. Health education on food safety, food handling, strict hygiene practice and clean canteen environment need to be strengthened.

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ABDULSALAM, AWATIF M., INIT ITHOI, HESHAM M. AL-MEKHLAFI, ABDULHAMID AHMED, JOHARI SURIN, and JOON-WAH MAK. "Drinking water is a significant predictor ofBlastocystisinfection among rural Malaysian primary schoolchildren." Parasitology 139, no. 8 (March 23, 2012): 1014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000340.

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SUMMARYBlastocystisinfection has a worldwide distribution especially among the disadvantaged population and immunocompromised subjects. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and the association ofBlastocystisinfection with the socio-economic characteristics among 300 primary schoolchildren, living in rural communities in Lipis and Raub districts of Pahang state, Malaysia. Stool samples were collected and examined for the presence ofBlastocystisusing direct smear microscopy afterin vitrocultivation in Jones' medium. The overall prevalence ofBlastocystisinfection was found to be as high as 25·7%. The prevalence was significantly higher among children with gastrointestinal symptoms as compared to asymptomatic children (x2=4·246;P=0·039). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that absence of a piped water supply (OR=3·13; 95% CI=1·78, 5·46;P<0·001) and low levels of mothers’ education (OR=3·41; 95% CI=1·62, 7·18;P<0·01) were the significant predictors ofBlastocystisinfection. In conclusion,Blastocystisis prevalent among rural children and the important factors that determine the infection were the sources of drinking water and mothers' educational level. Interventions with provision of clean water supply and health education especially to mothers are required.

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Al-Mekhlafi, M. Hesham, M. Azlin, U. Nor Aini, A. Shaik, A. Sa’iah, and M. Norhayati. "Prevalence and predictors of low serum retinol and hypoalbuminaemia among children in rural Peninsular Malaysia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, no. 12 (December 2007): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.09.006.

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Tok, Peter Seah Keng, Misbaha Jilani, Nurul Fateha Misnar, Nor Suzila Bidin, Norli Rosli, and Haidar Rizal Toha. "A diphtheria outbreak in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Public health investigation and response." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 07 (July 28, 2022): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.16076.

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Introduction: Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Although the incidence of diphtheria worldwide has rapidly declined following the largely successful diphtheria toxoid-based vaccines, concerns persist for those who were unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated. In this report, we describe a recent diphtheria outbreak in Malaysia involving four confirmed diphtheria cases. Methodology: The outbreak investigation efforts and epidemiological characteristics of a diphtheria outbreak in Malaysia are described. For all suspected cases, swabs were taken and sent for isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and confirmation of toxigenic strains. Results: The index case was a two-year-old child living with his family in a welfare home. Following contact tracing efforts and investigation for suspected cases, seven samples came back as culture positive for Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Confirmation of toxigenic strains was performed using PCR and Elek’s test, which showed 100% correlation in positivity for four of the samples. All four confirmed cases were below 18 years of age, and three of them did not have complete vaccination history (two unvaccinated, one unknown). The index case eventually succumbed due to severe diphtheria with multiorgan failure while all the other cases were discharged healthy. Conclusions: In Malaysia, despite good vaccination coverage, sporadic diphtheria outbreaks still occur. The rising trend of cases reported over the recent years underscores the need to remain vigilant. Addressing pockets of unvaccinated children and potential waning immunity levels in the population remains pivotal.

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Ramli, Shalinawati, Anis Hafizah Azmi, Nurul Azmawati Mohamed, and Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd Rani. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hand Hygiene Among Parents: A Post COVID-19 Pandemic Survey." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): e001952. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i11.1952.

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Hand hygiene is one of the effective measures to prevent infectious diseases such as hand, foot and mouth disease and COVID-19. Parents involvement as the child's first educator in establishing the child's sanitary behavior are crucial in nurturing good hand hygiene habit. This study aimed to assess parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practice on hand hygiene in relation to childcare during the endemic phase of COVID-19. This cross-sectional study involved parents of pre-school children from the Sepang district of Selangor, Malaysia. The parents were given a set of pre-tested, self-administered questionnaires about their knowledge, attitude, and practice of personal hand hygiene, hand hygiene practice while caring for children, and diseases caused by inadequate hand hygiene. A total of 179 parents, mostly (62%) were mothers with mean age of 37.55 (SD 21.2) involved in this study. The parents had good knowledge (99.4%), good attitude (92.7%) and good (100%) hand hygiene practice. Good attitude was significantly associated with good practice. Good knowledge, attitude, and practice on hand hygiene among parents might be due to repetitive information about the importance of hand hygiene during the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts should be made to ensure teachers, children and parents are continuously being educated and reminded about hand hygiene not only during COVID-19.

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Othman, Nurnadzirah, Nureize Arbaiy, and Hamijah Mohd Rahman. "An Expert System for Pneumococcal Prognosis." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 2, no. 3-2 (June 6, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.2.3-2.142.

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Threats and viruses are particularly alarming for children with low immunization levels. Pneumococcal disease is the world's most important cause of child death and has claimed many lives. Since awareness of the dangers of Pneumococcal viruses among parents is low in Malaysia, preventive measures such as vaccine intake cannot be done comprehensively. Hence, in order to communicate information about Pneumococcal disease, a pneumococcal disease diagnosis system for children is developed. This system employs expert system method and apply forward chaining technique for its reasoning. Knowledge base of the system is stored in the database for data management. This alternative system allows access to information as well as early diagnosis of early symptoms can be detected. This system is expected to benefit users in terms of knowledge sharing, and self-checking on their body condition, especially parents, to prevent any possible diseases that may infect children's.

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Khairul Amri Kamarudin, Mohd, Noorjima Abd Wahab, Roslan Umar, Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi, Muhammad Hafiz Md Saad, Nik Rozaireen Nik Rosdi1, Sarah Alisa Abdul Razak, Muhamad Murtadha Merzuki, Abdul Salam Abdullah, Siti Amirah, and Asyraff Mohd Ridzuan. "Road Traffic Accident in Malaysia: Trends, Selected Underlying, Determinants and Status Intervention." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.34 (December 13, 2018): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.23839.

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This paper includes review of the trends, selected underlying, determinants and status intervention. The 1.17 million of deaths occur each year worldwide due to road accidents 70 % of which occur in developing countries in the world. 65% of deaths involve pedestrian’s causes, 35 % of which are children. Estimates suggest that 23–34 million people are injured worldwide every year in road crashes. Fatal accidents are among the major factors of death in the world apart from chronic diseases such as stroke, lung infections, respiratory difficulties and heart disease. The rise in fatal accidents in Malaysia is 70%. This study was conducted to study the rate of fatal accidents on roads in the state of Selangor and Perlis based on fatal accident data for a period of five years from 2013 to 2017. The data were analyzed using quantitative methods which took into account the research conducted by researchers last. Based on analyzed data, the state of Selangor recorded the highest accident rate while Perlis state recorded the lowest accident rate. Among other things being studied are factors affecting the rate of road accidents in both states. In conclusion, the traffic, the physical structure of the road and the road users' focus is a factor of road accidents more concentrated in a particular area.

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Tokijoh, Nur Insyirah, Adibah Abu Bakar, Nurulhasanah Othman, Rahmah Noordin, and Syazwan Saidin. "Assessing the prevalence and risk factors associated with Entamoeba complex infection among the Orang Asli school children in Perak, Malaysia through molecular approach." Parasitology International 91 (December 2022): 102638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2022.102638.

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Ngui, Romano, Yvonne Ai Lian Lim, Liam Chong Kin, Chow Sek Chuen, and Shukri Jaffar. "Association between Anaemia, Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Neglected Parasitic Infections and Socioeconomic Factors in Rural Children of West Malaysia." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6, no. 3 (March 6, 2012): e1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001550.

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Chan, L. G., Umesh D. Parashar, M. S. Lye, F. G. L. Ong, Sherif R. Zaki, James P. Alexander, K. K. Ho, et al. "Deaths of Children during an Outbreak of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Sarawak, Malaysia: Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of the Disease." Clinical Infectious Diseases 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314032.

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Abdullahi, Auwalu, Norizhar Kadarman, Azmi Hassan, and Ibrahim Sulaiman Madobi. "Negative Impact of Abattoir Activities and Management in Residential Neighbourhoods in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v4i2.4722.

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Poor management of abattoirs results in air and water pollution especially resident’s in their close proximity. The objevtive of the study was to investigate the effect of poor management of abattoirs on the quality of life and health of residents in their vicinity. A cross sectional survey was conducted within two month period. Fifty six residents of buildings located approximately five kilometers radius to the abattoir were randomly selected for interview using questionnaire. Among the 56 residents interviewed, 20 (35.7%) were sicked. Almost half (33.9%) of the residents suspected the sickness to be related to abattoir hazards. The prevalence of diseases and symptoms experianced by the residents were typhoid fever (14.4%), Diarhoea (12.5%), Coughing (10.7%), Asthma (8.9%), Foot and Mouth Disease (7.1%) and Dengue (3.6%). The main associated factors of abattoir activities on residents ‘s health were contamination of air with pollutants (odds ratio,15.52; 95% confidence interval, 3.62-10.52), water contamination (11.44; 3.17, 12.28), gutters and drainages blockage (6.35; 1.26, 9.99) and prevention of children from outdoor activities (4.65; 1.33, 16.31). There was also reported case of food poisoning among the residents. Abattoir activities has direct and indirect negative effect on residents health who are in close proximity.

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Abdullahi, Auwalu, Norizhar Kadarman, Azmi Hassan, and Ibrahim Sulaiman Madobi. "Negative Impact of Abattoir Activities and Management in Residential Neighbourhoods in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v4i2.4722.

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Poor management of abattoirs results in air and water pollution especially resident’s in their close proximity. The objevtive of the study was to investigate the effect of poor management of abattoirs on the quality of life and health of residents in their vicinity. A cross sectional survey was conducted within two month period. Fifty six residents of buildings located approximately five kilometers radius to the abattoir were randomly selected for interview using questionnaire. Among the 56 residents interviewed, 20 (35.7%) were sicked. Almost half (33.9%) of the residents suspected the sickness to be related to abattoir hazards. The prevalence of diseases and symptoms experianced by the residents were typhoid fever (14.4%), Diarhoea (12.5%), Coughing (10.7%), Asthma (8.9%), Foot and Mouth Disease (7.1%) and Dengue (3.6%). The main associated factors of abattoir activities on residents ‘s health were contamination of air with pollutants (odds ratio,15.52; 95% confidence interval, 3.62-10.52), water contamination (11.44; 3.17, 12.28), gutters and drainages blockage (6.35; 1.26, 9.99) and prevention of children from outdoor activities (4.65; 1.33, 16.31). There was also reported case of food poisoning among the residents. Abattoir activities has direct and indirect negative effect on residents health who are in close proximity.

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Sam, I.-Ching, Nabeela Ahmad Jaafar, Li Ping Wong, Anna Marie Nathan, Jessie Anne de Bruyne, and Yoke Fun Chan. "Socioeconomic costs of children <5 years hospitalised with acute respiratory infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." Vaccine 39, no. 22 (May 2021): 2983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.010.

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Mohamed, Nurul A., Nur N. Zulkifli Amin, Shalinawati Ramli, Ilina Isahak, and Nooriah Mohamed Salleh. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of hand hygiene among parents of preschool children." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 5, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2016.5101.

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Background- Infections spread easily among children in nurseries due to overcrowding and their natural intimacy. Disease transmission via skin (particularly hand) contact is preventable through proper hand hygiene and good sanitation. Parental support and involvement in developing child’s hygienic behavior are essential in promoting child’s well being. This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents on hand hygiene, related to the care of their children. Methods- This cross-sectional study involved 240 parents of preschoolers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Participants were given self-administered questionnaires consisting statements related to personal hand hygiene, hand hygiene practices during childcare and infections related to poor hand hygiene. Results- The mean score for knowledge of hand hygiene was 2.72(SD 0.26) out of 3.00.Meanwhile, the mean score for attitude and practice of hand hygiene were 4.56(SD 0.58) out of 5.00 and 4.36 (SD 0.65) out of 5.00 respectively. Overall results showed that majority of parents had a good understanding of hand hygiene. However, about two thirds parents did not agree on washing hands before interacting with their children. Of concern, about 76% parents are unaware of correct hand washing techniques. Conclusions- This study highlighted the need for more comprehensive educational programs to create awareness regarding the importance of hand hygiene particularly among parents and children. This is very important for prevention of communicable diseases in the community.

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Ahmad, Rabbiya, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, Abdul Razak Muttalif, Nafees Ahmad, Aseel Rezeq Ali Yaghi, Khang Wen Goh, Long Chiau Ming, Nehad Jaser Ahmed, and Amer Hayat Khan. "Treatment Outcomes of Childhood TB Patients in Four TB High Burden States of Malaysia: Results from a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study." Antibiotics 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111639.

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Data regarding treatment outcomes among childhood TB patients are lacking in Malaysia. The present study aimed to evaluate the treatment outcomes and predictors of unsuccessful treatment outcomes among childhood TB patients in four TB high-burden states of Malaysia. This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at 13 healthcare centers in four states of Malaysia, namely, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, and Penang. During the study period, a total of 8932 TB patients were enrolled for treatment at the study sites, of whom 206 (2.31%) were children. The majority of the childhood TB patients were female (52.9%) and belonged to the age group of 6–10 years (42.7%). Pulmonary TB accounted for 70.9% of childhood TB. Among childhood PTB patients, 50% were sputum smear negative. One hundred and seventy-eight patients (86.4%) were successfully treated (87 were cured and 91 completed treatment). Among 28 (13.6%) patients with unsuccessful treatment outcomes, 13 (6.3%) died, 3 (1.5%) failed treatment, 9 (4.4%) defaulted, and 3 (1.5%) were transferred out. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients’ age (5–14 years) (OR = 0.279, p-value = 0.006) and male gender (OR = 0.390, p-value = 0.046) had a statistically significant negative association with unsuccessful treatment outcomes. The prevalence of childhood TB in the current study was comparable to the recently published national estimates. The study sites reached the WHO target of treatment success. Special attention to patients with identified risk factors can improve treatment outcomes.

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Mat Salleh, Noor Hafizan, Mohd Faizal Abdul Rahman, Samsiah Samsusah, Jeremy Ryan De Silva, David Chun-Ern Ng, Azilawati Hanim Ghozali, Jia Hui Tan, et al. "Case report: recurrence of Plasmodium vivax malaria due to defective cytochrome P450 2D6 function in Pos Lenjang, Pahang, Malaysia." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 9 (June 8, 2020): 700–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa042.

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Abstract Five children in Pos Lenjang, Pahang, Malaysia were PCR-positive for vivax malaria and were admitted to the hospital from 5 to 26 July 2019. One of the patients experienced three episodes of recurrence of vivax malaria. Microsatellite analysis showed that reinfection is unlikely. Drug resistance analysis indicated that Riamet (artemether–lumefantrine) is effective. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) testing showed that this patient has defective CYP2D6 function. Primaquine failure to clear the Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites may be the cause of recurring infections in this patient. This report highlights the need for the development of liver-stage curative antimalarials that do not require metabolism by the CYP2D6 enzyme.

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Bundy, D. A. P., S. P. Kan, and R. Rose. "Age-related prevalence, intensity and frequency distribution of gastrointestinal helminth infection in urban slum children from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, no. 2 (March 1988): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(88)90450-6.

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Low, Yee Shan, Farida Islahudin, Kamarul Azahar Mohd Razali, and Shafnah Adnan. "Modification of Initial Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Regimen in Paediatric HIV Patients." Open AIDS Journal 12, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601812010011.

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Background:Treatment options among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected children are limited as only a few Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) are approved worldwide for paediatric use. Among children, frequent changes in HAART regimen can rapidly exhaust treatment options, and information addressing this issue is scarce.Objective:The aim of the study was to determine factors associated with the modification of initial HAART regimen modification among HIV-infected children.Method:A retrospective study was performed among HIV-infected children aged 18 and below, that received HAART for at least six months in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. Factors associated with modification of initial HAART regimen were investigated.Results:Out of 99 patients, 71.1% (n=71) required initial HAART regime modification. The most common reason for HAART modification was treatment failure (n=39, 54.9%). Other reasons included drug toxicity (n=14, 19.7%), change to fixed-dose products (n=11, 15.5%), product discontinuation (n=4, 5.6%) and intolerable taste (n=3, 4.2%). The overall mean time retention on initial HAART before regimen modification was 3.32 year ± 2.24 years (95% CI, 2.79–3.85). Patient's adherence was the only factor associated with initial regimen modification in this study. Participants with poor adherence showed a five-fold risk of having their initial HAART regimen modified compared to those with good adherence (adjusted OR [95% CI], 5.250 [1.614 – 17.076], p = 0.006).Conclusion:Poor adherence was significantly associated with initial regimen modification, intervention to improve patient's adherence is necessary to prevent multiple regimen modification among HIV-infected children.

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Selamat, Rusidah, Junidah Raib, Nur Azlina Abdul Aziz, Norlida Zulkafly, Ainan Nasrina Ismail, W. Nurul Ashikin W Mohamad, Muhammad Yazid Jalaludin, et al. "Fruit and vegetable intake among overweight and obese school children: A cluster randomised control trial." Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0023.

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Introduction: Adequate daily intake of fruits and vegetables is crucial for the prevention of chronic diseases. This study aimed to determine the effects of My Body is Fit and Fabulous at School (MyBFF@school) with nutrition education intervention (NEI) on the stages of change for fruit and vegetable intake among overweight and obese secondary school children based on the trans-theoretical model (TTM). Methods: This was a cluster randomised controlled trial involving 15 out of 415 eligible government secondary schools in central Peninsular Malaysia, which were randomly assigned into intervention (six schools; 579 school children) and control (nine schools; 462 school children). The intervention group was given NEI for 24 weeks, while the control group followed the existing school programme by the Ministry of Education. Results: There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups for the stages of change, with majority at the maintenance stage after six months (intervention: 34.9%; control: 39.0%). The within group analysis showed a significant reduction after six months for those at the action stage (action and maintenance stage) from 68.0% to 60.4% in the intervention group and from 71.4% to 65.6% in the control group. However, there was a significant increase among those with adequate fruit and vegetable intake in the intervention group and no significant increase in the control group. Conclusion: MyBFF@school with NEI based on TTM provided acceptable changes in fruit and vegetable intake among overweight and obese secondary school children.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Children Diseases Malaysia'

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