Journal articles on the topic 'Children Act 1969'
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1
Astington, Janet W. "Children's understanding of the speech act of promising." Journal of Child Language 15, no. 1 (February 1988): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900012101.
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ABSTRACTThis study determined what types of speech act 5– to 13-year-olds, and adults, would call Promising by asking questions following stories in which a speaker sometimes violated Searle's (1969) rules, by promising an event outside the speaker's control (PREDICTING) or by promising that a past action had been performed (ASSERTING). By 9 years of age children could distinguish between promising and predicting in terms of the speaker's responsibility for the outcome. 11- and 13-year-olds correctly said the speaker did not promise in cases of predicting, but only a few of them were correct for asserting. Even older children said the speaker did not promise when the promise was unfulfilled. Children do not think of promising as simply a speech act. The adult conception is closer to, but not the same, as Searle's.
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Akerele, Femi. "Adolescent decision-making and the zone of parental control: a missed opportunity for legislative change." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 20, no. 2 (March 2014): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.112.010538.
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SummaryIssues relating to the consent of individuals under 18 years of age in England and Wales are covered by the Family Law Reform Act 1969, the Children Act 1989, the Mental Health Act 1983 (to some extent) and case law. Legislation on the consent of minors to hospital admission and treatment is complicated and contradictory, leaving clinicians unsure when to rely on the consent of the minor or that of someone with parental responsibility. This article reviews the concept of the zone of parental control (ZPC), introduced in England in 2008. It argues that this concept is too vague and subjective to provide any clear guidance on who can give consent for a minor's admission and treatment.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Understand the concept of the ZPC and its relevance to clinical practice.•Determine the appropriate legal source of consent or refusal for children and young people.•Consider using formal powers (as against parental consent) with children and young people refusing admission and/or treatment.
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Sangster, Joan. "Misconceptions: Unmarried Motherhood and the Ontario Children of Unmarried Parents Act, 1921-1969 (review)." Canadian Historical Review 89, no. 3 (2008): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/can.0.0078.
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Edmonds, Matthew C. "The Private School Pivot: The Shrouded Persistence of Massive Resistance in the Black Belt and Beyond." History of Education Quarterly 60, no. 4 (November 2020): 455–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.45.
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In 1969, four years after passage of the Voting Rights Act, African Americans in Greene County, Alabama, reclaimed control of local government, becoming the first community in the South to do so since Reconstruction. A half century later, however, Greene County remains an impoverished and largely segregated area with poor educational outcomes, especially for Black children. This essay explores the history of Greene County from 1954 to the recent past, with a particular focus on Warrior Academy, a segregated private school (“segregation academy”) founded by Whites in 1965. As a case study of “school choice” in the context of the “long civil rights movement,” it complicates scholarly definitions of “massive resistance.” Furthermore, it demonstrates the ways in which an emerging “color-blind” conservatism premised on White concerns about “educational quality” thwarted Black efforts to achieve educational equality, even in places where African Americans achieved significant political victories.
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Serenio, Frances Mae A., and Cindy A. Velasquez. "Speech Acts in the Selected and Award Winning Filipino Children Short Stories." Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v4i1.89.
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Children’s literature may be one of the most difficult genres to write, if not the most difficult. The writer has to take into consideration his or her aims in writing the story while focusing on other literary elements such as the theme and the plot at the same time. Not only that, he or she has to put in mind what kind of reaction he wants from his or her reader – whether it be amusement, rejection or wholesome acceptance through learning. The purpose of this study is to identify the different speech acts commonly found in contemporary children’s short stories particularly those which have been awarded as Palanca winners and those from the book entitled Filipino Stories for Filipino children (An Anthology from the UP Integrated School Creative Writing Classes) by Eleanor Eme Hermosa. The study is anchored on John Searle’s (1969) Speech Act Theory. In the analysis, it is found that children’s literature provides a didactic role. Consistent with this function, the speech act structure has observed didactic role found to be primarily informational, assertive, and expressive in nature. In the stories, some of the values that the writers aimed to teach the readers are nationalism, love and pride for parents and siblings, and appreciation for education.
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Beatty, Barbara, and Edward Zigler. "Reliving the History of Compensatory Education: Policy Choices, Bureaucracy, and the Politicized Role of Science in the Evolution of Head Start." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 114, no. 6 (June 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811211400607.
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In this article, Edward Zigler, interviewed by Barbara Beatty, talks about a turning point in the history of Head Start that reveals how policy choices, bureaucracy, and science came together when he was told to phase out the program in 1970. New to Washington, Zigler learned that President Richard M. Nixon's domestic policy advisor Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who had put forth the Family Assistance Plan, favored direct support for mothers and families over compensatory preschool education. Zigler saw how both the methodologically flawed 1969 Westinghouse study on the supposed fadeout of Head Start gains and Arthur Jensen's controversial 1969 article on the supposed failure of compensatory education became politicized and influenced arguments about Head Start's future. With President Nixon's veto of the 1971 Child Development Act, Zigler witnessed how competing policies, bureaucracies, and political ideologies could block support for universal child care and comprehensive services for children and families. After many years of consulting to Head Start and research on applied child development, he sees public schools as sites for coordination of social welfare programs that can improve access to high-quality health care, education, child care, and family services, as in his Schools for the 21st Century model.
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Tseng, Mei Hui, and Elizabeth A. Murray. "Differences in Perceptual-Motor Measures in Children with Good and Poor Handwriting." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 14, no. 1 (January 1994): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929401400102.
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The concept that handwriting is primarily a perceptual-motor act is held by various authors (Chapman & Wedell, 1972; Furner, 1969; Sovick, 1975; Ziviani, Hayes, & Chant, 1990). However, the assumption that poor handwriters would perform less well than good handwriters on perceptual-motor tests has not yet been well researched. The purpose of this study was to examine this assumption as well as the relationship of perceptual-motor abilities to the legibility of handwriting. One hundred forty-three Chinese children in grades 3 through 5 served as subjects. Perceptual-motor tests that measured the abilities proposed to be subskills of handwriting were administered along with a handwriting test. Results showed that poor handwriters scored more poorly than good handwriters on most of the perceptual-motor tests. Regression analysis revealed that among the perceptual-motor measures visual-motor integration, as measured by the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, and eye-hand coordination, as measured by the Motor Accuracy Test, contributed most to the legibility of handwriting for the total group of handwriters. However, for poor handwriters, results of a stepwise regression analysis revealed that motor planning, as measured by the Finger Position Imitation Test, contributed the most to the legibility of handwriting. In contrast, for good handwriters, visual perception, as measured by the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills, contributed most to the legibility of handwriting.
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I Gusti Ayu Vina Widiadnya Putri, I Dewa Ayu Devi Maharani Santika, and Komang Dian Puspita Candra. "PEMAKNAAN TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF GURU PENUTUR ASLI DAN NON PENUTUR ASLI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS." SPHOTA: Jurnal Linguistik dan Sastra 11, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/sphota.v11i2.1209.
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This study aims to describe the meaning of the directive illocutionary speech acts used by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers in teaching English at the Denpasar Children Center School. The data sources of this study are the utterance of native speaker and non-native speaker. Data obtained by using observation method with uninvolved conversation observation technique and record techniques. Data containing illocutionary speech acts then analyzed descriptively qualitatively based on theories of speech act proposed by Searle (1969) and Leech (1974) about meaning. The results showed that the directive speech acts used by native speakers and non-native speakers were requirements, requestives, questions, prohibitive, permissives and advisories. The meanings of directive speech acts spoken by native speakers and non-native speakers are analyzed from the context of the conversation. The meaning of speech acts for the native speaker tends to be connotative and sometimes contains affective meaning. Whereas the meaning of speech acts of non-native speaker tend to use a combination of connotative, denotative, and affective meanings.
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Sahib Mehdi Muhammed, Wafaa, Fatima Khudhair Hasson, and Ameera Hussein Thalab. "Iraqi Parents‘ Instructions to Their Teens: A Pragma-Stylistic Approach." Arab World English Journal 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/kust.6.
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Parents are supposed to be responsible for the education of their children. However, other sources of information participate in this challenging mission. Technological advancements, media, friends, and schoolmates have a significant effect on how our sons think or behave. Hence, it becomes crucial for parents to consider how to approach or deal with them. The way parents give instructions to sons concerning their daily routines of educational, moral, and health care practices is of great importance. This paper aims to find out how educated Iraqi parents give instructions to their sons. The study identifies the pragma-stylistic devices that characterize Iraqi parental instructions. It attempts to specify which speech act is most dominant in parental instructions and if politeness strategies are adhered to or not. Twenty Iraqi parents who have a degree in the English language participated in this research work. A questionnaire of ten different scenarios concerning some basic daily instructions that are often likely to be given to sons or daughters who are between the age of 12 to 16 is delivered to those parents. The responses to this questionnaire are scrutinized in terms of the pragma-stylistic perspective following Black (2006) by activating three pragmatic theories, namely; Searle’s (1969) theory of speech acts, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness as well as Culpeper’s (1996) theory of impoliteness. It is found that educated Iraqi parents prefer the indirect way of giving instructions to their teens concerning the daily practices regardless of the importance of these instructions in life. Analysis reveals that most Iraqi parents use the speech act of advising when giving daily instructions to their teens. Direct instructions are rare. If found, they are softened with polite expressions.
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CHUNN, DOROTHY E. "Lori Chambers, Misconceptions: unmarried motherhood and the Ontario Children of Unmarried Parents Act, 1921–1969. (Toronto: The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History/University of Toronto Press, 2007.) Pages xi+258. £35.00." Continuity and Change 23, no. 2 (August 2008): 374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416008006863.
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CACCIARI, E., A. CICOGNANI, P. PIRAZZOLI, G. PAOLUCCI, A. MANCINI, D. TASSINARI, M. G. PASCUCCI, and M. TACCONI. "Adrenocortical tumours in children: our experience with nine cases." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (December 1986): S264—S274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s264.
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Abstract Nine cases of adrenocortical tumor are presented, six were males. Four were less than three years and five were between 5 and 10 years of age. Clinical virilization was found in 8 children, one had only signs of hypercortisolism and another showed signs of virilization and hypercortisolism simultaneously. Urinary 17-KS and 17-OHCS were high in all patients. Plasma levels of testosterone and of the other adrenal androgens were high in all the cases tested. Plasma level of cortisol was elevated only in few cases. In two out of five cases steroids were only partially suppressed by dexamethasone. Computed tomography and abdominal sonography have been useful tods for the localization of the tumour. The resection of the tumour, indipendent of hystopathological diagnosis, led to a complete normalization of the clinical and hormonal picture in eight cases evaluated at a distance of 2 months 10 years after surgery. In one case a hepatic metastasis was observed and removed three years after surgery. Adrenocortical tumours are rare (Javadpour et al., 1980) and the vast majority of them are hormone secreting. Although cases have been described which showed feminilization and hyperaldosteronism (Bacon & Lowrey, 1965; Bhettay & Bormici, 1977; Crane et al., 1961; Gauguly et al., 1980), virilization and hypercortisolism are most commonly found (Hayles et al., 1966). This paper illustrates our experience with nine cases of adrenocortical tumour, eight of whom showed inappropriate virilization with or without hypercortisolism and one of whom was a classic case of Cushing's syndrome.
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Rau, Manoj Kumar, and Ananta Basudev Sahub. "Sdg 3 monitoring at sub-national level with data from the civil registration system in rajasthan state, india : 2001-14." Journal of Management and Science 7, no. 3 (December 30, 2017): 410–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2017.65.
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In India, Civil registration was initiated under the registration of births and deaths act,1969 to give reliable estimates of fertility and mortality situation for the nation up to the lowest administrative levels, but due to its inadequate and underreporting, still the Sample Registration System is used to generate reliable indicators of fertility and mortality. In this paper, an attempt is made to compute certain indicators from the civil registration system for the period of 2001-14 in the State of Rajasthan, India. The major SDG indicators of goal 3 of ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages; targets 3.1 (By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births) and 3.2 (By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births) with indicators of Under-five Mortality Rate (indicator 3.2.1) and Maternal Mortality Ratio (indicator 3.1.1) and other fertility and mortality indicators can be computed, if certain denominator bases are available every year. As the civil registration data has not been classified by the place of residence, it is not strictly comparable to SRS figures. But it has been presented here so as to serve as an indication and for the improvement of the system for generation of reliable vital rates at subnational levels using civil registration data, which is the need of the day for planning purposes for programme managers and policy makers.
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RUDD, B. T., P. H. W. RAYNER, and P. H. THOMAS. "Observations on the role of GH/IGF-1 and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in the pubertal development of growth hormone deficient (GHD) children." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (December 1986): S164—S169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s164.
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Abstract SHBG concentrations in GHD and non GHD children of both sexes were studied in relation to their weight and androgen status. SHBG was inversely related to age in short and control children, but not for GHD. Correction for body weight restored the inverse relationship in these children and improved the correlation for the other groups. DHAS concentrations were similar in GHD and short children, suggesting GH per se does not influence adrenal androgen synthesis. The mean free testosterone in GHD children 12.7 pmol/L, was similar to that in short children, 14.3 pmol/L, and lower than controls 21.2 pmol/L, but consistent with their pubertal status. The Linear regression of SHBG on IGF-1 was r = -0.605 (P <0.01). It was postulated that IGF-1 and free testosterone may regulate SHBG synthesis. Administration of native and synthetic GH to prepubertal GHD children lowered SHBG without a significant change in TBG, albumin or free testosterone. The fall in SHBG concentration after HGH in GHD children is suggested as a selective mechanism which may lead to improved pubertal development. It is now recognised that many of the biochemical actions of administered human growth hormone (HGH), notably linear growth, protein synthesis and turnover, recorded in the classical studies of Prader et al. (1964), Hubble (1966) and Brown et al. (1967) are mediated by the generation of somatomedin C (IGF-1) (Van Wyk et al., 1974). Less certain is the role that IGF-1 may play in the timing of the growth spurt and subsequent pubertal development. It is documented however, (Laron and Sarel, 1970), that clinical signs of poor genital development in male patients with growth hormone deficiency may be reversed by HGH therapy, but the mechanism is unknown. A specific carbohydrate rich dimeric binding protein, sex hormone binding globulin, with a high Ka for testosterone and oestradiol-17β is present in serum (Anderson, 1974). Levels are raised prepubertally and fall progressively in both sexes as puberty advances (Lee et al., 1985). This fall is a trigger for increased levels of free testosterone and oestradiol-17β which may play a part in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Preliminary reports (Rudd et al., 1985), have shown that some GHD children had raised SHBG values for chronological and bone age. These observations suggested that concentrations of non-protein bound sex steroids may be inappropriately low because of a raised In this paper, the weight and the androgen status of GHD SHBG. children is studied in relation to compared to similar data for short addition, the effect of native and Sweden) GH on SHBG and non-protein GHD patients, is examined. their SHBG concentrations and is children and controls. In synthetic (Somatonorm S - Kabi, bound testosterone in the serum of
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Bartlett, Jennifer A. "Book Review: Encyclopedia of Education Economics & Finance." Reference & User Services Quarterly 55, no. 1 (September 25, 2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.55n1.73a.
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Comprehensive studies of educational systems in an economic and social sciences context are relatively recent. The 1966 Equality of Educational Opportunity report (also known as the Coleman Report) addressed the availability of equal educational opportunities to children of different races, religions, and national origins in response to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This was an early example of social science research being used to influence national policy. Since then, educational finance research has blossomed into an area of study that influences decision makers at the national, state and local levels in resource allocation, assessment, and school organizational and restructuring policies.
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Persson, Bengt. "Longterm morbidity in infants of diabetic mothers." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 3_Suppl (August 1986): S156—S158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.111s0156.
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Abstract. A study of the five year morbidity experience by a group of 73 children born to diabetic and gestational diabetic mothers in one institution between 1969 and 1972 is reported. Only one child was found to be remarkably obese. No severe neurological deficit was found and intellectual performance was normal. None had developed diabetes. Five years later the prevalence of diabetes was reassessed. Two children (3%) had developed insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Kamal, Nik Ahmad, Marhanum Marhanum, Azizah Azizah, Ashgar Ashgar, and Yusuff Yusuff. "Critical analysis on the Children and Young Person Employment Act 1966 and the Education Act 1996 in relation to causes and effect of child labour in Malaysia." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 3, no. 3 (August 14, 2015): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2015.3.3(2).
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Objective - It is observed that the phenomena of working children is a long-standing issue in most under-developed and developing countries of the world and the number increases each year in the light of challenging domestic social and economic conditions. The question is whether the relevant law has a special exemption to allow children to work and to what extent the law accommodates scenarios obtained from the empirical study for the purpose of this research? The objective of this research is to examine the reason children goes to work instead of pursuing an education. Methodology/Technique - The survey involved interviewing through a set questionnaire 557 working children in six states in Malaysia. Based on the survey, the Children and Young Person Employment Act 1966 is critically reviewed to evaluate the scope of protections for working children in Malaysia. Findings - Based on the empirical analysis, it is found that the majority of the working children in Malaysia worked to help their family economically and they are not happy with their current job. The children in this context reported that they regretted not attending school as their have to work to help their family. Novelty - By adopting content analysis on the current act, this research discovers that due to lack of efficient implementation of existing legal regimes, especially the Education Act 1996 to deal with an issue pertaining to children not attending schools. This research concludes that effective implementation of all legislation dealing with working children and their compulsory education may have a positive impact on overall child labor management in Malaysia. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Child Labor, Malaysia, Children and Young Person Employment Act 1966, Education Act 1996
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Arsawati, I. Nyoman Juwita, I. Made Wirya Darma, and Putu Eva Ditayani Antari. "A Criminological Outlook of Cyber Crimes in Sexual Violence Against Children in Indonesian Laws." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 31, 2020): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.26.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the cybercrimes in sexual violence against children in Indonesian laws. Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, concerning cybercrime specifically regulated in Indonesia. Of the various types of cybercrime that occur in Indonesia, it is interesting to study the vacuum norms governing cyber pornography carried out on children in Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. The crime can be said as violence against children whose punishment can be aggravated as stipulated in the Child Protection Act. This research is a normative legal study by examining the absence of norms in the ITE Law regarding sanctions imposed on perpetrators of child abuse in cyberspace. The study was conducted by using normative research methods so that utilizing primary legal materials such as the Criminal Code, Child Protection Act, Pornography Law, and Electronic Information and Transaction Law. Based on the collection and analysis of the legal material, the results showed that there is a need for criminal penalties for cyber pornography against children. This is done by considering the impact of the crime on the development of children and aims that the perpetrators deter and prevent similar crimes. The results practically contribute that the government is expected to play an active role in continuing to provide protection and assistance for psychological recovery from victims.
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Mária, Péter H. "Commemoration of Kárpáti Gizella, the first woman who took her degree in medical science in Kolozsvár at Ferenc József University." Bulletin of Medical Sciences 91, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2018-0001.
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Abstract On 31st of December 1895 Gyula Wlassics (1852-1937), minister of religion and education, published his Decree No 72 039, which allowed women to study medical science, pharmacy and humanities at universities. In Kolozsvár Gizella Kárpáti was the first woman who registered at the Faculty of Medicine of Ferenc József University. Gizella Kárpáti was born in Kolozsvár on 3rd August 1884. After finishing secondary school in June 1902, in the autumn of the same year she registered at the Faculty of Medicine. The marks she got at the university examinations in the following 10 semesters proved that she could cope with her task. In the years spent at the university she met medical student József Szabó (born in 1882) whom she married later. They both started their medical career at Károly Lechner’s Neuro-Psychiatry Institute. From 1909 Gizella Kárpáti was a payed assistant, from 1911 she became assistant lecturer. Her husband became an assistant lecturer from the year 1908, then he was appointed lecturer and then honorary lecturer. Meanwhile he had to go to the front where he was followed by his wife. In 1919, after the professors of the university refused the act of swearing the oath of allegiance, they both made their escape from Kolozsvár together with the greater part of their fellow professors. After a short time they settled in Szeged, where József Szabó was appointed university professor. Here he published his book „Elmekórtan” in 1925. In the 1927-28 academic year he became dean, then vice-dean of the Faculty of Medicine, but in the year 1929 he died unexpectedly. In Szeged, Gizella Kárpáti being engaged in bringing up her two children, did not work as a physician. One of her children, Miklós, continued his parents’ profession, and became a physician. Gizella and her children returned to Kolozsvár for a short time, between 1940-1944, then they moved to Budapest and finally they settled in Szeged again. In 1929 József Szabó and in 1953 Gizella Kárpáti were entombed in one of the graves of honour of the Szeged central cemetery.
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Masom, Grant. "Fighting the Tide: Church Schools in South Buckinghamshire, 1902–44." Studies in Church History 55 (June 2019): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2018.23.
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In 1902 elementary school provision in Oxford diocese – England's largest – reflected the national picture: 72 per cent were church schools, with total rolls of 54 per cent of school-age children. The bitterly contested 1902 Education Act apparently protected the future of church schools, but in practice its provisions severely undermined them, particularly in growing areas of the country. By 1929, Oxford's assistant bishop reported the schools’ situation as ‘critical’. This article examines the impact on the church schools of one rural deanery in South Buckinghamshire, between the 1902 and 1944 Education Acts. Several schools found themselves under threat of closure, while rapid population increase and a rising school leaving age more than quadrupled the number of school-age children in the area. Closer working with the local education authority and other denominations was one option to optimize scarce resources and protect the Church of England's influence on religious education in day schools: but many churchmen fought to keep church schools open at all costs. This strategy met with limited success: by 1939 the proportion of children in church schools had decreased to 10 per cent, with potential consequences for how religion was taught to the other 90 per cent of children.
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Halifax, Nancy Viva Davis. "Act Normal ‐ Excerpts : Do not say that you did not know 1960." Public 33, no. 66 (September 1, 2022): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/public_00125_7.
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act normal starts in an institution where children categorized & constructed as intellectually inferior are placed into custodial care \ opened in 1876 as the hospital for idiots & imbeciles it closed in 2009 as the <strike>H</strike>uronia <strike>R</strike>egional <strike>C</strike>entre.
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Henaghan, Mark, and Ruth Ballantyne. "Bill Atkin: A Fierce Defender of Children's Rights and Proponent of Child-Focused Legislation." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 46, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v46i3.4912.
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This article illustrates the different ways in which Professor Bill Atkin has shown where family law legislative reforms have fallen short in making the rights and well-being of children the paramount consideration in family law disputes, and properly taking account of children's views on matters that affect them. It examines Atkin's thought-provoking analysis of the introduction of the Care of Children Act 2004 and the changes made in recent years to the Child Support Act 1991, the Property (Relationships) Act 1976 and the Family Court system as a whole. The article also explores Atkin's approval of the amendments to the Crimes Act 1961 preventing parents from using physical discipline against their children for the purposes of correction. Overall, the article highlights Atkin's extensive contribution to family law and demonstrates what needs to be changed to ensure New Zealand family law and society becomes more child-focused in the future.
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Sulistyo, Edhei, and Pujiyono Pujiyono. "Restorative Justice as a Resolution for the Crime of Rape with Child Perpetrators." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (April 30, 2021): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.69.
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A child who commits a criminal act can be called a child in conflict with the law. One of the crimes committed by children was rape, which involved elementary and junior high school children in Probolinggo; they reportedly raped a high school student until they became pregnant. Sexual crimes against children occur in Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to review restorative justice as an effort to resolve the criminal act of rape with child perpetrators. The research method used is normative juridical research, with the approach of laws and concepts and collecting primary legal material in the form of existing cases. This study found that the restorative justice process in juvenile crime is essential because there are essential things to focus on the regulation that requires the active role of the community, perpetrators, and victims of crime, including the affected community, in the restorative justice process. A fundamental balancing approach must also be taken, namely, first, imposing sanctions based on responsibility for recovering victims' losses as a consequence of criminal acts; second, rehabilitation and reintegration of actors; and third, strengthening community safety and security systems.
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Fuquay, Michael W. "Civil Rights and the Private School Movement in Mississippi, 1964–1971." History of Education Quarterly 42, no. 2 (2002): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2002.tb00105.x.
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The signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was heralded as a tremendous victory for the civil rights movement, the fulfillment of a decade-long struggle to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Along with measures against job and housing discrimination, the Civil Rights Act included provisions specifically designed to overcome the white South's massive resistance campaign and enforce school desegregation. Despite the continued intransigence of segregationists, these measures proved successful and white public schools across the South opened their doors to black children. With segregationists in retreat and the Voting Rights Act on the horizon, this was a time of celebration for civil rights activists. But this was not the end of the story.
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Curtice, Martin, and Tim Hawkins. "The Human Rights Act 1998: Article 8 case law and child and adolescent mental health services." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 16, no. 5 (September 2010): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.109.007260.
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SummaryThe United Nations' 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child states that ‘the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth’. In the UK, children and young people are afforded protection by two important pieces of legislation: the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Human Rights Act 1998. There have been plentiful and varied challenges involving children and young people, in particular under Article 8 of the Human Rights Act. This review of Article 8 cases demonstrates both its use and key principles underpinning its use.
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Thuy, Ha Le, Hoang Thi Hai Yen, and Nguyen Quang Bao. "Fetus Trafficking in Viet Nam – The New Criminal Method of Human Trafficking." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 23, 2021): 1594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.182.
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When it comes to basic rights of the fetus, including the right to life, theoretical studies around the world on human rights of the fetus still have not reached an agreement on approaches and explanation. Criminal law at the international and national levels still leaves the possibility of protecting the unborn child. Viet Nam’s criminal law is no exception to this trend. In addition, Viet Nam is currently facing human trafficking with new methods and tricks. Children are bought and paid for while still in the womb, then born abroad and given to traffickers. Children are only protected by criminal law for human trafficking if they are born, alive, and detected by the authorities. While the act of trafficking in fetuses is often easily detected by the authorities right from the stage of purchasing and paying, it is not feasible to prosecute this act for human trafficking under the criminal law of Viet Nam. This reduces the criminal law’s ability to suppress crime, at the same time, leaves many fetuses unprotected. Should criminal law be left outside the legal mechanism to protect children while in the fetal stage? This article suggests considering fetus trafficking as a form of human trafficking and to criminalize fetus trafficking. Criminal law should recognize fetus trafficking as a sign of crime or an early stage in the criminal process of human trafficking, because children need special care and protection, including appropriate legal protection before and after birth, due to their physical and mental immaturity.
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Pratiwi, Wenny, and Malikatul Laila. "Speech Act Use in Parenting Style toward Children Self-Esteem in Bad Moms Movie." Ethical Lingua: Journal of Language Teaching and Literature 7, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30605/25409190.195.
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The parents become one of the crucial factors in determining children’s character. Their character is influenced by the people around them who have frequently made interaction. Based on Bad Moms movie, the changes of parent’s treatment to their children give an effect in several aspects. The technique of collecting the data is watching and examining the movie which relates to language use in parenting style towards children’s self-esteem. The technique of data analysis was done using descriptive method speech acts theory by Kreidler (1998), parenting style theory by Baumrind (1967) and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in Shintya (2013). Based on Bad Moms movie, the use of directive utterances in the authoritative parenting style support the hearer to do something, by doing something, the children become independent. The use of directive utterances helps the hearer to reduce miscommunication and improve the effective communication.
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HAGGERTY, ROBERT J. "Fiftieth Anniversaries Are Special." Pediatrics 76, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 848–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.76.5.848.
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Golden anniversaries are very special. The 50th anniversary of Title V of the Social Security Act of 1935 has extra significance for the American Academy of Pediatrics. The Academy owes its existence in large part to the events leading up to the Act and the current implementation of the Act has been greatly influenced by the Academy. The story deserves telling again.1,2 Maternal and Child Health (MCH) received national visibility with the first White House conference in 1909, which led to the formation of the Children's Bureau in 1912. The first studies done by this organization highlighted the high rate of infant mortality and severe handicaps among children.
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Tillman, Margaret Mih. "Engendering Children of the Resistance: Models of Gender and Scouting in China, 1919–1937." Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review 4, no. 1 (2015): 364–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ach.2015.0025.
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Grover, Chris. "Understanding material assistance in the Children and Young Persons Act 1963: Idealism and classical liberalism in England and Wales." Qualitative Social Work 19, no. 5-6 (January 20, 2020): 1238–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325019900969.
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Drawing upon data held at the UK’s National Archives, this article focuses upon the introduction of Section 1 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1963, which allowed local authorities in England and Wales to offer material assistance to families in order to prevent children being received into care or to facilitate their return from care to their families. To understand this development, the article frames its analysis in debates about the nature of the intellectual basis of post-WWII social welfare policy in Britain. Locating Section 1 support in idealist thought, the article argues that it should be understood as continuing classical liberal concerns with responsibility, self-sufficiency, and independence and constraining the size and scope of the state.
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Karasoy, Murad. "Idealistic Education in the National Socialist Era in Germany: Character and Race Unity." Journal of Education and Learning 7, no. 5 (July 20, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n5p136.
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It is understood that the education’s being brought under the control of government and educational activities carried out under the name of character and race unity education were tools for the destruction of the individual and masses during the national socialist era in Germany. For this reason, the state’s monopolizing and more or less intervening in moral education can be regarded as a fascist act. The connection of altruism with race and the fact that race consciousness has aspects supporting the idealism have been abused by the fascist education. The fact that the individuals were directed to race by being impregnated with the sense of altruism showed how the two basic principles of national socialist education complemented each other. On the one hand, the individual was taught how to be altruistic, on the other hand, the superiority, holiness and supremacy of race were romanticized, and the infrastructure of the reason for the necessity of being altruistic was instilled on their mind.This study, which was made by reviewing the documents of Hitler (1938), Kubizek (1954), Schirach (1967), Gay (1968), Fest (1970 and 1973), Noakes (1971), Giles (1985), Domarus (1990), Burleigh and Wippermann (1991) and Canetti (2014), not only shows the fact that the character and race unity education that Nazis gave in schools wasn’t compatible with universal principles, but also the fact that the number of children in school age who died during the World War II reached a half million teaches how to act against the negative success of the fascist education that is focused on destruction.
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Brooksbank, Donald J. "Suicide and Parasuicide in Childhood and Early Adolescence." British Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 5 (May 1985): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.146.5.459.
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Suicide is intentional self-killing, and parasuicide an act of deliberate self-harm—either by injury, ingestion or inhalation—not resulting in death (Blacket al,1982). Both are rare under the age of 12 and the rate of suicide in those under 16 remains consistently low. Referrals to psychiatric services reported by Shaffer (1974) indicated that 7–10% were for threatened or attempted suicide, while Hawton (1982) quoted studies giving the incidence as 10–33% for children aged six to 12; in England and Wales (1962–1968), suicide accounted for 0.6% of deaths in the 10–14 age-range. McClure (1984) found that between 1975 and 1980, only ten such deaths were recorded in the 13-and-under range, and 26 deaths in the 14 year-olds, after which the number of suicides rose sharply with each successive year. That study also showed that parasuicide was most common in the 15–24 age-group, but at younger ages there was a higher proportion of undetermined deaths, as against officially recorded suicides. The social taboos associated with suicide may lead to its systematic under-reporting, but even allowing for that, the phenomenon is still a rare one under the age of 16.
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Kurniawan, Kurniawan. "CHILDREN’S RESPONSE TO THE UTTERANCES OF THEIR PARENTS’ NEGATION: COMMUNITIES IN KARTASURA." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 4, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v4i1.2406.
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The act of obeying parents' right to control them or refusing the directives by challenging their parents’ authority are two preferences children may opt for. This present investigation concerns to what extend children respond upon hearing negative utterances aimed for them. This qualitative research applies a theory of speech acts proposed by Austin (1962) to analyze data classified as negation utterances. Four families living at the Kartasura become this research data source. To collect the data, the researcher implements direct observation by recording audio and taking notes on the parents and their children's interaction within a period of approximately an hour. The result of the study implies that mostly Kartasura children do what their parents tell them to do, while few data indicate children's refusal of parents’ negations. One reason is due to the cultural value held tightly and bequeathed by Javanese through a number of centuries that is the act to honor and obey parents’ directives. To sum up, the implementation of negative utterances in the parenting world is not prohibited; however, parents must keep in mind the use of proper portion.
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Suhaimi, Suriati, and Mohd Faiz Mohd Yaakob. "LEGAL LITERACY AMONG TEACHERS IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 6, no. 24 (June 15, 2021): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.624009.
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Legal literacy among teachers is very important in the context of education in Malaysia, especially in facing various challenges. cases involving teachers and the law often published in the mass media leaving a negative impact on the world of education itself as well as involving the Ministry of Education Malaysia. This concept paper discusses literature highlights to reinforce that legal literacy is vital to be used as a study variable. This survey applies document analysis procedure, which includes a review of several official government documents such as the EDUCATION ACT 1996 (Act 550), Student Disciplinary Procedure, Education Regulations (School Discipline) 1959, and the Children Act 2001 (Act 611). The Federal Constitution is also used as the main reference in this concept paper. This study is able to provide guidance to teachers and educational leaders so as not to face legal risks while carrying out their responsibilities.
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Osafo-Acquah, Aaron. "Pre-service teacher preparation for early childhood education in Ghana: A review of literature." Ghana Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sports and Dance (GJOHPERSD) 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/gjohpersd.v11i1.529.
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As a result of the continued interest in the expansion of early childhood education opportunities in Ghana, questions have arisen about how to prepare teachers for work in this context. This literature review explores the state of pre service teacher preparation for early childhood education in Ghana. Findings from the review show that Ghana faces a lot of challenges including lack of trained teachers, poor infrastructure, and poorly developed teaching and learning. The first formal declaration to address early childhood education in Ghana came in the form of the Gold Coast Colony Education Department schedule of 1930, which included a syllabus for infant classes as part of a primary schedule. The syllabus included instruction based on games, physical exercises, spoken English, singing, and arithmetic (McWilliam, H.O.A., & Kwamena-Po, M. A. (1975). After Ghana gained independence in 1957, the Education Act of 1961 was enacted to designate preschool as the responsibility of the Ministry of Education, and also declared compulsory basic education (Kindergarten- Middle school) as free for all children from age Four (4) to age Fifteen( 15). Four years later, the Nursery and Kindergarten Unit of the Ghana Education Service was created. The purpose of that unit was to develop preschools, nurseries, Kindergartens, as well as assist in the evaluation, control, and registration of these institutions. The idea of employing teaching staff who were trained teachers and professionals, led to the establishment of the National Nursery Teachers’ Training Centre in Accra in 1965 to train early childhood personnel (Morrison, 2002). By the year 1975, the Department of Social Welfare supervised 488 day care centres and the Ghana Education Service supervised 567 nursery schools and Kindergartens which enrolled 56,089 children. In an effort to regulate these early childhood centres and their programmes, the Department of Social Welfare established guidelines, which required centres to apply for permit and therefore register with the Department of Social Welfare. The Children’s Act of 1989 was therefore established and put into effect.
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Huntsberger, Michael. "Politics and Poster Children: A Historical Assessment of Radio Outcomes in the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967." Journal of Radio & Audio Media 24, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2017.1362854.
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McInnes, Elspeth. "Bystander Attitudes to Hearing Family Violence: An Australian Survey." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 11 (April 20, 2022): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2022.11.06.
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Male violence against women and children is a pernicious global problem responsible for a high burden of injury, illness, and premature death across societies and cultures. Socio-cultural beliefs, attitudes, and practices underpin the conduct of perpetrators, targets, bystanders, and responding service providers, including police, health, and social welfare services. Bystanders’ willingness to act to help targets of family violence is a key dimension framing the social environment of using violence against family members. An anonymous internet survey of 464 Australians, mainly women, identified that around three-quarters of respondents would respond if they heard a cry for help from a nearby home. Most said they would call the police. The key deterrents to taking action were fears for their safety and their confidence that calling the police would lead to effective action. Despite their willingness to act, most believed that the typical Australian public would not do so. They attributed reluctance to take action to bystanders’ fears for their safety, beliefs that it was not their business, and not wanting to get involved. Respondents wanted more financial, housing, and legal support for victims of violence to end abusive relationships. Nationally consistent FDV laws, changes to media reporting, and school-based education were nominated as key strategies to prevent and reduce family and domestic violence.
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Davies, Irene. "God." Fieldwork in Religion 8, no. 2 (November 26, 2013): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/firn.v8i2.199.
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In 1966 an unprecedented disaster struck the small coalmining village of Aberfan in South Wales. 144 lives were lost as thousands of tons of mining rubble hurtled down the mountainside into a local school; not only families, but the community was devastated as the village lost a generation, with 116 children perishing in the rubble. This paper explores the emotional, psychological and physiological affects experienced by the community in the aftermath of such a disaster, and the spiritual coping mechanisms individuals often employ in order to deal with their grief. This case study of Aberfan explores the wider connotations of disaster perception; what causes a disaster? Is it an act of God, an act of nature, or an act of man? A disaster certainly cannot be experienced neutrally, and this article with emphasize the progressive development of attitude, post-trauma, which allows society to construe a disaster as all three of these ‘acts’.
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Rokach, Ami, and Sybil Chan. "The Effect of COVID on Child Maltreatment: A Review." Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 9, no. 3 (November 20, 2021): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/201.
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This article addresses child maltreatment during the period where COVID-19 entered our lives in 2020. Repeated lockdowns kept children at home, away from school, from their support systems, and from their routine. Economic difficulties and having to look after the children who were at home were quite onerous on parents. The article explores the reasons that ACE increased during that time, and highlights what can parents, teachers, and the educational system do about it.
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Graebner, William. "The End of Liberalism: Narrating Welfare's Decline, from the Moynihan Report (1965) to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (1996)." Journal of Policy History 14, no. 2 (April 2002): 170–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2002.0011.
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Between 1965 and the end of the century, welfare—that is, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)—expanded dramatically; came under attack from conservatives, libertarians, and liberals; and then, in the 1990s, was virtually eliminated as a federal program through legislation that had broad, bipartisan support. Throughout that process of growth and declension, social scientists played central roles in shaping perceptions of welfare, most significantly by examining the impact of welfare on the work ethic, on family structure, on gender relations, on poverty, and on inner-city, black communities. This is an enormously complex story, and I have engaged it by focusing on four influential texts, each by a prominent social scientist: Daniel P. Moynihan's The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (1965), otherwise known as the Moynihan Report; Charles Murray's Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (1982); Martin Anderson's Welfare: The Political Economy of Welfare Reform in the United States (1978); and David T. Ellwood's Poor Support: Poverty in the American Family (1988). Although this approach inevitably oversimplifies somewhat, it also makes possible a more intensive critical reading of these key historical documents.
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Khan, Rummana. "A haven for an extremely disturbed young person." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S116—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.340.
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ObjectiveThe reason to share this case is to high light the lack of resources in mental health services which can delay the provision of appropriate care and this can have negative impact on child health outcomes.BackgroundA 10-year-old boy was referred to CAMHS. He presented with extremely challenging behaviours. After first appointment with CAMHS he attacked his father and nurses. He had to be restrained multiple times. He started to use wooden chair as a weapon, threatened to harm others and threatened to urinate on staff. He tried to kill him-self by ligature. Mental health act assessment was completed and when a decision was reached that detention under the mental health act was appropriate, no appropriate bed was available. He was admitted under Section II of MHA to paediatric ward where he remained for one week (with 2:1 CAMHS support). Then he was transferred to an inpatient CAMHS unit which was commissioned for children over 12 years of age. At a later date mental health tribunal panel upheld the section. After few days he was transferred to an age appropriate in-patient mental health bed. He stayed there for roughly 6 months and was discharged with a diagnosis of ADHD and Autistic Spectrum Disorder. There was a long delay in discharge, until appropriate specialist residential placement could be identified and he was transferred there. He is well settled now in the placement.Case reportLegal advice was later taken on this case. MHA 1983, Human Rights Act, Children Act 1989, Criminal Law Act 1967 and Code of Practice 2015 were considered and it was agreed that it was appropriate to use MHA 1983. There was discussion whether the Children Act could be relied on instead, but in view of the fact that repeated restrain was required, he was in seclusion and possibility of need for rapid tranquilization post admission the decision was made to use the mental health act.ConclusionThis case has highlighted a significant problem and calls for an urgent action to increase the number of inpatient age appropriate mental health beds and number of appropriate residential placements nationally. It has also been identified that application of legal frame work in children and adolescents can be a challenge and there is a need for targeted educational programmes for professionals on the use of legal frame work in children and adolescents.
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Wells, George A. "FIFTY YEARS ON FROM HONEST TO GOD (1963) AND OBJECTIONS TO CHRISTIAN BELIEF (1963)." Think 12, no. 35 (2013): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175613000201.
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Bishop John A.T. Robinson's Honest to God was exceptionally successful. In the decade following its publication more than a million copies were sold in seventeen different languages. Robinson was aware that numerous awkward questions were being asked about traditional Christian beliefs, which it was no longer possible to ignore. His purpose was not so much to question traditional ideas of God as to suggest alternatives for those who found them unsatisfactory (8). He wanted to convince such persons that an inability to believe what is stated in the Bible or the prayer book does not disqualify them from calling themselves Christians and presenting themselves at church. He speaks of traditional Christian beliefs, as stated in the New Testament, as a ‘language’ (24) and thinks that Christianity should be conveyed to people in a variety of languages. By employing, as he does, the language of such Christian scholars as Bonhoeffer, Tillich and Bultmann, an atheist may find himself able to call himself a Christian. But the old familiar language of the Bible remains more pleasing to most of God's children, particularly to his ‘older children’ (43), so we must not give it up, although he allows that it is becoming increasingly unpopular, so that without ‘the kind of revolution’ he is advocating, ‘Christian faith and practice … will come to be abandoned’ (123).
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Balasingam, Usharani, Azmawaty Mohamad Nor, and Shanina Sharatol Ahmad Shah. "CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN MALAYSIAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS: LEGAL AND EDUCATIONAL PERSPECTIVES." IIUM Law Journal 27, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 525–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v27i2.462.
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There is a need to consider whether the current school environment cum climate and punishment for indiscipline or behaviour management in Malaysia is relevant and effective in the current age. Foundational values primarily begins at home and in schools. In this regard the school is viewed not only as a place of learning but as a community of relationships where bonds are built where characters and values are shaped. It needs to be a conducive environment for the successful realisation of the Malaysian Education Blueprint (2013-2025) to develop value driven, tolerant and responsible Malaysians. It is a place to nurture inclusivity, respect for the person, consideration, cooperation, respect for diversity, unity, trust and other values desired under the Education Ministry. In this regard, this paper argues that Malaysia Education (School Discipline) Regulations 1959 which was made under a repealed Act need to be reconsidered for its effectiveness. The impact of corporal punishment and violence on children is covered in this paper in addition to relevant court decisions involving teachers and schools. Malaysia has acceded to the Convention for the Rights of the Children, this paper explores the compatibility of the convention with the School discipline Regulation 1959.
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Findlay, James F. "The Mainline Churches and Head Start in Mississippi: Religious Activism in the Sixties." Church History 64, no. 2 (June 1995): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167907.
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One of the most innovative provisions of the Economic Opportunity Act, passed by Congress in August 1964 as the heart of Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty, was funding for a preschool program for the youngest of America's poor, known as Head Start. Many children were qualified for Head Start in Mississippi, the poorest state in the nation. This was especially so in the northwest quadrant of that state. The area, known locally as “the Delta,” was dominated by the floodplain of the lower Mississippi River, a largely rural, cotton-based economy, and tens of thousands of desperately poor, largely black, farm workers.
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Delmage, Enys. "The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: A Medico-Legal Perspective." Youth Justice 13, no. 2 (August 2013): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473225413492053.
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The minimum age of criminal responsibility is set in England and Wales at 10 years of age (Children and Young Persons Act 1963), whilst the effective age of most civil responsibilities is 16. Research allows us to consider the speed of development of key brain structures in terms of decision-making and this in turn aids in discussion of where the minimum age should be set. This article reviews the evolution of the minimum age of criminal responsibility and examines the setting of this age in light of both civil attainment ages and the current scientific understanding of brain development.
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Hinnershitz, Stephanie. "Across the Divides: Beyond School, Nation, and the 1965 Immigration Act in the History of Asian American Education." History of Education Quarterly 60, no. 4 (November 2020): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.40.
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The importance of education for Asian Americans looking to fight race-based discrimination, create a sense of community, and reclaim and establish an identity is well documented. In 1884, Mary and Joseph Tape, Chinese immigrants living in San Francisco, sued the San Francisco Board of Education and the principal of the Spring Valley Primary School—Jennie Hurley--after Hurley denied their daughter, Mamie, admission because she was “Chinese” (though born in the United States). The Superior Court ruled in favor of the Tapes, but in 1885, the School Board appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of California where justices upheld the lower court's decision. Though Mamie would not be able to attend Spring Valley after the School Board successfully pushed for state-wide school segregation legislation, many “white-only” institutions began to admit Chinese American children after the Tape case.
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Wyrembak, Jarosław. "Polish Citizenship of the Parent as a Prerequisite for the Acquisition of Polish Citizenship by Birth (in the Light of the Recent Jurisprudence of the Supreme Administrative Court)." Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego II, no. II (September 30, 2022): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0075.
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According to Article 14(1) of the Act on Polish Citizenship of 2 April 2009, by operation of law a minor acquires Polish citizenship by birth if ‘at least one of the parents is a Polish citizen’. Likewise, Article 6(1), first sentence, of the formerly applicable Act on Polish Citizenship of 15 February 1962 stipulated as follows: ‘The child of parents, one of whom is a Polish citizen and the other a citizen of another country, acquires Polish citizenship by birth’. Although the latter of the cited provisions remained in effect until 14 August 2012, it is still applied in the jurisprudence of administrative courts due to the need to resolve citizenship of children born while it was in effect. Particularly in recent times the Supreme Administrative Court actively moulds the understanding of the abovementioned legal provisions (especially as regards the term ‘parents’ used therein), proceeding – depending on the child’s birthdate – either based on Article 6(1), first sentence, of the previously applicable Act on Polish Citizenship of 15 February 1962, or on the basis of Article 14(1) of the Act on Polish Citizenship of 2 April 2009. The primary subject of the analysis undertaken in the article are four judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court dated 30 October 2018, which are derived from the approach that: – the issue of acquiring citizenship ‘is exclusively subject to the public law regime’; – ‘norms of family law that indicate the methods of confirming biological kinship between a child and parents’, do not apply to the acquisition of citizenship; – ‘concepts of public law should not be interpreted through the lens of private law principles and norms’.
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N.V., Nykonenko. "INFLUENCE OF US SPECIAL EDUCATION LEGISLATION IN 1975–1989 ON SPECIAL EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT." Collection of Research Papers Pedagogical sciences, no. 94 (May 6, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2413-1865/2021-94-1.
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The article deals with studying of social transformations in 1975-1989 and new democratic traditions caused with the US legislation on education of individuals with disabilities.The role of the period for the current special education system creation in the United States is highlighted. US federal legislation in 1975–1989 introduced the legal basis of the special education system, which finally determined the vector of its development and caused a revolution in the whole education system. Active civil movement for equal rights enabled the adoption of The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, known after the renewal as The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990. The main innovations of the adopted law in the field of US special education were ensuring free access to appropriate public education for American children with disabilities aged 3 to 21, a right to be served in the least restrictive environment, at public expense, and under public supervision; introduction of individualized educational programs, launching early intervention programs for children at risk, funding of additional educational services for students with special educational needs, etc. The law adoption guaranteed millions of students who were raised in residential institutions or did not receive appropriate educational services in regular schools a possibility to study for free in accordance with state standards with their peers.According to the amendments to this law in 1983 and 1986, the leading principle of special education has been the partnership of parents or caregivers and professionals. To intensify active parental interaction, the law provided their mandatory participation in each stage of individualized educational programs for their children, the opportunity to discuss the conditions of the child’s education and the right to sue the school in case of a controversial educational decision.Key words: history of US special education, legal regulation of US special education, periods of US special education legislation, special education in the USA, periods of special education legislation. Ухвалені Конгресом США у 1975–1989 рр. законодавчі акти запровадили правові основи системи спеціальної освіти, які остаточно визначили вектор її розвитку та спричинили революцію в системі освіти країни загалом. Зауважено роль активного руху за рівні права для всіх громадян країни в ухваленні Закону «Про освіту для всіх дітей з інвалідністю» після оновлення у 1990 р. відомого під назвою «Освіта осіб з особливими освітніми потребами». Досліджено, що головними нововведеннями галузі спеціальної освіти у США після ухвалення зазначеного закону стали забезпечення доступу американський дітей з обмеженнями життєдіяльності віком від 3 до 21 року до безкоштовної освіти належної якості у державних закладах освіти і під контролем громадськості, запровадження індивідуальних навчальних планів, програм раннього втручання для дітей групи ризику, фінансування додаткових освітніх послуг для учнів з особливими освітніми потребами тощо. Підкреслено, що після ухвалення зазначеного закону мільйони учнів, які раніше зростали в закритих спеціалізованих установах або не отримували належних освітніх послуг у загальних школах, отримали можливість безкоштовно навчатися відповідно державних стандартів разом зі своїми однолітками.Указано, що відповідно до поправок до вказаного закону 1983 та 1986 рр. провідним принципом спеціальної освіти стала партнерська взаємодія батьків або опікунів та фахівців. Наголошено, що для активізації цієї взаємодії законом передбачено обов’язкову участь членів сім’ї на кожному етапі укладання індивідуальних навчальних програм для своїх дітей, можливість обговорювати умови навчання дитини та право подавати позов на школу в разі ухвалення суперечливого рішення.Ключові слова: спеціальна освіта у США, правове врегулювання спеціальної освіти, періодизація розвитку правового забезпечення спеціальної освіти, періодизація становлення правового забезпечення спеціальної освіти США.
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Osho, Gbolahan S. "Is the United States Juvenile Justice System Working: An Empirical Investigation from the Life Course Approach." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 3, no. 1 (April 11, 2013): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v3i1.3006.
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The juvenile court was given jurisdiction over neglect and dependent children for the purpose of this act the words dependent child and neglected shall mean any child who for any reason is destitute or homeless, abandoned, no proper parental care or guardianship; or who habitually begs or receives alms; or who is found living, in any house of ill fame or with any vicious or disreputable person; or whose home, by reason of neglect, cruelty or depravity on the part of its parents, guardian or other person in whose care it may be, is an unfit place for such a child” (Abadinsky pg 102). In 1968 Congress “passed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act. The act was designed to encourage states to develop plans and programs that would work on community levels to discourage juvenile delinquency. The Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act was precursor to the extensive Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act that replaced it in 1974. However, to prevent a juvenile from committing a crime or re-offending, this study believes that the juvenile court and the state legislators must designed a program that juveniles can participate in and engage them in positive activities. This way a youth will change his or her behavior and become a law-abiding
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Jarman and Lanskey. "‘A Poor Prospect Indeed’: The State’s Disavowal of Child Abuse Victims in Youth Custody, 1960–1990." Societies 9, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9020027.
Full textAbstract:
Child abuse in youth custody in England and Wales is receiving an unprecedented degree of official attention. Historic allegations of abuse by staff in custodial institutions which held children are now being heard by the courts and by the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA), and some criminal trials have resulted in convictions. A persistent question prompted by these investigations is that of why the victims of custodial child abuse were for so long denied recognition as such, or any form of redress. Drawing on original documentary research, this article aims to explain why and how state authorities in England and Wales failed to recognise the victimisation of children held in penal institutions between 1960 and 1990, and argues that this failure constitutes a disavowal of the state’s responsibility. We show that the victims of custodial child abuse were the victims of state crimes by omission, because the state failed to recognise or to uphold a duty of care. We argue further that this was possible because the occupational cultures and custodial practices of penal institutions failed to recognise the structural and agentic vulnerabilities of children. Adult staff were granted enormous discretionary power which entitled them to act (and to define their actions) without effective constraint. These findings, we suggest, have implications for how custodial institutions for children should think about the kinds of abuse which are manifest today.
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Chung, Soojin. "Mother of Transracial Adoption: Pearl Buck's Special Needs Adoption and American Self-criticism." Studies in World Christianity 25, no. 3 (December 2019): 345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2019.0271.
Full textAbstract:
In 1949, Pearl Sydenstricker Buck founded Welcome House, the first transracial and transnational adoption agency in the country, marking the beginning of the transnational adoption of mixed-race ‘Amerasian’ children. Contrary to the prevailing understanding that her humanitarian advocacy was a political act that promoted American global hegemony during the Cold War period, this article argues that her humanitarian work was motivated primarily by three forces: (1) her sense of American political and moral responsibility, (2) her desire for personal connection and motherhood, and (3) her mission of global friendship and unity. Buck actively fought racism in America, advocating the adoption of mixed-race Asian children and children with disabilities. Unlike evangelical agencies that catered to a conservative Christian audience, Pearl Buck normalised the notion of transracial adoption across America through her potent prose. This study examines her work in the context of the rise of Protestant liberalism, accentuating her role as the pioneer of the transracial and transnational adoption of Amerasian children and demonstrating that her ideology was congruent with her lifetime motto of human solidarity and anti-racism.