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Journal articles on the topic 'Children, Aboriginal Australian – Treatment'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Coates, Harvey. "Treatment of Otologic Disease in Australian Aboriginal Children." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 83, no. 9_suppl_4 (September 2004): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01455613040839s409.

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2

Gramp, Prudence, and Dallas Gramp. "Scabies in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations in Australia: A narrative review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): e0009751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009751.

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Scabies has recently gained international attention, with the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizing it as a neglected tropical disease. The International Alliance for the Control of Scabies recently formed as a partnership of more than 15 different countries, with an aim to lead a consistent and collaborative approach to preventing and controlling scabies globally. Scabies is most prevalent in low-resource and low socioeconomic areas that experience overcrowding and has a particularly high prevalence in children, with an estimated 5% to 10% in endemic countries. Scabies is widespread in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Australia with the prevalence of scabies in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in remote communities estimated to be as high as 33%, making it the region with the third highest prevalence in the world. This population group also have very high rates of secondary complications of scabies such as impetigo, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). This article is a narrative review of scabies in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations in Australia, including clinical manifestations of disease and current treatment options and guidelines. We discuss traditional approaches to prevention and control as well as suggestions for future interventions including revising Australian treatment guidelines to widen the use of oral ivermectin in high-risk groups or as a first-line treatment.

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Waddington, Claire S., Charlie McLeod, Peter Morris, Asha Bowen, Mark Naunton, Jonathan Carapetis, Keith Grimwood, et al. "The NICE-GUT trial protocol: a randomised, placebo controlled trial of oral nitazoxanide for the empiric treatment of acute gastroenteritis among Australian Aboriginal children." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e019632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019632.

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IntroductionDiarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years globally, killing 525 000 annually. Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter Aboriginal) children suffer a high burden of disease. Randomised trials in other populations suggest nitazoxanide accelerates recovery for children with Giardia, amoebiasis, Cryptosporidium, Rotavirus and Norovirus gastroenteritis, as well as in cases where no enteropathogens are found.Methods and analysisThis double blind, 1:1 randomised, placebo controlled trial is investigating the impact of oral nitazoxanide on acute gastroenteritis in hospitalised Australian Aboriginal children aged 3 months to <5 years. Dosing is based on age-based dosing. The primary endpoint is the time to resolution of ‘significant illness’ defined as the time from randomisation to the time of clinical assessment as medically ready for discharge, or to the time of actual discharge from hospital, whichever occurs first. Secondary endpoints include duration of hospitalisation, symptom severity during the period of significant illness and following treatment, duration of rehydration and drug safety. Patients will be followed for medically significant events for 60 days. Analysis is based on Bayesian inference. Subgroup analysis will occur by pathogen type (bacteria, virus or parasite), rotavirus vaccination status, age and illness severity.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been granted by the Central Australian Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC-14–221) and the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Northern Territory Department of Health and Menzies School of Health Research (HREC2014-2172). Study investigators will ensure that the trial is conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Individual participant consent will be obtained. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication.Trial registration numberACTRN12614000381684.

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Badenoch, Rosemary. "Primary Health Care Response to the Treatment of Chronic Diarrhoea in Aboriginal Children." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 1 (1998): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98006.

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This paper explores the issue of chronic diarrhoea in Australian Aboriginal children from a primary health care perspective. It discusses the nature of the problem and factors which influence its perpetuation as a dominant health issue for this population. A variety of primary health care solutions are suggested, including those in relation to basic sanitation, improvements to local environmental conditions, education, collaborative health care planning, resourcing implications and the empowerment of local communities.

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Smithers, Lisa G., John Lynch, Joanne Hedges, and Lisa M. Jamieson. "Diet and anthropometry at 2 years of age following an oral health promotion programme for Australian Aboriginal children and their carers: a randomised controlled trial." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 1061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451700318x.

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AbstractThere are marked disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous children’s diets and oral health. Both diet and oral health are linked to longer-term health problems. We aimed to investigate whether a culturally appropriate multi-faceted oral health promotion intervention reduced Aboriginal children’s intake of sugars from discretionary foods at 2 years of age. We conducted a single-blind, parallel-arm randomised controlled trial involving women who were pregnant or had given birth to an Aboriginal child in the previous 6 weeks. The treatment group received anticipatory guidance, Motivational Interviewing, health and dental care for mothers during pregnancy and children at 6, 12 and 18 months. The control group received usual care. The key dietary outcome was the percent energy intake from sugars in discretionary foods (%EI), collected from up to three 24-h dietary recalls by trained research officers who were blind to intervention group. Secondary outcomes included intake of macronutrients, food groups, anthropometric z scores (weight, height, BMI and mid-upper arm circumference) and blood pressure. We enrolled 224 children to the treatment group and 230 to the control group. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that the %EI of sugars in discretionary foods was 1·6 % lower in the treatment group compared with control (95 % CI −3·4, 0·2). This culturally appropriate intervention at four time-points from pregnancy to 18 months resulted in small changes to 2-year-old Aboriginal children’s diets, which was insufficient to warrant broader implementation of the intervention. Further consultation with Aboriginal communities is necessary for understanding how to improve the diet and diet-related health outcomes of young Aboriginal children.

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6

Bell, Megan F., Fernando Lima, Deborah Lehmann, Rebecca Glauert, Hannah C. Moore, and Christopher G. Brennan-Jones. "Children with Secondary Care Episodes for Otitis Media Have Poor Literacy and Numeracy Outcomes: A Data Linkage Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 10822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010822.

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We examined the association between otitis media (OM) and educational attainment in a retrospective population cohort of Western Australian children who participated in the grade 3 National Assessment Program—Literacy and Numeracy in 2012 (N = 19,262). Literacy and numeracy scores were linked to administrative hospital and emergency department data to identify secondary care episodes for OM. Results of multivariate multilevel models showed that children with OM episodes had increased odds of poor performance on literacy and numeracy tests, compared to children without OM episodes (46–79% increase in odds for Aboriginal children; 20–31% increase in odds for non-Aboriginal children). There were no significant effects found for age at the first episode, nor for OM episode frequency (all ps > 0.05). Regardless of the timing or frequency of episodes, children with OM episodes are at risk of poor literacy and numeracy attainment. Aboriginal children with OM appeared to be particularly at risk of poor literacy and numeracy achievement. Intervention to reduce the prevalence of otitis media in young children, and early treatment of OM, are important for limiting the negative effects on academic outcomes.

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7

Couzos, S., T. Lea, R. Mueller, R. Murray, and M. Culbong. "<p>Effectiveness of ototopical antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media in Aboriginal children: a community-based, multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial</p>." Community Ear and Hearing Health 4, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56920/cehh.159.

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Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of ototopical ciprofloxacin (0.3%; CIP) with framycctin (0.5%), gramicidin, dexamethasone (FGD) eardrops (5 drops twice daily for 9 days), together with povidone-iodine (0.5%) ear cleaning, as treatments for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Aboriginal children. Design and Participants: Aboriginal community-controlled, community-based, multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial in eight Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services across northern Australia, involving 147 Aboriginal children with CSOM. Main Outcome Measures: Resolution of otorrhoea (clinical cure), proportion of children with healed perforated tympanic membrane (TM) and improved hearing, 10-21 days after starting treatment. Results: 111 children aged 1-14 years (CIP, 55; FGD, 56) completed treatment. CSOM cures occurred in 64% (CIP, 76.4%; FGD, 51.8%), with a significantly higher rate in the ciprofloxacin group (P = 0.009, absolute difference of 24.6% [95% CI, 15.8%-33.4%]). TM perforation size and the level of hearing impairment did not change. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common bacterial pathogen (in 47.6%), while respiratory pathogens were rare (in 5.7%). Conclusions: Twice-daily ear cleaning and topical ciprofloxacin are effective at community-level in achieving cure for CSOM. Healthcare providers to Aboriginal children with CSOM should be given special access to provide ototopical ciprofloxacin as first-line treatment. Published courtesy of:Med J Aust. 2003; 179(4):185-190

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Abrha, Solomon, Wubshet Tesfaye, and Jackson Thomas. "Intolerable Burden of Impetigo in Endemic Settings: A Review of the Current State of Play and Future Directions for Alternative Treatments." Antibiotics 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120909.

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Impetigo (school sores) is a common superficial bacterial skin infection affecting around 162 million children worldwide, with the highest burden in Australian Aboriginal children. While impetigo itself is treatable, if left untreated, it can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as chronic heart and kidney diseases. Topical antibiotics are often considered the treatment of choice for impetigo, but the clinical efficacy of these treatments is declining at an alarming rate due to the rapid emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. In remote settings in Australia, topical antibiotics are no longer used for impetigo due to the troubling rise of antimicrobial resistance, demanding the use of oral and injectable antibiotic therapies. However, widespread use of these agents not only contributes to existing resistance, but also associated with adverse consequences for individuals and communities. These underscore the urgent need to reinvigorate the antibiotic discovery and alternative impetigo therapies in these settings. This review discusses the current impetigo treatment challenges in endemic settings in Australia and explores potential alternative antimicrobial therapies. The goals are to promote intensified research programs to facilitate effective use of currently available treatments, as well as developing new alternatives for impetigo.

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9

Mullane, Marianne J., Timothy C. Barnett, Jeffrey W. Cannon, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Ray Christophers, Juli Coffin, Mark A. Jones, et al. "SToP (See, Treat, Prevent) skin sores and scabies trial: study protocol for a cluster randomised, stepped-wedge trial for skin disease control in remote Western Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e030635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030635.

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IntroductionSkin is important in Australian Aboriginal culture informing kinship and identity. In many remote Aboriginal communities, scabies and impetigo are very common. Untreated skin infections are painful, itchy and frequently go untreated due to under-recognition and lack of awareness of their potential serious complications. We hypothesise that the skin infection burden in remote Aboriginal communities can be reduced by implementing streamlined training and treatment pathways integrated with environmental health and health promotion activities, tested in the See, Treat, Prevent (SToP skin sores and scabies) trial.Methods and analysisSToP will evaluate a skin control programme using a stepped-wedge, cluster randomised trial design with three intervention components (the ‘SToP activities’): (1) seeing skin infections (development of training resources implemented within a community dermatology model); (2) treating skin infections (employing the latest evidence for impetigo, and scabies treatment); and (3) preventing skin infections (embedded, culturally informed health promotion and environmental health activities). Four community clusters in the remote Kimberley region of Western Australia will participate. Following baseline data collection, two clusters will be randomly allocated to the SToP activities. At 12 months, the remaining two clusters will transition to the SToP activities. The primary outcome is the diagnosis of impetigo in children (5–9 years) at school-based surveillance. Secondary outcome measures include scabies diagnosis, other child health indicators, resistance to cotrimoxazole in circulating pathogenic bacteria, determining the economic burden of skin disease and evaluating the cost effectiveness of SToP activities.Ethics and disseminationThis study protocol was approved by the health ethics review committees at the Child and Adolescent Health Service (Approval number RGS0000000584), the Western Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee (Reference number: 819) and the University of Western Australia (Reference RA/4/20/4123). Study findings will be shared with community members, academic and medical communities via publications and presentations, and in reports to funders. Authorship for all publications based on this study will be determined in line with the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals published by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Sharing results with organisations and communities who contributed to the study is paramount. The results of the SToP trial will be shared with participants in a suitable format, such as a single summary page provided to participants or presentations to communities, the Kimberly Aboriginal Health Planning Forum Research Subcommittee and other stakeholders as appropriate and as requested. Communication and dissemination will require ongoing consultation with Aboriginal communities to determine appropriate formats.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000520235.

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10

Mak, Donna, Alastair MacKendrick, Sharon Weeks, and Aileen J. Plant. "Middle-ear disease in remote Aboriginal Australia: a field assessment of surgical outcomes." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 114, no. 1 (January 2000): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215001903843.

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Chronic middle-ear disease is highly prevalent among Australian Aboriginal people, and many undergo surgical treatment. However, the outcomes of surgery in this group have not been fully evaluated. This is a descriptive study of operations for middle-ear disease (excluding grommets) on Aboriginal patients in Kimberley hospitals between 1 October 1986 and 31 December 1995. Logistic regression was used to model predictors of surgical outcome. Success was defined by an intact tympanic membrane and air-bone gap of 25 dB at review at, or later than, six months post-operation. A success rate of 53 per cent was observed; increasing age was the only variable predictive of success. Successful outcomes were more likely in adults and children aged >10 years, however, this does not take into account the necessity of hearing for language acquisition and learning. Dedicated resources must be allocated for post-operative follow-up of Aboriginal patients so that much-needed, rigorous evaluations of ENT surgery can be conducted.

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11

Sibthorpe, Beverly, Jason Agostino, Harvey Coates, Sharon Weeks, Deborah Lehmann, Marianne Wood, Francis Lannigan, and Daniel McAullay. "Indicators for continuous quality improvement for otitis media in primary health care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children." Australian Journal of Primary Health 23, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py16096.

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Otitis media is a common, generally self-limiting childhood illness that can progress to severe disease and have lifelong sequelae, including hearing loss and developmental delays. Severe disease is disproportionately prevalent among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Primary health care is at the frontline of appropriate prevention and treatment. Continuous quality improvement in the prevention and management of important causes of morbidity in client populations is accepted best practice in primary health care and now a requirement of Australian Government funding to services providing care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. To date, there have been no indicators for continuous quality improvement in the prevention and management of otitis media and its sequelae in primary health care. Through an expert group consensus process, seven evidence-based indicators, potentially extractable from electronic health records, have been developed. The development process and indicators are described.

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12

Sanders, Matthew R. "Commentary: Empirically Validated Treatments and Child Clinical Interventions." Behaviour Change 14, no. 1 (March 1997): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900003673.

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This commentary argues that empirically validated treatments for child and youth behaviour and emotional difficulties are available, but they are relatively inaccessible to the vast majority of Australian children and their families. Although effective interventions have been developed, few children receive these services. There are many children who have identifiable problems or who are at increased risk for psychosocial problems whose needs have not been adequately addressed by either the research or the professional community. These include children in rural and remote areas, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, children of migrants, and children with chronic physical illnesses. A comprehensive, preventively focused clinical science of prevention is needed to improve the reach and impact of psychological services for children.

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Mitchell, Alice G., Suzanne Belton, Vanessa Johnston, and Anna P. Ralph. "Transition to adult care for Aboriginal children with rheumatic fever: a review informed by a focussed ethnography in northern Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 1 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17069.

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Aboriginal children in northern Australia have high rates of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, which are chronic conditions because of the need for long-term treatment and monitoring. This article critically reviews the literature on transition to adult care for children with chronic conditions and considers applicability to the care of these children. The review was merged with findings from a focussed ethnography conducted in four remote Aboriginal communities with young people who have these conditions. Transition care aims to support adolescents on a healthcare trajectory to facilitate best long-term health and personal outcomes. Characteristics of the two medical conditions, the children and their local health services in northern Australia were generalised and merged with principles from the transition care literature, including policies governing transition clinics in urban locations. In this setting, the challenge is to transition Aboriginal children safely through to adulthood without rheumatic heart damage rather than to a separate health service on reaching adulthood. Recommended tailoring of transition care involves engaging and valuing local navigators who can address language and cultural barriers to provide a sustainable alternative to transition coordinators in mainstream programs. This has potential to improve care without further burdening overstretched clinical resources.

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VALERY, P. C., M. WENITONG, V. CLEMENTS, M. SHEEL, D. McMILLAN, J. STIRLING, K. S. SRIPRAKASH, M. BATZLOFF, R. VOHRA, and J. S. McCARTHY. "Skin infections among Indigenous Australians in an urban setting in Far North Queensland." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 8 (October 24, 2007): 1103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009740.

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SUMMARYSkin infections are highly prevalent in many Australian Aboriginal communities. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of group A streptococcus (GAS) andStaphylococcus aureusin skin sores of Indigenous people living in an urban setting. We undertook a cross-sectional study of 173 children and youths attending the Wuchopperen Clinic (Cairns) for treatment of skin infections. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and a skin lesion swab obtained. The median age was 5·3 years, with 42% identifying themselves as Torres Strait Islanders and 34% as Aboriginal. Impetigo (65%) was the most frequent diagnosis reported followed by scabies (19%); 79% of the lesions had erythema and 70% had exudate. Of 118 lesions, 114 were positive for pathogenic bacteria, with GAS isolated in 84 cases andS. aureusin 92; both these species were recovered from 63 lesions. Significant diversity ofemm-types of GAS was associated with skin lesions in Indigenous patients (22emm-types identified). Fifteen of the 92S. aureusisolates were suggestive of being community-acquired on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility profile and nine of these strains were co-cultured from nine lesions. These results have implications for future changes of antibiotic policies for the treatment of skin infections in this population.

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Laird, Pamela, James Totterdell, Roz Walker, Anne B. Chang, and André Schultz. "Prevalence of chronic wet cough and protracted bacterial bronchitis in Aboriginal children." ERJ Open Research 5, no. 4 (October 2019): 00248–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00248-2019.

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BackgroundChronic wet cough, the most common symptom of a disease spectrum that encompasses protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) and bronchiectasis, is common among Aboriginal children. In the absence of any community prevalence data, and with the high burden of respiratory disease and the European Respiratory Society task force's recommendation to identify disease burden, we determined the prevalence of chronic wet cough and PBB in young Aboriginal children in four remote communities in north Western Australia.MethodsA whole-population, prospective study was conducted. Aboriginal children aged ≤7 years were clinically assessed for chronic wet cough by paediatric respiratory clinicians between July 2018 and May 2019. Where children had a wet cough but parents reported a short or uncertain cough duration, children were followed up 1 month later. A medical record audit 6 weeks to 3 months later was used to determine those children with chronic wet cough who had PBB (based on response to antibiotics).ResultsOf the 203 children, 191 (94%; median age 3.5 years, range 0–7 years) were enrolled. At the initial visit, chronic wet cough was present in 21 (11%), absent in 143 (75%) and unknown in 27 (14%). By follow-up, the total prevalence of chronic wet cough was 13% (95% CI 8–19%) and 10% (95% CI 7–17%) for PBB. Chronic wet cough was more common in the two communities with unsealed roads (19%) compared to the two with sealed roads (7%).ConclusionGiven the relatively high prevalence, strategies to address reasons for and treatment of chronic wet cough and PBB in young Aboriginal children in remote north Western Australia are required.

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Salleo, Elise, Conor I. MacKay, Jeffrey Cannon, Barbara King, and Asha C. Bowen. "Cellulitis in children: a retrospective single centre study from Australia." BMJ Paediatrics Open 5, no. 1 (July 2021): e001130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001130.

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AimTo characterise the epidemiology, clinical features and treatment of paediatric cellulitis.MethodsA retrospective study of children presenting to a paediatric tertiary hospital in Western Australia, Australia in 2018. All inpatient records from 1 January to 31 December 2018 and emergency department presentations from 1 July to 31 December 2018 were screened for inclusion.Results302 episodes of cellulitis were included comprising 206 (68.2%) admitted children and 96 (31.8%) non-admitted children. The median age was 5 years (IQR 2–9), 40 (13.2%) were Aboriginal and 180 (59.6%) boys. The extremities were the most commonly affected body site among admitted and non-admitted patients. There was a greater proportion of facial cellulitis in admitted patients (27.2%) compared with non-admitted patients (5.2%, p<0.01). Wound swab was the most frequent microbiological investigation (133/302, 44.0%), yielding positive cultures in the majority of those tested (109/133, 82.0%). The most frequent organisms identified were Staphylococcus aureus (94/109, 86.2%) (methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (60/94, 63.8%), methicillin-resistant S. aureus) and Streptococcus pyogenes (22/109, 20.2%) with 14 identifying both S. aureus and S. pyogenes. Intravenous flucloxacillin was the preferred antibiotic (154/199, 77.4%), with median intravenous duration 2 days (IQR 2–3), oral 6 days (IQR 5–7) and total 8 days (IQR 7–10).ConclusionsCellulitis is a common reason for presentation to a tertiary paediatric hospital. We confirm a high prevalence of extremity cellulitis and demonstrate that children with facial cellulitis often require admission. Cellulitis disproportionately affected Aboriginal children and children below 5 years. Prevention of cellulitis involves early recognition and treatment of skin infections such as impetigo and scabies.

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Thomas, Jackson, Rachel Davey, Gregory M. Peterson, Christine Carson, Shelley F. Walton, Tim Spelman, Tom Calma, et al. "Treatment of scabies using a tea tree oil-based gel formulation in Australian Aboriginal children: protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 5 (May 2018): e018507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018507.

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Hendrickx, David, Ingrid Amgarth-Duff, Asha C Bowen, Jonathan R Carapetis, Robby Chibawe, Margaret Samson, and Roz Walker. "Barriers and Enablers of Health Service Utilisation for Childhood Skin Infections in Remote Aboriginal Communities of Western Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030808.

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In Australia, children living in remote Aboriginal communities experience high rates of skin infections and associated complications. Prompt presentation to primary care health services is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment. We performed a qualitative study in four remote Aboriginal communities in the Pilbara region of Western Australia to explore factors that affected health service utilisation for childhood skin infections in this setting. The study consisted of semistructured interviews and focus group discussions with parents and carers (n = 16), healthcare practitioners (n = 15) and other community service providers (n = 25). We used Andersen’s health service utilisation model as an analytical framework. Our analysis captured a wide range of barriers that may undermine timely use of health services for childhood skin infections. These included general factors that illustrate the importance of cultural competency amongst healthcare providers, patient-centred care and community engagement. Relating specifically to health service utilisation for childhood skin infections, we identified their apparent normalisation and the common use of painful benzathine penicillin G injections for their treatment as important barriers. Health service utilisation in this setting may be enhanced by improving general awareness of the significance of childhood skin infections, actively engaging parents and carers in consultation and treatment processes and strengthening community involvement in health service activities.

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Coombes, Julieann, and Courtney Ryder. "Walking together to create harmony in research." Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 15, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrom-07-2018-1657.

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Purpose One’s standpoint and consequent research paradigm impacts how we conduct research, including study design, analyses interpretation and dissemination of results. In 2017, the authors began PhD, studying the potential barriers to aftercare treatment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged under 16 who had sustained a burn injury in one of five major hospitals in Australia. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach As Aboriginal PhD students, the authors are conducting research using Aboriginal ontology as a framework, which is based on a holistic framework with interconnectedness, person-centred care and Aboriginal ways of knowing as the foundation. The framework has been shaped by the first author’s knowing, being and doing, and the authors’ worldview has informed and shaped the standpoint and the way the research has been developed and conducted. Findings It was important for the authors to have a connectedness to each aspect of the research and to each individual person that shared their story: this was paramount to the ways of being. Originality/value This connectedness stems from growing up on the authors’ country and learning from elders, from the connection to all entities living around, within and with the authors. The Indigenous research methodology was used throughout the study, including yarning and Dadirri, a way of deep listening and learning, as the basis for interviewing.

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Foo, Damien, Mohinder Sarna, Gavin Pereira, Hannah C. Moore, and Annette K. Regan. "Prenatal influenza vaccination and allergic and autoimmune diseases in childhood: A longitudinal, population-based linked cohort study." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): e1003963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003963.

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Background Few studies have evaluated the effect of maternal influenza vaccination on the development of allergic and autoimmune diseases in children beyond 6 months of age. We aimed to investigate the association between in utero exposure to seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and subsequent diagnosis of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Methods and findings This longitudinal, population-based linked cohort study included 124,760 singleton, live-born children from 106,206 mothers in Western Australia (WA) born between April 2012 and July 2016, with up to 5 years of follow-up from birth. In our study cohort, 64,169 (51.4%) were male, 6,566 (5.3%) were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children, and the mean age at the end of follow-up was 3.0 (standard deviation, 1.3) years. The exposure was receipt of seasonal IIV during pregnancy. The outcomes were diagnosis of an allergic or autoimmune disease, including asthma and anaphylaxis, identified from hospital and/or emergency department (ED) records. Inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs) accounted for baseline probability of vaccination by maternal age, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander status, socioeconomic status, body mass index, parity, medical conditions, pregnancy complications, prenatal smoking, and prenatal care. The models additionally adjusted for the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander status of the child. There were 14,396 (11.5%) maternally vaccinated children; 913 (6.3%) maternally vaccinated and 7,655 (6.9%) maternally unvaccinated children had a diagnosis of allergic or autoimmune disease, respectively. Overall, maternal influenza vaccination was not associated with diagnosis of an allergic or autoimmune disease (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 1.09). In trimester-specific analyses, we identified a negative association between third trimester influenza vaccination and the diagnosis of asthma (n = 40; aHR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.97) and anaphylaxis (n = 36; aHR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.95).We did not capture outcomes diagnosed in a primary care setting; therefore, our findings are only generalizable to more severe events requiring hospitalization or presentation to the ED. Due to small cell sizes (i.e., <5), estimates could not be determined for all outcomes after stratification. Conclusions In this study, we observed no association between in utero exposure to influenza vaccine and diagnosis of allergic or autoimmune diseases. Although we identified a negative association of asthma and anaphylaxis diagnosis when seasonal IIV was administered later in pregnancy, additional studies are needed to confirm this. Overall, our findings support the safety of seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine during pregnancy in relation to allergic and autoimmune diseases in early childhood and support the continuation of current global maternal vaccine programs and policies.

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Charlson, Fiona, Bruce Gynther, Karin Obrecht, Michael Waller, and Ernest Hunter. "Multimorbidity and vulnerability among those living with psychosis in Indigenous populations in Cape York and the Torres Strait." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 55, no. 9 (January 28, 2021): 892–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867420984832.

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Objective: Previous research has found an alarmingly high rate of psychosis in Indigenous1 patients from remote communities of Cape York and the Torres Strait with the treated prevalence of psychosis four times higher than that found for the Australian population. This study assesses comorbid illness and risk factors among this same cohort of psychosis patients. Methods: Data were collated from a clinical database that contains complete psychiatric records from 1992 to 2015, extracted for all Indigenous patients who received treatment for a psychotic disorder from the Remote Area Mental Health Service. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression models explored differences across subgroups of ethnicity and sex, and relationships between co-morbid disorders and risk factors. All multivariate models included variables of age, year of birth, sex and ethnicity. Results: Sixty per cent of participants ( n = 256) experienced a comorbid mental or substance use disorder. Forty-five per cent ( n = 192) of participants experienced a physical comorbidity. The most frequent physical health outcomes were injury (29%, n = 93), diabetes (18%, n = 58) and cardiovascular disease (21%, n = 68). Risk factors considered to play a potential biological or neurodevelopmental role in the development of psychosis were approximately three times more likely in Aboriginal (odds ratio = 3.2; 95% confidence interval = [2.0, 4.9]) versus Torres Strait Islander patients, and those born after 1980 (odds ratio = 2.5; 95% confidence interval = [1.6, 3.9]) versus those born prior to 1980. Environmental or contextual factors were associated with significantly greater risk among Aboriginal (odds ratio = 3.8; 95% confidence interval = [2.4, 6.0]) compared with Torres Strait Islander patients. Conclusion: Our data expose the perinatal and early environment of Indigenous children who later developed a psychotic disorder. As risk factors for schizophrenia may be cumulative and interactive, both with each other and with critical periods of neurodevelopmental vulnerability, our results suggest possible causes for the increasing prevalence of psychotic disorders between 1992 and 2015.

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Rudd, David. "A Sense of (Be)longing in Shaun Tan's The Lost Thing." International Research in Children's Literature 3, no. 2 (December 2010): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2010.0103.

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Almost all Shaun Tan's work explores notions of belonging, and related ideas about feeling at home (or not) in time and space. But these issues are most starkly explored in his first solo picture book, The Lost Thing (2000), where the narrator, Shaun, relates his discovery of a mysterious, large, red, hybrid being. This article undertakes a close reading of Tan's text, drawing on the work of theorists like Mary Douglas, Zygmunt Bauman, Giorgio Agamben and Judith Butler to show how societies, through their classificatory logic, manage to deal with any ‘matter out of place’. It also explores the particular poignancy of ‘misplaced’ things in the context of Australia, not only through the Howard Government's draconian treatment of refugees, but also in terms of the country's long-standing guilt about its treatment of the Aboriginal ‘stolen generation’, and of others, like the forcibly deported British children. In contrast to the more optimistic reading usually given to Tan's work, a darker, more menacing interpretation is suggested – though a note of hope is still detected in the narrator's need to record his story. In this way, The Lost Thing is not concerned solely with social issues, but engages with a more existential sense of longing that we can all experience.

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Dorai, C. R. Thambi, P. A. Dewan, H. A. Boucaut, and J. Ehrlich. "UROLITHIASIS IN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL CHILDREN." ANZ Journal of Surgery 64, no. 2 (February 1994): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1994.tb02152.x.

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24

Durey, A., D. McAullay, B. Gibson, and L. M. Slack-Smith. "Oral Health in Young Australian Aboriginal Children." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 2, no. 1 (September 27, 2016): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084416667244.

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Despite dedicated government funding, Aboriginal Australians, including children, experience more dental disease than other Australians, despite it being seen as mostly preventable. The ongoing legacy of colonization and discrimination against Aboriginal Australians persists, even in health services. Current neoliberal discourse often holds individuals responsible for the state of their health, rather than the structural factors beyond individual control. While presenting a balanced view of Aboriginal health is important and attests to Indigenous peoples’ resilience when faced with persistent adversity, calling to account those structural factors affecting the ability of Aboriginal people to make favorable oral health choices is also important. A decolonizing approach informed by Indigenous methodologies and whiteness studies guides this article to explore the perceptions and experiences of Aboriginal parents ( N = 52) of young children, mainly mothers, in Perth, Western Australia, as they relate to the oral health. Two researchers, 1 Aboriginal and 1 non-Aboriginal, conducted 9 focus group discussions with 51 Aboriginal participants, as well as 1 interview with the remaining individual, and independently analyzed responses to identify themes underpinning barriers and enablers to oral health. These were compared, discussed, and revised under key themes and interpreted for meanings attributed to participants’ perspectives. Findings indicated that oral health is important yet often compromised by structural factors, including policy and organizational practices that adversely preclude participants from making optimal oral health choices: limited education about prevention, prohibitive cost of services, intensive marketing of sugary products, and discrimination from health providers resulting in reluctance to attend services. Current government intentions center on Aboriginal–non-Aboriginal partnerships, access to flexible services, and health care that is free of racism and proactively seeks and welcomes Aboriginal people. The challenge is whether these good intentions are matched by policies and practices that translate into sustained improvements to oral health for Aboriginal Australians. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Slow progress in reducing persistent oral health disparities between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians calls for a new approach to this seemingly intractable problem. Findings from our qualitative research identified that structural factors—such as cost of services, little or no education on preventing oral disease, and discrimination by health providers—compromised Aboriginal people’s optimum oral health choices and access to services. The results from this study can be used to recommend changes to policies and practices that promote rather than undermine Aboriginal health and well-being and involve Aboriginal people in decisions about their health care.

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Laing, DG, FJ Wilkes, N. Underwood, and L. Tran. "Taste disorders in Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children." Acta Paediatrica 100, no. 9 (April 20, 2011): 1267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02292.x.

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26

Walton, Shelley F., and Bart J. Currie. "Problems in Diagnosing Scabies, a Global Disease in Human and Animal Populations." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20, no. 2 (April 2007): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00042-06.

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SUMMARY Scabies is a worldwide disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries, related primarily to poverty and overcrowding. In remote Aboriginal communities in northern Australia, prevalences of up to 50% among children have been described, despite the availability of effective chemotherapy. Sarcoptic mange is also an important veterinary disease engendering significant morbidity and mortality in wild, domestic, and farmed animals. Scabies is caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei burrowing into the host epidermis. Clinical symptoms include intensely itchy lesions that often are a precursor to secondary bacterial pyoderma, septicemia, and, in humans, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Although diagnosed scabies cases can be successfully treated, the rash of the primary infestation takes 4 to 6 weeks to develop, and thus, transmission to others often occurs prior to therapy. In humans, the symptoms of scabies infestations can mimic other dermatological skin diseases, and traditional tests to diagnose scabies are less than 50% accurate. To aid early identification of disease and thus treatment, a simple, cheap, sensitive, and specific test for routine diagnosis of active scabies is essential. Recent developments leading to the expression and purification of S. scabiei recombinant antigens have identified a number of molecules with diagnostic potential, and current studies include the investigation and assessment of the accuracy of these recombinant proteins in identifying antibodies in individuals with active scabies and in differentiating those with past exposure. Early identification of disease will enable selective treatment of those affected, reduce transmission and the requirement for mass treatment, limit the potential for escalating mite resistance, and provide another means of controlling scabies in populations in areas of endemicity.

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27

Nienhuys, Terry G. "Otitis media in Australian aboriginal children." Early Child Development and Care 52, no. 1-4 (January 1989): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0300443890520110.

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28

Brand, J. C., I. Darnton-Hill, M. S. Gracey, and R. M. Spargo. "Lactose malabsorption in Australian Aboriginal children." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 620–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/41.3.620.

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29

Larkins, Nicholas, Armando Teixeira-Pinto, Emily Banks, Hasantha Gunasekera, Alan Cass, Jane Kearnes, and Jonathan C. Craig. "Blood pressure among Australian Aboriginal children." Journal of Hypertension 35, no. 9 (September 2017): 1801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001401.

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30

Skull, Susan A., Alan C. Walker, and Alan R. Ruben. "Malnutrition and microcephaly in Australian Aboriginal children." Medical Journal of Australia 166, no. 8 (April 1997): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb123191.x.

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31

GRACEY, M. "Nutrition of Australian Aboriginal infants and children." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 27, no. 5 (October 1991): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1991.tb02536.x.

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32

Yeo, Soo See. "Bonding and attachment of Australian Aboriginal children." Child Abuse Review 12, no. 5 (2003): 292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.817.

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33

Phillips, Natalie, Maciej Henneberg, Nicholas Norgan, Lincoln Schmitt, Caroline Potter, and Stanley Ulijaszek. "The emergence of obesity among Australian Aboriginal children." Anthropological Review 76, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2013-0004.

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Abstract Obesity is of significant and growing concern among Australian Aboriginal children, and is linked to patterns of child growth. The aim of this paper is to show diverse patterns of growth and obesity emergence among Australian Aboriginal children using historical anthropometric data. Child growth in height, weight and body mass index (BMI) is reanalysed for children aged 2 to 19 years in Australian Aboriginal communities spanning two distinct time periods (the 1950s and 1960s; and the 1990s and 2000s) and six different geographical locations: Yuendumu, Haast’s Bluff, Beswick, Kalumburu, Gerard, and Raukkan. Comparisons of stature and BMI between the earlier and later years of measurement were made, and the proportion of children classified as overweight or obese by the International Obesity Task Force criteria estimated, to allow international comparison. Aboriginal children in the 1990s and 2000s were heavier, with higher BMI than those in the 1950s and 1960s, differences in height being less marked. While no children were classified as overweight or obese in the earlier period, 15% of males and 3% of females were classified so in the later period. The data suggests that the period of onset of the epidemic of overweight and obesity among rural Australian Aboriginal children was likely to have been between the 1960s and 1980s.

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34

Cleghorn, Geoffrey J., Ristan Greer, Terence L. Holt, Ross W. Shepherd, John Erlich, Yvonne Forrest, and Frank G. Bowling. "Exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in malnourished Australian Aboriginal children." Medical Journal of Australia 154, no. 1 (January 1991): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb112850.x.

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35

Watson, Helen. "Language and mathematics education for aboriginal‐australian children." Language and Education 2, no. 4 (January 1988): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500788809541241.

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36

Leach, Amanda J. "Otitis media in Australian Aboriginal children: an overview." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 49 (October 1999): S173—S178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(99)00156-1.

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37

Dockett, Sue, Terry Mason, and Bob Perry. "Successful Transition to School for Australian Aboriginal Children." Childhood Education 82, no. 3 (March 2006): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2006.10521365.

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38

Kukuruzovic, Renata H., and David R. Brewster. "Small Bowel Intestinal Permeability in Australian Aboriginal Children." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 35, no. 2 (August 2002): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200208000-00020.

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39

Rotte, Laura, Jordan Hansford, Maria Kirby, Michael Osborn, Ram Suppiah, Petra Ritchie, Heather Tapp, Michael Rice, and Tamas Revesz. "Cancer in Australian Aboriginal children: Room for improvement." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 49, no. 1 (December 2, 2012): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12026.

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40

Cosh, Suzanne, Kimberley Hawkins, Gemma Skaczkowski, David Copley, and Jacqueline Bowden. "Tobacco use among urban Aboriginal Australian young people: a qualitative study of reasons for smoking, barriers to cessation and motivators for smoking cessation." Australian Journal of Primary Health 21, no. 3 (2015): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py13157.

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Smoking prevalence among Aboriginal Australian young people greatly exceeds the prevalence in the broader population of Australian young people, yet limited research has explored the social context in which young Aboriginal Australians smoke. Four focus groups were conducted in 2009 with South Australian Aboriginal smokers aged 15–29 years residing in urban areas (n = 32) to examine attitudes and experiences surrounding smoking and quitting. The primary reasons for smoking initiation and maintenance among Aboriginal Australian young people were identified as stress, social influence and boredom. Motivators for quitting were identified as pregnancy and/or children, sporting performance (males only), cost issues and, to a lesser extent, health reasons. The barriers to cessation were identified as social influence, the perception of quitting as a distant event and reluctance to access cessation support. However, it appears that social influences and stress were particularly salient contributors to smoking maintenance among Aboriginal Australian young people. Smoking cessation interventions targeted at young urban Aboriginal Australian smokers should aim to build motivation to quit by utilising the motivators of pregnancy and/or children, sporting performance (males only), cost issues and, to a lesser extent, health reasons, while acknowledging the pertinent role of social influence and stress in the lives of young urban Aboriginal Australian smokers.

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41

Pickering, J., H. Smith-Vaughan, J. Beissbarth, J. M. Bowman, S. Wiertsema, T. V. Riley, A. J. Leach, P. Richmond, D. Lehmann, and L. A. Kirkham. "Diversity of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Strains Colonizing Australian Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Children." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 52, no. 5 (February 5, 2014): 1352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03448-13.

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42

Singer, Rebecca, Karen Zwi, and Robert Menzies. "Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in Aboriginal Children Admitted to a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111893.

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Background: Aboriginal Australian children have higher rates of mortality at younger ages than non-Aboriginal Australian children. We aimed to (i) calculate the case fatality rate (CFR) for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children admitted to children’s hospitals in New South Wales (NSW) and (ii) identify predictors of CFR. Methods: We used a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of data from electronic medical records for in-patient admissions to the Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network (SCHN) over five years (2011–2015). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of mortality and excess deaths in Aboriginal children were calculated. Results: There were 241,823 presentations over the 5-year period. The CFR for Aboriginal children was double that of non-Aboriginal children (0.4% vs. 0.2%, p = 0.002), with Aboriginal children under 2 years and from remote and regional Australia at highest risk of excess mortality. Predictors of death for all children in order of significance were: Circulatory disorders (Odds Ratio (OR) 17.16, p < 0.001), neoplasm/blood/immune disorders (OR 2.77, p < 0.001), emergency admissions (OR 1.94, p < 0.001), aboriginality (OR 1.73, p = 0.005) and longer length of stay (OR 1.012; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our data show that Aboriginal children are almost twice as likely to die than non-Aboriginal children. In particular, excess deaths in Aboriginal children are most commonly from outer regional and remote areas and children aged under 2 years with perinatal or circulatory conditions.

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Davidson, Lucy, Jessica Knight, and Asha C. Bowen. "Skin infections in Australian Aboriginal children: a narrative review." Medical Journal of Australia 212, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50361.

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Davidson, Lucy, and Asha C. Bowen. "Skin infections in Australian Aboriginal children: a narrative review." Medical Journal of Australia 213, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50743.

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45

Morton, Sarah K., and Adam Morton. "Skin infections in Australian Aboriginal children: a narrative review." Medical Journal of Australia 213, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50749.

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46

Prociv, Paul, Russell A. Luke, and Phillip A. Quayle. "Unidentified trematode eggs in faeces of Australian Aboriginal children." Medical Journal of Australia 153, no. 11-12 (December 1990): 680–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb126320.x.

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47

Nugent, Alan, Piers Daubeney, Patty Chondros, Stephen Kahler, John Carlin, and Robert Weintraub. "Increased incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy among aboriginal Australian children." Heart, Lung and Circulation 12, no. 2 (January 2003): A89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1443-9506.2003.03398.x.

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48

Stuart, J., H. Butt, and P. Walker. "The microbiology of glue ear in Australian Aboriginal children." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 39, no. 9 (December 2003): 665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00247.x.

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49

Macedo, Davi Manzini, Pedro Ribeiro Santiago, Rachel M. Roberts, Lisa G. Smithers, Yin Paradies, and Lisa M. Jamieson. "Ethnic-racial identity affirmation: Validation in Aboriginal Australian children." PLOS ONE 14, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): e0224736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224736.

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50

Kearins, Judith. "Visual spatial memory in aboriginal and white Australian children." Australian Journal of Psychology 38, no. 3 (December 1986): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049538608259009.

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