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Nayar, Sunita Maria. "Children's winter sports injuries & protective equipment : a surveillance system based study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0021/MQ55081.pdf.
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Bzdell, Wallace Brent. "Development of the parents' motivations for children's participation in sport scale." Thesis, Boston University, 2001. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/34480.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
The purpose of this study was to explore parents' motivations for encouraging their children to participate in youth sport and to develop a scale to measure the aforementioned motivators. The study was conducted in three phases. The first phase consisted of the development of items for the initial Parents' Motivations for Children's Participation in Sport Scale (PMCPSS). The second phase encompassed administeting the PMCPSS to parents from a range of sports and analyzing that data through factor and item analyses. The third phase consisted of qualitative analysis and using the PMCPSS to examine differences in parental motivations. The sample consisted of 405 parents with children participating in the following youth sports: ice hockey, soccer, baseball, basketball, figure skating, volleyball, swimming, and lacrosse. Exploratory factor analysis and item analyses revealed 8 factors labeled as: Life skills; Identification with the child/sport experience; Leam to perform and compete; Child Self-Acceptance; Physical and social development; Enjoyment and family bonding; Achievement and rewards; and Interpersonal skill development. In addition to the reliability coefficients for each factor, a coefficient alpha estimate was conducted to examine the entire scale's reliability. Based on the factor and item analysis, 65 items were retained and the PMCPSS had an overall alpha of .954 and the 8 factors accounted for 49.1% of the variance. Moreover, qualitative analysis of the open-ended responses supported the eight-factor structure of the PMCPSS. Independent-samples t tests were then run utilizing the 65 item PMCPSS to evaluate parental differences (mothers and fathers) on each of the eight factors. This study builds upon previous research in youth sport with four significant contributions. First, it represents an initial step toward understanding why parents encourage their children to participate in youth sport. Second, the results indicate that parents' motivations for encouraging their children to participate in youth sport are multidimensional. Third, it led to the development of an instrument (the PMCPSS) that measures parents' motivations for encouraging their children to participate in youth sport that can be used for future research . Fourth, it demonstrates how the PMCPSS can be used in future research.
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Amusa, LO, and AL Toriola. "Children's perceptions of Physical Education and school sports at selected South African schools." African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000930.
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Students’ perceptions and value orientation
could assist curriculum developers to
design and implement a Physical Education
(PE) curriculum that would address the
needs of post-independent South African
schools. PE and School Sport (SS) in South
Africa demonstrate extremes and
inequities. Contrast is visible in all aspects
of South African life, but most significant
in education. White and urban schools are
relatively problem free, whereas black and
rural schools have been adversely affected
by the past governments’ apartheid and
separate development policies. Some
schools have well developed facilities,
while the majority has next to nothing. PE
teachers are qualified in some cases and
grossly unqualified in many others. PE
programmes in white schools and urban
cities offer a wide and balanced variety of
activities while in others opportunities are
limited to a few movement activities. PE as
a school subject has been neglected,
misunderstood, seen as being of little
importance and regarded as inferior when
compared to other subjects in the school
curriculum. In order to find out the
perceptions of PE and school sport among
school children aged 7-15years, we
administered the modified Sport in
Education (SpinEd) project questionnaire
to 923 school children in two provinces
and contrasting geographical locations in South Africa. The questionnaire focused on five main
domains referring specifically to aspects of
children’s perceptions and understanding of
PE and SS. The results showed some
disparity in the perceptions and
understanding of PE and SS among the
respondents by gender, age group and
geographical location, specifically with
regard to feeling about PE and SS, outcomes
of PE and SS, comparison of PE and SS with
other school subjects and perceived
competence in PE and SS. Results are
discussed in the light of their implications for
provision of quality PE and SS in South
African schools.
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Tymowski, Gabriela Izabela. "Rights and wrongs : a philosophical consideration of children's participation in elite sport." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2002. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3064/.
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The experiences of some children participating in the demanding and intensive world of elite sport appear to compromise one of the primary aims of both childhood and parenthood, which should be for children to arrive on the threshold of adulthood with their futures open and unlimited. A body of evidence in the medical and socio-psychologicalliterature contends that child athletes participating in elite sport are being harmed physically, psychologically, and socially by the intensive training and competition practices required of athletes in sports such as women's gymnastics, figure skating, and others. Participation by children in the highest levels of sport change attitudes and impels behaviours in ways that are unique in their extent and devastating in their consequences. As the varying and often conflicting agendas of athletes, parents, coaches, agents, and sporting bureaucracies come into conflict, considerations of care and regard for the athletes become down played or even ignored, resulting in these young athletes being harmed, and their futures compromised. Children are characterised by their vulnerability, naivety, and inability to formulate their own life-plans, necessitating a degree of parental paternalism in their relationships with adults. This paternalism is justified by the child's dependency on others for protection, and for developing the necessary skills for self-sufficiency and self-determination secured through their burgeoning autonomy as they advance towards adulthood. Under law, parents are given primary responsibility for the health and welfare of their children, because they are ideally situated to determine their child's best interests. In sport, this responsibility is regularly transferred from the parents to the coach and other involved adults. Unfortunately, however, children may be exploited by the very individuals who are entrusted with their care and nurturance. A further body of evidence claims the inescapability of paternalism in relationships between adults and children in elite sport has been exploited: it is disrespectful of the child's burgeoning autonomy, and jeopardises his or her right to an open future. The child's right to an open future is an autonomy right-in-trust saved until he or she is more fully formed and capable of exercising self-determination. This right may be violated in advance of adulthood by foreclosure of options. In this thesis, I argue that elite sport children require a form of paternalism that protects their interests while at the same time is autonomy-respectful. This is actualised by a bifurcated rights system, which works towards securing non-harmful sports practices and preventing the premature foreclosure of life opportunities for elite child athletes post-sport.
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Thomas, Mary. "Tshwane street children's experiences of learning life skills through the medium of sport." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09302008-113450.
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Noonan, R. "An investigation into children's out-of-school physical activity." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6581/.
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This thesis used a multi-methods approach to explore children’s out-of-school physical activity (PA). Study 1 found that children living in the most deprived neighbourhoods represent an important target group for future PA and health interventions. Further, the study also revealed that self-reported PA was positively associated with independent mobility. Study 2 confirmed that the weekend was a period of low moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and revealed that raw PA levels derived from the wrist-worn GENEActiv are not comparable with hip-worn ActiGraph. Agreement between the devices differed according to PA intensity and time of day, with the greatest difference occurring in light PA (LPA) during school hours. Using children’s recounted perceptions and experiences of out-of-school PA, study 3 demonstrated how an inclusive, interactive and child-centred methodology (i.e., write, draw show and tell; WDST) may be advantageous when compared to traditional singular qualitative methods. In study 4 parental safety concerns were reported to be the most consistent barrier to children’s out-of-school PA. The family case studies demonstrated how family perceptions and constraints can influence children’s out-of-school PA levels and activity mode (i.e., active school travel, outdoor play and organised sport). Such constraints include factors such as, school proximity, neighbourhood perceptions and family context. Study 5 revealed substantial intra-individual variability in children’s weekend MVPA. PA diary data revealed that children's weekend PA was mostly unstructured in nature and undertaken with friends, whereas a greater proportion of parents’ weekend PA was undertaken alone in structured settings. Family case studies demonstrated that in the selected cases MVPA levels and variability across weekends were contingent on mode of PA participation. This thesis contributes evidence to inform future out-of-school PA interventions. The research has demonstrated that children’s out-of-school PA is influenced by a complex interaction of individual, social and environmental factors. Specific highlights include the family and neighbourhood environment. The weekend is associated with low PA and as such represents an important time period to promote PA in children. Future weekend PA interventions should target specific modes of activity, as the facilitators and barriers to these activities vary considerably. Moreover, in future, research and practice should focus on ways in which to modify neighbourhood attributes to support children’s out-of-school active living.
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Liu, Zhan. "A cross-cultural analysis of children's attitudes toward physical activity and patterns of participation." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722188.
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The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes toward physical activity and patterns of involvement among Chinese and American children. Participants were children in grades 3 and 8 in Central China (n=170) and in the Midwestern United States (n=100). Data were obtained by administering a revised inventory for children's attitudes toward physical activity (CATPA), a new CATPA inventory appropriate for grade 3, and a physical activity questionnaire. Separate 2 (Country) X 2 (Gender) X 2 (Age) MANOVAS, follow-up ANOVAs and descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. Unlike previous findings, this study indicated that Chinese participants have more positive attitudes toward physical activity while American participants reported more involvement in physical activity. Age and gender differences in attitudes toward physical activity were also found with younger children and girls expressing more positive attitudes. Marked gender and nationality differences in both participation patterns andphysical activity preferences were also evident. The results of the present study supported previous findings that attitude is a function of age and gender.School of Physical Education
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Weigand, Daniel A. (Daniel Arthur). "Perceived Parental Goal Projections and Parental Pressure on the Development of Children's and Adolescents' Goal Orientations in Sport." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278516/.
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The present investigation evaluated sport-related motivational climates by assessing personal and perceived parental goal orientations and perceived parental pressure in children and adolescents. Data were collected from 202 middle-class, racially diverse students, including 43 male and 50 female children aged 12 or below (M age = 10.6) and 51 male and 58 female adolescents aged 13 or above (M age = 14.7), who had participated in a variety of organized sports, and were enrolled in elementary, middle, and high schools of the Dallas (TX) Independent School District. Measures included personal and parental projected versions (mother's and father's) of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), the Sport Parental Pressure Scale (mother's and father's versions), and a background assessment.
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Rutherford, Zoe Hope. "School day intervention opportunities for increasing 7-11 year old children's moderate to vigorous physical activity." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2011. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6020/.
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The development and maintenance of healthy physical activity behaviours from an early age is a priority for public health in the UK. Schools provide a number of different opportunities (time inside and outside of the curriculum) and resources in the form of space, equipment and staff for children to learn and develop healthy behaviours, at a time when they are most receptive to behaviour change. The overall aim of the thesis was to identify the different opportunities within the school context whereby children could be physically active and use theoretically driven, whole school interventions to optimise and subsequently increase healthful physical activity. Study 1 demonstrated that primary schools wishing to use pedometers within their curricula can be confident that the EZ-V model is sufficiently accurate to measure physical activity in the form of steps taken (r=0.897). Using the EZ-V pedometer, Study 2 demonstrated that feedback from pedometers along with information on how children can be physically active during the school day, can significantly increase children's mean daily steps-min"' compared to feedback alone or control groups over the course of a school week. Furthermore, boys were significantly more active than girls across each treatment group. Study 3 explored the affect of the primary school travel plan (TP) on the moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of 7-11 year olds during the winter and summer season. In order to examine the impact of the TP, schools were separated into schools deemed to have an Established TP (implemented for at least 2 years) or `New' schools (i. e., had just drafted their TP and were in the first year of its implementation). Children in the New TP schools accumulated 7.24 (winter) and 24.11 (summer) more minutes of MVPA (5.2% and 15.66% respectively) throughout the day compared with those in the Established TP school children (F(1,35=) 0.955, p=0.207, d=0.33). Overall, children were more active during the summer by 7.81 minutes (F(I, 35) = 0.089, p=0.768, d=0.1). The final study examined the affect of a 12 week, multi-component, whole school intervention which aimed to increase children's school day MVPA. Following baseline physical activity measures via accelerometry, intervention components consisting of a Health Week, Playtime Pals and a Pedometer Challenge were delivered sequentially over the first 6 weeks. Subsequent accelerometer data were collected after each intervention was delivered at 2,4,6 and 12 weeks. Results showed that from baseline to follow-up, children increased their MVPA by 6.57 minutes during the school day, which according to the Q statistic was likely to be beneficial. Results from the Pedometer Challenge found that boy s' mean pedometer steps"day-' were significantly higher than girls' (F(I, 95)= 9.987, p=0.002, d=0.65) and overall, mean pedometer steps-day"' significantly increased from week one to week five (F(,, 93)= 5.845, p=0.018, d=0.24). When the lowest and highest active 50% groups were compared, children in the lowest active 50% group significantly increased their steps from week one to week five (F(l, 47)= 20.847, p=0.000, d=0.93), while the highest active 50% did not (F(1,47)= 0.000, p=0.990, d=0). Furthermore, boys in the highest active 50% group were found to accumulate significantly more steps than the girls, in the highest active 50% group (F(I, 46)= 14.701, p=0.000, d=0.81), while there was no significant difference between the boys' and girls' pedometer steps in the lowest 50% group (F(l, 46)= 0.456, p=0.503, d=0.14). The overall findings of the thesis suggest that schools can successfully optimise the different opportunities during the school day in order to increase children's physical activity, but that larger, controlled and longitudinally designed studies are needed to confirm cause and effect. Most importantly, these changes may have most impact in the least active boys and girls. Interventions such as this should therefore be targeted at the least active children to ensure that they benefit as much as possible from the opportunity to increase their daily physical activity.
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Gerdsen, Willy. "Investigating suitable pitch sizes for young football players in New Zealand." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/399.
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Whilst smaller pitches have become the norm in junior football, they may still be too large for certain ages and levels of skill. To date there has been no research into the relationships between size of the pitch and the technical kicking ability (distance and accuracy) of young players (8 - 14 years of age). The purpose of this investigation was to examine variables that influence actual kicking distance and accuracy and also to measure what differences in play behaviour (passing and dribbling) emerge from self-selected changes in pitch size for different age groups (9 and 10 years of age). Data were collected on 120 (N=120) junior football players: Playing experience (M=2.85 years, SD=2.56), Height (M=1.44 m, SD=1.08), Weight (M=37.8 kg, SD=7.69), Lengths of lower limbs (knee/ankle: M=35.54 cm, SD=4.27; hip/knee: M=35.54 cm, SD=5.25), Step lengths (M=37.66 cm, SD=8.693), Estimated kicking distance (M=31.13 m, SD=16.63). Participants performed a series of three kicks along the ground, using the inside of the foot, and aiming for a target (25 m away). The distance (M=18.04 m; SD=6.56) and accuracy (M=8.32 m; SD=4.38) of each kick were measured. The children (9 and 10 years of age) were then assigned to teams and asked to construct a small-sided game on two different pitch sizes. The first pitch size used was the recommended regulation size. The second pitch size was self-selected by the players. Any changes to the playing dimensions (e.g., width of the pitch) and playing behaviours (e.g., total number of passes, dribbling) were measured and analysed. Kicking distance is best predicted by the player’s height (20.0%, P < 0.000), or a combination of the player’s height and estimated kicking distance (30.0%, P = 0.002). Kicking accuracy can be attributed to the influence of the player’s step lengths (8.1%, P = 0.016) and both their step lengths and estimated kicking distance (15.1%, P = 0.020). Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that the increase in pitch size (18.5% and 25%) resulted in a greater amount of dribbling (63% and 33%) and passing (12%). In general, our results support the idea that young children in New Zealand should be playing on a pitch and at a skill level which matches their football abilities. Grouping young players on a pitch according to their physical (e.g., height) and technical kicking ability (e.g., distance, accuracy) instead of their chronological age, seems to be the key factor to any other set of proposals. The findings of this thesis have important messages that could enhance the effectiveness of coaching, competitive game-play (pitch sizes) and consequently performance at all junior levels of football in New Zealand. Further research should manipulate the number of players per team to see if this factor affects competitive game-play in junior football. Additionally, the mean distances maintained between players in the same team (team-mates) during game play needs to be considered (with regard to the ‘beehive effect’). Further studies should examine different age groups of equivalent skill level and assess their performance in relation to their technical kicking ability on different pitches.
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Аникеева, Е. А., and E. A. Anikeeva. "Совершенствование работы по организации мероприятий по чирлидингу на примере городского соревнования «Чир звезды» : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/93997.
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В диссертационном исследовании проведен анализ всероссийских соревнований по чир спорту, выявлены проблемы и предложены пути их решения. Разработана модель проведения соревнований по чирлидингу на примере городского соревнования города Екатеринбурга. Разработанные мероприятия по организации соревнований могут быть использованы при планировании и проведении соревнований по чир спорту муниципальных образований Свердловской области, России.The paper analyzes the prerequisites for the development and implementation of an electronic educational resource in the discipline of Physical culture in the process of teaching students. As a result of the research, the mooc (mass open online course) "Physical culture" for people with disabilities was developed and implemented in the educational process of Tyumen state University. It is aimed at students of non-physical education areas of training and students interested in physical culture and health-forming behavior.
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Dinesen, Sanne. "Ledares uppfattningar av ledarskap. : En kvalitativ studie av motivation, beteende och reglering." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36330.
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Background: Knatteskutt is one of the largest organizations in children's sports. Operations are located in approximately 150 cities / areas and have both sports and dance focus. The children are aged 3-7 years and may try several sports activities or dance styles during the semester, focusing on play and motor skills. All who are leaders at Knatteskutt has undergone Swedish Sports Promotion of Child Leaders Training. There are also regional managers around Sweden is as a sounding board for leaders and as an extended arm between the office and the leaders. Everybody who works as regional manager has been every leader Knatteskutt. Earlier research on the Knatteskutt, according to a search I did on uppsatser.se. Through the study, I wanted to even find out what it is that motivates the leaders of Knatteskutt why it continues to lead the children's sports / dance. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the leaders' experiences of leadership. To find out the used self-determination theory. Method: A qualitative approach was used to explore the feelings and experiences of the individual. All six interviews stage through Skype where the calls were recorded. Results: The results of the study show that leaders motivated by the children, which means that leaders are driven by internal motivation. Most of the participants agreed that cooperation between the office and the regional manager worked well. But almost all the leaders made comments on how customers improve cooperation. According to my results, it is important to consider when leading sports / dance for children will keep all the leaders agree that you will see all the children, to be clear, flexible, that moment of Knatteskutt should be fun.
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Pierce, Kyle C., and Michael H. Stone. "Children and Sport – How Hard Should Children Be Trained?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7707/hmj.730.
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The participation of children and early and late adolescents in resistance training activities, including training for sport, appears to continually be on the rise. The involvement of youth in the sport of weightlifting and the use of weightlifting methods as part of training for sport performance also appears to be growing. The increased acceptance of these activities is evidenced by the number of both lay and scientific articles, specialized magazines and publications devoted to the different types of resistance training. It is also indicated by simple observation of fitness centres and sports training facilities. The use of resistance training appears to be growing in popularity despite poorly supported position statements, anecdotal reports and speculation concerning the potential for injury. Children and adolescents participating in resistance training programs can make noticeable increases in strength and power as well as physiological parameters associated with both health and sport performance. Although the number of children and adolescents (aged 8–18 years) involved in some form of resistance training is increasing and evidenced-based reviews that support these activities have been published, controversy still exists. There are still those who insist that training with free weights, particularly the sport of weightlifting, should not take place until a person is fully developed, even though there is not much objective evidence to support such a position. More recently published scientific data support the notion that properly supervised resistance training programs can improve sport performance, reduce injury potential and enhance healthy facets of children and early and late adolescents.
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Forsyth, Rosin Nina, and Emma Öhling. "Jens är het och Anja kämpar : En jämförelse av genusrepresentationen i SVT:s Sportspegeln och Lilla sportspegeln." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-16885.
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This report is an analysis of the gender representation in Swedish sports media, a comparison between sport in public service television for adults and children. The study explores the differences between the number of male and female sports in the matter of air time and also the number of male and female appearances in the TV shows. The programs studied in this report are the Swedish SVT’s Sportspegeln and Lilla sportspegeln. When we began this analysis we were under the impression that men would be over-represented, but that representation in sports television for children would be more gender equal than the adult counterpart. The result of the analysis confirmed previous studies stating that men dominate the sports programs in Swedish public service television. However, we found that the differences in gender representation in Sportspegeln and Lilla sportspegeln was smaller than we thought.
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Dinis, Manuela Gonçalves. "Design de comunicação e cultura desportiva." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10764.
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Čižauskas, Liutauras. "Paauglių požiūrio į agresyvų elgesį ypatumai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060522_122835-68182.
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THE ATTITUDE OF ADOLESCENTS TO AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN SPORTS AND THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SUCH BEHAVIOR
Keywords: aggression, sports, children.
Scientists, psychologists, teachers, and students nowadays pay a lot of attention to the increasing wave of aggression among adolescents. This problem is broadly studied in different journals; in manuals the whole chapters are dedicated to it but it has not been studied a lot in Lithuanian context. In sports, namely among adolescents, different unpredictive situations, aggression or even the cases of violence occur.
The aim of the study – to determine the attitude of adolescents to aggressive behavior in sports and the factors that influence this behavior.
The objectives of this work:
1. To examine and to compare the attitude of females and males adolescents to the aggressive behavior in sports.
2. To examine and to compare factors that influence the aggressive behavior in sports according to the point of view of females and males adolescents.
3. To examine and to compare the attitude of non-sportive, of those engaged in sports during the leisure time, and of sportive adolescents to the aggressive behavior in sports.
The methods of the study: the review of literature; questionnaire, mathematical statistics.
The questionnaire was made according to the example of sportsman behavior inquiry (SBI), where 6 different scenarios are presented, i.e. different situations in sports where aggressive behavior occurs are described. The... [to full text]
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Foster, Owen D. Ahn Sang-Gyeun. "Design approach for youth sports equipment." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/FOSTER_OWEN_13.pdf.
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Sit, Hui-ping. "Participation motivation in sport : a comparative study of able-bodied and Disabled School-aged children in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20841930.
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Venter, Louis P. "Die gebruik van sielkundige intervensies onder junior tennisspelers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52201.
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Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of sport psychology injunior tennis and to determine: • whether coaches make use of psychological interventions, • whether coaches consider psychological interventions in junior tennis to be important, • what kind of psychological interventions coaches make use of, and • what kind of problems coaches encounter while teaching psychological interventions to junior tennis players. Questionnaires were mailed off to all professional tennis coaches who are registered with Tennis South Africa. The questionnaire which the coaches voluntarily answered, was an abbreviated, revised version of the questionnaire used by Gould et al. (1999a) for their study. \ The results of this study show that coaches: • regard the teaching of psychological interventions to junior tennis players as very important. • perceived the following as the most important psychological dimensions for junior tennis players: motivation, concentration, enjoyment, self-confidence and goal setting. • find the teaching process of psychological interventions to junior tennis players difficult. • encounter practical problems in the teaching of psychological interventions to junior tennis players. Lack of time is mentioned most often. Based on these outcomes, it is concluded that sport psychology has an important role to play in junior tennis. More research is needed to develop techniques and methods to effectively teach psychological interventions to junior tennis players.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie is om die rol van sportsielkunde in junior tennis te ondersoek deur die volgende te bepaal: • of afrigters van sielkundige intervensies gebruik maak, • of afrigters dink dat sielkundige intervensies belangrik is in junior tennis, • van watter sielkundige intervensies afrigters gebruik maak, en • watter probleme afrigters ondervind gedurende die onderrig van sielkundige intervensies aan junior tennisspelers. Vraelyste is gestuur aan aIle professionele tennisafrigters wat by Tennis Suid-Afrika geregistreer is. Die vraelys wat die afrigters vrywillig beantwoord het, was 'n verkorte, hersiene weergawe van die vraelys wat deur Gould et al. (1999a) in hulle studie gebruik is. Die resultate van die studie toon dat afrigters: • die onderrig van sielkundige intervensies aan junior tennisspelers as belangrik beskou. • die volgende sielkundige dimensies in junior tennis as die belangrikste beskou: motivering, konsentrasie, genot, selfvertroue en doelwitstelling. • die onderrigproses verbonde aan sielkundige intervensies moeilik vind. • praktiese probleme ondervind met die onderrig van sielkundige intervensies aan junior tennisspelers. 'n Gebrek aan tyd is uitgesonder as die probleem wat die meeste voorkom. Gebaseer op die resuitate, is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat sportsieikunde 'n belangrike rol te speel het in junior tennis. Verdere navorsing word benodig am tegnieke en metodes daar te stel om die sieikundige intervensies effektief aan junior tennisspelers te onderrig .
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Stanbridge, Katharine. "The design and development of sports equipment for children." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12829.
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Children's access to many sports is restricted because of social and equipment costs, in addition the equipment is not frequently designed to suit a child's physique and capabilities. Generally the design of sports equipment for children proceeds by taking adult equipment and scaling it down. Unfortunately this often means that the range of equipment is limited for a population whose dimensions are constantly changing and whose strength to size ratio does not vary linearly (Beak et al. 2000). The use of inappropriate equipment can significantly affect learning skills and cause the development of bad habits which may take years to correct and can be a major detractor to further participation (Sleap 1981 ). It is apparent that little science has been applied to equipment design for children and if wider participation is to be encouraged then well-designed and manufactured equipment that matches child development and growth rates needs to be produced. The intentions of this study were: • To determine the effect of equipment properties on children's, aged between 7 and I 0 years old, ability to generate effective strokes in two example sports: golf and tennis. • To determine whether any relationships existed between children's physical characteristics (e.g. height, strength etc ), equipment properties and performance. • To apply any fitting guidelines established to a group of subject to test their validity. In each sport 3 major equipment properties were examined and a sample of30 children, aged between 7 and I 0 years old of varying ability, were tested in each of the studies. Sixteen anthropometric measures, age, experience and grip strength were taken from each child. This information was examined with the performance data using multiple regression methods to determine whether any fitting relationships existed between child characteristics, performance and club or racket properties. In golf it was found that the club head mass, shaft flexibility and shaft length all significantly affected the distance achieved with 7 -iron clubs, whilst in tennis the racket length, mass and balance all had a significant effect on the power and placement of forehand tennis strokes. Nomograms were constructed for the tennis and golf fitting equations to provide a graphical representation of the fitting so that manufacturers, tennis coaches, club fitters and professional golfers can quickly determine correct club or racket characteristics for a child. The main conclusion of this study is that children should be considered as individuals instead ofbeing grouped into age or height categories. Children should be fitted to equipment in terms of their size, strength and ability if effective equipment that is more suited to their needs can be constructed.
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Gallant, François. "Trajectoires d’activité physique chez des jeunes ayant spécialisé tôt dans un sport et des jeunes qui ont pratiqué une diversité de sports." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11075.
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Problématique: Les modèles de développement à la participation sportive (MDPS) suggèrent que comparativement à la spécialisation hâtive dans une activité physique (AP), la diversification sportive durant l’enfance favorise la participation à l’AP à long terme. Toutefois, peu de documentation scientifique appuie les propos des MDPS. Étant donné l’importance de pratiquer l’AP à tous les âges de la vie, les MDPS pourraient aider à guider les interventions en AP, s’ils étaient confirmés. Les objectifs de cette étude sont donc de 1) décrire les profils de participation aux sports durant l’adolescence chez des jeunes qui ont spécialisé tôt et des jeunes qui ont pratiqué une diversité de sports, et 2) explorer des prédicteurs d’être non participant, participant récréatif ou participant de performance durant l’adolescence. Méthodes: Les participants de l’étude MATCH (n=802), une étude de cohorte prospective sur 5 ans, ont été utilisés comme l’échantillon à l’étude. Durant la première année de l’étude, des enfants âgés de 10,7 (écart-type : 0,7) ans ont rapporté la quantité d’activité physique organisée et non organisée à laquelle ils participaient. Les jeunes ont ensuite été catégorisées dans des profils de participation aux sports chaque année, telles que décrites par le MDPS. La probabilité que le profil de l’année 1 soit maintenu pendant les cinq années de suivi a été déterminée en utilisant des risques relatifs. L’âge, le sexe, la puberté, le revenu et le profil de participation durant l’enfance ont été explorés comme facteurs prédictifs de profil à l’adolescence en utilisant des analyses logistiques polynomiales.
Résultats: La diversification sportive, comparativement à la spécialisation hâtive, augmente les chances d’une participation récréative (1.55, 1.18 – 2.03) (RR, IC à 95%) durant l’adolescence et protège contre la non-participation (0.69, 0.51 – 0.93). La spécialisation augmente les chances d’être participants de performance durant l’adolescence (1.65, 1.19 – 2.28), mais ne protège pas contre la non-participation (1.01, 0.70 – 1.47). Ceux qui étaient non-participants à l’enfance étaient presque 2 fois plus de chance d’être non-participant dans les sports durant l’adolescence (1.88, 1.36 – 2.62). L’âge, le sexe, le profil de participation durant l’enfance et le revenu étaient des prédicteurs du profil de participation durant l’adolescence.
Conclusion: Conformément avec les MDPS, le profil de participation aux sports durant l’adolescence est associé à celui durant l’enfance. La pratique diversifiée d’activités physiques (AP) durant l’enfance est donc recommandée afin de favoriser une participation à l’AP à long terme. Des interventions devraient être mises en places chez les jeunes qui sont non-participants aux sports et à l’activité physique durant l’enfance afin d’augmenter les chances qu’ils soient actifs durant l’adolescence.Abstract: Background: Compared to early sport specialization, early sport sampling during childhood increases the likelihood of lifelong participation in physical activity, according to the Developmental Model of Sport Participation (DMSP). However, there is very little quantitative support for this assertion. Given the importance of physical activity participation throughout the lifespan, the model could be used to inform and physical activity guidelines for youth if confirmed. Specifically, the objectives of this thesis were to 1) describe the natural course of sport participation over five years among children who are early sport samplers or early sport specializers, and 2) explore sport profile (i.e. performance participation, recreational participation and non-participation) predictors during adolescence. Methods: MATCH, an ongoing mixed methods prospective cohort study, participants (n = 802) were classified in sport profiles in the first year (and every year thereafter) of the study based on the quantity of unorganised and organised physical activity in which they participated and definitions offered by the DMSP. Tracking of childhood (year 1) sport profile was assessed using relative risk ratios. Age, sex, income, puberty status, and childhood sport profile were identified as potential predictors of adolescent sport profile and were tested using multinomial logisitic regression. Results: Compared to specialization, sport sampling during childhood increased the likelihood of recreational participation (1.55, 1.18 – 2.03) (RR, 95% CI) during adolescence and decreased the likelihood of non-participation (0.69, 0.51 – 0.93). Early specialization increased the likelihood of performance participation (1.65, 1.19 – 2.28) but did not protect against non-participation (1.01, 0.70 – 1.47) through follow-up. Non-participants had nearly twice the likelihood of remaining non-participants compared to other study participants (1.88, 1.36 – 2.62). Age, sex, income and childhood sport profile predicted sport profile during adolescence. Conclusion: Confirming the assertions made by the DMSP, childhood sport profile predicts adolescent sport profile. Sampling during childhood is recommended to facilitate long term physical activity participation. Interventions should aim to increase physical activity levels amongst insufficiently active children to increase the likelihood of being active during adolescence.
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Johansson, Niklas, and Martin Wrahme. "Idrottsledaren som folkhälsoarbetare : hur ledare för barnidrottslag upplever sina möjligheter att påverka sina utövares hälsa." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10496.
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Föreningsidrott är en stor del av många barns liv och idrottsledarna är en viktig del inom föreningsidrotten. Idrottsledare har betydelse för barns hälsa, såväl den fysiska som den psykiska och sociala hälsan. Det finns idag negativa hälsotrender hos barn när det gäller till exempel övervikt, stillasittande och psykisk ohälsa. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ledare för barnidrottslag upplever att de kan påverka sina utövares hälsa. Studien syftar även till att söka förståelse för hur en ledare inom föreningsidrotten genom sitt bemötande och agerande kan skapa en hälsofrämjande miljö för barn. Detta kan i sin tur ligga till grund för det fortsatta hälsofrämjande arbetet inom idrottsrörelsen. Metoden som användes vid datainsamlingen var individuella kvalitativa intervjuer. Det genomfördes tio intervjuer med ledare i lagidrotter för barn i tio till tolvårsåldern. Resultatet av studien visade att idrottsledarna upplevde att de hade möjlighet att påverka barnens hälsa, såväl den fysiska som den psykiska och sociala hälsan. De områden som idrottsledarna upplevde som påverkningsbara var bland annat fysisk aktivitet, kost och sömn, delaktighet och inflytande, självförtroende och självkänsla, krav och stress, motivation, kommunikation och klimat. Det framkom även att idrottsledare bör föregå med gott exempel, vara ett socialt stöd samt se och bekräfta alla barn för att gynna barnens hälsa. Utifrån resultatets användbarhet i folkhälsopedagogiska sammanhang drogs slutsatsen att det krävs ökad förståelse för hur en idrottsledare har möjlighet att påverka barns hälsoutveckling för att stärka barnens hälsa och vända de negativa hälsotrenderna.Organized sports are a main part of many children's lives and sport leaders are an important part of organized sports. Coachesare important for children's health,physical as well as mental and social health. Today, there are negative health trends amongchildren, for example, obesity, sedentaryand mental illness. The purpose of thisstudy was to examine how theleaders of children’s sports teams experience that they caninfluence their practitioner’shealth. The study also aims toseek an understanding of how a leader in organized sports through attitude and behavior can create a healthy environmentfor children. This may serve asthe basis for future healthpromotion within the sports movement. The method used for data collection wasindividual interviews. Teninterviews with leaders in teamsports for children of ten totwelve years old were conducted. Theresult of thestudy showed that sports leadersfelt that they had the possibility toinfluence children's health, physicalas well as mental and social health.The sports leaders experienced that theycould influence physical activity, diet and sleep,participation and empowerment, confidence and self esteem,demands and stress, motivation, communication and the atmosphere. The result also showed that sportsleaders should lead by example,be a social support and acknowledge all children to benefit children's health. Based on the result's usefulnessin public health context,the conclusion wasthat greater understanding of howsports leaders can influence children's health development to enhance children's health and reverse the negative health trends.
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Sands, William A., Jeni R. McNeal, Michael H. Stone, Elizabeth M. Russell, and Monem Jemni. "Flexibility Enhancement with Vibration: Acute and Long-Term." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4612.
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Introduction: The most popular method of stretching is static stretching. Vibration may provide a means of enhancing range of motion beyond that of static stretching alone.
Purpose: This study sought to observe the effects of vibration on static stretching to determine whether vibration-aided static stretching could enhance range of motion acquisition more than static stretching alone in the forward split position.
Methods: Ten highly trained male volunteer gymnasts were randomly assigned to experimental (N = 5) and control (N = 5) groups. The test was a forward split with the rear knee flexed to prevent pelvic misalignment. Height of the anterior iliac spine of the pelvis was measured at the lowest split position. Athletes stretched forward and rearward legs to the point of discomfort for 10 s followed by 5 s of rest, repeated four times on each leg and split position (4 min total). The experimental group stretched with the device turned on; the control group stretched with the device turned off. A pretest was followed by an acute phase posttest, then a second posttest measurement was performed following 4 wk of treatment. Difference scores were analyzed.
Results: The acute phase showed dramatic increases in forward split flexibility for both legs (P < 0.05), whereas the long-term test showed a statistically significant increase in range of motion on the right rear leg split only (P < 0.05). Effect sizes indicated large effects in all cases.
Conclusion: This study showed that vibration can be a promising means of increasing range of motion beyond that obtained with static stretching in highly trained male gymnasts.
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Crandall, Emily Jane. "Why Children Play Sports: A Parent’s, Coach’s and Athlete’s Perspective." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1177444973.
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Gilbert, Reyna A. "The relationship of parental sport participation to the sport participation of children." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1294244.
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The majority of research in this area was conducted more than 20 years ago, which indicated a need for more current research. There was a need to learn how a parent's previous or current sport participation could impact their child's sport experience. Parents and their children completed questionnaires to determine the role of parental influence upon child sport socialization. Participants included students in the 6th, 8th, 9th, and 10th grade physical education classes at a Mid-west school and their parents. Thirty-eight children, 24 fathers, and 31 mothers were included in the sample.No significant difference was found in the sport participation rates of children whose parents participated in sports previously and children whose parents were not active sport participants in the past. A positive relationship was found between parents who had a positive overall sport experience and their child's perception of their encouragement to pursue the same sport in which parents had previously participated.School of Physical Education
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Wong, Wai-hou. "Sports participation by students with behavioural problems in Hong Kong secondary schools." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18810524.
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Greenberg, Elliot M. "Humeral Retrotorsion in Developing Children and its Relationship to Throwing Sports." Diss., NSUWorks, 2015. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/56.
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Background: Baseball players exhibit a more posteriorly oriented humeral head or humeral retrotorsion (HRT) in the dominant arm, likely representing an adaptive response to the stress of throwing. This adaptation is thought to occur while skeletally immature, however there is limited research detailing how throwing while young influences the development HRT. In addition, it is currently unclear how this changing osseous orientation influences shoulder motion within young athletes. Purpose: To determine the influence of throwing and age on the development of asymmetry in HRT and shoulder range of motion (ROM); and analyze the relationship between HRT and ROM. Study Design: Cross-sectional age matched study Methods: Healthy athletes (8-14 years-old) were categorized into two groups based upon sports participation; throwing group (n=85) and non-throwing group (n=68). Bilateral measurements of HRT, shoulder external (ER), internal rotation (IR) and total range of motion (TROM) at 90° were performed using diagnostic ultrasound and digital inclinometer. A two-way analysis of variance was performed with throwing status (yes/no) and age group (youth (8-10.5), junior (10.51-12) and senior (12.01-13.99)) as primary factors. Dependent variables were asymmetry (dominant-non-dominant) in HRT,ER, IR and TROM. The relationship between ROM and HRT was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Throwing athletes demonstrated a larger degree of HRT on the dominant side, resulting in greater asymmetry (8.7° versus 4.6°). Throwing athletes demonstrated a gain of ER (5.2°), a loss of IR (6.0°) and no change in TROM when compared to the non-dominant shoulder. Pairwise comparisons identified altered HRT and shoulder ROM in all age groups of throwers. A significant but weak relationship between HRT and shoulder ROM existed. Conclusion: Throwing causes adaptive changes in HRT and shoulder ROM in youth baseball players at a very young age. Other factors in addition to HRT influence shoulder motion within this population. Clinical Relevance: In baseball players, an altered arc of motion can be expected at a young age. This adaptation is in part due to changes in osseous structures, however a larger component of change is likely due to other factors.
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Howat, Douglas James. "Gender stereotypes and children's attitudes towards males and females in sport." Thesis, Northumbria University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263852.
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White, Melody L., Matthew S. Renfrow, Richards S. Farley, Dana K. Fuller, Brandi M. Eveland-Sayers, and Jennifer L. Caputo. "A Cross-Training Program Does Not Alter Self-Reported Physical Activity Levels in Elementary School Children." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3970.
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The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a school-based cross-training program on body mass index (BMI), attitudes toward physical activity (ATPA), and physical activity (PA) levels of children in the 4th and 5th grades. Children (N = 118) were divided into control (n = 60) and experimental (n = 58) groups based on class availability. While the control group continued academic classes as usual, the experimental group participated in cross-training involving resistance training (RT), calisthenics, and stretching twice a week for 10 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention measures included height, mass, ATPA, and PA. BMI was calculated and ATPA and PA levels were assessed via questionnaire. The groups did not differ significantly (p > .05) for either pre- or post-intervention regarding BMI, ATPA, and PA. However, BMI and PA levels significantly increased over time for both groups (p ≤ .05). Overall, cross-training in a school setting may be a safe and enjoyable option for physical activity participation. BMI and PA increases were likely the result of the natural growth process and seasonal weather pattern changes, respectively. Nevertheless, the cross-training did not detract from PA levels and may have led to an overall increase in PA levels. As subdomain analyses revealed decreased attitude toward health and fitness in the experimental group, shorter programs involving RT with various protocols are recommended.
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Sit, Hui-ping Cindy, and 薛慧萍. "Participation motivation in sport: a comparative study of able-bodied and Disabled School-aged children inHong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30253068.
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Anderson-Howe, Heather J. "Participation and motives in sport relative to perceived competence." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68068.
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Children's participation and motives in sport relative to their perceived athletic competence were investigated. One hundred and sixty-three grade 5 and 6 children from a suburban elementary school completed questionnaires designed to assess perceived athletic competence (PAC), sport participation, and participant motives. The sample, when divided into groups by level of sport involvement, revealed that participants at the higher levels had greater PAC than those at the lowest level. Boys and girls did not differ significantly in PAC. The children rated fun and skill/fitness as the most important motives for their participation in sport. When divided on the basis of PAC scores, the top one third of the sample scored significantly higher on all seven motives for participation in sport than the lower one third. Discriminant function analyses revealed that motives of challenge/team atmosphere and skill/fitness best differentiated the high from the low PAC groups. Girls participated to relax and have fun while boys may have been motivated to participate for the challenge and the team atmosphere. The results are interpreted in terms of school and community sport program development.
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Wong, Wai-hou, and 王偉豪. "Sports participation by students with behavioural problems in Hong Kong secondary schools." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195988X.
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Lau, Wing Chung. "The development of sport identity and sport participation in school children in Hong Kong." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394340.
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Owusu-Sekyere, Frank. "Conceptualising safety culture for safeguarding children in sport." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/16130.
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Research over the past 30 years suggests that sport can provide a context in which children are subjected to several forms of maltreatment. Various countries, regions, sports and individual organisations have responded to this evidence, causing a proliferation of methods used to safeguard children from harm. However, one approach that is yet to be considered is the safety culture approach. This is despite its potential to address all of the potential risk factors of child maltreatment in sport, and its evidenced ability to tackle a wide range of safety concerns in fields as far-reaching as healthcare, aviation and energy production. Based on this, the aim of this thesis was to conceptualise safety culture in sport from a child safeguarding perspective. A total of 45 interviews and 7 focus groups were conducted with participants from five organisations which differed on the grounds of size, mission and geographical location. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings suggested that safety culture in sport is influenced by the presence and nature of; safety management systems, committed leadership and stakeholder engagement. Findings also suggested that these factors have an interconnected relationship, which influences the nature and strength of the safety culture. These factors and their subsequent safety culture were also found to be influenced by a multitude of internal and external contextual factors. Therefore, the findings of this thesis are used to present the Safety Culture Model for Safeguarding Children. This is the first of its kind as both a model of safety culture in sport, and a safety culture model that specifically relates to safeguarding children. Practical implications and avenues for future research are also presented.
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Milsom, Natashia M. "The incidence and nature of cricket injuries amongst South African schoolboy cricketers." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1115.
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Bruna, Pascual Marqués. "The development of movement effectiveness in children : a qualitative analysis." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2005. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5647/.
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Qualitative biomechanical analysis of movement effectiveness can be proposed as an innovative approach to oversee motor skill development in boys and girls of school age, since it permits an appreciation of how effective the movement is in attaining the performance criterion. Analysis of movement effectiveness involves establishing, first, the technical level of the child and, second, the mechanical effectiveness of the movement performed by the child. The assessment of technical level involves basic analysis of the main form of the movement and provides an initiation to biomechanical analysis; whereas, analysis of mechanical effectiveness consists of a follow-up comprehensive analysis. The present research aimed to qualitatively determine, and study gender differences in the development of, movement effectiveness in children. The research included both cross-sectional (N = 187 children) and longitudinal (N = 55 children) studies. A group of adults (N = 31) were used as controls. The subjects were asked to perform two consecutive trials of the soccer kick, the overarm throw and the standing broad jump, all for maximum distance, which were recorded on videotape. In Study 1, hierarchical models were developed to qualitatively establish the technical level of the subjects and to study the development of technical level in children. In Study 2, a model for the qualitative analysis of mechanical effectiveness was constructed. The model allows the integration of phase analysis and mechanical analysis using movement principles in order to select important variables for the analysis. Rating scales for each variable of the three motor skills were outlined and, then, fine-tuned using tests of rater accuracy and intra-rater reliability, in order to create scoring references. Inter-rater reliability in the use of the scoring references was acceptable. In Study 3, the development of mechanical effectiveness in children was examined, and the relative contribution of specific variables to performance was assessed. Generally, in the cross-sectional studies male children showed a higher technical level and higher mechanical effectiveness, and also a faster rate of development, in the soccer kick and the overarm throw. However, male and female children were better matched in the standing broad jump. The longitudinal studies were inconclusive. Not all adult subjects, particularly females, had reached maturity of movement patterns. The knowledge gained in the research may be used to guide effective progression in coaching and curriculum development in education.
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D'Aria, Matthew Joseph. "Nutrition Composition of Snacks Offered to Young Recreational Soccer Players." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77534.
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Snacking behavior has changed dramatically over the past few decades, with snacking frequency reaching upwards of three times per day and comprising 27% of daily calorie intake. Research has shown that the largest food groupings from snacks are grain-based desserts, sweetened beverages, and salty snacks. Previous studies have also shown that children are influenced by their peers. Youth sports are a very popular venue for children and opportunity for physical activity, with soccer becoming one of the most popular sports among young children in the US. Youth sports, especially soccer, can be a powerful tool for promoting physical activity and healthy eating for overall health and obesity prevention. The goal of this study was to examine the nutrition composition of snacks and beverages offered to young children within a soccer league. The study utilized a cross-sectional observational study of snack foods and beverages offered to children participating in a voluntary youth soccer league in southwest Virginia. Snacks offered to children in the under-five (U5) and under-six (U6) years of age categories were observed during weekly matches using an observational checklist reflecting commonly consumed snack foods and beverages. The checklist included brand name, size of food item/beverage, and number of children (by gender) for each team observed. Undergraduate and graduate nutrition students were trained as observers to assess snacks that were offered, specifically visual item identification and portion size estimation. Food items were then classified into different food and beverage categories, including: sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and 100% fruit juices; water; dairy (beverage); fruits; savory (salty) snacks; grain-based desserts; candy and dairy (food). Nutrition information was gathered for each food item and beverage and entered into a database: calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, saturated fat, sodium, sugar, fiber, vitamin C, iron and calcium. Descriptive statistics were then computed for all nutrients by all snacks combined and by snack category across all observations. Snacks were also compared to the Smart Snacks in Schools nutrition standards. Across all teams there were a total of 687 items offered to the children: 253 beverages and 434 foods. They offered a mean of 205 calories per child. The most popular beverages were SSBs. The most popular snacks were grain-based desserts (136, 31.3% of all snack foods), followed by fruit (124, 28.5%) and savory snacks (117, 26.9%). No vegetables were served during the observations. Snacks within the savory snack item category provided the most calories per child at 63, followed by grain-based desserts, 58. When offered and served with beverages, snacks offered with fruit had a more favorable nutrition profile with lower mean kilocalories, lower sodium, and lower sugars than snacks without fruit. They were also more likely to meet the Smart Snacks in School nutrition standards: 65.4% compared to 25.6%. Only 44.4% of all snack foods and beverages taken by youth players met the smart snacks standards. Categorically, 67.6% of all grain-based deserts, 100% of all candy and 100% of all dairy beverages taken by youth players did not meet the smart snacks standards. Further research is warranted to identify motivating factors for providing unhealthy snacks and beverages to youth during sporting events. There are several limitations, including generalizability of this sample, however the study provides novel insight into snacks offered to young children during recreational soccer and can help inform future strategies and interventions to promote healthier snacks.Master of Science
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Edwards, David John. "Sport psychological skills training and psychological well-being in youth athletes." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08112008-122715.
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Johnson, Jason. "Participation in Sports and the Development of Resilience in Adolescents." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5977.
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Adolescents today are faced with an array of risk factors including sexual activity and drug and alcohol use, as well as environmental factors that are beyond their control, such as parental divorce and poverty. The attribute of resilience is an extremely desirable quality that, if developed, has the capacity to reduce the effect of many of these risk factors that many adolescents are exposed to. Sport participation is a potential intervention that a large portion of adolescents can have access to through school and community programs that could potentially foster resilience. The current causal-comparative, non-experimental study sought to add to the limited existing research by examining resilience levels of adolescents who participate in sports compared to resilience levels of their peers who do not participate in sports. The Social Emotional Assets and Resiliency Scale - Parent form was used to calculate resilience levels of the students in the study sample. Participants (n = 276) reported that the overall mean resilience score of those youth who had participated on a sports team within the last year was significantly higher than the overall mean resilience score of those youth who had not. There was no significant difference in resilience ratings of those who played school-sponsored sports versus city/recreational sports. There was also a small, statistically significant, positive correlation between the number of sports played and resilience ratings. Implications and limitations of this study are included. Parents and educators are encouraged to offer a variety of opportunities for youth to participate in activities aligned with student interests. In budgeting and planning curricular and extracurricular activities to enrich students' social experiences, schools and communities must consider the importance of sports activities in strengthening youth resilience.
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Bailey, Daniel Paul. "An investigation into cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/218371.
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The principle aim of this work was to provide an insight into the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents and to examine the associations of body composition measures, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and physical activity with cardiometabolic risk. The combined association of adiposity and CRF on cardiometabolic risk in youths is also explored, as is the association of CRF with potentially modifiable variables, such as physical activity. This work has shown that, dependent on the definition employed, MetS may be present in 2.3% to 9.8% of children and adolescents in Bedfordshire, UK. When applying modified Adult Treatment Panel III definitions (Cook et al. 2003; de Ferranti et al. 2004), the condition was significantly more prevalent in overweight compared to non-overweight youths. Backward regression analyses identified that only body mass index (BMI) explained significant amounts of variance in clustered cardiometabolic risk, although being overweight according to internationally proposed cut points for BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio conferred participants to increased risk compared to their non-overweight counterparts. Clustered risk was also elevated in children and adolescents with low levels of CRF compared to those with high levels, whereas time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and vigorous physical activity (VPA) held no association. When stratified into groups according to level of fatness (BMI z-score) and CRF, those with high fatness/low CRF generally exhibited the most unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profiles. Cardiometabolic risk was higher in the high fatness/low CRF group compared to those with low fatness/low CRF and low fatness/high CRF when excluding WC from the score, and those with low fatness/low CRF when including WC in the score. Multiple regression and ANCOVA revealed that increased visceral fatness (indirectly measured using WC) was associated with reduced CRF, while increased time spent in VPA was associated with elevated CRF. These data suggest that BMI may be the best simple measure of obesity to employ when exploring adiposity-related cardiometabolic in children and adolescents. In addition, results from this iv investigation indicate that low CRF and overweight/obesity may have deleterious effects on the cardiometabolic health of children and adolescents and that interventions to reduce risk may target decreases in fatness and improvements in CRF and VPA as standard.
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Downs, Samantha Jayne. "Physical activity, sedentary and playtime behaviours in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2015. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4527/.
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Despite the wealth of research examining physical activity (PA) in children and adolescent without disability, there is a lack of research that has focussed on PA related to children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID). The evidence that does exist in this area suggests that children and adolescents with ID are less active than their non-ID peers. The school environment offers numerous opportunities to engage in PA regularly, yet to date, school-based research focussing on PA in children and adolescents with ID is limited. Thus, the primary aim of this thesis was to investigate PA, sedentary time (ST) and playtime behaviours in children and adolescents with ID.Four study chapters are included in the thesis. Study 1 used uniaxial accelerometers to investigate habitual PA levels, sedentary behaviour and PA patterns in children and adolescents with severe and moderate ID. Results demonstrated that participants engaged in low amounts of PA, spent a large proportion of waking hours in ST and mainly engaged in short, sporadic bursts of PA.Study 2 investigated the PA levels of children and adolescents with severe and moderate ID during playtime and PE contexts using direct observation techniques. Participants engaged in similar levels of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), and spent minimal amounts of time engaging in sport based activities during playtime and PE. At playtime participants spent the majority of time playing alone or in small groups and no participants engaged in any large group play. Study 3 explored teachers’ perceptions of PA engagement for children and adolescents with ID. Teachers reported that pupils prefer to engage in fun, unstructured activities. Parents and teachers were identified as key role models who can influence PA engagement for this population and teacher participants explained that pupils with ID have limited understanding around PA and the benefits to health. Study 4 evaluated the effectiveness of a school-based PA intervention, delivered in two primary special educational needs (SEN) schools. The intervention demonstrated promising results, with an increase in accelerometer assessed MVPA levels between baseline and follow up of ~18mins. However, these findings were not statistically significant, possibly due to the small sample size involved. Minimum clinically important difference analysis suggested that changes in MVPA were likely to be beneficial to heath. Furthermore, qualitative data generated through teacher interviews highlighted positive intervention effects across the school. Overall the studies presented in this thesis provide an overview of PA engagement and associated behaviours in children and adolescents with ID. The major findings presented suggest that children and adolescents with moderate and severe ID are not sufficiently active, and the SEN school environment may be an important area to target PA interventions. The current thesis has made a significant contribution to our understanding related to the PA in children and adolescents with ID and has highlighted a number of recommendations for future research.
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Lindberg, Elin. "Professionalisering : Föräldrars åsikter om en organisationsförändring av den svenska barnidrotten." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå University, Department of Education, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35665.
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The Swedish way to organize sport has a long tradition and the parents play an important role in ways to organize sport. Without the thousands of adults who voluntary work the sport associations would have problems to survive. However, there are tendencies to that commitment is reduced, which means that the activity is exposed. The purpose of this study was to examine parents opinions about a nonprofit children´s sport respective professional children´s sport. The study was based on questionnaires which were distributed to 83 parents in four different sports; equestrian sport, track and field sports, ice hockey and soccer. The results show that the parents value the sport, the physical activity, in itself, and not the actual organization of the non-profit sport. Furthermore, the parents seem to be in general positive about the changes a professionalising could mean.
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Baker, Chelsea R. "Grasshoppers in the Outfield: An Examination of the Effects of Sports on Children." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/85.
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Many psychologists have studied the effects of sports on children because it is an issue that is important for children and parents alike. Athletic participation is a popular activity in the United States for children and many begin sports at young ages. Theokas (2009) claimed that the importance of athletics is that sports are more than physical activity—sports have an influence in many other areas of a child’s life. The goal of the current review was to examine how sports affect children in domains such as: friendships, self-esteem, family, and academics. Athletic involvement helps a child in more ways that physical development and it is essential to understand the opportunity for life-long lessons athletics provides. The studies under review generally support child involvement in athletics for multiple reasons and implication of this review is that parents and school administrators should encourage sports in young children.
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Starcher, Shawn C. "Memorable Messages from Fathers to Children through Sports: Perspectives from Sons and Daughters." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1373494611.
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Brookes, Helen. "Prenatal testosterone exposure and numerical competence in children and adults." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2011. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4425/.
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The present thesis sought to investigate the potential relationship between the second to fourth finger ratio (2D:4D), as a somatic marker of prenatal testosterone exposure, and basic numerical skills in children and adults. Chapter 1 presents a basic overview of the nature and effects of sex steroids followed by a more comprehensive consideration of literature regarding the reported effects of prenatal testosterone (PT) on the brain and cognition. The chapter then more specifically considers the possible influence of PT on numerical and mathematical competencies. Experiment 1 attempted to replicate evidence for a relationship between 2D:4D and basic numerical skills in children. The results revealed only one significant correlation, namely a significant positive correlation between right hand 2D:4D and number comparison scores in females. Chapter 3 discussed research regarding the nature and characteristics of so called ‗core‘ numerical competencies. Experiments 2-4 then attempted to explore any relationship between 2D:4D and performance on tasks designed to assess such skills in adults. The results of all three studies revealed an association between 2D:4D and lateralization for the process of subitizing relative to a comparable control task. The nature of this observed effect however varied across the three experiments. Experiment 4 also identified significant positive correlations between left hand 2D:4D and counting reaction times in females and a series of two way interaction effects between 2D:4D and task (numerical vs. control) for subitizing, counting and number comparison performance. The revealed interactions predominantly suggested faster task reaction times/higher accuracy in high 2D:4D (low PT) participants as compared to low 2D:4D (high PT) participants on the numerical tasks and the opposite pattern of results (i.e. high 2D:4D associated with poorer performance) on the control tasks. Experiment 5 investigated the association between 2D:4D and core numerical skills in children. Significant correlations were observed between; left hand 2D:4D and subitizing reaction times to the left visual field in males (negative direction), right hand 2D:4D and subitizing reaction times the right visual field in females (positive direction) and left hand 2D:4D and subitizing percentage error scores to the right visual field in females (negative direction). A possible relationship between 2D:4D and lateralization for both subitizing and number comparison relative to control was also found. For both numerical tasks low 2D:4D participants showed a right visual field advantage and high 2D:4D participants showed a left visual field advantage while different patterns of results were shown on the control task. Experiment 6 re-considered the relationship between 2D:4D and basic and core numerical skills in children using a standardised assessment of numerical competencies (the Dyscalculia Screener). No significant correlations however between 2D:4D and performance were identified. Finally, experiment 7 re-examined evidence for a link between 2D:4D and Key Stage 1 Standardised Assessment Test (SAT) scores. While the findings did not replicate evidence for a direct link between 2D:4D and SAT numeracy scores the results did demonstrate a significant negative relationship between right hand 2D:4D minus left hand 2D:4D (Dr-1; higher scores thought to indicate lower exposure to PT) and SAT numeracy scores in females. Such findings may potentially suggest a facilitative influence of PT on numeracy in women. Overall, while a number of interesting findings were revealed, limited consistency was identified across the results of the experiments conducted in the present thesis. The findings therefore offer no concrete support for a possible association between 2D:4D and basic numerical skills in either children or adults. The final chapter summarises the findings of each experiment and considers the results in the context of previous literature. General limitations of the research and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Devine, Katrina Michele. "Vacation spots or homes?: Children who live in motels." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2850.
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Social workers who work with homeless children need to understand the challenges in the homeless culture. The purpose of this study was to discover the needs that were reported by homeless children who live in motels, in order to provide agencies with information that will help them better provide services to this population.
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Smith, Hannah. "An ecological approach to increasing physical activity in primary school children." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2012. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/1883/.
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Obesity amongst children and young people is increasing, and it is predicted that over half of the UK population will be obese by 2050. Daily physical activity is effective in preventing and treating overweight and obesity, yet many children do not participate in enough physical activity to be beneficial to health. Behaviour change interventions to increase children‘s physical activity have demonstrated limited impact which is not maintained over the longer-term. The social ecology model recognises that interventions are unlikely to work in the absence of environmental supports. This has led researchers to recommend multi-component interventions in schools, with support through school policies and strategies. This research addresses four key research questions: 1. What are the relationships between the social, economic, physical and political elements of the school environment and physical activity? 2. What are the views, perceptions and experiences of physical activity and the school environment amongst a sample of primary school children? 3. Will an ecological physical activity intervention increase physical activity levels in primary school children in the immediate and longer term (6 months)? 4. Will an ecological intervention change the relationships between pupil perceptions, the school environment, and physical activity?
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Nyberg, Marie, and Anna Tidén. "Allsidig rörelsekompetens hos barn och ungdomar : En kartläggning av skolelevers funktionella motorik." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-20.
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Gross motor skills among Swedish pupils. An overview of functional motor abilities among Swedish children and adolescents. Introduction Physical Education (PE) teachers in Sweden have noticed that pupils are getting worse in their ability to manage gross motor skills and in their aerobic practice. The gross motor skills and coordinative skills are the solid ground for sports and other health activities. If not developing their gross motor skill children tends to avoid taking part in games and sports. The benefits of sports and outdoor activities such as social and health benefits can therefore be missed. In the spring 2001, a multidisciplinary study started: School, Sports & Health. The aim of the study was to investigate 2000 pupils in school year 3, 6 and 9 concerning their: physical and health status, the level of physical activity and conception of the subject “PE and health”. The selection of pupils was based on randomly chosen schools and classes from Sweden. The aim of this part of the study, the motor skills test, was to make a survey of what Swedish pupils can manage in gross motor skills today. Based upon these results we can in the future tell whether the pupils are maintaining today’s level of gross motor skills or not. The Swedish curriculum for “sports and health” states that pupils should manage gross motor skills in the 5th year of school. Can they manage to do that? Method The study started with the construction of the gross motor and coordinative skill tests. The movements selected for the test were based on gross motor skills, coordinative skills and combinations of these skills. The test included 16 movements measured on a scale from 1 to 4. The levels of the scale have a written description to support the ocular observations. The highest score to achieve was 64 and the lowest was 16. Examples of skills tested were; skipping, jumping, crawling, rolling, being upside down, bouncing and throwing balls. The pupils were not able to practice on the test before the test situation. The results have been analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Results The results are analyzed both on an aggregated level here referred to as gross motor skills profile, as well as on a single movement level. The results indicate that 29% of the pupils in the 6th school year are not able to manage the gross motor skill tests without remarks. The pupils with the lowest scores can be found among young female children with low strength and overweight. The test also shows that in the 9th school year boys are stronger than girls. Boys and girls in the lower ages (school year 3 and 6) are more similar in the gross motor skills profile but not on the single movement level. It can also be noted that girls are better in skipping and some of the movements of more gymnastic character whereas boys are better in throwing balls and beanbags. Boys and girls have nearly identical results in the test of balance, walking on a balance beam where gender or age does not seem to have any affect. Discussion/Conclusion From the main findings of the tests we can observe that the younger pupils have not yet developed the gross motor skills. It is also noticeable that many of the pupils in the 6th school year are achieving poor results in the tests even though the Swedish curriculum for “sports and health” states that the pupils should have achieved these skills already in the 5th school year. Many of the girls in the 9th school year are very poor in the movements that included some strength ability. This weakness is important for PE teachers to pay attention to, at an early stage of the girl’s physical development when girls do not develop the same strength as boys during their puberty. If children do not have the gross motor skill and some strength it is more likely that they will choose other activities or have other interest then physical activities and sports on their leisure time. This may in the future give them health problems because we know from fact that physical inactivity is one of the main causes to bad health.Uppsatsen behandlar en studie om barns och ungdomars funktionella motorik. Studien ingick som en delstudie i det omfattande forskningsprojektet Skola - Idrott - Hälsa som genomfördes 2001 och vars syfte var att söka svaren på frågor om: • Barns totala fysiska aktivitetsgrad på fritid med kompisar, med familjen, i idrottsrörelsen, på raster samt på undervisningstid. • Barns fysiska status och hälsotillstånd • Ämnet Idrott och Hälsa, innehåll, upplägg samt barns upplevelse av ämnet För att erhålla en så komplett bild som möjligt av skolelevernas fysiska status var det även viktigt att kartlägga deras allsidiga rörelsekompetens. Vi har valt att använda termen allsidig rörelsekompetens som ett samlingsbegrepp för grundformer, kombinationsmotorik och idrottsspecifika grundformer. Motivet till studien är den förändrade livsstilen med mer stillasittande aktiviteter och den reducerade tiden till ämnet Idrott och hälsa i skolan som båda kan ha inneburit minskade möjligheter till allsidig rörelseträning. Att det inte tidigare gjorts en nationell studie av barns och ungdomars funktionella motorik på motsvarande sätt var ytterligare ett skäl till studiens genomförande. Allsidig rörelsekompetens har också betydelse för hur lek och idrott upplevs och uppskattas. Barn och ungdomar med god motorik uppvisar ofta ett större självförtroende och tillit till den egna kroppens rörelseförmåga, något som även har betydelse för den sociala statusen i umgänget med kamrater. Det övergripande syftet med studien var att kartlägga barns och ungdomars funktionella motorik för att göra bilden av den fysiska statusen mer komplett. För att möjliggöra detta behövde ett motoriktest konstrueras. Delsyfte I blev därför att konstruera ett test som mäter barns och ungdomars allsidiga rörelsekompetens och visar vilka rörelser som behärskas av elever i år 3, 6 och 9. Testet benämns ”NyTidstestet” efter författarnas namn, (Nyberg och Tidén). Delsyfte II var att pröva testet för att senare bearbeta och analysera esultaten och enligt det övergripande syftet kunna uttala oss om barns och ungdomars allsidiga rörelsekompetens och eventuella skillnader mellan olika åldrar och kön. Vi ville även pröva om ett sammanlagt resultat kunde utgöra en grund för vad barn i olika åldrar bör behärska. Denna grundläggande nivå skulle kunna motsvara ett av kursplanens uppnåendemål för elever i år 5 som återfinns i kursplan för idrott och hälsa och som anger att de grovmotoriska rörelserna ska behärskas. Testet konstruerades utifrån frågeställningar kring urval av rörelser, bedömning och genomförande. NyTidstestet innehåller rörelsestationer som representeras en bas av grundrörelser. Antalet stationer bestämdes till 16 stycken för år 3 och 18 stycken för år 6 och 9 för att omfatta samtliga relevanta grundformer, såväl grundformerna enskilt som i kombination. Rörelseutförandet utvärderas med hjälp av observation och bedömning efter noggrant utformade bedömningskriterier. I kartläggningen av den allsidiga rörelsekompetensen redovisas dels en motorikprofil som utgörs av summan av de 16 stationer som alla elever genomförde, dels resultat från enskilda stationer. Det är totalt sett betydligt fler elever som befinner sig i de lägre poängintervallerna än vad vi förväntat oss. 40 procent av eleverna i år 6 kan inte utföra motoriska grundformer på ett tillfredställande sätt. Det är fler elever i år 9 som återfinns i de högre poängintervallerna i jämförelse med de yngre barnen. D.v.s. de äldre är bedömda att vara motoriskt skickligare. Pojkarna i år 6 och 9 har i detta test bedömts vara motoriskt skickligare. Det är lika många elever med bristande motorik vid summering av resultat från de åtta stationer som består av enbart en grundform. När det gäller resultat från enskilda stationer kan konstateras att: • De flesta elever kan utföra jämfotahopp och enbenshopp. Det är 10-15 procent som inte kan hoppa jämfota i år 6 och år 9. I år 3 är det 70 procent av pojkarna som inte klarar av jämfota hopp. • Det är 40 procent av eleverna som inte kan utföra balansgång tillfredställande oavsett ålder och kön. • I år 6 och 9 är det mellan 40-60 procent som inte kan utföra kullerbytta. • De äldre eleverna har bättre resultat på stationerna kullerbytta, sidhopp samt att studsa en boll. Vi vet dock inte med utgångspunkt från denna studie om det har med ålder eller träning att göra. • Pojkarna är bättre på såväl stillastående kast som kast med ansats. Flickorna är bättre på rephoppning. • Drygt 6 av 10 flickor i år 9 kan inte lyfta sin kropp tillräckligt för att hänga och svinga i en lina. Vid fortsatt användning av NyTidstestet kan vissa revideringar bli aktuella. Ska det finnas med två kaststationer, vilket gynnade bra kastare? Ska rörelser till musik inkluderas i testet för att utvidga motorikprofilen? Den fyrgradiga bedömningsskalan var lämplig vid bedömning av grundformer i kombination, däremot svår att tillämpa vid bedömning av enskilda grundformer. De resultat som kartläggningen av allsidig rörelsekompetens visar bör ge ansvariga på olika nivåer i såväl skola som idrottsrörelse ett bättre underlag. Underlaget kan ligga till grund för de prioriteringar som görs vid såväl tidstilldelning av ämnet idrott och hälsa, som vid val av innehåll på lektioner och träningspass.
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McGee, C. "Preventing smoking among 9-10 year old primary school children : evaluation of SmokeFree Sports." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2015. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4400/.
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Smoking in childhood is a predictive risk factor for smoking in later life and increases the likelihood of early mortality from smoking-related morbidities. Preventing the uptake of smoking in childhood is an important public health priority (Public Health England, 2014a). Evidence suggests physical activity participation may be protective against smoking uptake in children and thus physical activity is recommended as an active component for future smoking prevention efforts (Audrian-McGovern et al., 2013). Therefore SmokeFree Sports (SFS) was designed to explore whether physical activity could be used as a vehicle to prevent children within deprived neighbourhoods from starting to smoke. The research within this thesis forms part of a wider programme of research and evaluation of SFS. The aims of the research conducted within this thesis were to (1) explore the influence of social factors (mother, father, sibling and friend smoking) on preadolescent (aged 9-10) boys and girls cognitive vulnerability (e.g. smoking-related intentions, attitudes and refusal self-efficacy) towards smoking, (2) explore the feasibility and acceptability of SFS with primary school settings from the perspectives of children, teachers and coaches, and (3) examine the impact of SFS on preadolescents cognitive vulnerability towards smoking and explore perceived intervention impact from the perspectives of children, teachers and coaches. To address and answer the research questions within this thesis a mixed-methodological approach was undertaken. In 2012, a cross-sectional study involving 43 primary schools in Merseyside, England was conducted to explore the influence of social factors on preadolescent boys and girls cognitive vulnerability towards smoking (n =1143; 50.7% girls; 85.6% White British). Children completed a questionnaire that assessed their smoking-related behaviour, intentions, attitudes, and refusal self-efficacy, as well as parent, sibling and friend smoking. Data were analysed using multilevel linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for individual cognitions, school and deprivation level. Findings showed that social factors were associated with children’s cognitive vulnerability towards smoking, with the smoking behaviour of siblings and friends being identified as important influences. Further, whilst the majority of 9-10 year old children living in deprived communities had high non-smoking intentions and refusal self-efficacy, a substantial proportion displayed pro-smoking attitudes that could be addressed through smoking prevention efforts. Research suggests that physical activity participation is protective against youth smoking initiation (Audrian-McGovern et al., 2013) and increased smoking (Horn et al., 2013). Therefore, SFS, a UK multi-component initiative that aimed to deliver smoking prevention education to primary school children (aged 9-10 years) through the medium of sport and physical activity was developed and piloted in among 9-10 year old children in primary schools across Merseyside, England. In the preliminary phase to piloting the city-wide SFS intervention, a formative study was employed in three primary schools situated in Liverpool City and North. Children received six weeks of coaching activities (football and dance) for two hours each week. Key messages surrounding the effects of smoking on health and sporting performance were incorporated into activity sessions. Children also received SFS branded materials, attended a SFS launch and celebration event, and were encouraged to sign a pledge to be smoke free. In total, forty-five children (51% boys; 93% White British) participated in focus groups (n= 6 single sex and n= 3 mixed sex groups), and Year 5 teachers (n=3; 3 male) and SFS coaches (n=5; 3 male) participated in semi-structured interviews. Findings from this formative study revealed schools were a suitable setting to deliver SFS. Further, the use of physical activity as a mechanism to deliver smoking prevention education was considered acceptable by children, teachers and coaches but further modifications were made to ensure its acceptability and aid effectiveness for a larger SFS pilot study. This formative study was therefore integral to the development of SFS pilot intervention which included compulsory and optional components delivered by multiple implementers, including SFS coaches and primary school teachers. In 2013, a non-randomised SFS controlled-trial was conducted among Year 5 children (n=972; 50.7% Female) in primary schools across Merseyside, England. Schools were clustered into intervention (n=32) and comparison groups (n=11). Outcome measures that were employed in the cross-sectional study (Study 1) were assessed again at post-intervention (2-weeks from intervention end) and again at follow-up (approx. 12 months post intervention). Quantitative findings indicated that the SFS intervention did not impact on children’s non-smoking intentions, which remained high across both groups. However, qualitative data revealed that SFS reinforced children’s opinions about smoking and made them more determined not to smoke. Further, children in the intervention schools displayed significantly more negative attitudes towards smoking at post-intervention and at follow-up than those in the comparison group. Whilst no significant intervention effects were found for refusal self-efficacy at post-intervention, positive intervention effects were observed at follow-up. These findings may lend support for physical activity as one strategy for smoking prevention efforts targeted at preadolescent children residing in deprived neighbourhoods. In summary, the research within this thesis examined the influence of social factors on preadolescent’s cognitive vulnerability towards smoking, and explored the feasibility and acceptability of a novel smoking prevention intervention that used physical activity to deliver smoking education to UK primary school children, and examined its impact on preadolescent’s smoking-related cognitions. Utilising physical activity to deliver smoking prevention education appears to work at least as well as smoking prevention delivered through class-based learning. Importantly, teachers and coaches viewed physical activity as an acceptable method to engage children in smoking prevention. Nevertheless, strategies to increase the sustainability of SFS and embed intervention components into the school curriculum require further investigation.
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Daugherty, Abigail D., Brianna R. Steffey, Brandi M. Eveland-Sayers, Alyson J. Chroust, K. L. Boynewicz, and Andy R. Dotterweich. "BMI, Perceived Physical Ability, and School Engagement in Elementary School Children." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5825.
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Students, grades 3-5, completed instruments assessing perceived physical ability and school engagement. No significant relationships were found or differences noted for categories of BMI. The culture and focus of the school may explain this.