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1
Rapoliene, Grazina, and Lina Sumskaite. "Depiction of Childlessness in Lithuanian Mass Media from 2011–2016: A Catalyst of Modernization." Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 21, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2019.3.280.
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Demographic research shows the increase of childlessness rates among women born in 1970 in comparison to those born in 1953 in Lithuania, but cultural aspects influencing reproductive behavior are under-explored. To our knowledge, the representation of childlessness in the Lithuanian mass media has not been studied yet. The aim of this article is to analyze how childlessness is depicted in the most popular mass media from 2011-2016. Our research revealed that the discourse of childlessness is undeveloped, and the depiction of voluntary childlessness is dominating. It is portrayed favorably as a modern behavior, space for which consolidation is created challenging traditional social norms. Thus Lithuanian media appear as a part of global media that promotes imitative trends of social change.
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Mynarska, Monika, and Jolanta Rytel. "Fertility Desires of Childless Poles: Which Childbearing Motives Matter for Men and Women?" Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 1 (August 11, 2019): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19868257.
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In modern societies, a growing number of people choose to remain childless. As childlessness has fundamental consequences for individuals and societies, it is of paramount importance to understand this choice. We investigate which childbearing motives are related to low-fertility desire of Poles, deterring them from wanting to have children? We look at the motivations of 939 nulliparous men and women, aged 25 to 44 years, who completed the Childbearing Questionnaire as a part of the study on reasons for childlessness. Individuals who were concerned about the negative aspects of child care (time, energy, financial costs) had the least desire to have children. Other motives were gender-specific: for women emotional aspects, especially related to pregnancy and infancy were important; for men—satisfactions of child rearing and traditional values of children. The role of fears and worries related to parenthood is discussed in details, as under certain circumstances it may concur with strong childbearing desire.
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Kemkes, Ariane. "Is perceived childlessness a cue for stereotyping? Evolutionary aspects of a social phenomenon." Biodemography and Social Biology 54, no. 1 (March 2008): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2008.9989130.
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Hadley, Robin A. "‘It's most of my life – going to the pub or the group’: the social networks of involuntarily childless older men." Ageing and Society 41, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000837.
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AbstractThe social networks of older people are a significant influence on their health and wellbeing. Adult children are an important element in their parent's network and provide the majority of informal care. The morphology of personal networks alters with age, employment, gender and relationships. Not having children automatically reduces both vertical familial structure and affects the wider formal and informal social links that children can bring. Childless men are missing from gerontological, reproduction, sociological and psychological research. These fields have all mainly focused on family and women. This paper reports on an auto/biographical qualitative study framed by biographical, feminist, gerontological and lifecourse approaches. Data were gathered from semi-structured biographical interviews with 14 self-defined involuntarily childless men aged between 49 and 82 years old. A latent thematic analysis highlighted the complex intersections between childlessness and individual agency, relationships and socio-cultural structures. The impact of major lifecourse events and non-events had significant implications for how childless people perform and view their social and self-identity. I argue that involuntary childlessness affects the social, emotional and relational aspects of men's lived experience across the lifecourse.
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Koropeckyj-Cox, Tanya, and Vaughn R. A. Call. "Characteristics of Older Childless Persons and Parents." Journal of Family Issues 28, no. 10 (October 2007): 1362–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x07303837.
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The prevalence and implications of childlessness in old age are compared across nine major surveys in seven countries: Australia, Finland, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Specifically, the researchers examine indicators of the well-being and resources of childless men and women, compare them to their within-country peers with children, and explore the similarities and differences among childless older adults in different countries. The results show strikingly similar patterns across countries (with the exception of Japan). Childless elders are more likely than parents to live alone or in an institution. Childless never-married women have consistently higher education levels than other groups of women. Among men, marriage rather than parenthood is consistently linked with higher socio-economic status. The results suggest important structural processes that differentially shape the resources and well-being of men and women, childless and parents, over the life course and in old age.
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Hiiemäe, Reet. "Destiny, Miracle Healers and Magical Intervention: Vernacular Beliefs on Involuntary Childlessness in Estonia." Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jef-2017-0012.
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AbstractThe article* focuses on the dynamics of contemporary beliefs related to involuntary childlessness. Firstly, the methodological issues of collecting source material on delicate matters and the advantages of anonymous and narrative presentation modes in certain contexts will be discussed. Secondly, conclusions drawn from the collected material, i.e. the temporary and changeable nature of those beliefs, their relations with the mass media, the social and the individual aspects and the motifs of guilt and supernatural punishment in the context of identity issues will be presented, concluding that such belief-based models of explanation and help-seeking eventually function as a mental self-defence mechanism.
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Ruszkiewicz, Dorota. "Negative Aspects of Nonrealization of Motherhood – Opinions and Sentiments of Childless Women." Pedagogika Rodziny 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fampe-2015-0023.
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Abstract The issues presented in this publication are situated within the framework of qualitative research. The research concerns negative aspects stemming from not experiencing motherhood present in the narrative of women aged 35-42 years old. The aim of the research is identifying the disadvantages of childlessness as perceived by mature women. The research was performed on 38 women. The criterion of the research sample selection, apart from age, was being unmarried (a woman’s marital status was “unmarried”, “divorced” or “widow”; women in cohabitational relationships were not excluded) and childless. The surveyed women were therefore asked the question: Do you notice some losses resulting from not functioning in the role of a mother? On the basis of central topics, i.e. topics that prevailed in the interviews, 5 response categories were determined: discrimination in the workplace, social stigma, discrimination in public space, not following the road leading to happiness and fulfilment, and loneliness in old age.
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Hill, Michael, Laura Banks, and Philip Haynes. "Living in single person households and the risk of isolation in later life." International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 4, no. 1 (October 29, 2009): 55–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.094155.
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Data from the International Social Survey Programme (2001) was used to analyse the social networks of older people and whether living in single person households increased the risk of isolation. When comparing respondents with one or more adult children, there was no significant difference in the likelihood of experiencing familial isolation between people living in single person households and those living in larger households. A majority of those living in single person households had at least regular contact with a sibling, adult child or close friend and participated in a social organisation. Friends compensate to some extent for a lack of support from the family, although in southern and eastern European countries, other relatives appeared to be more important in support networks. People living in single person households were more likely to experience isolation, but this was largely related to advanced age and childlessness. Whilst a very small minority in Japan were living in single person households, they were significantly more likely to be severely isolated than those living in single person households in other countries.
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Junko, Kitagawa. "Some aspects of Japanese popular music." Popular Music 10, no. 3 (October 1991): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000004669.
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In 1959, the Conlon report, a presentation of United States government policies in relation to Asian cultures, stated the following about Japanese culture (in a section titled ‘Social change’):Developments within and among the various Japanese social classes suggest the dynamic, changing quality of modern Japan … No area of Japan, moreover, is beyond the range of the national publications, radio, and even TV. New ideas can be quickly and thoroughly disseminated; it is in this sense that Japanese culture can become more standardised even as it is changing. Many of the changes look in the direction of the United States; in such diverse fields as gadgets, popular music, and fashions. American influence is widespread. And this is but one evidence of the general desire to move away from the spartan, austere past toward a more comfortable, convenient future.
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Kumagai, Tamaki, Mikiko Ito, Yoshihiko Yamazaki, Kayoko Sekijima, Kazue Sakakibara, Yoko Matsutomo, Fumiko Hijikigawa, and Hisako Yamada. "Long-term prognosis of patients with West syndrome in Japan: social aspects." Brain and Development 23, no. 7 (November 2001): 695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0387-7604(01)00269-8.
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Kondo, Hiroyuki. "Education and Social Mobility in Postwar Japan: Trends and Some Institutional Aspects." International Journal of Japanese Sociology 9, no. 1 (September 2000): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6781.2000.tb00073.x.
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Mostipan, O. M. "SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE FIRST STATE HISTORY OF JAPAN "NIHON SHOKI"." Humanities Studies, no. 31 (2018): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-6805.2018/31-7/11.
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The article analyzes the historical and socio-political foundations for the first draft of the state history in Japan, which gave impetus to the processes of institutional building, as well as the design of mechanisms and structures of government that have proved their effectiveness for centuries in the future.
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Aoki, Kei. "Social value created by co-creation - new aspects of consumer participation." Impact 2021, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.2.82.
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The advent of the internet has increased the means by which consumers can make positive contributions to enhance brand value. There are many significant benefits associated with building sustainable relationships with customers, especially if it becomes possible to forge connections with individuals to build acommunity or ecosystem through which customers interact with each other. Associate Professor Kei Aoki, based within the Hirao School of Management at Konan University in Japan, is carrying out research to understand customer engagement with brands, with a specific focus on customer-to-customer relationships and how they have an effect on participants' wellbeing.
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Rahkonen, Carl, Yoshimasa Kurabayashi, Yoshiro Matsuda, and Richard Curt Kraus. "Economic and Social Aspects of the Performing Arts in Japan: Symphony Orchestras and Opera." Notes 47, no. 4 (June 1991): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/941658.
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Joby, Chris. "Approaches to Writing a Social History of Dutch in Japan." Neerlandica Wratislaviensia 26 (May 18, 2017): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/8060-0716.26.3.
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To date there has been no social history of the interesting subject of the Dutch language in Japan from c.1600 to 1900. This article provides a brief introduction to the use of Dutch in Japan, and then considers three possible approaches to writing such a history, evaluating the merits of each approach. The first of these is to analyse the use of Dutch in Japan by communities of language. The second approach is domain-based. This approach considers the use of language within social domains or spheres of activity, such as commerce and education. The third approach is a function-based one, which focusses on the purposes for which individuals and groups used Dutch. These include functions such as translation and interpretation. The article concludes that given the particularity of the use of Dutch in Japan, it may be better to use aspects of each approach in writing a social history on this subject.
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Yamaguchi, Ayano, Min-Sun Kim, Atsushi Oshio, and Satoshi Akutsu. "Influences of Social Capital on Natural Disaster Research in Japan." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 3 (May 31, 2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n3p46.
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The purpose of this study is to seek fresh insight into those aspects of social capital that increase individuals' health and well-being after a disaster such as the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. This paper is organized as follows. The theoretical development of the social capital is presented in a literature review. Then, the design and results of the free answers in the open-ended question is described. Finally, this study investigates whether previous findings on the bright and dark sides of social capital and psychological stress are confirmed and highlights how the bright and dark sides of social capital has affected psychological stress, health, and well-being in Japanese disaster context. In other words, the significant mechanisms and roles of social capital in a disaster context is explored. Based on the findings, the theoretical and practical contributions of this study to disaster research are discussed.
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Inoue, Ken, Sadayuki Hashioka, and Haruo Takeshita. "Tailgating (aori-unten): A recent major social issue in Japan." Medicine, Science and the Law 60, no. 3 (April 19, 2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420917063.
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Kondo, Atsushi. "The Development of Immigration Policy in Japan." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 11, no. 4 (December 2002): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680201100404.
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This article traces the development of Japan's immigration policy and the factors which shape its content. The first part discusses the unique aspects of Japan's immigration policy; the second part outlines the development of an integration policy; the third part examines how admission and immigration controls will have to contend with social changes such as globalization and the aging of the Japanese population. The conclusion cites the need to establish a specific office to implement Japan's emerging integration policy.
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Bancheva, A. I. "ECO-INNOVATIONS IN JAPAN: THE MAIN DIRECTIONS." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-190-196.
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The paper presents the main aspects of the environmental technologies sector nowadays in Japan. Basing on the governmental definition of «ecological innovations», eco-innovations are developed according to the traditional Japanese concept of value creation – «monozukuri». Ecological innovations include technological improvements as well as social reforms. So far the paper draws an attention on two types of innovations: engineering technologies and social reforms (programms, education etc.). Basing on governmental Programs and open data bases the most important environmental technologies for nowadays in Japan are defined. From author’s point of view the first vector for Japan is «green energy» (alternative energy, energy efficiency) – innovations concern the challenge of climate change. Regarding this issue the aspects and technologies from «The Cool Earth Innovative Energy Technology Program» are described. The second vector is eco-innovations for pollution control and waste utilization – the traditional sector for Japan from 1970s. And the third one is defined as information and communication technologies for environmental challenges («green ICT») – the new vector for Japan as well as for the other countries. In the paper the issues of research and development activities, financial issues eco-innovations’ management and transfer are considered. The role of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP) is discussed. The significant issue of verification of new technologies realized by Ministry of Environment in Japan is mentioned.
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Harunasari, Siti Yulidhar, and Nurhasanah Halim. "Gegar Bahasa pada Program Pertukaran Mahasiswa Indonesia di Jepang: Sebuah Studi Kasus." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v4i4.212.
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The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of a language learner in an Indonesian student exchange program in Japan aimed to enable students to learn the language and culture directly in their home country. This experience was captured through a descriptive case study conducted to obtain a clear picture of what happened and find out what aspects could cause language concussion; and how the influence of language shock on the social acculturation of language learners. Data were collected through observation and interviews. The results showed that the language shock experienced by the Research Subjects in the target language environment included linguistic aspects at the phonological and morphological levels. Sociolinguistic aspects at the level of the use of a variety of respect. Anxiety also occurs due to the loss of signs and symbols of social relationships commonly known by the Research Subjects. Therefore, cultural differences between Indonesia and Japan should be anticipated so as not to cause difficulties in carrying out social acculturation.
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Sakuta, Tsutomu. "Some aspects of contributions of the information technology to psychiatry including social psychiatry in Japan." Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry 32, no. 3 (2016): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-9962.193201.
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Sutton, Eileen, Simon Pemberton, Eldin Fahmy, and Yuko Tamiya. "Stigma, Shame and the Experience of Poverty in Japan and the United Kingdom." Social Policy and Society 13, no. 1 (September 25, 2013): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746413000419.
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Whilst stigma and shame are central features of the experience of poverty in capitalist societies, we know relatively little about crucial aspects of these phenomena, particularly how these experiences differ according to variety of capitalist formation. This article draws on the available empirical literature to examine these relational aspects of poverty in two very different societies, the UK and Japan. Through comparing these literatures, we are able to comment on the ways in which stigma is manifest in differing social, personal and institutional contexts and, therefore, is internalised as shame in similar and divergent forms in these respective societies. We note the very different social values and forms of welfare that constitute these societies which are at times responsible for contrasting experiences of shame, yet conclude that stigma and shame perform important functions within capitalist societies as a means to legitimate the continued existence of poverty within these social systems, and are therefore universal phenomena.
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Sawada, Aiko. "The Nurse Shortage Problem in Japan." Nursing Ethics 4, no. 3 (May 1997): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309700400309.
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This article discusses the serious problem of the shortage of about 50 000 nurses in Japan today. If efficient measures to solve it are not adopted by administrators, it is clear that the shortage will become still more alarming in the future, in a society with more people in advanced years and in which the numbers in the younger generation will decrease from now on. The main factors behind the Japanese nursing labour shortage are, among others: a rapid increase in the number of hospital beds between 1986 and 1989; poor working conditions; and nurses’ low social position in their places of work. Behind these factors, there has always been a contempt for the art of nursing in our society. Why has Japanese society made light of nursing? Three points can be identified: traditional discrimination against women; our disregard for a religious mentality; and our short history of hospital nursing. To overcome these problems, we must first of all change fundamentally our sense of values, such as love for one another and compassion. We must now reconstruct a caring culture in our society.
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Tauchi, Hisashi, Tsuneko Sato, and Yoshitake Ito. "Morphological aspects of aging liver: half a century of progress in Japan." Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 19, no. 2 (September 1994): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4943(94)90035-3.
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Nguyen Thi, Khoa. "MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES IN JAPAN AND EXPERIENCE FOR VIETNAM." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i4.1540.
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Social services are services that meet demands of community and individuals for social development, enhance welfare and social equality, promote ethical values and humanities, for humans and of socio-economic nature which can be provided by government, society or market. Social services can be either public or private dependent on its type, in the fields of education, training, medicine, science, technology, culture, information, sports or other social assistance forms. Despite facing with economic and social challenges, Japan remains a powerhouse not only in world’s economy but also in social management and development. Japan has strived to find the most suitable management model to enhance living standards, in which social services have obtained outstanding achievements. Their experience is worth learning. Through analyzing Japan’s social management and development model, we found that it is necessary for Vietnam to define a theoretical and practical basis for social services and welfare policies in a clear, thorough and uniform manner in order to create a suitable model for social services development. This is for the primary target of generating a better life in both physical and mental aspects.
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SAITO, OSAMU. "Introduction: The economic and social aspects of the family life-cycle in traditional and modern Japan." Continuity and Change 15, no. 1 (May 2000): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416099003458.
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Since the publication of the seminal book of essays Household and family in past time in 1972, much research on the history of the family has concentrated on the situation in western and eastern Europe, and relied almost exclusively on census-type documents. It is, for example, established that whereas mean household size was small, the mean age at first marriage fairly high and neo-localism (the formation of an independent household on marriage) dominant in western Europe, almost the opposite applied in eastern Europe. Yet these findings do not preclude the possibility of discovering regions where in statistical terms the mean household size was not large and the proportion of complex households not particularly high, but where the neo-local mode of household formation was not the norm. Such a region could have a preference for joint families (two or more married sons co-residing with their father) with a low-fertility demographic regime, or stem families (one co-residing married son) with that of intermediate to low fertility.Traditional Japan is an example of just such a stem-family society. There the household, not the individual, was perceived as the basic social and legal unit of society. This unit was called ie and its headship, authority and property were expected to be handed down from the father to a particular son, enabling the household to follow alternating stages of ‘simple’, ‘multiple’ and ‘extended’ forms over the developmental cycle, more or less in accordance with the predictions of Lutz Berkner. As articles in the section of Laslett and Wall's Household and family on Japan have already shown, the mean household size in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Japan was not higher than that in England, but the mean age at marriage was lower than in the English population. Moreover, household formation and succession rules under the Japanese ie system were not compatible with the simple family mode.
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Traphagan, John W. "Culture and Long-Term Care: The Bath as Social Service in Japan." Care Management Journals 5, no. 1 (March 2004): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/cmaj.5.1.53.61263.
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A central feature of Japan’s approach to community-based care of the elderly, including long-term home health care, is the emphasis on providing bath facilities. For mobile elders, senior centers typically provide a public bathing facility in which people can enjoy a relaxing soak along with friends who also visit the centers. In terms of in-home long-term care, visiting bath services are provided to assist family care providers with the difficult task of bathing a frail or disabled elder—a task made more problematic as a result of the Japanese style of bathing. I argue that the bath, as social service, is a culturally shaped solution to a specific problem of elder care that arises in the Japanese context as a result of the importance of the bath in everyday life for Japanese. While the services may be considered specific to Japan, some aspects of bathing services, particularly the mobile bath service, may also have applicability in the United States.
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Hosoda, Masahiro. "Management control systems and corporate social responsibility: perspectives from a Japanese small company." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 18, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-05-2017-0105.
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Purpose Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become part of daily business for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Japan. The purpose of this study is to explore how management control systems (MCSs) can support the translation of activities into CSR actions using a case study of a SME in Japan. Design/methodology/approach The case is based on an interview with a CEO of a SME in Japan. The paper contributes to the discussion on CSR and MCSs and investigates the integration of CSR activities in SMEs in Japan through MCSs. Findings The case company’s formal control systems incorporate environmental and social aspects that are reflected in its top-down, stakeholder-centered approach into CSR through a formal CSR policy. An informal control system is evident and reflected in the CEO’s emphasis on creating shared value by implementing CSR. An interactive control system, a type of formal control system, is useful in the interactions between CEOs and employees and in translating the opinions of stakeholders into CSR actions. Formal control systems can be supported by informal control systems in the implementation of CSR activities. Originality/value This research contributes to the management accounting literature by showing that formal and informal control systems can support the motivation of employees and the integration of stakeholders’ opinions on the implementation of SMEs CSR activities in Japan. The MCS approach also contributes to SMEs in Japan that seek to address the demographic and economic challenges.
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KEMKES-GROTTENTHALER, ARIANE. "POSTPONING OR REJECTING PARENTHOOD? RESULTS OF A SURVEY AMONG FEMALE ACADEMIC PROFESSIONALS." Journal of Biosocial Science 35, no. 2 (April 2003): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200300213x.
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The current surge in childlessness is often seen as an alternative lifestyle amidst growing pluralism and individualism. The results of this study indicate that several subgroups of childless women need to be differentiated: those who actively decide to forgo children in favour of other life pursuits and those who merely defer the decision. Both have accumulated a high degree of human capital in their education or career-building paths. Thus, the increase of a woman's time invested in education or career formation takes its toll on the time available for childrearing. A survey performed among female academics (N=193) brought to light that among childless women, many merely mean to postpone motherhood until their career prospects are established. Differences between those who outwardly reject motherhood and those who defer the decision can be seen in a variety of job- and career-related aspects. However, due to misconceptions about fertility, many of those who merely intended to postpone children may inevitably end up ‘involuntarily childless’. As this trend is most likely to increase in the near future, the resolution of this conflict will be an important milestone in the development of modern industrialized countries. As can be seen from this survey, financial benefits will not induce women to enter into motherhood. Rather, societal and infrastructural changes have to be brought about in order to induce women to enter into motherhood.
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Stöbel-Richter, Yve, Susanne Goldschmidt, Ada Borkenhagen, Ute Kraus, and Kerstin Weidner. "Entwicklungen in der Reproduktionsmedizin – mit welchen Konsequenzen müssen wir uns auseinandersetzen?" Journal of Family Research 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-267.
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This report gives an overview about certain aspects of modern reproductive medicine. The following issues are prioritised: development of medical facilities, people’s knowledge on reproductive medicine, appraisal of chances and risks, psychological aspects of involuntary childlessness, stresses and strains during IVFtreatment, ethical consequences of these medical procedures. Furthermore interactions between demographic and medical developments are analysed as well as resulting psychological and sociological perspectives. Previous research results present both a lack of knowledge towards reproductive medical treatments and disproportionate expectations and hope toward treatment-outcome. Very often expensive and complex methods are practiced to fulfil the child wish, but mental and social aspects remain unconsidered. So the motto “a child at any cost” on the part of many involuntary childless couples as well as of some fertility doctors poses a glaring contradiction to insufficient counselling in practice prior to, during and after the treatment.
Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Artikel soll einen Überblick über verschiedene Aspekte der modernen Reproduktionsmedizin ermöglichen. Auf folgende Schwerpunkte wird deshalb genauer eingegangen: Entwicklung der medizinischen Möglichkeiten, Wissen in der Bevölkerung, Einschätzung von Chancen und Gefahren, psychologische Aspekte der Kinderlosigkeit, Belastungen während einer IVF-Behandlung, ethisch-moralische Konsequenzen der Verfahren. Darüber hinaus werden Zusammenhänge zwischen demographischer und medizinischer Entwicklung sowie die sich daraus ergebenden spezifischen psychologischen und soziologischen Perspektiven aufgezeigt. Die bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse zeigen nicht nur ein Mangel an Wissen bzgl. fortpflanzungsmedizinischer Aspekte, sondern auch übertrieben große, zum Teil unberechtigte, Hoffnungen hinsichtlich der Wirksamkeit der reproduktionsmedizinischen Verfahren. Oftmals werden hochaufwändige und kostenintensive Verfahren eingesetzt, um den (langen) Wunsch nach einem Kind zu erfüllen, allerdings ohne psychischen und sozialen Wirkfaktoren Rechnung zu tragen. Somit steht die Devise "ein Kind um jeden Preis" seitens vieler Paare und aber auch Reproduktionsmediziner im krassen Gegensatz zu mangelnder Beratung vor, während und nach einer Behandlung.
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Kimura, Mitsuhiko. "Financial Aspects of Korea's Economic Growth under Japanese Rule." Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 4 (October 1986): 793–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013731.
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Feeling strong pressure from Western Powers Japan abandoned her seclusion policy in 1854 and inaugurated serious efforts to modernize her society and economy after the Meiji Restoration in 1868. She, in turn, forced Korea who had been keeping the seclusion policy on her own to open the door in 1876. The feudal Korean government (the Yi Dynasty, 1392–1910) was impelled to embark on social and economic reforms by opening the door. Yet, after nearly thirty years’ struggle to make reforms and to secure the independence of the country, Korea was converted into a protectorate of Japan in 1905 and was officially annexed to her in 1910. The Japanese government recognized that the creation of modern monetary and banking systems in Korea was the precondition for trade expansion between the two countries (for Japan, rice imports on the one hand and textile exports on the other) and thus started its colonial rule over Korea by establishing a central bank, development banks and financial cooperatives. This paper aims at setting forth an analysis of a more or less unexplored field in the study of the economic history of Korea, that is, the financial aspects of her economic growth under Japanese rule. Particularly, emphasis will be placed on quantitative analysis of major financial variables represented by money, interest rates and bank credit. Before proceeding to the main subject, it may well serve to review some of the financial problems in the late Yi Dynasty period.
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Nakajima, Takahiro. "DIALOGICAL TRANSCENDENCE AND HOPE." International Journal of Asian Studies 14, no. 2 (July 2017): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147959141700002x.
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“Japan has everything except hope.” This is a phrase that has become current to explain the social climate of contemporary Japan, such as the problems of bullying in schools and workplaces, the high suicide rate, people who have withdrawn from society, ethnic discrimination, and so on. These are not accidental problems, but historically and socially structured ones that have surfaced as expressions of the modern forms of individualism. They are not isolated phenomena found only in Japan, but may be seen as aspects of a broader crisis of global modernity. How can we transform this desperate, self-destructing social situation and find a sustainable future? This line of questioning is one of the crucial problems in this critically important book by Prasenjit Duara.
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Hoshino, Kazumasa. "Euthanasia: Current Problems in Japan." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2, no. 1 (1993): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318010000061x.
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Approximately 30 years ago, a son prepared a cup of milk mixed with insecticide and arranged for his mother to unknowingly administer the poison to his father, who had been suffering severe pain after a cerebral apoplectic attack and demanding that his son assist him. in dying. After drinking the mixture, the father died, and the son was charged with homicide.
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Okuno, Shigeyo, Akira Tagaya, Masae Tamura, and Anne J. Davis. "Elderly Japanese People Living in Small Towns Reflect on End-Of-Life Issues." Nursing Ethics 6, no. 4 (July 1999): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309900600406.
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This article, reporting on selected data from a larger study, discusses some responses to end-of-life questions that elderly Japanese people who were living in small towns gave in a questionnaire survey. Japan is now the country with the largest number of elderly people in the world and confronts numerous social and economic questions concerning how best to cope with its older population. Although it is a highly urbanized society, Japan also has large semirural areas. The focus here is on the questions in the survey that sought responses to ethical dimensions of end-of-life issues. The findings demonstrate the strength of traditional values that still exist throughout small towns in Japan.
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Petraroli, Irene, and Roger C. Baars. "Disaster preparedness communication and perception of foreign residents in Kansai, Japan: a socio-cultural study." April 2022 10.47389/37, No 2 (April 2022): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/37.2.81.
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There is a misconception that Japan is a monocultural and homogeneous country. The variety of social classes and the increasing rate of foreigners, repatriates and students living in Japan defies this assumption. However, disaster preparedness and communication strategies tend to simplify the problem of multicultural communication in disaster as a purely linguistic issue. This research examines the assumption by Japanese policymakers and media that all residents in the Japanese archipelago are equally equipped with the cultural background and basic knowledge of the ‘average Japanese’. The research questions were: ‘how do foreign residents living in Japan perceive disaster preparedness and communication strategies?’ and ‘what are the factors affecting their perceptions?’. Research findings suggest that the challenges faced by foreign residents go well beyond linguistic barriers and include cultural and social aspects that occur in their daily lives. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the perceived risks for foreign residents in Japan and suggests improvements in preparedness and communication strategies to minimise the vulnerabilities of communities in Japan.
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Petraroli, Irene, and Roger C. Baars. "Disaster preparedness communication and perception of foreign residents in Kansai, Japan: a socio-cultural study." April 2022 10.47389/37, No 2 (April 2022): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/37.281.
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There is a misconception that Japan is a monocultural and homogeneous country. The variety of social classes and the increasing rate of foreigners, repatriates and students living in Japan defies this assumption. However, disaster preparedness and communication strategies tend to simplify the problem of multicultural communication in disaster as a purely linguistic issue. This research examines the assumption by Japanese policymakers and media that all residents in the Japanese archipelago are equally equipped with the cultural background and basic knowledge of the ‘average Japanese’. The research questions were: ‘how do foreign residents living in Japan perceive disaster preparedness and communication strategies?’ and ‘what are the factors affecting their perceptions?’. Research findings suggest that the challenges faced by foreign residents go well beyond linguistic barriers and include cultural and social aspects that occur in their daily lives. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the perceived risks for foreign residents in Japan and suggests improvements in preparedness and communication strategies to minimise the vulnerabilities of communities in Japan.
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HIRAYAMA, YOSUKE, and MISA IZUHARA. "Women and Housing Assets in the Context of Japan's Home-owning Democracy." Journal of Social Policy 37, no. 4 (October 2008): 641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279408002250.
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AbstractDespite the fact that women's rights have been increasingly defined as equal to men's in law and policy, in post-Second World War Japan women continue to be at a disadvantage in many aspects of social and economic life. Drawing from a survey of 2,205 Japanese women, this article focuses in particular on women's home ownership as a new catalyst behind increasing social stratification in Japan. The women's experiences are closely linked to Japan's institutional ‘familism’: the development of social policy that has been explicitly connected to the male-breadwinner model. We argue that a wide range of institutional and policy practices – mortgage provision, property ownership, social security and taxation and labour market mechanisms – has combined to define the housing asset status of women. We discuss the women's current housing asset portfolio, and also recent socio-economic changes that have begun to redefine their position in a home-owning society. The case of Japan – a patriarchal but shifting home-owning democracy – contributes to our understanding of the contemporary dynamics of women's interaction between family, work and housing in the institutional context.
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Kaliński, Janusz. "Jen - od ery Meiji do ery Heisei." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2014.2.6.
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The aim of this paper is to provide short introduction to the history of Yen from its introduction as Japanese currency in 1870s. The paper highlights most impor‑ tant aspects in interrelations between monetary policy and economic, social and military development of Japan in 19, 20 and 21 centuries.
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Arfani, Junita Widiati, and Ayami Nakaya. "Citizenship education in Indonesia and Japan: A dynamic endeavour to form national character." Citizenship Teaching & Learning 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ctl_00019_1.
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This study discusses a dynamic endeavour to form national character in citizenship education through a chronological exploration of the experiences of Japan and Indonesia within two dimensions: administration and curriculum. Nationalization, localization and internationalization perspectives were applied. Despite their striking differences in national character, both countries have envisioned a role for nationalism in their citizenship education curricula since the earliest stages. Given Indonesia’s heterogeneity, national character has transitioned over time from an independent-spiritual period to development and consolidation, democratic/local initiative, and religious-patriotism/national standardized. Japan’s more homogeneous national character has transitioned over a longer duration from a westernized/modernized period to Confucian/emperor-centred, democratic and peace building, public oriented, and love for country and region/re-patriotism. National character has changed dynamically according to national goals and priorities, reflecting the countries’ respective historical backgrounds. These aspects resulted in the unique national character of each country’s citizenship education, specifically concerning globalization.
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Sato Kan, Hiroshi. "Sociology of precondition for Japanese Miracle." Impact 2021, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.4.38.
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In Japan, World War II was followed by a period of reconstruction and economic growth known as 'the Japanese Miracle'. Although the economic aspects of the nation's recovery are known, there is little emphasis placed on the social development efforts that facilitated this. Professor Hiroshi Sato, Chief Senior Researcher, Institute of Developing Economies; Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO), believes that social development policies are the precursor to economic growth and pave the way for social change. He is collaborating with other leading researchers on a range of projects to explore the links between social development and economic growth in developing countries. Sato is collaborating with: Professor Kazuko Tatsumi, Fukuoka University to investigate the rural livelihood improvement movement in post-war Japan; Professor Mariko Sakamoto, Aichi Medical University to explore the impact of Occupation policy on public health; and Associate Professor Mayuko Sano, Fukuoka Prefectural University to investigate the history of coal mining town Tagawa city. Sato believes that the rapid economic growth of developing countries without prior social development is unsustainable and widens the gap between rich and poor, with the distribution of wealth becoming unfairly biased towards the rich.
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Hirayama, Maki, Alice Pacher, Weronika Klon, and Katarzyna Waszyńska. "Selected Aspects of Couple Functioning in Poland and Japan During COVID-19 Pandemic." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 63 (November 15, 2021): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2021.63.6.
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The COVID-19 pandemic is a global one, but the effect is different for each country and society and has different dimensions. The study investigated couple relationships during the first lockdown (also called emergency state) in Poland (N = 235) and Japan (N = 420). Based on a quantitative survey, it focuses on socio-economic issues and related concerns. The survey inquired opinions about changes in the depth of the relationships, attitude to the partner, and frequency of arguments during the lockdown. From among Polish and Japanese respondents, more than 60% declared that their current partner is the best one for the isolation. Both Japanese and Polish males seem to be more satisfied with their spouses than the female partners. The results indicate that there is a need to make more detailed cross-country comparisons in terms of the functioning of relationships during lockdown and isolation. The observations made imply that there are areas to investigate more in-depth. A follow-up survey is needed to understand whether the issues in intimate relationships will be long-term ones or whether we see them only during the pandemic. The questionnaire domains: changes in the depth of relationships, attitude to the partner and frequencyof arguments during the lockdown. Method: quantitative research, survey, online questionnaire, voluntary participants collected by social media.
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Bai, Koichi, Yasuko Shirai, and Michiko Ishii. "In Japan, Consensus Has Limits." Hastings Center Report 17, no. 3 (June 1987): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562256.
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Kajikawa, Kin-ichiro. "Japan: A New Field Emerges." Hastings Center Report 19, no. 4 (July 1989): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562320.
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Pratidina, Indah S. "Online Perspectives on ASEAN-Japan Relations: An Analysis of ASEAN-related Japanese Tweets." IKAT : The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2, no. 1 (July 24, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v2i1.37393.
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ASEAN targets internal integration and strong external relations with its partner countries. Japan has stressed its long-standing support for ASEAN. The year 2013 saw the 40th anniversary of Japan-ASEAN relations when Japanese state actors put considerable efforts into marking this anniversary. Although Japan remains one of ASEAN's largest trading partners and sources of foreign direct investment, recent years has witnessed power relations dynamic in the region with China and South Korea actively engaging as well. State actors’ statements and mainstream media coverage on ASEAN-Japan relations, particularly on economic and political security issues, had been the heavy focus of scholars interested in the field. An analysis of social media, and in particular Twitter, offers alternative insights for a more comprehensive observation. The total of 3.29 million tweets containing the word “ASEAN” were collected from November 2013 to December 2015. From the dataset, it was identified that tweets using Japanese language are the third highest in volume after Indonesian and English. Content analyses were conducted to answer the questions on how ASEAN as an entity is viewed by the populations of its partner countries; which aspects of the integration project attract Twitter users’ interests also, in the relation to strong external relations that ASEAN want to pursue, which countries are mentioned in the tweets and on which aspects? Using keywords from the Blueprints of ASEAN Community’s integration aspects, the tweets were categorized as related to economics, political-security and socio-cultural topics. Countries mentioned in the dataset were counted and then categorized according to these aspects as well. The study finds economic and political-security themed tweets are the largest in volume with heavy mentioning of Japan, China and South Korea. Results suggest that online conversations about ASEAN are still strongly influenced by government and mainstream media’s agenda.
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Watanabe, Kanae. "Preschool education that protects one's health and life, grows oneself, and cultivates a foundation for physical, mental and social health." Impact 2020, no. 8 (December 16, 2020): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.8.18.
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Dr Kanae Watanabe, from Kanagawa University in Japan, has focused her career on researching children's health and education in Japan. She is now working with a team of researchers to synthesise best practices for human science and childhood studies that has potential to revolutionise society. Her recent on-the-ground research has been based on travelling to countries that place a lot of emphasis on childcare and childhood. Here she undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the system to include not only the positive aspects, but also the downsides to their approaches. Her aim is to demonstrate to both workplaces and local governments the benefits of improving the lives of small children, and how this will ultimately benefit society.
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Broadbent, Jeffrey. "The Ties that Bind: Social Fabric and the Mobilization of Environmental Movements in Japan." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 4, no. 2 (August 1986): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072708600400212.
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This paper compares twelve social movements, all supporting or opposing environmental and industrialization issues, which occurred in the sixties and seventies in one prefecture in southern Japan, The independent variable is the type of local social fabric they arose within; the dependet variables, their mobilization process and goals. The data was collected through qualitative field work, including interviewing, observation and documents, and later coded into questionnaire form. The local social fabric, associational, mixed, or communal, affected several aspects of their mobilization process: goals, leader and follower motives, rate of success, and relation to dominant elites. In communal movements, the leader had more autonomy in setting goals, and followers were more loyal to him. Such movements were more idealistic. In associational movements, leadere and followers emphasized individualistic and material goals and motives. Elites attempted to coopt communal leaders more, because of the leaders’ more arbitrary power. Communal leaders reisted that if they had strong internalized values. Values penetrate movements through leaders. Communal social fabrics support new social movements in Japan, contrary to the Western experience, where such movements arise in more associational, middleclase fabrics.
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Murakami, Suminao. "Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster." Journal of Disaster Research 7, sp (August 1, 2012): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0421.
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Concerned experts and others from a wide range of fields are required to take part in studies on “social” disaster phenomena such as earthquakes and typhoons causing drastic human and property damage and leaving subsequent social and economic destruction. In 2006, the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) decided to be published as an academic journal in English for global society to help expand research beyond a domestic scope. The March 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster – in the 6th year of the journal’s publication, has made an impact both domestically and globally due to the unprecedented earthquake and tsunami and resulting radiation leakage at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. JDR will annually publish special issues on the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster beginning in this issue of 2012, for five years, for the purpose of informing, recording and utilizing lessons learned from the disaster. Page charges are in principle free and widespread contributions are welcomed. I have studied disasters from the viewpoint of a planner. Nobody who is active and living in society is irrelevant to wide-scale events related to such disasters, and I still feel that it is important for people from a variety of fields to visit devastated sites, hear from the people experiencing such disasters and make their own standpoints. In American society, for example, disaster measures against earthquakes and other disasters have been studied involving a wide range of experts and others. After the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake in Kobe, research groups consisting of wide range of experts came to be formed in Japan and environments developed to produce a multidisciplinary journal such as the JDR. The ultimate goal of planned research is human research. A society is needed in which “human power” can be manifested in all aspects such as reviving reconstruction and rehabilitation. This is because contributions by researchers from widespread fields are anticipated in the future.
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Iwamura, Kazuo. "Fukasawa Symbiotic Housing Complex - A Model Social Housing Project, Tokyo, Japan Rebuilding for a Sustainable Future." Open House International 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2005-b0010.
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This rebuilding of a social housing complex in Tokyo was carried out as the first model practice of Japan's national policy drive entitled “Environmentally Symbiotic Housing”. Inaugurated in 1990, this policy was designed to cope with a range of environmental issues including global warming. As well as including various measures of environmentally conscious design, the project design team made efforts to focus on discovering the local context, including the lifestyle of the residents and the socio-cultural aspects of the local community. There has been sustained involvement of the residents in all stages of the design, construction and on-going management and maintenance of their homes.
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Hoshino, Kazumasa. "Gene Therapy in Japan: Current Trends." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4, no. 3 (1995): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100006125.
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The Japanese government took significant steps in making decisions about a newly developing clinical application of gene therapy when, on April 15, 1993, the Government officially accepted the Guidelines for Clinical Research on Gene Therapy submitted by the Health Science Council of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan to the Minister.
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Park, Kwang-Duck. "Comparative Study on Long-term Care Insurance for the Elderly in Korea and Japan - focused on local government -." Korea Association of Local Administration 19, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32427/klar.2022.19.2.75.
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Japan is the best case study of a low-fertility and aged society in Korea, and the fundamental purpose of this study is to find clues in Japan to overcome Korea's low-fertility and aged society. Therefore, the researcher evaluates and analyzes the various social policy that Japan has taken for the aging society, and intends to find our social welfare policy for the elderly from there. In the analysis, the researcher basically stood in the position of new institutionalism, identified the policy's historicity, path dependency, and value orientation. Gilbert and Terrel used more practical for using spectrum not dichotomy. Their policy analysis breaks away from the dichotomous approach of the existing universalist value and the selective approach, and places selectivism and universalism as two extremes so that they can analyze more realistic aspects, and set their position on one spectrum. Research also use this analysis tool because It is a very realistic policy analysis method to analyze whether between two counties, Korea and Japan are differenciated with each other or not. Researcher intends to reveal the characteristics of the welfare states of Korea and Japan. The analysis includes selection of values for policy making, and the policies used in the analysis include not only long-term care insurance (LTC) but also social services for the elderly for a low-fertility and aging society. Through the analysis so far, the researcher confirmed the fact that Korea and Japan, which belong to the same type of welfare state, especially Long-term care insurance and social services for the elderly between the two countries. They are clearly divided into more selective perspectives in Korea and more universalistic perspectives in Japan. Finally, I would like to conclude by suggesting and writing about the establishment of a regional integrated care system that Japan is promoting as a measure for a low-fertility and aging society.