Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Childlessness social aspects Japan'
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Satoguchi, Kazue. "Ecotourism in Japan : prospects and challenges." Title page, table of contents and abstract, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envs253.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 71-78. Prospects and challenges to ecotourism promotion are explored through a case study on Yakushima. Recommendations to national/local governments, the tourism industry, NPOs and local people are made forecotourism promotion in Japan
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Bossy, Steve. "Academic pressure and impact on Japanese students." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35314.
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This study explores the tremendous pressure Japanese students must endure in the pursuit of academic achievement. It identifies the sources of student's pressure and discusses the cultural, social, and economic conditions that influence a fiercely competitive educational system. The focus of this study is the impact of academic pressures on Japanese students.Japanese education is a single-minded drive for achievement that results in what many refer to as examination hell. The university entrance examination is at the root of the pressures that are placed on students and is the primary mechanism responsible for driving competition. The life-long ramifications of students performance on this examination are far reaching. As a result, the pressures that are exerted upon students to achieve are overwhelming. Mothers, teachers, peers, and society contribute to the pressures that are placed on students to achieve, while many children continue to fall victim to emotional, psychological, and physical harm.
The study provides richly descriptive narrative accounts of student's experiences, thoughts and feelings seen from a student's perspective. The study gives voice to Japanese students and invites them to tell it like it is.
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Takahashi, Fumiko. "Integration and separation of immigrants in Japan : teachers' orientations to identity and culture." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:53b34de4-6d8c-4079-82ba-857bdaf0e6f8.
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International Social Survey Programme 2003 found that about 90% of the people in Japan favour the idea of maintaining the ethnic minorities' culture, rather than their adaptation to the dominant majority's culture. It is outstandingly high percentage, compared internationally. The result is consistent with the fact that multicultural coexistence ("Tabunka kyosei") policy is welcomed in many local governments to support the immigrants. However, it contradicts to some academics' argument that Japan puts assimilative pressure to ethnic minorities. Therefore, this thesis analyses why the idea of maintaining the ethnic minorities' culture enjoys such outstanding support in Japan. The mixed method approach of quantitative and qualitative study was used to solve this puzzle. International comparison based on the statistical analysis of national identity and attitude toward the ethnic minorities' culture revealed that (i) about 80% of the Japanese people have ethnic conceptualization of national identity, which is exceptionally high percentage than other countries, and (ii) the vast majority of both the people with ethnic and civic national identity favour the idea of maintaining the ethnic minorities' culture. Therefore, the qualitative analysis of interview data with schoolteachers of the immigrants' children were conducted to examine why, of which aspect and to what extent teachers expect the immigrants' children to maintain their ethnic identity and distinct culture, and expect them to adapt themselves to the dominant Japanese culture. It was found out that it is expected for the immigrants' children to maintain their ethnic minority identity and traditional culture in private, and to adapt themselves to group oriented and rule-based Japanese culture in public. However, such group orientated and rule-based culture is not regarded as "culture", but simply as "rules" to give an order to ethnic and cultural diversity. The findings of this thesis imply that multicultural coexistence is a new form of cultural nationalism in Japan ("tertiary nationalism"), meaning a nationalism which (i) has been brought about by confronting the growing ethnic and cultural diversity within a nation, particularly after '90s in Japan, and (ii) tries to preserve its rule-based culture and to spread it to the ethnic minorities by taking off its label of "culture", (iii) though not incorporating them to a member of a nation, but (iv) expecting them to maintain their ethnic identity and traditional culture in private.
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Cheung, Po-tin Erik, and 張步田. "Cultural influences on attitudes towards mental illness in Asia." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26813749.
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Aoyagi, Hiroshi. "Islands of eight million smiles, pop-idol performances and the field of symbolic production." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ46312.pdf.
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Lin, Jiebin, and 林洁彬. "An anthropological study of the relationship between a female entrepreneur and her family in Japan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41634172.
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Menuez, Paolo Xavier Machado. "The Downward Spiral: Postmodern Consciousness as Buddhist Metaphysics in the Dark Souls Video Game Series." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4161.
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This paper is about locating the meaning of a series of games known as the Dark Souls series in relation to contemporary social conditions in Japan. I argue that the game should be thought of as an emblem of the current cultural zeitgeist, in a similar way one might identify something like Jack Kerouac's The Dharma Bums as an emblem of the counter cultural 60s. I argue that the Dark Souls series expresses in allegorical form an anxiety about living in a time where the meaning of our everyday actions and even society itself has become significantly destabilized. It does this through a fractured approach to story-telling, that is interspersed with Buddhist metaphysics and wrapped up in macabre, gothic aesthetic depicting the last gasping breath of a once great kingdom. This expression of contemporary social anxiety is connected to the discourse of postmodernity in Japan. Through looking at these games as a feedback loop between text, environment and ludic system, I connect the main conceptual motifs that structure the games as a whole with Osawa Masachi's concept of the post-fictional era and Hiroki Azuma's definition of the otaku.
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Hudack, Lawrence R. (Lawrence Ralph). "An Exploratory Investigation of Socio-Economic Phenomena that May Influence Accounting Differences in Three Diverse Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331531/.
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This dissertation attempts to provide an exploratory structure to respond to, and tries to resolve, an existing void in international accounting research. The void is a lack of coherently structured, nation-specific, descriptive research to investigate socio-economic phenomena which may influence financial accounting. This dissertation's salient features include a political economy theory, an exploratory, sociological method, and a case study format. The political economy of accounting, introduced by Tinker [1980] and refined by Cooper and Sherer [1984], emphasizes a persuasive social relations dimension. This theory motivates selection of three countries (the United States, France, and Japan) that appear to have divergent socio-cultural environments. An exploratory and analytical approach of modified (enlarged) exogenism, developed by Smith [1973, 1976] and adapted to accounting by McKinnon [1986], provides an analytic structure for this exploratory investigation. Modified exogenism focuses upon an open, dynamic social system (the process of financial accounting), and provides analysis reflecting four major areas (the environment, intrusive events, intra-system activity, and trans-system activity). After examining the nation-specific financial accounting (socio-economic) structures for each country, an analysis of selected financial disclosures attempts to gain a better understanding of how socio-economic factors have influenced the development of financial accounting. My primary objective is to attempt to provide some insight about ,how diverse socio-political factors have impacted the development of financial accounting in three countries. Library research of nation-specific literature attempts to extract a relatively accurate picture of social, political, and economic institutions and policies, and relates such findings to financial accounting processes for each nation. This dissertation attempts to provide a necessary foundation for future theoretical international accounting harmonization studies.
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Kim, Myung Hun. "A comparison of health technology adoption in four countries (Japan, Korea, the UK, and the US)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/166/.
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This research empirically examines and compares the adoption of health technologies through case studies. The health technologies under review are assisted reproductive technologies, cochlear implants, haematopoietic stem cell transplantations, caesarean section deliveries, Gamma knife units and kidney transplants in four countries: Japan, Korea, the UK and the US. The interactions between the micro factors of health technologies and the macro environment in the adoption of health technologies are examined on the basis of a literature review and analysis of data. The micro factors were evaluated in terms of economic, clinical and technical aspects. In assessing the macro factors, payment systems and regulations related to the selected health technologies were taken into account. To examine the micro factors, the results of health technology assessments in earlier studies were reviewed. In order to explore the macro factors, historical changes in the payment systems affecting the selected health technologies and legal regulations, including legislation, directives, guidelines and court orders related to the technologies, were investigated. The adoption level of health technologies was evaluated in time-series and cross-sectional terms, measuring the trend of technology adoption and comparing the experience of the four countries under review. This research suggests clustering health technologies into “welfare oriented technology” and “private benefit oriented technology” by considering the economic incentives of adopters, individual desires of consumers and public concern over the technology. Private benefit oriented technologies are those which adopters expect to increase income from the providers or which meet the personal desires of the consumers. For welfare oriented technology, the decision is dominated by the aims of public welfare. As the model predicted, the adoption of welfare oriented technologies was higher in the health systems under national planning, while that of private benefit oriented technologies was higher in the systems whose health provisions accept market conditions.
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Kohon, Jacklyn Nicole. "Building Social Sustainability from the Ground Up: The Contested Social Dimension of Sustainability in Neighborhood-Scale Urban Regeneration in Portland, Copenhagen, and Nagoya." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2330.
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In response to growing social inequality, environmental crises, and economic instability, sustainability discourse has become the dominant "master signifier" for many fields, particularly the field of urban planning. However, in practice many sustainability methods overemphasize technological and economic growth-oriented solutions while underemphasizing the social dimension. The social dimension of sustainability remains a "concept in chaos" drawing little agreement on definitions, domains, and indicators for addressing the social challenges of urban life. In contrast, while the field of public health, with its emphasis on social justice principles, has made significant strides in framing and developing interventions to target the social determinants of health (SDH), this work has yet to be integrated into sustainability practice as a tool for framing the social dimension. Meanwhile, as municipalities move forward with these lopsided efforts at approaching sustainability practice, cities continue to experience gentrification, increasing homelessness, health disparities, and many other concerns related to social inequity, environmental injustice, and marginalization. This research involves multi-site, comparative case studies of neighborhood-scale sustainability planning projects in Portland, U.S.; Copenhagen, Denmark; and Nagoya, Japan to bring to light an understanding of how the social dimension is conceptualized and translated to practice in different contexts, as well as the challenges planners, citizen participants, and other stakeholders encounter in attempting to do so. These case studies find that these neighborhood-scale planning efforts are essentially framing the social dimension in terms of principles of SDH. Significant challenges encountered at the neighborhood-scale relate to political economic context and trade-offs between ideals of social sustainability, such as social inclusion and nurturing a sense of belonging when confronted with diverse neighborhood actors, such as sexually oriented businesses and recent immigrants. This research contributes to urban social sustainability literature and sustainability planning practice by interrogating these contested notions and beginning to create a pathway for integration of SDH principles into conceptualizations of social sustainability.
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Wendt, Staci Jean. "Self-Efficacy and Drinking with Friends: An Investigation into the Drinking Behaviors of Japanese College Students." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/293.
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Recent studies have documented an alarming rate of alcohol use in Japan (Eisenback-Stangl et al., 2005; Milne, 2003; Shimizu, 2000). Indeed, permissive social and cultural norms for alcohol use exist within Japanese culture (Shimizu, 1990, 2000). Japanese college-students may be at further risk due to their developmental time period, where increases in alcohol use are typically seen. Furthermore, drinking habits formed during this time period may be difficult to alter later in life (Frone, 2003). Thus, social, developmental, and cultural factors exist to influence drinking among Japanese college students. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the drinking behaviors of Japanese college students and possible proximal predictors of use. Specifically, given the importance of social relationships and interactions to interdependent cultures, such as Japan, the occurrence of negative social interactions may be influential in predicting subsequent drinking, as individuals may increase drinking in order to adhere to the social norms and to make amends. Hypothesis testing confirmed a significant and positive relationship between negative social events and drinking with others. Furthermore, the expected physical, social and emotional outcomes of alcohol consumption (alcohol outcome expectancies) have been shown to predict alcohol use among U.S. samples (e.g., Goldman, 1994), however, daily fluctuations in the desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies has not been previously investigated in a Japanese sample. Given the importance of fluctuations in desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies among U.S. samples (Armeli et al., 2005), this dissertation investigated daily fluctuations in the desirability of expected outcomes and alcohol use. Support for this relationship was found; on days with individuals experienced increases in the desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies, individuals drank more with others. Support for the hypothesis that increases in daily negative social events would predict increases in the desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies was not found. Finally, this dissertation investigated two types of self-efficacy (drinking refusal self-efficacy and social self-efficacy) as stable factors of drinking. Drinking refusal self-efficacy significantly and negatively predicted drinking with others; marginal support for drinking refusal self-efficacy as a moderator of the relationship between negative social events and drinking with others was found. Social self-efficacy significantly and positively predicted drinking with others. No support was found for social self-efficacy as a moderating variable in the relationship between negative social events and drinking with others. In sum, using data that was previously collected via daily process methodology, this dissertation investigated the relationships between daily negative social interactions, daily desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies, and drinking refusal and social self-efficacy as moderators of alcohol consumption. Support was found for five of the seven hypothesized relationships.
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MacNaughton, Andrew. "Company and personal character in the Eikaiwa industry an ethnography of a private language school in Japan /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39848966.
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Regehr, Kelly A. "Grounds-Based and Grounds-Free Voluntarily Child Free Couples: Privacy Management and Reactions of Social Network Members." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28374/.
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Voluntarily child free (VCF) individuals face stigmatization in a pronatalist society that labels those who do not want children as deviant. Because of this stigmatization, VCF couples face privacy issues as they choose to reveal or conceal their family planning decision and face a variety of reactions from social network members. Therefore, communication privacy management and communication accommodation theory was use to examine this phenomenon. Prior research found two different types of VCF couples: grounds-based and grounds-free. Grounds-based individuals cite medical or biological reasons for not having children, while grounds-free individuals cite social reasons for not having children. The purpose of this study is to examine how grounds-based and grounds-free VCF couples manage their disclosure of private information and how social network members react to their family planning decision. Findings revealed that grounds-free individuals are more likely to engage in the self-defense hypothesis and grounds-based individuals are more likely to engage in the expressive need hypothesis. Grounds-based individuals were asked about their decision in dyadic situations, whereas grounds-free individuals were asked at group gatherings. Additionally, social network members used under-accommodation strategies the most frequently and grounds-free individuals experienced more name calling than grounds-based. Finally, while grounds-free individuals experienced non-accommodation and over-accommodation strategies, grounds-based did not. Findings suggest that grounds-free individuals are more stigmatized by social network members. Implications for merging CPM and CAT are discussed.
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Rawson, Angela. "A critical linguistic analysis of a popular comic genre in Japan." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1021.
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This research will focus on the issue of power and gender in the language of Japanese comics (manga). Comics in Japan are enormously popular and are read by a wide audience. They are aimed at specific audiences and it is my argument that the language of manga helps to reinforce certain social stereotypes - particularly the inferiority of women and the dominance of males. The language of children's manga will be analyzed using the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which concerns itself with the relation between ideology and power in discourse. The analysis will be at various levels including lexica-semantic, pragmatic, textual and ideological. The texts to be analyzed will be Japanese manga in the original Japanese language. Manga aimed at specific audiences, i.e. young boys and girls, will be analyzed to determine the presence of male-dominant ideology in the text. I argue that an interpretation of the text under the framework of GOA supports the hypothesis that the ideology of male dominance is present in manga and that it has become normalized in Japan.
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Barth, Kron Josefin. "När en önskan och längtan aldrig blir verklighet : kvinnors upplevelser av ofrivillig barnlöshet." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-2098.
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SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Ett par som önskar bli gravida, och som under minst ett år med upprepade oskyddade samlag inte lyckats bli gravida, benämns som infertila. Av alla dessa par beräknas tio till femton procent vara infertila. Orsakerna till infertiliteten kan vara många och ligga hos både mannen och kvinnan, ålder och livsstilsfaktorer anses vara viktiga bidragande orsaker. Endast tjugofem till femtio procent av de par som är infertila och söker behandling får uppleva den efterlängtade förlossningen. Det är inte ovanligt att kvinnor i denna situation drabbas av en livskris. Barnmorskan har en stödjande roll i samband med det infertila parets behandlingsprocess. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av den sociala och psykiska påverkan som den ofrivilliga barnlösheten kan medföra, samt hur de hanterar dessa upplevelser. Metod: Den metod som valts för detta arbete är en litteraturöversikt. Arbetet baserades på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade 2005- 2015. För att finna material gjordes artikelsökningar i olika databaser. De valda artiklarna granskades enligt Sophiahemmets Högskolas riktlinjer för kvalitetsgranskning. Artiklarna lästes upprepade gånger och med hjälp av understrykningar i texten kunde relevant information delas in under tre olika rubriker som svarade på studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Resultat: Resultatet har delats in i tre huvudrubriker vilka är; Kvinnors upplevelser av den psykiska påverkan, Kvinnors upplevelser av den sociala påverkan och Att hantera den nya livssituationen. Slutsats: Kvinnornas upplevelser av den psykisk påverkan kan beskrivas med många ord, men de känslor som ofta återkommer är skuld, skam, sorg, förlust av självkänsla, stress, ångest och depression. Kvinnornas upplevelser av den social påverkan beskrivs oftast som isolering och stigmatisering. Kvinnor hanterar den nya livssituationen på olika sätt, men det viktigaste är att ha en aktiv och medveten strategi.
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Okumura, Nao. "Japanese Dialect Ideology from Meiji to the Present." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3142.
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The intent of this study is to examine the trajectory of ideology regarding standard Japanese and dialects from the historical perspective, and also to discuss the cause of the post-war shift of the ideology. Before the war, the government attempted to disseminate hyojun-go aiming at creating a unified Japan in the time when many countries were developing to be nation states after industrial revolution. After the Pacific war, the less strict-sounding term kyotsu-go was more often used, conveying an ideology of democratization. Yet despite the difference in the terms, speaking a common language continues to play a role of unifying the country.
Today there is great interest in regional dialects in Japan. Although kyotsu-go is the common language, most people, especially in urban areas, are familiar with (if not fluent in) kyotsu-go. Due to the development of media and mobilization there are few people who cannot understand kyotsu-go. However, until around the 1970s people were more likely to believe in the superiority of standard Japanese (hyojun-go). Standard language was believed to be superior as a result of language policy that had its origins in Meiji and lasted through WWII. This included education policy that required school children to learn hyojun-go. After the war, in a process of democratization there emerged greater acceptance of language variety: dialect. Thus, there has been a shift in language ideology in Japan, and the people's interests in dialects is one indicator of this. This shift is analyzed here from the perspective of Bourdieu's notion of social and linguistic capital, tying it to policy, historical events and societal change.
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Li, King-lun, and 李景麟. "Nintendo revolution: what is happening in videogame industry and individuals." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44676670.
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McKenzie, Robert M. "A quantitative study of the attitudes of Japanese learners towards varieties of English speech : aspects of the sociolinguistics of English in Japan." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1519.
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Language attitude studies focussing specifically on native speaker perceptions of varieties of English speech have demonstrated consistently that standard varieties tend to be evaluated positively in terms of competence/ status whilst non-standard varieties are generally rated higher in terms of social attractiveness/ solidarity. However, the great majority of studies which have investigated non-native attitudes have tended to measure evaluations of ‘the English language’, conceptualised as a single entity, thus ignoring the substantial regional and social variation within the language. This is somewhat surprising considering the importance of attitudes towards language variation in the study of second language acquisition and in sociolinguistics. More specifically, there is a dearth of in-depth quantitative attitude research in Japan concentrating specifically on social evaluations of varieties of English, as the limited number of previous studies conducted amongst Japanese learners have either been qualitative in design or too small in scale. Moreover, the findings of these studies have been somewhat inconclusive. The present quantitative study, employing a range of innovative direct and indirect techniques of attitude measurement, investigated the perceptions of 558 Japanese university students of six varieties of English speech. The results obtained suggest that Japanese learners are able to differentiate between speech varieties within a single language of which they are not native speakers and hold different and often complex attitudes towards (a) standard/ non-standard and (b) native/ non-native varieties of English speech. For instance, the learners rated both the standard and non-standard varieties of inner circle speech more highly than varieties of expanding circle English in terms of prestige. In contrast, it was found that the learners expressed higher levels of solidarity with the Japanese speaker of heavily-accented English and intriguingly, with speakers of non-standard varieties of UK and US English than with speakers of standard varieties of inner circle English. Moreover, differences in the Japanese students’ gender, level of self-perceived competence in English, level of exposure to English and attitudes towards varieties of Japanese all had significant main effects on perceptions of varieties of English speech. However, the regional provenance of the informants was not found to be significant in determining their language attitudes. The results also imply that Japanese learners retain representations of varieties of English speech and draw upon this resource, whether consciously or unconsciously, in order to identify and evaluate (speakers of) these speech varieties. The findings are discussed in relation to the pedagogical and language planning implications for the choice of linguistic model in English language teaching both inside and outwith Japan and in terms of the methodological importance of the study for potential future attitudinal research in this area.
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Murakami, Miki. "A Study of Compensation for Face-Threatening Acts in Service Encounters in Japan and the United States." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/381.
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This study examines how people compensate for their inability to accommodate the needs of others in service encounters. Being unable to meet others' needs violates the positive face of one of the participants in a discourse. Many previous studies on speech acts demonstrate how people control their utterances to avoid causing a face-threatening act. However, the language behavior that follows a face-threatening act has not yet received much focus. This paper looks at two different kinds of data in Japan and the United State (hereafter "U.S.") using two different approaches: observation and role-play. In the first, the observational phase, the author acted as a customer in several convenience stores in Japan and asked for an item that they did not carry. In the U.S., a native English speaker interacted with the salesclerk as the customer. (No recording device was used in either situation.) All exchanges were immediately recorded by hand and later coded by semantic formulas. In the second, the role-play phase, native speakers were asked to role-play a parallel situation in which they acted as a salesclerk and had to react to not being able to satisfy customers' requests. The results demonstrate that Japanese sales clerks compensate in the face of their inability to meet another's need (they avoid a direct face-threatening act) whereas most U.S. sales clerks do not attempt to compensate for their inability. These behaviors correlate with social expectations of the participants within both respective service encounters. Moreover, the results also suggest a re-thinking of speech acts and emphasize the importance of natural data.
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Kono, Hideki. "Ba in the American context : an exploration of Japanese in U.S. workplaces." Scholarly Commons, 2009. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/739.
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This study investigated the influences of the Japanese sense of ba on their patterns of perceiving the working environment and work-related human~relations in the U.S. social context. Ba in this study refers to the frame of relationships that is shared among the individuals in a certain specific situation.
The goals of this heuristic qualitative study are: (I) to investigate whether Japanese working in the U.S. retain a sense of ba, (2) to examine how the sense of ba affects their perception of the problems that they face in dealing with work-related matters and relationships with their American colleagues, supervisors, and customers, and (3) to investigate whether and how ba functions as a facilitating factor in establishing collaborative relationships between Americans and Japanese in the workplace.
To pursue these study goals, I conducted in-depth interviews with twelve Japanese working in the U.S. The interviews were conducted in the form of focused interview and the obtained data were analyzed in reference to the characteristics of ba stated in the literature review.
The results indicated that the subjects retained and exercised their sense of ba in the - U.S. workplace context. The subjects' narratives also suggested that relationship building between Americans and Japanese based on the ba-principle was possible.
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Matsubara, Nao. "The prospect for Okinawa's initiative : towards getting rid of the U.S. Military presence in Okinawa." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armm4344.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves [56]-[62]) Focusses on issues concerning the U.S. military presence on the island. Elaborates on Okinawa's suffering due to the military bases which have hindered Okinawa's economic development, created serious pollution and encouraged crime
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Findlay, Robert Alexander. "Emperors in America: Haile Selassie and Hirohito on Tour." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/96.
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The imperial visits to the United States by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia in 1954 and Emperor Hirohito of Japan in 1975, while billed as unofficial by all parties involved, demonstrated the problematic nature of America's unstable Cold War political agendas, connected African and Asian Americans with alternative sources of race, nationality, and ethnic pride, and created spaces for the emperors to reinforce domestic policies while advancing their nations on the world stage. Just as America's civil and governmental forces came together during the imperial tours, in 1954 and 1975 respectively, to strongly promote Cold War ideological narratives to a global audience, African American and Japanese American racial and ethnic groups within the United States created their own interpretations of the tours. Likewise, the governments and imperial institutions of Ethiopia and Japan both appropriated American efforts in an attempt to renegotiate political relationships and produce imperial narratives for domestic consumption. However, fundamental contradictions arose during these tours as both Ethiopia and Japan simultaneously sought to embrace America and to expand their presence on the world stage. The full nature of the political, economic, and social ramifications of these two imperial visits, and the contradictions in American's Cold War policies revealed by the tours, has yet to be explored. Reactions to the emperors' tours demonstrated the connections and conflicts between race, nation, and identity. Further the narratives of Ethiopia's and Japan's role on the world stage, particularly during these "unofficial" imperial tours, have yet to be fully examined by historians. Only by examining the emperors' tours within a broader transnational context, taking multiple political, racial, and economic perspectives into account, can the consequences of these visits be fully observed and understood.
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Yoshii, Ruri. "Language Skill Development in Japanese Kokugo Education: Analysis of the Television Program Wakaru Kokugo Yomikaki No Tsubo." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2074.
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Any type of education implemented by a modern nation-state is, at least in part, a tool for socializing its people. In this regard, Japanese language and literature education, kokugo, has played an important role in Japan by emphasizing nationalism and the integrity of a Japanese identity. According to Ishihara (2007) and Lee (1996 [English translation 2010]), kokugo, since its inception in 1900, has promoted moral awareness and assimilation of Japanese ideals across the country. However, responding to unsatisfactory test results in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2003 and 2006, Japan's Ministry of Education Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) adjusted kokugo education policies. A decision was made to place more emphasis on language skills rather than on the traditional kokugo approach that had been in place from the beginning of the Meiji era (1868-1912). Based on an analysis of Wakaru Kokugo Yomikaki no Tsubo (WKYT) (Understanding Kokugo: The Secrets of Reading and Writing), an educational television program for elementary school kokugo classes by Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK), this thesis discusses how language skill development has recently been introduced into the kokugo curriculum and Japanese kokugo education policies. This thesis also uses the historical-structural approach of critical language policy research developed by Tollefson (1991, 2013) and Street (1993) to analyze how this modified kokugo education has the potential to affect the social development of students.
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Tam, Pui-yim Jenifer. "Japanese popular culture in Hong Kong : case studies of youth consumption of cute products and fashion magazines /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25017585.
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Nakamura, Yuko. "Beyond invisible motherhood : how women make decisions not to have children within the prevailing understandings of childlessness in Japan." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/69733.
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Although motherhood is believed to be an essential role for Japanese women, a growing minority of women are choosing to be childfree. This thesis explores why Japanese women choose not to have children, given the strong pronatalist discourse on motherhood. Childfree women’s voices are rarely heard in society and the subject is also absent from Japanese feminism. A qualitative-interpretive study of existing narratives was undertaken to record the reasons, experiences and meaning of being childfree in Japanese society from women’s perspectives. Women in narratives identified the difficulty of combining work and family as the main reason they were childfree. Other major reasons women choose not to have children are: they reject gender inequality, once a woman has a child, gender/sex role assignment comes into her relationship with her husband/partner, husband/father becomes a breadwinner and the wife/mother is responsible for domestic work including childrearing; women choosing to be childfree value their individual fulfilment about the social role of wife/mother, they would like to be human beings or they stressed their identity in terms of their careers.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2007
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Swart, Jessie Loma. "Maatskaplike sorg aan infertiele egpare." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14779.
Full textAbstract:
M.A. (Social Work)This research deals with the structuring, empirical testing and finalising of a model for the evaluation of the degree to which adoptive parents have accepted their infertility. The practice model provides guidelines for the assessment of the extent of acceptance of infertility on the part of prospective adoptive parents. Guidelines are also given for the provision of assistance to infertile couples within the boundaries of social care. This study does not pretend to provide the ultimate solution to the question of evaluation, but serves only as a social work orientated set of guidelines for evaluation ...
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Otani, Kenji. "Determinants of the tempo and quantum of Japanese cohort marital fertility since the 1960s." Phd thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117020.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis has clarified the determinants of the period fertility decline in the early 1970s. As a result of decompositions, we found that a large part of the decline in the total fertility rate in the early 1970s was attributable to a drop in the total marital fertility rate. Then 'we investigated the tempo and quantum aspects of Japanese cohort marital fertility since the 1960s which affect the trends in the total marital fertility rate. With respect to the tempo aspects, we examined the trends in and the effects of background variables on wife’s age at first marriage and the first and second birth intervals. As a result, important facts were found regarding the first and second birth intervals. That is to say, the proportional hazards model analysis of the first birth interval reveals that love matches and conjugal families immediately after marriage are accompanied by a longer first birth interval than others even after controlling for other covariates. Marriage cohort also shows a net effect on the relative risk of having a first birth. In accordance with our expectation that, since the 1960s, other things being equal, the spread of parents’ aspiration to children’s high education may have induced a first birth soon after marriage, the marriage cohorts since the mid-1960s demonstrate a shorter first birth interval than the 1961-63 marriage cohort. If we do not control for other background variables, this shortening tendency of the first birth interval is obscured by increases in love matches and conjugal families just after marriage over marriage cohorts which are likely to entail a longer first birth interval. On the other hand, the univariate analysis of the second birth interval clearly shows that it became shorter over marriage cohorts since the 1960s. The proportional hazards model analysis demonstrates that longer first birth intervals, conjugal families immediately after marriage and higher age at first marriage of women are associated with a longer second birth interval. In contrast with the univariate result, once we controlled for other covariates, we found no effect of marriage cohort on the relative risk of having a second birth except in the marriage cohorts of the early 1970s. It was suggested that the change in second-birth timing stemmed from the shortening first birth interval among others and that an attitudinal change towards birth timing in this period was mainly restricted to that of a first birth. A divergent second birth function in the 1970-72 marriage cohort was scrutinized in detail. We found that conjugal families immediately after marriage, wives with low education, wives with white-collar husband, wives with white-collar father and wives with high age at first marriage who married in the period 1970-72 and had a first birth in the period 1972-74 experienced the most pronounced rise in the second birth interval. This might be because their relatively higher sensitivity to a change in socio-economic circumstances than others was released by the highly contrasting experiences around the oil crisis while they married and had a first birth, thereby inducing a delay of second birth. As regards the quantum aspects, we examined the trends in and the effects of background variables on cumulative fertility and found no sizable change in the childcumulation process over marriage cohorts except in the early stage of marriage. Only a small proportion of the variance of completed fertility was explained by background variables. Nonetheless, we discovered a tendency that extended family immediately after marriage was associated with higher cumulative fertility in conformity with the Lorimer- Davis hypothesis. Since a further increase in wife's age at first marriage and another decline in the proportion of extended families immediately after marriage are not likely in the near future of Japan, these two factors will not reduce completed fertility (now around 2.2) any more. Background variables account for only small proportions of the intended and ideal numbers of children and measured intended and ideal family sizes do not show any sign of an increase in the preference for childlessness or the one-child family as observed in some Western countries. Bearing in mind the findings on the tempo and quantum aspects of cohort marital fertility, we decomposed the reduction in the total marital fertility rate in the early 1970s. We found th a t the drop between the periods 1970-72 and 1973-75 wras essentially produced by a change in second-birth timing over marriage cohorts since the mid-1960s. Th a t is, a shift in second-birth timing to earlier second births after marriage since the 1964-66 marriage cohort elicited an increase in the to ta l marital fertility rate in the periods 1967-69 and 1970-72. Then, with a diminution of the effect of old marriage cohorts before the shift in second-birth timing, the total marital fertility rate dropped in the period 1973-75 and this decline was amplified by an ephemeral delay of the second birth in the 1970-72 marriage cohort. We also discovered th a t a reduction in the total marital fertility rate in the period 1979-81 was mainly produced by a delay in the first birth in the 1979-81 marriage cohort. Given th a t the drop in the total fertility rate in the early 1970s is largely a ttrib u tab le to a decrease in the total marital fertility rate, most of the drop in the total fertility rate in this period is also a ttrib u tab le to the change in second-birth timing over marriage cohorts since the mid-1960s and the temporal disturbance in second-birth timing in marriage cohorts of the early 1970s. The shift in second-birth timing since the mid-1960s possibly resulted from reductions of first birth intervals in the same period and the temporal delay of the second birth in the 1970-72 marriage cohort was probably caused by the first oil crisis. It was also suggested th at the delay of the first birth in the 1979-81 marriage cohort stemmed from the effect of the second oil crisis. In relation to the delay of the first birth in the 1979-81 marriage cohort, we explored the possibility of socio-cultural transitions to women's greater independence and self-reliance in present-day Japan. At present there is no drastic and fundamental change in women’s status and a ttitu d e s towards self-fulfilment which is likely to encroach on the firmly established two-child family preference in Japan.
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"Tracking the national dream of the sojourners: railway building as an institution in modern Japan." Thesis, 2010. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074928.
Full textAbstract:
The research appropriates a theoretical-methodological framework of institutionalization analysis, which helps us to delineate how a collective belief, as in the case of railway building in Japan, was formulated. This framework helps us to delineate how a legitimate social order was established through discoursing, ritualizing, and imagining. Myths, rituals and imaginations attached to the notion of railway were indeed ideological concepts and packages to represent the changing society, even though these efforts might not be well recognized by different social players who participated in the making of this railway belief. The research argues that railway building became one of the most powerful manifestations of nation building. It is a part of the long-evolving process of Japan through which the emerging collectivity came to define and redefine itself in the growing world society. Through railway building, different social players tried to articulate myths, form rituals and share imaginations, and at the same time negotiate what rational economic policies, a legitimate democratic polity and an imagined community meant.The research delineates the process of the building of the railway system in modem Japan (1868--1937). While the railways are commonly considered to be an economic and political infrastructure that is functional to the secular governments to integrate the invented nation-state, however, this does not adequately explain why there are many distinctive cultural imaginaries related to the railway in Japan and why the Japanese seems to be faithful enough to continue to lay tracks for years. I argue that trains are more than mere economic infrastructure through which collective sentiments are expressed. Instead, I argue that the belief that is formed towards the railway had been collectively crafted by different social players for a variety of reasons in the due course of modem Japanese history. Emerging social players, including capitalists, politicians, and commoners, tried to justify their varied practices by making claims to define the great use of railway. Railway building gradually became a shared platform on which different power and interests could be defined and practices legitimized. Those rationales, however, might have nothing to do with the instrumental "use" of railway, but were intimately related to the making of capitalism, democracy and nation-building in modem Japan.
Cheung, Yuk Man.
Adviser: Suk-Ying Wong.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 294-323).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.
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Michinobu, Toshiyuki. "Exploration of Japanese women's patterns of educational attainment : the effect of gender of siblings." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34692.
Full textAbstract:
Guided by the emerging interest in gender of siblings as one important
sociological component in American family studies, the major objective of this study
was to examine the effect of sex composition of siblings on women's levels of
educational attainment in the Japanese setting. The present study hypothesized
that the presence of brothers poses women a greater obstacle to a high level of
educational attainment than the presence of sisters. For the purpose of gaining
more depth in understanding Japanese women's education, this study also
investigated other factors which differentiate the patterns of educational
attainment between men and women.
Two major methods were employed for the exploration. First, in order to
examine the effect of sibling gender, this study analyzed quantitative data obtained
from a sample of 518 young women. Second, face-to-face interviews were
conducted with 15 mothers and 15 young women individually. In the interviews,
in addition to several issues surrounding women's education, the mothers were
asked their experiences about their children's education whereas the young women
were asked their own educational experiences.
The quantitative results identified gender of siblings as one important
family characteristic in explaining women's levels of educational attainment.
While providing some support for the quantitative findings, the qualitative data
revealed the importance of other factors including parental attitudes toward gender
role ideology and the notion of an appropriate marriage age. Implications of the
findings for future research are discussed.Graduation date: 1996
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Takahashi, Tokiko. "Cultural analysis of the Karakuwa fishing community in Japan and Fishermen's reforestation movement." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28464.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the author's ethnographic research at the Karakuwa fishing community in
Japan, this thesis explains a cultural process of the local people's synthesis of the values they
place on nature and their everyday behavior in a modern industrial world. Explicated by
ethnographic narrative, this study focuses on a revitalization movement similar to others
attempted by fishermen in other parts of Japan. These revitalization movements embody
values, held by fishermen for centuries, that nature should be respected. These movements
also serve as symbolic activities to resurrect natural resource users' visions of nature, that
emphasize the connectedness of all parts of nature including humans. In the specific
revitalization movement studied here, the activists insist on the fishermen's knowledge of the
connection between reforestation upstream on a coastal river and the coastal fishing ground.
This study also demonstrates how significant it is to know the insiders' points of view
and their cultural values when we try to understand the relationship between humans and
nature. By studying what kind of traditional knowledge the Karakuwa fishermen have utilized
to support the fishermen's reforestation activities and what has been dismissed, we can gain
insight into the process of value transformation that takes place side by side with the actual
environmental degradation and economic changes experienced by the local fishermen. In this
study, the conclusion is that local people manage with those contradictions by categorizing
events along a continuum between "reality" and "ideal." This study contributes to the local
people in the Karakuwa fishing community as a source of cultural information extending their
knowledge about their indigenous identity and furthering their understanding of how they
revitalize their local traditions yet modernize in this era of globalization.Graduation date: 2003
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Chatani, Sayaka. "Nation-Empire: Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea 1895-1945." Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8VH5MF4.
Full textAbstract:
By the turn of the twentieth century, "rural youth" came to symbolize the spirit of hard work, masculinity, and patriotism. The village youth associations, the seinendan, as well as a number of other youth training programs, carried that ideal and spread it all over the Japanese empire. This dissertation examines how the movement to create "rural youth" unfolded in different parts of the empire and how young farmers responded to this mobilization. By examining three rural areas in Miyagi (northern Japan), Xinzhu (Taiwan), and South Ch'ungch'ŏng (Korea), I argue that the social tensions and local dynamics, such as the divisions between urban and rural, the educated and the uneducated, and the young and the old, determined the motivations and emotional drives behind youth participation in the mobilization. To invert the analytical viewpoint from the state to youth themselves, I use the term "Rural Youth Industry." This indicates the social sphere in which agrarian youth transformed themselves from perpetual farmers to success-oriented modern youth, shared an identity as "rural youth" by incorporating imperial and global youth activism, and developed a sense of moral superiority over the urban, the educated, and the old. The social dynamics of the "Rural Youth Industry" explain why many of these youth so internalized the ideology of Japanese nationalism that they volunteered for military service and fought for the empire.
This dissertation offers a new perspective to the study of modern empires in several respects. It provides a new way to dissect the colonial empire, challenging the methodological trap of emphasizing the present-day national boundaries of Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. It highlights rural modernity, often neglected in the urban-centric historiography of colonial modernity. It also brings together global, regional, and local histories. The seinendan were part of the global waves of imperialism, nation-state building, agrarianism, and the rise of youth. I argue that the spread of the "Rural Youth Industry" most clearly exemplifies a central characteristic of the Japanese empire, which is summarized as its drive to pursue nation-building across its imperial domains, forming a "nation-empire." This dissertation examines the operations of the "nation-empire" at the grassroots level by comparing the social environments of mobilized agrarian youth. Situating the practices of the Japanese empire in these broader contexts as well as the specific local conditions of village societies, this dissertation illuminates the nature of mass mobilization and the shifting relationship between the state and society in the first half of the twentieth century.
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Leman, Hope. "The group ethos in Japanese preschools and in Japanese society." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37220.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the group ethos that is such a critical part of preschool education in
contemporary Japan. The paper discusses the importance to parents and to the government
of suppressing individuality and of inculcating a positive feeling for the group in children in
Japanese early childhood education. The group ethos is a part of Japanese society as a
whole and of its political culture, in particular. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to
discover parallels between values that prevail in early childhood classrooms and in
Japanese politics and culture. The paper also explores the possible costs, both to individual
children and to society, of the overarching priority of socialization for group living in the
preschool setting.Graduation date: 1998
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Thorsten, Morimoto Marie Annette. "Education economicus? : issues of nation, knowledge and identity in contemporary Japan." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10158.
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Fushimi, Katsutoshi. "Cultural and historical transformation of judo in the United States and Japan : is sport dependent on the dominant culture?" Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37307.
Full textAbstract:
Among sport sociologists, the dependency relationship
between sport and the dominant culture has become an important
area of concern. Examination of the cultural and historical
transformations of specific sports may be expected to provide
significant insights into the nature of this relationship.
The purpose of this study was to develop hypotheses to explain
how the meanings and the forms of judo have been transformed
and/or maintained in the society of origin, Japan, and in an
adoptive society, the United States.
An ethnographic study, based upon in-depth interviews
with judo instructors in the United States and Japan, selected
by means of criterion-based and purposive sampling, served as
the principal source of information. In addition, a variety
of additional information-gathering methods were used for the
two countries. Observations at selected judo clubs and
tournaments, informal interviews with judoists, and analysed
of sport-specific publications, were employed to develop the
credibility of the findings. Consequently, three hypotheses
were developed and explored: ( 1 ) the forms of judo are
independent of the dominant society, (2) the meanings of judo
are strongly dependent upon the dominant society, and (3) the
forms of judo in Japan have been subject to greater variance
than judo as practiced in the United States.
In addition, based upon modern methodology of consumer
behavior, an investigation of the favorite possessions of
judoists in the United States and Japan was conducted to
explore the deeper meanings of judo to individual participants
in each country. For the United States, three themes emerged:
(1} judo as a means to form friendships, (2) judo as a means
to express individual abilities, and (3) persistence of the
Kodokan-Japanese orientation. For Japan, the two themes which
addressed the meaning of judo were: ( 1 ) judo as a means of
self-discipline and (2) judo as a championship sport.
When considered jointly, both ethnographic inquiry and
favorite possessions investigation suggested that there were
culturally different reasons why individuals in the two
countries chose to seek involvement in the sport of judo.
Basically, American judoists tended to emphasize friendships
among judoists and the value of individual achievements,
whereas Japanese judoists valued the nature of individual
effort and respectful feelings for their instructor and the
instructional process.Graduation date: 1993
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Ryan, Trevor Owen. "Demographic transition and transformation of regulation and law in Japan." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150457.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation argues that Japan's rapid and dramatic demographic transition is having a transformative effect on regulation and law. It argues that the myriad social and economic challenges associated with demographic transition are a catalyst for collaborative forms of governance - that is, governance that employs indirect and pluralist regulation to supervise and co-opt an otherwise autonomous non-state sector. It contends that Japan's tradition of legal pluralism, which blends formal and contextual elements, is conducive to this collaborative approach to grappling with radical demographic change. However, this tradition has also created an accountability deficit prompting an apparent 'liberal ascendancy' and strengthened commitment to the Rule of Law. In three case studies-retirement pensions, childcare, and adult guardianship - this dissertation demonstrates that the exigencies of demographic change have catalysed compromise between the liberal tradition and the proliferation of indirect, collaborative, and 'responsive' forms of regulation. As evidence, this dissertation charts the growth of 'regulatory' and 'accountability' networks, which span the public and private sectors, and the parallel development of 'hybridisation' of public and private law in Japan.
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Ogren, Holly. "Bending the "rules" : strategic language use in role and status negotiation among women in a rural northeastern Japanese community." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/11287.
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"Crazy about the railroad: Japanese company workers who live for their hobbies." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891502.
Full textAbstract:
Cheung Yuk Man.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-137).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
List of Figures and Note --- p.iv
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Overview
Literature Review
Methodology
Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Background study: Meanings of life, work, and railway hobby in Japan" --- p.25
Introduction
Meanings of life in Japan: Past and present
The possibility of finding an authentic ikigai: Hobby in Japan
General background of railway hobby and hobbyists in Japan
Conclusion: Justifying railway hobby as a legitimate ikigai
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Making sense of self: Relationship between work and hobby among different salaried men --- p.44
Introduction
The loss of vocation: The impossibility to find an ideal job for railway hobbyists
The burden of prestige: Elite salarymen who must always focus on their work
Seeking a place for self: Different ways to maintain identity as hobbyists
Working alone: An ideal workplace for hobbyists?
Conclusion: Towards a common mentality of railway hobbyists
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Hobby as ikigai outside and inside of company --- p.65
Introduction
Dealing with institutional rules: Crafting one's own time without violating rules
Power via peer support: Getting accepted among colleagues and superiors
Finding a place of self and for ikigai in everyday life
"Conclusion: Asserting a space for self in a ""groupist"" world of work"
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Negotiating ikigai as hobby within the family --- p.90
Introduction
Difficulties and possibilities for hobbyists to find partners
Negotiating between wife and trains: From ideals to realities
Problems and issues in family life: From unification to separation
Conclusion: Searching for a self beyond the private sphere of family
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.111
A lifelong journey for the hobby
Meanings of hobby among hobbyists
A possible trend in the future: Enjoying oneself alone
Appendix --- p.122
Bibliography --- p.124
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Stilerman, Ariel. "Learning with Waka Poetry: Transmission and Production of Social Knowledge and Cultural Memory in Premodern Japan." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8GQ6WVV.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation argues that throughout premodern Japan, classical Japanese poetry (waka) served as a vehicle for the transmission of social knowledge, cultural memory, and specialized information. Waka was originally indispensable to private and public social interactions among aristocrats, but it came to play a diversity of functions for warriors, monks, farmers, merchants, and other social groups at each and every level of premodern society and over many centuries, particularly from the late Heian period (785-1185) through the Edo period (1600-1868).
To trace the changes in the social functions of waka, this dissertation explores several moments in the history of waka: the development of a pedagogy for waka in the poetic treatises of the Heian period; the reception of these works in anecdotal collections of the Kamakura period (1192-1333), particularly those geared towards warriors; the use of humorous waka (kyôka), in particular those with satiric and parodic intent, in Muromachi-period (1333-1467) narratives for commoners; and the use of waka as pedagogical instruments for the codification, preservation, transmission, and memorization of knowledge about disciplines as diverse as hawking, kickball, and the tea ceremony. In the epilogue, I trace the efforts of Meiji-period (1868-1911) intellectuals who sought to disconnect waka from any social or pedagogical function, in order to reconceptualize it under the modern European notions of “Literature” and “the Arts.”
I conclude that the social functions of poetry in the premodern period should not be understood as extra-literary uses of poems that were otherwise composed as purely literary works in the modern sense. The roles that waka played in pedagogy, in particular in the transmission of cultural memory and social knowledge across diverse social spaces, were an inherent feature of the practice of waka in premodern Japan.
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Coates, James Henry. "Being-with others : an existential anthropology of recent Chinese migration in Tokyo, Japan." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156067.
Full textAbstract:
This ethnography explores the disjunctures, tensions and convivialities experienced by Chinese migrants in Japan. Chinese migrants now constitute the largest group of registered "foreigners" in Japan, with over 600,000 documented in 2009. The size of this group is the result of a Chinese government-sponsored drive for educational and economic success, and Japan's flexible student visa cum proxy labour migration system. The migrants are situated in a complex world of conflicting imperatives and confusing mobility regimes. Based on 20 months fieldwork in Tokyo's unofficial Chinatown, Ikebukuro, this dissertation demonstrates the value of an existential focus in the Anthropology of migration. I do not represent migrants as harbingers of a new epoch of transnational flexibility nor as mere subjects of global capital and the nation{u00AD} state. Rather, I present them as an example of how we all negotiate complex social worlds amplified by disjunctures and mobility. I situate my existential focus with reference to the work of Jean Luc Nancy, particularly his use of the term "being-with." I also take inspiration from Michael Jackson's work, showing how relational materialities, affects and events shape migrant lives. The chapters of this dissertation consider existential dilemmas as they manifest themselves across a number of spatial scales. I examine everyday practice in the small spaces of conviviality found in Ikebukuro, the dilemmas of living in the large metropolis of Tokyo and how Ikebukuro is situated within the broader field of international Chinese migration. I explore the ways Chinese migrants struggle to define themselves at these multiple levels, often leading to a sense of ambivalence in their lives. As much as this struggle creates a sense of ambivalence however, the place of kinship in their transnational imaginaries gives a particular shape to their sense of "being-with." I conclude by showing how events such as the Tohoku earthquake create new imperatives for Chinese migrants, suggesting potential sources of hope for the relationship between Ikebukuro Chinese and Japanese locals.
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Sawyer, Rieko. "International graduate students of science in Japan an ethnographic approach from a situated learning theory perspective /." Thesis, 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=6&did=813773671&SrchMode=1&sid=5&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233881750&clientId=23440.
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Roebuck, Kristin A. "Japan Reborn: Mixed-Race Children, Eugenic Nationalism, and the Politics of Sex after World War II." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D83F4NS4.
Full textAbstract:
In April 1952, Japan emerged from Allied occupation free, peaceful, and democratic. Japan’s presses marked the occasion by declaring a state of crisis: the “konketsuji [mixed-blood children] crisis.” By all accounts, Allied soldiers had sired and abandoned two hundred thousand “mixed-blood” orphans in Japan. However, Chapter One reveals this to be a fabricated crisis or “moral panic.” Surveys found only a few thousand konketsuji nationwide, very few of them orphans. Yet these discoveries did little to change the tenor of “crisis.” Opposition politicians deployed wrath and fear over “blood mixing” to discredit the dominant Liberal Party and its alliance with the United States. They were abetted by an array of postwar activists who used the “crisis” to reconstruct Japanese nationalism, laid low by defeat and occupation, on a new basis: the “pure” race rather than the failed state.
Chapter Two explores how the panic over “blood mixing” inevitably embroiled not just children but women as well. Japanese women were subject to intense pressures to eschew sex and family formation with Western men, and to abort “mixed” fetuses on eugenic grounds rather than bear them to term. 1948 marked the beginning of the end of criminal prosecution of abortion in Japan. The law that inaugurated this shift, the Eugenic Protection Law (EPL), is generally viewed as an advancement in women’s rights, despite the fact that the EPL envisioned and promoted the use of abortion as a means of managing the “quality and quantity” of Japan’s population. Scholarship on the links between eugenics and the decriminalization of abortion in Japan is vast, but scholars have yet to probe deeply into how eugenic abortion was applied tocontrol—or forestall—“race mixing” after the war. Although it was politically impossible for the government to impose abortions outright on women who might be pregnant with the children of Japan’s conquerors, such women were nonetheless targeted for eugenic intervention. For these women, abortion was not an option granted in a liberal democracy concerned with women’s rights. Abortion was an imperative imposed by a diverse array of governmental and non-governmental actors united behind an ideology of “pure blood.”
Chapter Three explains how postwar scientific presses framed konketsuji born in the wake of World War II as an unprecedented presence. Geneticists, physical anthropologists, clinicians, and other researchers from the late 1940s through the 1970s deployed a “system of silences” to erase Japan’s prewar konketsuji community from view. They thereby not only constructed the Japanese as a racial community bounded by “pure blood,” but denied that the racialized nation ever had or ever could assimilate foreign elements. Scientific spokesmen effected the discursive purification of Japan despite resistance from “mixed-blood” adults who organized to contest the rising tide of racial nationalism. In the process, these scientists severely undercut the “mixed” community’s advocacy of a civically rather than biologically constituted nation.
Chapter Four contrasts the decline of race science and eugenics in the West with their efflorescence in postwar Japan, where conditions of occupation heightened the relevance of racial eugenics as a prescription for national unity and strength. It is well known that Anglophone genetics and physical anthropology were led at the mid-century by immigrants and minorities, prominently including Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ashley Montagu. Yet without comparative analysis, it is difficult to weigh the significance of this fact, or of the fact that minorities did not lead the Japanese sciences. Japanese geneticists and anthropologists whoidentified as having “pure Japanese blood” never questioned that biopolitical category or the costs it imposed on those it excluded. I argue that who practiced science counts for much more than is allowed by objectivist narratives of self-correcting scientific “progress.” My project explains for the first time why racial nationalism and an ethos of ethnic cleansing triumphed in Japan at the very moment these forces receded in other contexts.
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Camacho, Keith L. "Cultures of commemoration the politics of war, memory and history in the Mariana Islands /." Thesis, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=982789411&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1234296324&clientId=23440.
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Fujii, Yasunari. "Narratives as particular forms of culturally situated texts across speakers of Japanese and Australian English." Phd thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148513.
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