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Stamos, Angelos, Efthymios Altsitsiadis, and Siegfried Dewitte. "Investigating the effect of childhood socioeconomic background on interpersonal trust: Lower childhood socioeconomic status predicts lower levels of trust." Personality and Individual Differences 145 (July 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.011.
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Sankar, Uma Vadassery, V. Raman kutty, and TN Anand. "Measuring childhood socioeconomic position in health research:Development and validation of childhood socioeconomic position questionnaire using mixed method approach." Health Promotion Perspectives 9, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2019.05.
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Background: There is no single best indicator to assess the childhood socioeconomic position (CSEP) in public health research. The aim of the study is to develop and validate a new questionnaire, with adequate psychometric properties, to measure the childhood SEP of the young adults. Methods: The first phase consisted of a qualitative phase to identify the variables to measure childhood SEP through the in-depth interviews among 15 young adults (18-45 years) of rural Kerala. The second phase was a quantitative phase to validate the questionnaire through a cross sectional survey among 200 young adults of Kerala. We did content validity, reliability tests and construct validity by using exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire to demonstrate its psychometric properties. Results: The qualitative analysis reported 26 variables spread across 5 domains to measure the CSEP. Finally, the questionnaire has 11 questions with 3 domains named as value added through paternity, maternal occupation-related factors and parental education. The questionnaire has good reliability (Cronbach's α=0.88) also. Conclusion: We have developed a reliable and valid questionnaire to measure the childhood SEP of younger adults and can be used in various public health research.
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Hollander, D. "Mother's Socioeconomic Background May Play Greater Role in Childhood Development Than Maternal Age." Family Planning Perspectives 27, no. 3 (May 1995): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136113.
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KIHLBOM, M., and S. E. JOHANSSON. "MONTH OF BIRTH, SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT IN SWEDISH MEN." Journal of Biosocial Science 36, no. 5 (August 13, 2004): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200300628x.
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Season of birth has been shown to correlate with many aspects of somatic and mental disorders, development and social adaptation (so-called ‘birth-date effects’). In a sample of young Swedish men, corresponding roughly to a one-year birth cohort, the results of intelligence tests, psychologists’ ratings of psychological function, school achievement, body height, weight and self-reported health during childhood, were found to be correlated with month of birth, and – more strongly – father’s socioeconomic status. The results were more favourable for men who were born during March–May (the period of highest birth rate), and whose fathers were of higher socioeconomic status, than for those born in November and December (the period of lowest birth rate), and whose fathers were in the lower socioeconomic group. It seems reasonable to conclude, from this study and previously reported findings, that these so-called ‘birth-date effects’ are determined by varying and often interacting biological and psychosocial factors. Among these factors, the light-induced entrainment of circadian and annual rhythms in the fetus and/or infant seems to be of pivotal importance. The organization of children into one-year age classes therefore produces an unfair lack of equality of possibilities.
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Wibowo, Wahyu Aji, Retno Indrawati Roestamadji, and Retno Pudji Rahayu. "Socioeconomic characteristics of the parents and the risk prediction of early childhood caries." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 50, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i1.p23-27.
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Background: The high prevalence of early childhood caries still becomes a major health problem. It is because children prefer to consume sweet foods, which are also cariogenic. The oral mucosa is a mirror of general health or any systemic disease which usually shows visible symptoms in the oral cavity. Dental caries in children is often related to the socioeconomic characteristics of the parents. Some references suggest that there is a relationship between the socioeconomic status with the incidence of caries. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of socioeconomic characteristics of the parents with the risk prediction of early childhood caries by using cariogram approach to the elementary school students in Wonosobo. Method: The research is an observational analytic study with cross-sectional approach survey method. The research sampling uses proportional random sampling with 201 respondents of fifth graders. The socioeconomic status is measured through questionnaires, while the risk prediction of early childhood caries is measured by using cariogram. The research data analysis uses Spearman rank. Result: The results of the study show that the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents’ parents mostly belong in the middle category as many as 145 respondents (72.1%), lower category as many as 31 respondents (15.4%) and in the upper category as many as 25 respondents (12.4%). Prediction of the respondents avoiding early childhood caries is 55%, while the prediction of the respondents being risked of having early childhood caries is 45%. The results of data analysis show that the relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents’ parents and the risk of having early childhood caries for the respondents is p<0.05. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents’ parents with the early childhood caries, which shows that the higher the socioeconomic status of the parents, the lower the risk of the respondents from having early childhood caries.
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Lee, Ki Sook, and Soon Hwan Kim. "Socioeconomic Background, Maternal Parenting Style, and the Language Ability of Five- and Six-year-old Children." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 767–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.5.767.
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We examined the pathways through which language ability components, such as reading and writing at the age of 5, and socioeconomic and environmental variables, such as maternal parenting style, affect the language ability of children in the first grade. The focal point of this study's structural modeling analysis was that family socioeconomic factors of income and parental education level directly affect children's vocabulary power and, through mothers' parenting style, affect their language test scores at the age of 5. In turn, the scores of language tests done during a child's first grade year reflect the age 5 test scores. Thus, it was found that language ability is affected by socioeconomic factors. Results also indicate that, for young children, parenting style has a great impact on childhood language ability.
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Boertien, Diederik, and Fabrizio Bernardi. "Gendered Diverging Destinies: Changing Family Structures and the Reproduction of Educational Inequalities Among Sons and Daughters in the United States." Demography 59, no. 1 (December 17, 2021): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9612710.
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Abstract The prevalence of nontraditional family structures has increased over time, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Because children's socioeconomic attainments are positively associated with growing up in a two-parent household, changing family structures are considered to have strengthened the reproduction of social inequalities across generations. However, several studies have shown that childhood family structure relates differently to educational outcomes for sons than for daughters. Therefore, we ask whether there are gender differences in the extent to which changing family structures have contributed to the college attainment gap between children from lower and higher socioeconomic backgrounds. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts to estimate extended Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition models that take into account cross-cohort changes in the prevalence of family structures and heterogeneity in the effects of childhood family structure on college attainment. We find that the argument that changes in family structures contributed to diverging destinies in college attainment holds for daughters but not for sons. This result is due to the different changes over time in the effects of childhood family structure by gender and socioeconomic background.
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Lona, Giulia, Christoph Hauser, Svea Bade, Sabrina Köchli, Denis Infanger, Katharina Endes, Oliver Faude, and Henner Hanssen. "Association of Parental Socioeconomic Status and Physical Activity with Development of Arterial Stiffness in Prepubertal Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 8227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158227.
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The present study examined the prospective association of parental household income, education level, migration background, and physical activity (PA) behavior with the development of pulse wave velocity (PWV) in prepubertal children. A total of 223 children (initial age 6–8 years) were included in this prospective school-based cohort study from 2014 to 2018. Parental socioeconomic status, migration background, and PA behavior were assessed by the use of questionnaires at both times points. PWV was measured by an oscillometric device at follow-up (2018). No significant association of household income, education level, and parental migration background with PWV in children after four years was found. However, a high level of maternal PA was related to a lower childhood PWV at follow-up (mean (95% CI) 4.6 (4.54–4.66) m/s) compared to children of mothers with a low PA behavior (mean (95% CI) 4.7 (4.64–4.77) m/s) (p = 0.049). Children of mothers with a high PA level revealed a beneficial arterial stiffness after four years. Little evidence for an association of socioeconomic status and migration background with childhood arterial stiffness was found. Increased parental PA seems to support the development of childhood vascular health and should be considered in the generation of future primary prevention strategies of childhood cardiovascular health.
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Stamos, Angelos, Jack McLaughlin, Sabrina Bruyneel, and Siegfried Dewitte. "A preregistered study of the relationship between childhood socioeconomic background, life history strategies and conformity." Journal of Research in Personality 92 (June 2021): 104095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104095.
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Oosterhoff, Marije, Manuela A. Joore, Nina H. M. Bartelink, Bjorn Winkens, Onno C. P. Schayck, and Hans Bosma. "Longitudinal analysis of health disparities in childhood." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 8 (April 4, 2019): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-316482.
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ObjectiveCombatting disparities in health outcomes among children is a major public health concern. This study focuses on two questions: (1) To what extent does socioeconomic status (SES) contribute to disparities in health outcomes? and (2) To what extent can social inequalities in health outcomes be explained by differences in children’s health behaviours?DesignThis study included 2-year follow-up data of 1259 children (4–12 years of age) who participated in the ‘Healthy Primary School of the Future’ project (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02800616). SES was measured by maternal and paternal education and household income (adjusted for family size). Health outcomes were body mass index (BMI) z-score, health resource use, school absenteeism, health-related quality of life and psychosocial health, measured over 2 years of follow-up (2015–2017). Health behaviours included physical activity, and consumption of fruits, vegetables and sweetened beverages. Associations between SES and baseline health behaviours were examined, and mixed models for repeated measures were used to assess associations between SES and health outcomes over 2 years of follow-up.ResultsA high socioeconomic background was significantly associated with better health outcomes (all outcomes). For example, children with a low SES had higher BMI z-scores (beta coefficient: 0.42, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.62) and higher consumption healthcare costs (ratio of mean costs: 2.21, 95% CI 1.57 to 3.10). Effects of SES changed very little after controlling for health behaviours.DiscussionOur findings strongly suggest that socioeconomic background has a pervasive impact on disparities in child health, but gives little support to the idea that social inequalities in child health can be tackled by means of lifestyle interventions.
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Assari, Shervin. "Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences." Children 7, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7060057.
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Background: Minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment and family income in generating tangible childhood outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group, a pattern prevalent in the US. Our existing knowledge is minimal, however, about diminished returns of family SES on reducing exposure to childhood trauma. Aim: To determine if there was a difference between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) in the effect of SES on exposure to childhood trauma among children ages 8–11 years old. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 4696 NHW or NHB American 8–11-year-old children who were participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variables were parental educational attainment and family income. The primary outcome was exposure to 1 or 2+ childhood traumas, measured by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) semi-structured interview. Polynomial regression was used for data analysis. Results: Parental education and family income had statistically significant protective (negative) effects on childhood trauma, indicating children from high income and highly educated families were exposed to a lower level of childhood trauma. However, race/ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma, indicating weaker protective effects of parental education and family income on reducing exposure to trauma for NHB compared to NHW children. Race-specific models showed protective effects of parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma for NHW but not NHB children. Conclusion: The protective effects of parental education and family income against exposure to childhood trauma are systematically diminished for NHBs compared to NHWs. To minimize the racial/ethnic health gaps, diminished returns of parental education and family income should be addressed. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only SES but also the marginal returns of SES for ethnic groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder NHB families from translating their SES resources into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for NHB families, such that SES can similarly secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.
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Canney, Mark, Siobhan Leahy, Siobhan Scarlett, Rose Anne Kenny, Mark A. Little, Conall M. O’Seaghdha, and Cathal McCrory. "Kidney Disease in Women is Associated with Disadvantaged Childhood Socioeconomic Position." American Journal of Nephrology 47, no. 5 (2018): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488362.
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Background: Socioeconomic position (SEP) is an important determinant of health and it is dynamic across the entire lifespan. We sought to investigate the relationship between life-course SEP and chronic kidney disease (CKD) using 3 conceptual models: critical period, pathway and accumulation. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 4,996 participants from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, a nationally representative cohort of community-dwelling adults aged ≥50 years. We defined childhood and adulthood SEP according to father’s and respondent’s occupation respectively. SEP was categorised as high (reference), intermediate, low and never worked. CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 estimated from the combination of creatinine and cystatin C. We used logistic regression to estimate the age-adjusted association between SEP and CKD separately in men and women. Results: Low childhood SEP was strongly associated with CKD in women, after adjusting for adulthood SEP (OR 1.90 [95% CI 1.24–2.92]), supporting the critical period hypothesis. This association was not explained by traditional CKD risk factors. Women who experienced low childhood SEP and whose circumstances improved in adulthood also had increased odds of CKD, further supporting a critical period effect in childhood. There was comparatively less evidence in support of the pathway or accumulation models. We did not observe a statistically significant association between SEP and CKD in men. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that women exposed to disadvantaged SEP in childhood represent an at-risk group in whom there may be opportunities for identification of CKD and facilitation of health-promoting behaviours from an early age.
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Becker, Michael, Jürgen Baumert, Julia Tetzner, Kai Maaz, and Olaf Köller. "Childhood intelligence, family background, and gender as drivers of socioeconomic success: The mediating role of education." Developmental Psychology 55, no. 10 (October 2019): 2231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000766.
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Oude Groeniger, Joost, Willem de Koster, and Jeroen van der Waal. "Time-varying Effects of Screen Media Exposure in the Relationship Between Socioeconomic Background and Childhood Obesity." Epidemiology 31, no. 4 (July 2020): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000001210.
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MALYNOVSKA, OLHA, and KATERYNA MALTSEVA. "PARENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN CHILDHOOD AND INDIVIDUAL’S ATTITUDES IN ADULTHOOD." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, Stmm 2021 (1) (April 7, 2021): 106–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2021.01.106.
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The present publication focuses on the relationship between parental socioeconomic status in individual’s childhood and his/her attitude formation in adulthood. Based on prior empirical work on the effects of early life SES on general life outcomes in adulthood, as well as data collected in a series of semistructured interviews (N = 10), for this study we have identified several objects of relationship that can be influenced by the socio-economic situation. Specifically, in the analysis of interviews we have short-listed a number of objects, attitudes towards which were shown to vary across different socioeconomic categories in childhood, e.g. money, housing, food, clothes, time, regulations, schooling, creativity, parents, future spouse, children, friends and strangers. These topics were further developed in the questionnaire to test the results that emerged from the analysis of interviews. The quantitative stage was conducted in the form of self-administered survey (N = 245). Based on the results of ANOVA and regression analysis, those individuals whose parents have had stable to relatively stable financial situation in the past showed little difference from each other, while the individuals with more modest background displayed more distinct attitudes toward time, money, regulations and clothes. Unstable financial situation in childhood in our sample also affected consumer’s behavior regarding clothes — the ‘extra’ money was invested into expensive wardrobe items. Furthermore, depending on their past financial situation, individuals in our sample varied in their attitudes toward money and time. The importance of money as such increased if individual’s financial situation became more favorable throughout the life course. Financial situation in childhood also affected one’s attitudes toward food.
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Gauchan, E., A. Kumar, G. BK, P. Thapa, and J. Pun. "Relation of Sociodemographics and Personal Hygiene on Different Childhood Dermatoses." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 13, no. 1 (October 20, 2015): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v13i1.13749.
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Background Skin diseases in children contribute to significant morbidity and psychological distress. Infective dermatoses are one of the major dermatoses in children. Low socioeconomic status, overcrowding and poor personal hygiene has been linked to skin diseases.Objective To find out the prevalence of infectious skin disease in children, rate of transmissible skin disease and association of sociodemographic factors and personal hygiene on infective childhood dermatoses.Method This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Pediatric and Dermatology Department, Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. A total of 226 patients were examined over a period of one year. Relation of sociodemographics, crowding and personal hygiene on skin disease were assessed.Result The most common category was Infections and Infestations (51.3%) followed by Dermatitis (27.9%) . Transmissible skin disease was seen in 49.6%. Low socioeconomic status and overcrowding were associated with increased risk for infective dermatoses.Conclusion Skin disease in children constitutes a public health problem. Improving the socioeconomic status and personal hygiene can help to reduce the incidence of skin disease in children.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.13(1) 2015; 29-33
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Chung, Gary K. K., Francisco T. T. Lai, Dicken C. Chan, Hung Wong, Eng-Kiong Yeoh, and Roger Y. Chung. "Socioeconomic disadvantages over the life-course and their influence on obesity among older Hong Kong Chinese adults." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 5 (May 27, 2020): 1013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa072.
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Abstract Background The life-course perspective on socioeconomic inequality in health is a burgeoning field of research. Nonetheless, the three classic life-course models (i.e. sensitive period, cumulative risk and social mobility models) have rarely been simultaneously applied to studies on obesity. Therefore, this study examined the associations of socioeconomic positions (SEPs) across life stages and their associated life-course models with both general and abdominal obesity. Methods Face-to-face interviews were conducted among 1077 community-dwelling adults aged 50 or above during 2014–15 in Hong Kong. Experiences of poverty, educational attainment and deprivation of necessities represented respondents’ SEP in childhood, early adulthood and late adulthood, respectively. General and abdominal obesity were defined as body mass index ≥25 kg m−2 and waist-to-height ratio >0.5. Multivariable modified Poisson regression with a robust error variance was performed. Results Respondents with low childhood SEP tended to have reduced risk of general obesity [relative risk (RR) = 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.72–1.00], whereas those with low childhood SEP and low late-adulthood SEP tended to have increased risk of abdominal obesity (RR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.00–1.21 and RR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.03–1.26, respectively). Cumulative socioeconomic disadvantages showed a dose–response relationship with abdominal obesity. Also, those with upward socioeconomic mobility had lower risk of abdominal obesity, whereas those with downward socioeconomic mobility had greater risk. Conclusions Low SEP, especially in childhood, exerted contrasting effects on general and abdominal obesity among older Hong Kong Chinese adults. The three life-course models operated simultaneously in determining the risk of abdominal obesity, while support for cumulative risk and social mobility models was weak in general obesity.
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Johnson, Rucker C. "Addressing Racial Health Disparities: Looking Back to Point the Way Forward." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 680, no. 1 (November 2018): 132–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218799061.
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This article investigates the influence of family background and neighborhood conditions during childhood on health later in life, with a focus on hypertension. To document the proportion of current adult racial health disparities rooted in early-life factors, I use nationally representative longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) spanning four decades. The results indicate that racial differences in early life neighborhood conditions and family background characteristics play a substantial role in explaining racial disparities in hypertension through at least age 50. Contemporaneous socioeconomic factors account for relatively little of the racial disparities in this health condition in adulthood. Second, I match the PSID data to county-level data on Medicaid expenditures during these cohorts’ childhoods, and provide new causal evidence on the long-run returns to childhood Medicaid spending: Medicaid-induced increases in access to public health insurance led to significant reductions in the likelihood of low birth weight, increased educational attainment and adult income, and reduced adult mortality and the annual incidence of health problems.
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Glover, Láshauntá M., Loretta R. Cain-Shields, Sharon B. Wyatt, Samson Y. Gebreab, Ana V. Diez-Roux, and Mario Sims. "Life Course Socioeconomic Status and Hypertension in African American Adults: The Jackson Heart Study." American Journal of Hypertension 33, no. 1 (August 16, 2019): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpz133.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Limited research has examined the association of life-course socioeconomic status (SES) with hypertension prevalence and incidence in a large cohort of African Americans. METHODS Among 4,761 participants from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), we examined the association of SES indicators with prevalent and incident hypertension. We used multivariable Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios (PR, 95% confidence interval—CI) of baseline (2000–2004) hypertension by adult (education, income, occupation, wealth) and childhood (mother’s education) SES. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR, 95% CI) of incident hypertension by adult and childhood SES (2005–2013; 7.21 median years of follow-up). We also examined the association of childhood-to-adult SES mobility (parent-to-adult education) with prevalent and incident hypertension. Model 1 adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 added waist circumference, behaviors (smoking, alcohol, physical activity, diet), and diabetes prevalence. RESULTS High (vs. low) adult SES measures were associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, with the exception of having a college degree and upper-middle income (PR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.07; PR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09, respectively). Higher childhood SES was associated with a lower prevalence and risk of hypertension (PR: 0.83, 95%: CI 0.75, 0.91; HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.89, respectively). Upward mobility and consistent high SES (vs. consistent low SES) from childhood to adulthood was associated with a greater prevalence, but lower incidence of hypertension. CONCLUSION Efforts to prevent hypertension among African Americans should consider childhood and current SES status.
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Sengupta, Aditya, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Emily M. Bucholz, Jane W. Newburger, Pedro J. del Nido, and Meena Nathan. "Contemporary Socioeconomic and Childhood Opportunity Disparities in Congenital Heart Surgery." Circulation 146, no. 17 (October 25, 2022): 1284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.122.060030.
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Background: While singular measures of socioeconomic status have been associated with outcomes after surgery for congenital heart disease, the multifaceted pathways through which a child’s environment impacts similar outcomes remain incompletely characterized. We sought to evaluate the association between childhood opportunity level and adverse outcomes after congenital heart surgery. Methods: Data from patients undergoing congenital cardiac surgery from January 2011 to January 2020 at a quaternary referral center were retrospectively reviewed. Outcomes of interest included predischarge (early) mortality or transplant, postoperative hospital length-of-stay, inpatient cost of hospitalization, postdischarge (late) mortality or transplant, and late unplanned reintervention. The primary predictor was a US census tract–based, nationally-normed composite metric of contemporary child neighborhood opportunity comprising 29 indicators across 3 domains (education, health and environment, and socioeconomic), categorized as very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. Associations between childhood opportunity level and outcomes were evaluated using logistic regression (early mortality), generalized linear (length-of-stay and cost), Cox proportional hazards (late mortality), or competing risk (late reintervention) models, adjusting for baseline patient-related factors, case complexity, and residual lesion severity. Results: Of 6133 patients meeting entry criteria, the median age was 2.0 years (interquartile range, 3.6 months–8.3 years). There were 124 (2.0%) early deaths or transplants, the median postoperative length-of-stay was 7 days (interquartile range, 5–13 days), and the median inpatient cost was $76 000 (interquartile range, $50 000–130 000). No significant association between childhood opportunity level and early mortality or transplant was observed ( P =0.21). On multivariable analysis, children with very low and low opportunity had significantly longer length-of-stay and incurred higher costs compared with those with very high opportunity (all P <0.05). Of 6009 transplant-free survivors of hospital discharge, there were 175 (2.9%) late deaths or transplants, and 1008 (16.8%) reinterventions at up to 10.5 years of follow-up. Patients with very low opportunity had a significantly greater adjusted risk of late death or transplant (hazard ratio, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1–2.6]; P =0.030) and reintervention (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.5–2.3]; P <0.001), versus those with very high opportunity. Conclusions: Childhood opportunity level is independently associated with adverse outcomes after congenital heart surgery. Children from resource-limited settings thus constitute an especially high-risk cohort that warrants closer surveillance and tailored interventions.
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Khanolkar, Amal R., Nishi Chaturvedi, Valerie Kuan, Daniel Davis, Alun Hughes, Marcus Richards, David Bann, and Praveetha Patalay. "Socioeconomic inequalities in prevalence and development of multimorbidity across adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of the MRC 1946 National Survey of Health and Development in the UK." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): e1003775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003775.
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Background We aimed to estimate multimorbidity trajectories and quantify socioeconomic inequalities based on childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position (SEP) in the risks and rates of multimorbidity accumulation across adulthood. Methods and findings Participants from the UK 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) birth cohort study who attended the age 36 years assessment in 1982 and any one of the follow-up assessments at ages 43, 53, 63, and 69 years (N = 3,723, 51% males). Information on 18 health conditions was based on a combination of self-report, biomarkers, health records, and prescribed medications. We estimated multimorbidity trajectories and delineated socioeconomic inequalities (based on childhood and adulthood social class and highest education) in multimorbidity at each age and in longitudinal trajectories. Multimorbidity increased with age (0.7 conditions at 36 years to 3.7 at 69 years). Multimorbidity accumulation was nonlinear, accelerating with age at the rate of 0.08 conditions/year (95% CI 0.07 to 0.09, p < 0.001) at 36 to 43 years to 0.19 conditions/year (95% CI 0.18 to 0.20, p < 0.001) at 63 to 69 years. At all ages, the most socioeconomically disadvantaged had 1.2 to 1.4 times greater number of conditions on average compared to the most advantaged. The most disadvantaged by each socioeconomic indicator experienced an additional 0.39 conditions (childhood social class), 0.83 (adult social class), and 1.08 conditions (adult education) at age 69 years, independent of all other socioeconomic indicators. Adverse adulthood SEP was associated with more rapid accumulation of multimorbidity, resulting in 0.49 excess conditions in partly/unskilled compared to professional/intermediate individuals between 63 and 69 years. Disadvantaged childhood social class, independently of adulthood SEP, was associated with accelerated multimorbidity trajectories from age 53 years onwards. Study limitations include that the NSHD cohort is composed of individuals of white European heritage only, and findings may not be generalizable to the non-white British population of the same generation and did not account for other important dimensions of SEP such as income and wealth. Conclusions In this study, we found that socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals have earlier onset and more rapid accumulation of multimorbidity resulting in widening inequalities into old age, with independent contributions from both childhood and adulthood SEP.
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Landös, Aljoscha, Martina von Arx, Boris Cheval, Stefan Sieber, Matthias Kliegel, Rainer Gabriel, Dan Orsholits, et al. "Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and disability trajectories in older men and women: a European cohort study." European Journal of Public Health 29, no. 1 (August 23, 2018): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky166.
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Abstract Background We observed a lack of population-based longitudinal research examining the association of disadvantaged childhood socioeconomic circumstances (CSC) and disability [activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)] in older age, and whether socioeconomic attainments in adulthood can compensate for a poor socioeconomic start in life. Methods Data on 24 440 persons aged 50–96 in 14 European countries (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) were used to measure the associations between CSC and limitations with ADL and with IADL, using mixed-effects logistic regression models. Models stratified by gender were adjusted for education during young adulthood, main occupation during middle age, ability to make ends meet during old age and potential confounding and control variables. Results Risks of ADL and IADL limitations increased with age and were different between women and men. For women, a gradient across CSC strata was observed, showing that the more disadvantaged the CSC, the higher the risk of ADL and IADL limitations in old age, even after adjustment for adult socioeconomic indicators. For men, the association between CSC and disability was mediated by the main occupation in middle age and the ability to make ends meet at older age. Conclusion Women who grew up in socioeconomically disadvantaged households were at higher risk of disability in older age and this disadvantage was not attenuated by favourable adult socioeconomic conditions. Men were more likely to make up for a disadvantaged start in adulthood.
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Kulic, Nevena, Jan Skopek, Moris Triventi, and Hans-Peter Blossfeld. "Social Background and Children's Cognitive Skills: The Role of Early Childhood Education and Care in a Cross-National Perspective." Annual Review of Sociology 45, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 557–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022401.
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This review looks at the current state of research on early childhood education and care (ECEC) from a sociological stance. We summarize how children's experiences and benefits from participation in ECEC are related to their families’ socioeconomic position in modern industrial nations. By bringing together child development and intervention research from economics, education, and psychology with a sociological, social stratification perspective, our report focuses on ECEC as a policy strategy for equalization in early childhood. We argue that two major stratifiers, families and country-specific ECEC settings, need to be considered more closely when we seek to understand the efficacy of early educational interventions in modern societies. While well-targeted educational programs are found to lowerachievement gaps among children from different social backgrounds, a disproportionate use of early education by socioeconomically privileged families may offset the benefits of early interventions. In addition, the current stratification patterns in various nationwide ECEC contexts may further strengthen the gaps in children's (early) achievements.
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Tella, Patricia, Luciane da Rosa Piccolo, Mayra Lemus Rangel, Luis Augusto Rohde, Guilherme Vanoni Polanczyk, Euripides Constantino Miguel, Sandra Josefina Ferraz Ellero Grisi, Bacy Fleitlich-Bilyk, and Alexandre Archanjo Ferraro. "Socioeconomic diversities and infant development at 6 to 9 months in a poverty area of São Paulo, Brazil." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 40, no. 3 (August 23, 2018): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0008.
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Abstract Introduction The effects of socioeconomic disparities on cognitive development tend to emerge early in infancy and to widen throughout childhood, and may perpetuate later in life. Although the study of how poverty affects early childhood has increased in the last 20 years, many of the effects remain largely unknown, especially during the first year of life. Aim To investigate the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) and maternal education on infants’ language, motor and cognitive development. Methods The cognitive, language and motor skills of 444 infants aged 6 to 9 months selected from a poor neighborhood in São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. A questionnaire on socioeconomic background was administered to the participants’ families. Results A positive association was found between SES and infants’ performance on language and motor scales. Additionally, higher maternal education was associated with higher language and cognitive scores. Conclusion Our findings indicate that SES effects are detectable very early in infancy. This result has implications for the timing of both screening and intervention efforts to help children overcome the consequences of living in poverty.
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Yi, Julie S., Emmanuel E. Garcia Morales, Joshua F. Betz, Jennifer A. Deal, Lorraine T. Dean, Simo Du, Adele M. Goman, et al. "Individual Life-Course Socioeconomic Position and Hearing Aid Use in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 77, no. 3 (November 23, 2021): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab273.
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Abstract Background To measure the association between individual life-course socioeconomic position (SEP) and hearing aid use, we examined childhood and adulthood socioeconomic variables collected at the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study baseline visit (1987–1989)/Life Course Socioeconomic Status study (2001–2002) and hearing aid use data collected at visit 6 (2016–2017). Methods ARIC is a prospective cohort study of older adults (45–64 years) recruited from 4 U.S. communities. This analysis included a subset of 2 470 participants with hearing loss at visit 6 (≥25 decibels hearing level [dB HL] better-ear) with complete hearing aid use data. Childhood SEP variables included parental education, parental occupation, and parental home ownership. Young and older adulthood SEP variables included income, education, occupation, and home ownership. Each life epoch was assigned a score ranging from 0 to 5 and then summed to calculate the individual cumulative SEP score. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate the association between individual cumulative SEP and hearing aid use. Missing SEP scores were imputed for participants with incomplete socioeconomic data. Results Of the 2 470 participants in the analytic cohort (median [interquartile interval] age 79.9 [76.7–84.0], 1 330 [53.8%] women, 450 [18.2%] Black), 685 (27.7%) participants reported hearing aid use. Higher cumulative SEP was positively associated with hearing aid use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.14), and slightly stronger for childhood (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00–1.20) than older adulthood SEP score (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.95–1.18). Conclusions In this community-based cohort of older adults with hearing loss, higher individual life-course SEP was positively associated with hearing aid use.
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Beynon, Claire, and Linda Bailey. "Prevalence of severe childhood obesity in Wales UK." Journal of Public Health 42, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): e435-e439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdz137.
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Abstract Background In Wales, approximately one in eight children is obese (aged 4–5 years). The aim of this prevalence study was to examine the trends in severe childhood obesity and investigate any relationship with socioeconomic deprivation. Methods Data for all children included as part of the Wales Childhood Measurement Programme (2013/14–2017/18) were utilized. Data on the number who had a body mass index above the 99.6th centile indicating severe obesity were calculated over time by sex and in relation to deprivation. Results Of the 162 208 children measured between 2013/14 and 2017/18 (mean age 5.06 years, standard deviation 0.35 years), the overall prevalence of severe obesity was 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0–3.2%). This varies from 1.9% (95% CI 1.7–2.1%) in the least deprived areas to 3.9% (95% CI 3.7–4.0%) in the most deprived areas. Boys have higher prevalence of severe obesity than girls: 3.6% (95% CI 3.4–3.9%) of boys (n = 598) and 3.0% (95% CI 2.7–3.2%) of girls (n = 467) were categorized as severely obese in reception year in Wales in 2017/18. Prevalence has increased over time but this is not statistically significant. Conclusion This study found significantly higher levels of severe obesity in areas of socioeconomic deprivation. Levels of severe obesity were significantly higher in boys than in girls.
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Peck, Blake, Daniel Terry, and Kate Kloot. "The Socioeconomic Characteristics of Childhood Injuries in Regional Victoria, Australia: What the Missing Data Tells Us." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137005.
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Background: Injury is the leading cause of death among those between 1–16 years of age in Australia. Studies have found that injury rates increase with socioeconomic disadvantage. Rural Urgent Care Centres (UCC) represent a key point of entry into the Victorian healthcare system for people living in smaller rural communities, often categorised as lower socio-economic groups. Emergency presentation data from UCCs is not routinely collated in government datasets. This study seeks to compare socioeconomic characteristics of children aged 0–14 attending a UCC to those who attend a 24-h Emergency Departments with an injury-related emergency presentation. This will inform gaps in our current understanding of the links between socioeconomic status and childhood injury in regional Victoria. Methods: A network of rural hospitals in South West Victoria, Australia provide ongoing detailed de-identified emergency presentation data as part of the Rural Acute Hospital Data Register (RAHDaR). Data from nine of these facilities was extracted and analysed for children (aged 0–14 years) with any principal injury-related diagnosis presenting between 1 February 2017 and 31 January 2020. Results: There were 10,137 injury-related emergency presentations of children aged between 0–14 years to a participating hospital. The relationship between socioeconomic status and injury was confirmed, with overall higher rates of child injury presentations from those residing in areas of Disadvantage. A large proportion (74.3%) of the children attending rural UCCs were also Disadvantaged. Contrary to previous research, the rate of injury amongst children from urban areas was significantly higher than their more rural counterparts. Conclusions: Findings support the notion that injury in Victoria differs according to socioeconomic status and suggest that targeted interventions for the reduction of injury should consider socioeconomic as well as geographical differences in the design of their programs.
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Ericsson, Malin, Nancy L. Pedersen, Anna L. V. Johansson, Stefan Fors, and Anna K. Dahl Aslan. "Life-course socioeconomic differences and social mobility in preventable and non-preventable mortality: a study of Swedish twins." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 5 (March 30, 2019): 1701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz042.
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Abstract Background Despite advances in life expectancy, low socioeconomic status is associated with a shorter lifespan. This study was conducted to investigate socioeconomic differences in mortality by comparing preventable with non-preventable causes of death in 39 506 participants from the Swedish Twin Registry born before 1935. Methods Childhood social class, own education, own social class and social mobility were used as separate indicators of socioeconomic status. These data were linked to the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Cause of death was categorized as preventable or non-preventable mortality according to indicators presented in the Avoidable Mortality in the European Union (AMIEHS) atlas. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we tested the association between the socioeconomic measures and all-cause mortality, preventable mortality and non-preventable mortality. Additional co-twin control analyses indicated whether the associations reflected genetic confounding. Results The social gradient for mortality was most prominent for the adult socioeconomic measures. There was a social gradient in both preventable mortality and non-preventable mortality, but with an indication of a moderately stronger effect in preventable causes of death. In analyses of social mobility, those who experienced life-time low socioeconomic status (SES) or downward social mobility had an increased mortality risk compared with those with life-time high SES and upward social mobility. Adjustments for genetic confounding did not change the observed associations for education, social class or social mobility and mortality. In the co-twin control analyses of reared-apart twins, the association between childhood social class and mortality weakened, indicating possible genetic influences on this association. Conclusions Our results indicate that there is an association between low adult socioeconomic status and increased mortality independent of genetic endowment. Thus, we do not find support for indirect social selection as the basis for mortality inequalities in Sweden
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Cuartas, Jorge, Emily Hanno, Nonie K. Lesaux, and Stephanie M. Jones. "Executive function, self-regulation skills, behaviors, and socioeconomic status in early childhood." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): e0277013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277013.
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Background and objectives Prior research has established steep socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in children’s cognitive skills at kindergarten entry. Yet, few studies have had comprehensive, multi-informant data to examine SES-related differences in foundational social and emotional skills and executive function. The objective of the current study is to systematically examine SES-related differences in young children’s executive function (EF), self-regulation skills, and behaviors. Methods The current study analyzed data on 2,309 young children from the Early Learning Study at Harvard (ELS@H). Multi-method (direct-assessment and reports) and multi-informant (parents and early education and care educators) information on children’s executive function, self-regulation skills, and internalizing, externalizing, and adaptive behaviors were used. A parametric framework employing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation was used to quantify the size of the SES-related differences in this set of children’s foundational social-emotional skills. Results On average, there were differences of 0.24–0.45 SD for EF, 0.22–0.32 SD for self-regulation skills, and 0.27–0.54 SD for behaviors favoring children from the highest SES quartile of the distribution of SES relative to children from the lowest quartile. The SES-related differences were consistent across direct assessment, parent reports, and educator reports. Some differences were larger for older children relative to their younger counterparts. Conclusions Findings indicate a need for comprehensive intervention efforts well before kindergarten entry aimed at closing early disparities in children’s foundational social and emotional skills and executive function.
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Li, Wangyang, Minyi Li, Yongai Jin, Shiqi Wang, and Yi Zhang. "Double Jeopardy in Contemporary China: Intersecting the Socioeconomic Gradient and Geographic Context on Early Childhood Development." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 4937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144937.
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Family socioeconomic status (SES) differences in early childhood development (ECD) are well documented, as are the neighborhood effects in early development outcomes. However, little is known about whether the SES gradient in ECD outcomes varies across geographic contexts by county-level variables in contemporary China. This study examines the effects of county-level socioeconomic background on inequalities in the developmental outcomes of young Chinese children. Individual-level child development data based on four early development milestones—taking a first step, first sentences, counting 10 objects, fully independent toileting—were combined with family- and county-level socioeconomic data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Using a hierarchical linear model (HLM) to examine how the broader socioeconomic context plays a role in the attainment of developmental milestones at expected times as young children grow and develop, we have found significant cross-level interaction effects between family SES and county-level variables in relation to developmental milestone attainment. The family SES gradient in the achievement of children’s developmental milestones is steeper for those in the under-developed regions than their counterparts in the more developed regions. Our findings suggest that low-SES children who are living in socioeconomically deprived regions suffer from a double disadvantage in terms of early development outcomes. Further research would be needed to contextualize the observed interactions and better explain the underlying mechanisms.
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Orri, Massimiliano, Marilyn N. Ahun, Sara Naicker, Sahba Besharati, and Linda M. Richter. "Childhood factors associated with suicidal ideation among South African youth: A 28-year longitudinal study of the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): e1003946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003946.
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Background Although early life factors are associated with increased suicide risk in youth, there is a dearth of research on these associations for individuals growing up in disadvantaged socioeconomic contexts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We documented the association between individual, familial, and environmental factors in childhood with suicidal ideation among South African youth. Methods and findings We used data from 2,020 participants in the Birth to Twenty Plus (Bt20+) study, a South African cohort following children born in Soweto, Johannesburg from birth (1990) to age 28 years (2018). Suicidal ideation was self-reported at ages 14, 17, 22, and 28 years, and the primary outcome of interest was suicidal ideation reported at any age. We assessed individual, familial, and socioeconomic characteristics at childbirth and during infancy, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) between ages 5 and 13 years, and externalizing and internalizing problems between 5 and 10 years. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) of suicidal ideation for individuals exposed to selected childhood factors using logistic regression. Lifetime suicidal ideation was reported by 469 (23.2%) participants, with a 1.7:1 female/male ratio. Suicidal ideation rates peaked at age 17 and decreased thereafter. Socioeconomic adversity, low birth weight, higher birth order (i.e., increase in the order of birth in the family: first, second, third, fourth, or later born child), ACEs, and childhood externalizing problems were associated with suicidal ideation, differently patterned among males and females. Socioeconomic adversity (OR 1.13, CI 1.01 to 1.27, P = 0.031) was significantly associated with suicidal ideation among males only, while birth weight (OR 1.20, CI 1.02 to 1.41, P = 0.03), ACEs (OR 1.11, CI 1.01 to 1.21, P = 0.030), and higher birth order (OR 1.15, CI 1.07 to 1.243, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with suicidal ideation among females only. Externalizing problems in childhood were significantly associated with suicidal ideation among both males (OR 1.23, 1.08 to 1.40, P = 0.002) and females (OR 1.16, CI 1.03 to 1.30, P = 0.011). Main limitations of the study are the high attrition rate (62% of the original sample was included in this analysis) and the heterogeneity in the measurements of suicidal ideation. Conclusions In this study from South Africa, we observed that early life social and environmental adversities as well as childhood externalizing problems are associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation during adolescence and early adulthood.
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Parkkinen, Maari, Hanna Rinne, Johanna Korkeamäki, Minna Parkkila, Liisa Vaalasranta, and Erja Poutiainen. "Sosioekonomisen perhetaustan yhteys Kelan mielenterveysperusteiseen kuntoutukseen osallistumiseen toisen ja korkea-asteen opiskelijoilla." Kuntoutus 45, no. 3 (October 12, 2022): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37451/kuntoutus.122239.
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Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin toisen ja korkea-asteen opiskelijoiden sosioekonomisen perhetaustan (vanhempien koulutustaustan ja pääasiallisen toiminnan sekä lapsuudenperheen tulotason) yhteyttä opiskeluaikaiseen Kelan mielenterveyssyistä myönnettyyn kuntoutuspsykoterapiaan ja koulutuksena järjestettyyn ammatilliseen kuntoutukseen osallistumiseen. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin, millainen sosioekonomisen perhetaustan ja kuntoutukseen osallistumisen välinen yhteys on, kun perheeseen ja koulutukseen liittyvät tekijät on otettu huomioon.Tutkimusväestö sisälsi vuosina 1989–1991 syntyneet toisen ja korkea-asteen opiskelijat. Aineisto koostettiin Tilastokeskuksen, Opetushallituksen sekä Kelan rekisteritiedoista. Menetelminä käytettiin ristiintaulukointia ja logistista regressioanalyysiä. Tilastollisia merkitsevyyksiä tarkasteltiin laskemalla tuloksille 95 prosentin luottamusvälit.Kuntoutusmuodot kytkeytyivät selvästi sosioekonomiseen perhetaustaan. Toisella asteella koulutuksena toteutettuun ammatilliseen kuntoutukseen osallistuvista valtaosa oli miehiä ja tuli matalammasta sosioekonomisesta perhetaustasta. Kun sosioekonomisen perhetaustan yhteyttä kyseiseen kuntoutukseen osallistumiseen tarkasteltiin ottaen huomioon perheeseen ja koulutukseen liittyvät tekijät, havaittiin, että osallistuminen oli yleisempää korkeatuloisesta taustasta tulevilla, niillä, joiden vanhemmilla oli korkeakoulutus sekä niillä, joiden vanhemmat olivat työvoiman ulkopuolella. Korkea-asteella osallistuminen ammatilliseen kuntoutukseen oli harvinaista.Kuntoutuspsykoterapiaan osallistuivat korkeasta sosioekonomisesta taustasta tulevat. Suurin osa kuntoutupsykoterapiaan osallistuneista oli naisia, ja tämä kuntoutusmuoto oli yleisempi korkea-asteella. Kuntoutuspsykoterapiaan osallistuminen oli yhteydessä lapsuudenperheen korkeampaan tulotasoon, naisopiskelijoilla myös vanhempien olemiseen työelämän ulkopuolella. Opiskelijat, joiden vanhemmilla oli korkea-asteen koulutus, osallistuivat kuntoutuspsykoterapiaan useammin kuin ne, joiden vanhemmilla oli keskiasteen koulutus. Kun muut sosioekonomiset perhetaustatekijät vakioitiin, vanhempien korkea koulutus oli yhteydessä kuntoutuspsykoterapiaan osallistumiseen vain toisen asteen naisopiskelijoilla. Lisäksi lapsuudenperheen korkea tulotaso ei enää ollut yhteydessä kuntoutusterapiaan osallistumiseen korkea-asteen naisopiskelijoilla.Tulosten perusteella koulutuksena toteutettu ammatillinen kuntoutus ja kuntoutuspsykoterapia kohdentuvat sosioekonomisen taustansa suhteen erilaisille nuorille. Tulevaisuudessa olisi tärkeää selvittää tarkemmin havaittuja eroja selittäviä yksilöllisiä sekä järjestelmätason kuten kuntoutukseen ohjaamiseen liittyviä tekijöitä sekä tunnistaa keinoja puuttua tutkimuksessa havaittuihin sosioekonomisiin eroihin.
Abstract
Socioeconomic background and use of Kela’s rehabilitative mental health services among secondary and tertiary education students
We studied how socioeconomic background (parents’ educational level, employment situation and childhood family’s income class) is related to use of mental health related rehabilitative psychotherapy and vocational rehabilitation arranged as education, provided by Finland’s Social Insurance Institution (Kela) during studies. In addition, we explored these relationships when familial background and educational factors were standardized.Research population included students in secondary and tertiary education born between 1989 and 1991. Data on population, education, rehabilitation and disability retirement was extracted from the Statistics Finland, the Finnish National Agency for Education and Kela. Methods included crosstabulation and logistic regression. Statistical significances were observed by calculating 95 percent confidence intervals.Participation in vocational rehabilitation arranged as education and rehabilitative psychotherapy was strongly associated with students’ socioeconomic background. Vocational rehabilitation was more commonly used by male students in secondary education, the majority coming from lower socioeconomic background. When the relationship between socioeconomic background and rehabilitation, standardized by familial background and educational factors, was examined, participation in rehabilitation was more common among students coming from high-income backgrounds, having higher educated parents or whose parents were outside the workforce. Vocational rehabilitation was rarely used in tertiary education.Use of rehabilitative psychotherapy was more common among students from higher socioeconomic background, the majority of participants being female and students in tertiary education. Use of rehabilitative psychotherapy was higher among students whose family belonged to the highest income quartile and female students whose parents were outside the workforce. Students whose parents had a degree from tertiary education were more likely to participate in psychotherapy than students whose parents had secondary degree. When other socioeconomic factors were taken into account, parents’ higher education was associated with participation in rehabilitation psychotherapy only among female secondary school students. In addition, family’s high income-level was no more associated with participation in rehabilitation psychotherapy among female students in tertiary education.The results show that use of vocational rehabilitation and rehabilitative psychotherapy are associated with students’ socioeconomical background. In future, it is important to study in more detail the individual and systemic factors explaining the differences observed, as well as to identify ways to address the socio-economic differences shown in the study.
Keywords: mental health, students, young adults, secondary education, higher education, rehabilitative psychotherapy, vocational rehabilitation, socioeconomic background, familial background
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Lubienski, Sarah, and Corinna Crawford Crane. "Beyond Free Lunch: Which Family Background Measures Matter?" education policy analysis archives 18 (May 25, 2010): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v18n11.2010.
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Most studies of school achievement use free-lunch eligibility or other basic indicators to adjust for differences in students’ socioeconomic backgrounds. This study determines whether these variables are enough to separate the confounding effects of students’ backgrounds from the main variables of interest in education studies. The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study dataset from the kindergarten class cohort of 1998-99 (ECLS-K) provides an unusually vast array of information regarding children’s home resources and experiences. This plethora of parent-reported data raises questions about which variables researchers should include in their analyses, and it provides an extraordinary opportunity to examine this question. Using a split-sample design, stepwise regression, and multi-level modeling, this study systematically examines over 200 ECLS-K student background variables to determine which factors predict reading and mathematics achievement after typical SES controls are employed. The study identifies several variables that are important supplements to traditional SES measures, including the number of children in the household, mother’s age at first birth, and children’s books at home. Results indicate the extent to which “value added” studies can be flawed when using only basic demographic variables. The findings hold implications for data collection and accountability efforts, including NCLB, teacher evaluation plans, and the design of state longitudinal data systems.
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Demissie, Kitaw, Pierre Ernst, Lawrence Joseph, and Margaret R. Becklake. "Birthweight and Preterm Birth in Relation to Indicators of Childhood Asthma." Canadian Respiratory Journal 4, no. 2 (1997): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/872149.
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BACKGROUND: Early life events may have long term consequences on respiratory health including the risk of developing asthma.OBJECTIVE: To examine the independent roles of birthweight and preterm birth on childhood asthma after accounting for socioeconomic status.METHODS: A total of 989 elementary school children performed spirometry before and after a free-running exercise challenge. A subsample of 327 children underwent methacholine bronchoprovocation and allergy skin prick tests to common inhaled aeroallergens. Information on birthweight and preterm birth was obtained by parental interview. Socioeconomic status was established using parental occupation.RESULTS: After adjusting for the effects of important confounding variables, birthweight was positively associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1); FVC increased 4.5% per kg (95% CI 1.7 to 7.4) and FEV14.4% per kg (95% CI 1.8 to 7.2). Birthweight was not related to exercise-induced bronchospasm or an asthma diagnosis, but airway responsiveness to methacholine increased as birthweight decreased (P=0.01). Preterm birth independent of birthweight was associated with a lower FEV1/FVC (-1.7%; 95% CI -2.8 to -0.5).CONCLUSIONS: Birthweight appears to be related to lung size and methacholine responsiveness while preterm birth appears to diminish airway size.
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Lindberg, Louise, Martina Persson, Pernilla Danielsson, Emilia Hagman, and Claude Marcus. "Obesity in childhood, socioeconomic status, and completion of 12 or more school years: a prospective cohort study." BMJ Open 11, no. 3 (March 2021): e040432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040432.
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ObjectivesChildren with obesity achieve lower educational level compared with normal-weight peers. Parental socioeconomic status (SES) impacts both a child’s academic achievement and risk of obesity. The degree to which the association between obesity and education depends on parental SES is unclear. Therefore, the primary aim is to investigate if individuals with obesity in childhood are less likely to complete ≥12 years of schooling, independently of parental SES. The secondary aim is to study how weight loss, level of education and parental SES are associated.DesignNationwide prospective cohort study.SettingSwedish national register data.ParticipantsChildren aged 10–17 years, recorded in the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register, and aged 20 years or older at follow-up were included (n=3942). A comparison group was matched by sex, year of birth and living area (n=18 728). Parental SES was based on maternal and paternal level of education, income and occupational status.Primary outcome measureCompletion of ≥12 years of schooling was analysed with conditional logistic regression, and adjusted for group, migration background, attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity, anxiety/depression and parental SES.ResultsAmong those with obesity in childhood, 56.7% completed ≥12 school years compared with 74.4% in the comparison group (p<0.0001). High parental SES compared with low SES was strongly associated with attained level of education in both children with and without obesity, adjusted OR (aOR) (99% CI)=5.40 (4.45 to 6.55). However, obesity in childhood remains a strong risk factor of not completing ≥12 school years, independently of parental SES, aOR=0.57 (0.51 to 0.63). Successful obesity treatment increased the odds of completing ≥12 years in school even when taking parental SES into account, aOR=1.34 (1.04 to 1.72).ConclusionsIndividuals with obesity in childhood have lower odds of completing ≥12 school years, independently of parental SES. Optimised obesity treatment may improve school results in this group.
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Drummond, Murray, Claire Drummond, Jim Dollman, and Liz Abery. "Physical activity from early childhood to adolescence: a literature review of issues and interventions in disadvantaged populations." Journal of Student Wellbeing 4, no. 2 (January 31, 2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21913/jsw.v4i2.722.
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Background: This paper is based on a report commissioned by the South Australian Health Department to undertake a literature review identifying key physical activity interventions in ‘different’ populations. This paper presents the findings from the literature surrounding youth from early childhood through to adolescence only.
Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search using the following online academic databases: Proquest, Informit, Blackwell Synergy, Sage Publications, CINAHL and Cochrane. The search targeted peerreviewed articles, systematic reviews and evaluations. Each search used the term ‘physical activity and’, using the Boolean ‘or’ exercise. Using the Boolean ‘and’ combinations of the following words were added: low socioeconomic position ‘or’ low socioeconomic status, culture, intervention, health promotion, evaluation, strategies, South Australia, Australia. We also reviewed Australian government websites.
Results: There are myriad reasons for the success or failure of physical activity interventions for youth ranging from parental influences, gender and age, culture, socioeconomic status, and social and physical environments.
Conclusions: Multi-faceted approaches to interventions are required to achieve optimal outcomes for youth from early childhood through to adolescence. School provides an ideal site to engage students in physical activity. However ‘curriculum-only’ strategies do not work. Engaging parents
in the interventions will heighten the probability of success.
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Vinopal, Katie. "Socioeconomic Representation: Expanding the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 30, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muz024.
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Abstract To date, representative bureaucracy scholarship has primarily focused on the potential for increased racial/ethnic and gender representation in the public-sector workforce to improve outcomes for minority and female clients. However, the potential for socioeconomic representation to benefit those from a lower socioeconomic background has not been thoroughly explored. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort 2011 and a student fixed-effects approach, I begin to fill this gap in the literature by investigating whether socioeconomic representation—above and beyond and intersecting with racial and ethnic representation—affects teachers' perceptions of their relationships with students. Heterogeneity by an organizational context likely to affect the saliency of SES is also explored. Overall results show no evidence that SES match between teachers and students influences teachers' rating of relationship quality with students. For low-SES black students, racial representation persists as an important factor in better teacher–student relationships, even controlling for socioeconomic representation. However, for low-SES white students in contexts where SES is likely to be particularly salient, socioeconomic representation has a significant positive effect on teacher–student relationship quality. Results exploring the interaction of racial and socioeconomic representation are also presented. Finally, theoretical and practical implications, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
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CORREIA-ZANINI, Marta Regina Gonçalves, Edna Maria MARTURANO, and Anne Marie Germaine Victorine FONTAINE. "Effects of early childhood education attendance on achievement, social skills, behaviour, and stress." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 35, no. 3 (September 2018): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752018000300007.
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Abstract There is evidence that Early Childhood Education positively contributes to optimal performance in Elementary School, but there are few studies about its infl uence on socio-behavioral variables. This study aimed to explore the association between duration of Early Childhood Education attendance (one or two years) and developmental outcomes in the 3rd grade. A total of 151 students from public schools participated in the study and their academic performance, social skills, externalizing behavior and stress symptoms were assessed. Data analysis comprised group comparison and regression with control of socioeconomic background. The results showed that children who had attended Early Childhood Education for one more year showed better achievement and less stress symptoms. Duration of Early Childhood Education attendance was a significant positive predictor for achievement and a negative one for stress in the 3rd grade. We discuss the quality of Early Childhood Education and its influence on the variables assessed and point to the need for a systematic replication study to assess the generalization of the results.
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Llorca-Jaña, Manuel, Javier Rivas, Damian Clarke, and Diego Barría Traverso. "Height of Male Prisoners in Santiago de Chile during the Nitrate Era: The Penalty of being Unskilled, Illiterate, Illegitimate and Mapuche." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 6261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176261.
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This article contributes to the study of inequality in the biological welfare of Chile’s adult population during the nitrate era, ca. 1880s–1930s, and in particular focuses on the impact of socioeconomic variables on height, making use of a sample of over 20,000 male inmates of the capital’s main jail. It shows that inmates with a university degree were taller than the rest; that those born legitimate were taller in adulthood; that those (Chilean born) whose surnames were Northern European were also taller than the rest, and in particular than those with Mapuche background; and that those able to read and write were also taller than illiterate inmates. Conditional regression analysis, examining both correlates at the mean and correlates across the height distribution, supports these findings. We show that there was more height inequality in the population according to socioeconomic status and human capital than previously thought, while also confirming the importance of socioeconomic influences during childhood on physical growth.
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Cheadle, Jacob E. "Educational Investment, Family Context, and Children's Math and Reading Growth from Kindergarten Through the Third Grade." Sociology of Education 81, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003804070808100101.
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Drawing on longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999, this study used IRT modeling to operationalize a measure of parental educational investments based on Lareau's notion of concerted cultivation. It used multilevel piece-wise growth models regressing children's math and reading achievement from entry into kindergarten through the third grade on concerted cultivation and family context variables. The results indicate that educational investments are an important mediator of socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities, completely explaining the black-white reading gap at kindergarten entry and consistently explaining 20 percent to 60 percent and 30 percent to 50 percent of the black-white and Hispanic-white disparities in the growth parameters, respectively, and approximately 20 percent of the socioeconomic gradients. Notably, concerted cultivation played a more significant role in explaining racial/ethnic gaps in achievement than expected from Lareau's discussion, which suggests that after socioeconomic background is controlled, concerted cultivation should not be implicated in racial/ethnic disparities in learning.
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DiGirolamo, Ann M., Laura Ochaeta, and Rosa Mery Mejía Flores. "Early Childhood Nutrition and Cognitive Functioning in Childhood and Adolescence." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 41, no. 1_suppl (June 2020): S31—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572120907763.
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Background: The Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) Longitudinal Study provides a unique opportunity to examine the role of nutrition in cognitive functioning over time, controlling for other sociocultural factors. Objective: This article describes results of analyses carried out in the INCAP Longitudinal Study on relationships between early childhood nutritional status and supplementation with concurrent and subsequent cognitive development in childhood and adolescence/young adulthood. Methods: Articles were chosen for review that addressed this topic from the original and 1988 follow-up studies; 41 articles were reviewed and key results summarized for relationships between early nutrition and cognition in infancy, early childhood, and adolescence/young adulthood. Results: Overall, results suggest strong relationships between indicators of a child’s early nutritional status and motor and cognitive development in infancy and through the preschool years, continuing into adolescence/young adulthood, particularly for males. Nutritional supplementation during gestation through 2 years of age was associated with improvements in motor development and small, but consistent improvements in cognitive development during infancy and preschool years, with similar results of greater magnitude found with cognitive functioning in adolescence and young adulthood. Findings remain strong after controlling for various sociocultural factors (eg, socioeconomic status [SES]) and schooling. Among adolescents, significant interactions were found with SES and years of school attained; differences in performance favored Atole over Fresco children, with greatest differences for participants of low SES and those with higher levels of schooling. Conclusions: Results support the need for programs to address unmet nutritional requirements among at-risk mothers and children and potential beneficial effects for human cognitive development.
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Kabele, Pavel, Martina Mojhová, and Dita Smíšková. "Hand-foot-mouth disease in puerperium." Česká gynekologie 87, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/cccg202247.
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Our case report describes a case of an otherwise predominantly childhood disease in a young adult woman with a good socioeconomic background who developed pruritic exanthema on the 2nd day after spontaneous delivery. The aim of the paper is to characterize the disease and to describe the possible risks for mother and child according to the available literature, as well as complications not only in puerperium but also during pregnancy. Key words: hand – foot – mouth disease – exanthema – gravidity – postpartum period – Coxsackie
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Mohammadzadeh, Ashraf, Ahmadshah Farhat, Rana Amiri, and Habibollah Esmaeeli. "Effect of Birth Weight and Socioeconomic Status on Children's Growth in Mashhad, Iran." International Journal of Pediatrics 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/705382.
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Background. Socioeconomic status and birth weight are prominent factors for future growing of children. Also Studies show that this criterion is associated with reduced cognitive outcomes, school achievement, and adult work capacity. So in this paper we determined the effects of some socio-economic statuses and birth weight on physical growth of children in Mashhad, Iran.Method and materials. This is a cross sectional study that determined effect of socio-economic status and birth weight on weight, heighting and BMI of school age children. Healthy six years old children who were screened before enter, to school were eligible for participating in our study between 6 June 2006 and 31 July. Weight and standing height were documented at birth and measured at 6 years old. Then, their BMI were calculated in childhood period. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software.Result. Results show that some socio-economic variables and birth weight is associated with and, perhaps, influence the variation of growth in the children. The variables which show the most consistent and significant association were birth weight, sex, economic status and education of parents.Conclusion. In this paper, we found that birth weight, economic status and education parents of neonates have directly significant effect on growth childhood period. We recommended that paying attention to these criteria for improving growth of children in our society should be considered by authorities.
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McAvay, Haley. "Socioeconomic status and long-term exposure to disadvantaged neighbourhoods in France." Urban Studies 57, no. 13 (November 20, 2019): 2663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019882338.
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This paper uses a large-scale longitudinal data set from France over a 23-year period (1990–2013) to investigate the links between socioeconomic status and long-term exposure to disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The findings show that while local environments tend to be durable over the life course, higher income substantially reduces the risk of staying in spaces with high unemployment over time. The negative effect of income on the transmission of disadvantage is found regardless of immigrant background. However, a specific form of socio-spatial disadvantage is observed for low-income children of non-European immigrant(s), who experience a greater degree of exposure to high unemployment areas from childhood to adulthood than any other group. These findings make a new contribution to emerging research on intergenerational contextual mobility by documenting the moderating effect of income and immigrant origin on the transmission of spatial disadvantage.
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Kumar, Anil, Bal Kishan Gulati, Jeetendra Kumar, Damodar Sahu, Rajaram Yadav, Anita Pal, and M. Vishnu Vardhana Rao. "Childhood undernutrition inequalities in empowered action group states of India: evidence from NFHS, 2006-2016." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 4817. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213777.
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Background: Child undernutrition is a major public health problem in many low and middle income countries and malnutrition alone accounted for 45% (3 million deaths annually) deaths among under-five children. Malnutrition is the concealed cause of one out of every two such deaths. A study was undertaken to examine the trends, determinants and socioeconomic-related inequalities in childhood undernutrition in empowered action group (EAG) states, India. The secondary data of the two rounds of National Family Health Survey, NFHS-3 (2005-06) and NFHS-4 (2015-16) comprising of 16,802 and 128,400 children aged 0-59 months respectively was analysed.Methods: Non-linear Fairlie decomposition was used to identify and quantify the separate contribution of different socioeconomic characteristics in gap of childhood malnutrion between 2006 and 2016.Results: Results show that the prevalence of undernutrition has decreased in EAG states during the last one decade, but the prevalence of wasting is remained almost same as 10 years back. The decomposition analysis shows that maternal education, household wealth and place of residence were contributing to socioeconomic inequality in childhood undernutrition from 2006 to 2016.Conclusions: There is a need to adopt different strategies of health policy intervention. It is important to have policies towards improving female literacy in the EAG states because maternal education plays a vital role in child health and literacy rate is very low among women in EAG states. The existence of a functional health insurance system and increasing universal coverage are recommended to mitigate child undernutrition, so that the vulnerable and deprived populations who are not able to access health care facilities, can easily access health care services for early detection and treatment of undernutrition without any financial constraint.
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Scholtes, Cathy, Katja Baust, Leonie Weinhold, Ursula Creutzig, Astrid Gnekow, Andreas Hinz, Peter Kaatsch, et al. "Health status, health-related quality of life, and socioeconomic outcome in childhood brain tumor survivors: a German cohort study." Neuro-Oncology 21, no. 8 (February 22, 2019): 1069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz044.
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Abstract Background With rising numbers of childhood cancer survivors, somatic and socioeconomic outcome as well as health-related quality of life (QoL) gain increasing relevance. Based on the first nationwide German Survey on Life Situation, State of Health, and Quality of Life of Childhood Cancer Survivors, the VIVE survey, we report the outcome of survivors of childhood brain tumors localized in the posterior fossa. Methods Two hundred seventy participants with a median follow-up period of 21.9 years completed a questionnaire on socioeconomic and somatic late effects as well as a standardized QoL questionnaire (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30). Comparisons were performed between World Health Organization (WHO) grades I–II, WHO grades III–IV brain tumor survivors (BTS), and the general population adjusting for potential confounders. Results The socioeconomic and QoL results of WHO grades I–II BTS were largely comparable to the general population, while grades III–IV BTS were at higher risk for significantly worse outcomes. Of WHO grades III–IV BTS, 36.8% were still living with their parents or in assisted living facilities compared with 16.1% of grades I–II BTS and 7.8% of the age-adjusted general population. Of grades III–IV BTS, 60.8% achieved at least an intermediate school degree in comparison to 80.5% of grades I–II BTS and 75.6% of the general population. Grades III–IV BTS developed up to 2 times more somatic late effects than survivors of grades I–II tumors. Conclusion Derived from a large and homogeneous cohort, these results stress the importance of an appropriate follow-up period focusing not only on physical aspects but encompassing the entire living situation to allow patient-tailored support.
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Kim, Jinseok P., and Eunkook M. Suh. "Preference for depth versus breadth in social relationships: Childhood socioeconomic background matters." Journal of Social Psychology, August 17, 2022, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2022.2113020.
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Mehri, Ahmad, Vali Baigi, Danial Rahimi, and Saharnaz Nedjat. "Childhood socioeconomic status and adulthood mental health: results from the survey on employees of Tehran University of Medical Sciences." Journal of Public Health, February 22, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab004.
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Abstract Background Socioeconomic status, especially during childhood, is known as one of the key factors affecting health. This study’s objective was to investigate the association between childhood socioeconomic and mental health status in adulthood. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2062 employees of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Depression, stress and anxiety were measured using the validated DASS-42 questionnaire. A self-rated question was used to assess childhood socioeconomic status. Other variables including age, sex, marital status, and also wealth index, were measured. Linear regression models were used to analyze the data. Results 24.6% of men and 33.8% of women had degrees of depression (mild, moderate, severe or very severe). 32.9% of men and 29.4% of women had mild, moderate, severe or very severe anxiety. 36.3% of men and 45.2% of women also exhibited mild, moderate, severe or very severe stress. Results showed after adjusting for the current socioeconomic status, childhood socioeconomic status has a relationship with the mental health of individuals. Conclusion People with a suboptimal childhood socioeconomic status seem to be a high-risk group for depression, stress and anxiety in adulthood. Strategies need to put into practice to improve the mental health of these people.
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Bosma, H., M. Oosterhoff, A. P. Vermeiren, M. Willeboordse, M. A. Joore, and O. C. P. van Schayck. "Can school-based, health behavioural interventions tackle health inequities in childhood?" European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.921.
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Abstract Background To improve the health situation of children in primary school, many school-based interventions that are aimed at changing health behaviours, are being set up. Prior to knowing the (long-term) effectiveness of such intervention, we set out to examine whether there is room for such interventions to also tackle the health gap between children from high and low socioeconomic backgrounds. Methods Data from the Dutch quasi-experimental Health Primary School of the Future were used. All children from eight primary schools were included in the period 2015-2019. In the first cross-sectional phase, we studied whether there were socioeconomic differences in various health outcomes (e.g. body mass index) and whether these were smaller in children in the oldest groups (highest classes). In a two-year longitudinal approach, it was studied how socioeconomic differences in health outcomes developed in two years time and whether health behaviours could “explain” any socioeconomic differences in the outcomes. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used, including multilevel variants thereof, as well as mediation analyses. Results Both the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses indicated substantial and consistent socioeconomic differences in various health outcomes. The socioeconomic differences in health appeared stronger in the oldest children (highest classes). Due to only small socioeconomic differences in health behaviours, such behaviours did not mediate the socioeconomic differences in the children's health outcomes. Conclusions The findings indicate substantial socioeconomic differences in health in primary school. That being longer at school did not attenuate the socioeconomic differences in health and that health behaviours did not mediate the socioeconomic differences in health suggests that there might not be much room for school-based, health behaviour interventions to easily tackle socioeconomic differences in health in childhood. Key messages We found substantial socioeconomic differences in child health in the Netherlands. But we found only little evidence that primary school-based, health behavioural interventions will easily tackle socioeconomic differences in child health.
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ÖZGÜNLÜ, Merve, and Ayşegül METİNDOĞAN. "Erken Çocukluk Eğitiminin Kalitesi ile Çocukların Sosyoekonomik Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişki." Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, June 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52597/buje.1090913.
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Erken çocukluk eğitimi (EÇE) okullarının ve sınıflarının kalitesi birçok araştırmacı tarafından incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmaların sonuçları, EÇE okulları ve sınıfları arasında büyük bir kalite farkı olduğunu göstermektedir. Yüksek kaliteli EÇE'ne erişme ve devam etme konusunda farklı sosyoekonomik geçmişlerden gelen çocuklar arasında eşitsizlik vardır. Çocuk nüfusun büyük bir bölümünün halihazırda kamuya bağlı EÇE okullarına devam ettiği bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, mevcut çalışma, kamuya açık EÇE sınıflarının kalitesi hakkında kapsamlı veriler ve çocukların sosyoekonomik geçmişleri hakkında tanımlayıcı veriler elde etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Buna dayanarak, mevcut çalışma, bu iki faktör arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını ve çocuklar arasında yüksek kaliteli EÇE'ne erişme konusunda bir fark olup olmadığını değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma ilişkisel bir araştırmadır. Verilerin toplanmasında tesadüfi olmayan amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, ebeveynlerin sosyoekonomik faktörleri ile EÇE sınıflarının kalitesi arasında anlamlı bir pozitif ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, çocuklar, ebeveynler, öğretmenler ve EÇE sınıflarının kalitesi ile ilgili faktörleri belirleyerek EÇE literatürüne katkıda bulunmuştur. Türkiye'de EÇE'nin kalitesini çok boyutlu bir bakış açısıyla tanımlayan ve araştıran ve özellikle aileleri, okulları, eğitim programlarını ve kültürü içeren daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır.