Journal articles on the topic 'Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA)'
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1
Wearick-Silva, Luis Eduardo, Saulo G. Tractenberg, Mateus L. Levandowski, Thiago W. Viola, Joelza M. A. Pires, and Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira. "Mothers who were sexually abused during childhood are more likely to have a child victim of sexual violence." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 36, no. 2 (June 2014): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2013-0054.
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Introduction: Recurrent exposure to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) seems to be higher among victims of sexual abuse. In this sense, experiences related to sexual violence can perpetuate within the family context itself in various ways. Here, we investigate the association between being exposed to CSA and having a child victim of sexual abuse. Method: We used a sample with 123 mothers, who were divided into 2 groups: one consisting of 41 mothers of sexually abused children and another consisting of 82 mothers of non-sexually abused children. History of exposure to CSA was evaluated by means of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ) and we used a logistic regression model to estimate the prediction values regarding having or not a child exposed to sexual violence. Results: Mothers of sexually abused children had significantly higher scores on CTQ, especially on the sexual abuse subscale (SA). According to our logistic regression model, higher scores on the CTQ significantly predicted the status of being a mother of children exposed to sexual violence in our sample (Wald = 7.074; p = 0.008; Exp(B) = 1.681). Years of formal education reduced the likelihood of having a child victim of sexual violence (Wald = 18.994; p = 0.001; Exp(B) = 0.497). Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of a possible intergenerational effect of sexual abuse. Family intervention and prevention against childhood maltreatment should take this issue in account.
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Kwako, Laura E., Jennie G. Noll, Frank W. Putnam, and Penelope K. Trickett. "Childhood sexual abuse and attachment: An intergenerational perspective." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 15, no. 3 (July 2010): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104510367590.
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Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a recognized risk factor for various negative outcomes in adult survivors and their offspring. We used the Dynamic-Maturational Model of attachment theory as a framework for exploring the impact of maternal CSA on children’s attachment relationships in the context of a longitudinal sample of adult survivors of CSA and non-abused comparison mothers and their children. Results indicated that children of CSA survivors were more likely to have extreme strategies of attachment than the children of non-abused mothers. However, because both groups were at socioeconomic risk, both were typified by anxious attachment. Explanations for findings and implications for children’s development are explored.
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Linden, Michael, and Ahmes Zehner. "The Role of Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA) in Adult Cognitive Behaviour Therapy." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 35, no. 4 (April 16, 2007): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465807003669.
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Sexual abuse in childhood is a pathogenetic factor for psychological disorders. The attention given to this phenomenon varies between therapists and therapeutic schools. The question is how often sexual abuse is recognized as a problem in cognitive behaviour therapy and how this is related to the present symptoms and therapeutic problems. 1223 case reports, written as application for reimbursement of routine cognitive behaviour therapy, were submitted to a content analysis in respect to childhood sexual abuse. Sexual abuse was mentioned in 10.3% of the cases; 59% of female and 50.0% of male victims were abused by relatives. Sexually abused patients showed significantly increased rates of inadequate care and negative life events during childhood. In comparison to controls, cases showed significantly increased rates of “eating disorders” (15 vs. 6; p<.05), “substance abuse/addiction” (16 vs. 6; p<.05), “suicide attempts” (15 vs. 3; p<.01), “strict refusal of sexual partners” (15 vs. 5; p<.05), “frequently changing partners” (21 vs. 3; p<.001), “problems in marriage/partnership” (95 vs. 77; p<.05) and “sexual problems” (51 vs. 24; p<.001). Childhood sexual abuse is a problem, frequently seen in behaviour therapy patients and therefore also warranting special attention in routine patient care. Sexual abuse is understood by cognitive behaviour therapists as an indicator for traumatizing conditions in general during childhood. It is associated with specific treatment problems and therapeutic needs in adulthood.
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Sullins, Carolyn D. "Suspected Repressed Childhood Sexual Abuse." Psychology of Women Quarterly 22, no. 3 (September 1998): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00165.x.
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This article explores therapists' responses to clients' suspicions that they have repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Each participant was randomly assigned one of two vignettes, varied for gender, each concerning a client who suspects that he/she is a victim of CSA. Following the vignette, a series of questions regarding the client assesses the participants' ratings of diagnoses, treatment goals, treatment plans, appropriate responses, and validity of suspicions. Participants were significantly more likely to endorse a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and endorse treatments focusing on present symptoms over treatments focusing on the client's past. Participants were unlikely to endorse controversial treatments, suggestive statements, or strong opinions regarding the client's suspicions of CSA. The client's gender had a significant effect on diagnoses only. These results do not support reports that many therapists neglect clients' current symptoms and instead focus on memories, use controversial techniques, make suggestive statements regarding abuse, or immediately assume that their clients have repressed memories.
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Endrass, J., and A. Rossegger. "Mental Disorders in Victims of Sexual Violence." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70515-2.
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Many investigations have shown a strong relationship between childhood sex abuse (CSA) and severe negative health and social outcomes among female and male victims of childhood sex abuse. The risk for unintended pregnancies, risky sexual behavior in general, and HIV-risk behavior is considerably elevated, leading to the contraction of sexually transmitted diseases. Furthermore, CSA victims are likely to be assaulted again as adults and a minority of CSA victims can become a perpetrator themselves. With respect to mental health outcomes, a higher prevalence of alcoholism, drug abuse, addiction, and pathologic gambling is found in CSA survivors. Additionally, CSA survivors are more vulnerable to anorexia nervosa, affective disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or suffer personality disorders, especially borderline personality disorder (BPD). Furthermore, childhood sex abuse victims are more vulnerable to suicidal behaviour, showing frequent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.
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Luterek, Jane A., Gerlinde C. Harb, Richard G. Heimberg, and Brian P. Marx. "Interpersonal Rejection Sensitivity in Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 19, no. 1 (January 2004): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260503259052.
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This study investigated whether interpersonal rejection sensitivity serves a mediating role between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and three long-term psychological correlates of CSA in adult female survivors: depressive symptoms, anger suppression, and attenuated emotional expression. Interpersonal rejection sensitivity has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of depression and is elevated in CSA survivors. Similarly, attenuated emotional expression, particularly anger, has been related to adjustment difficulties in CSA survivors. Participants in this study were 355 female undergraduates, 34 ofwhomreported a history of CSA. Results demonstrated that interpersonal rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between CSA and later depressive symptoms. Interpersonal rejection sensitivity partially mediated the relationship between CSA and anger suppression; however, it did not mediate the relationship between CSA and attenuated emotional expression. These results are examined within the context of the current literature on adult CSA survivors and their implications are discussed.
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Chan, Ko Ling. "Correlates of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Intimate Partner Sexual Victimization." Partner Abuse 2, no. 3 (2011): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.2.3.365.
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This study investigated the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Chinese university students in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Shanghai. It used a cross-sectional design. To complete a self-report questionnaire, 3,388 university students from Hong Kong, Beijing, and Shanghai were recruited through convenience sampling. The results showed that 28.6% of participants experienced some form of CSA, and no gender difference was found in the prevalence of CSA. Significantly, more female have been reported being victims of sexual IPV than male (24.2% vs. 18.2%); however, when considering severe sexual victimization only, females did not report higher prevalence than men did. Results of the multiphase logistic regression showed that CSA had an independent association with an increased risk of sexual IPV victimization during adulthood. In addition, gender, having had sex with the partner of the referred intimate relationship, and current posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with sexual IPV victimization when other factors were adjusted. Conclusion: Intervention with IPV should include an assessment of CSA history. Prevention of revictimization for IPV victims with CSA history was discussed.
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Morais, Hugo B., Apryl A. Alexander, Rebecca L. Fix, and Barry R. Burkhart. "Childhood Sexual Abuse in Adolescents Adjudicated for Sexual Offenses: Mental Health Consequences and Sexual Offending Behaviors." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215625224.
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Most studies on the mental health consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) focus predominantly on CSA survivors who do not commit sexual offenses. The current study examined the effects of CSA on 498 male adolescents adjudicated for sexual offenses who represent the small portion of CSA survivors who engage in sexual offenses. The prevalence of internalizing symptoms, parental attachment difficulties, specific sexual offending behaviors, and risk for sexually offending were compared among participants with and without a history of CSA. Results indicated that participants with a history of CSA were more likely to be diagnosed with major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder than those who did not report a history of CSA. A history of CSA was also positively correlated with risk for sexually offending and with specific offense patterns and consensual sexual behaviors. No significant differences emerged on parental attachment difficulties. These results highlight that adolescents adjudicated for sexual offenses with a history of CSA present with differences in sexual and psychological functioning as well as markedly different offending patterns when compared with those without a CSA history. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Elfgen, Constanze, Niels Hagenbuch, Gisela Görres, Emina Block, and Brigitte Leeners. "Breastfeeding in Women Having Experienced Childhood Sexual Abuse." Journal of Human Lactation 33, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334416680789.
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Background: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can have a serious effect on general and obstetric health. Breastfeeding includes several triggers for memories of abuse experiences, which will likely influence decisions about breastfeeding and its implementation in daily life. This is important since breastfeeding improves maternal well-being and bonding with the child. Research aim: As breastfeeding strongly influences the long-term health of children, we investigated experiences with breastfeeding in women with a history of CSA. Methods: Data on breastfeeding were collected within a research project designed to compare labor and delivery experiences in women with a history of CSA to women without such antecedents. Data from 85 women having experienced CSA and 170 controls pair-matched for maternal age, children’s age, and nationality were evaluated. The clinical record of pregnancy and a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data. Results: Although the prevalence of breastfeeding was similar in women with and without CSA experiences (96.5% vs. 90.6%), women exposed to CSA more often described complications associated with breastfeeding (77.7% vs. 67.1%, p = .08). Mastitis (49.4% vs. 27.6%, p < .01) and pain (29.4% vs. 18.8%, p = .15) were reported significantly more often by women after CSA. For 20% of women after CSA, breastfeeding was a trigger for memories of CSA. Furthermore, 58% of women with CSA reported dissociation when breastfeeding. Conclusion: In addition to the growing list of potential health consequences of CSA experience, this experience seems to be associated with an increased number of problems when breastfeeding. However, most women with a history of CSA intend to breastfeed despite particular challenges related to CSA. A support protocol tailored to the specific needs of these women during pregnancy and the lactation period may help to improve breastfeeding and the early mother–child relationship.
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Xu, Yin, and Yong Zheng. "Does Sexual Orientation Precede Childhood Sexual Abuse? Childhood Gender Nonconformity as a Risk Factor and Instrumental Variable Analysis." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 8 (November 29, 2015): 786–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215618378.
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Research suggests that there is a relation between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adulthood nonheterosexual orientation. To explore whether nonheterosexual orientation increases the risk of CSA, we recruited a large sample, added the variable of childhood gender nonconformity (CGNC), and applied the instrumental variable method. We found that heterosexual and nonheterosexual men who were more gender nonconforming in childhood were significantly more likely to report having a history of CSA than their gender-conforming counterparts. There was no relation between CSA and CGNC for heterosexual and nonheterosexual women. The instrumental variable analysis revealed that the increased prevalence of CSA experienced by nonheterosexuals compared with heterosexuals may be due to the influence of sexual orientation on CSA. In sum, the results suggest that nonheterosexuality may increase the risk of childhood sexual abuse.
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McLAUGHLIN, T. L., A. C. HEATH, K. K. BUCHOLZ, P. A. F. MADDEN, L. J. BIERUT, W. S. SLUTSKE, S. DINWIDDIE, D. J. STATHAM, M. P. DUNNE, and N. G. MARTIN. "Childhood sexual abuse and pathogenic parenting in the childhood recollections of adult twin pairs." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 6 (November 2000): 1293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799002809.
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Background. We examined the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and interviewees' recollections of pathogenic parenting, testing for possible retrospective biases in the recollections of those who have experienced CSA.Methods. Information about CSA, parental divorce and interviewees' recollections of parental rejection, parental overprotection and perceived autonomy (as assessed through a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument) was obtained through telephone interviews with 3626 Australian twins who had also returned self-report questionnaires several years earlier. Recollections of parental behaviours were compared for individuals from pairs in which neither twin, at least one twin, or both twins reported CSA.Results. Significant associations were noted between CSA and paternal alcoholism and between CSA and recollections of parental rejection. For women, individuals from CSA-discordant pairs reported levels of parental rejection that were significantly higher than those obtained from CSA-negative pairs. The levels of parental rejection observed for twins from CSA-discordant pairs did not differ significantly from those obtained from CSA-concordant pairs, regardless of respondent's abuse status. For men from CSA-discordant pairs, respondents reporting CSA displayed a tendency to report higher levels of parental rejection than did respondents not reporting CSA. Other measures of parenting behaviour (perceived autonomy and parental overprotection) failed to show a clear relationship with CSA.Conclusions. The relationship between CSA and respondents' recollections of parental rejection is not due solely to retrospective bias on the part of abused individuals and, consistent with other studies, may reflect a pathological family environment with serious consequences for all siblings.
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Fairweather, Angela, and Bill Kinder. "Predictors of Relationship Adjustment in Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28, no. 3 (September 7, 2012): 538–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260512455510.
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The current study investigated: (1) the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and four relationship adjustment variables (consensus, cohesion, affection, and satisfaction); (2) whether finding meaning in CSA and using mature defenses would predict relationship adjustment; and (3) whether meaning and mature defenses would moderate the association between CSA severity and relationship adjustment. The sample consisted of 287 undergraduate women, 95 of whom reported a history of CSA. All participants were involved in a romantic relationship at the time of the study. Results indicated a significant relationship between CSA history and dyadic consensus, whereby abused women reported less agreement with their partners than nonabused women. In the abused sample, CSA severity significantly predicted affection and mature defenses significantly predicted both affection and consensus in relationships. Furthermore, mature defenses moderated the relationship between CSA severity and dyadic cohesion (i.e., joint activities with one’s partner). Contrary to hypotheses, meaning was not related to relationship adjustment and did not moderate the association between CSA severity and relationship adjustment. These findings advance the CSA literature by elucidating factors that predict healthy adjustment to CSA.
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Zagrodney, Jessica L., and Jorden A. Cummings. "Qualitatively Understanding Mother Fault After Childhood Sexual Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (July 27, 2017): 5589–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517723140.
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Socially constructed images of motherhood suggest that a “good” mother is caring, nurturing, and selfless—the perfect maternal figure. When these standards are not met, mother blaming (i.e., assigning fault to mothers) occurs even in child sexual abuse (CSA) cases. We collected 312 open-ended responses in total from 108 community-based participants to understand contextual factors that increase and decrease in mother fault in a CSA-related vignette depicting the mother’s partner as the perpetrator. Thematic analysis revealed five main themes. Three themes were associated with decreased blame: Lack of Overt Knowledge (i.e., the mother had no direct knowledge of the CSA and thus cannot be blamed), Physical Act (i.e., the mother was not the actual perpetrator; only the perpetrator is responsible for the CSA), and Trust (i.e., the mother should be able to trust her partner). Two themes were associated with increased blame: Covert Knowledge (i.e., the mother was expected to have covert, intuitive knowledge of the CSA) and Mistrust (i.e., the mother should have known better than to trust her partner). Faulting mothers for the CSA of their child may reduce reporting of, and help seeking for, CSA, due to fear of being blamed.
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Watson, Bronwyn, and W. Kim Halford. "Classes of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Women’s Adult Couple Relationships." Violence and Victims 25, no. 4 (August 2010): 518–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.518.
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The current study assessed if childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can be meaningfully classified into classes, based on the assumption that abuse by a close family member differs in important ways from other abuse, and whether abuse classes were differentially associated with couple relationship problems. The childhood experiences and adult relationships of 1,335 Australian women (18–41 years) were assessed. Latent class analysis identified three classes of CSA: that perpetrated by a family member, friend, or stranger, which differed markedly on most aspects of the abuse. Family abuse was associated with the highest risk for adult relationship problems, with other classes of CSA having a significant but weaker association with adult relationship problems. CSA is heterogeneous with respect the long-term consequences for adult relationship functioning.
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Dearn, Kylie, and Lynda R. Matthews. "Childhood Sexual Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Considerations for Rehabilitation Counsellors." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 4, no. 2 (1998): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200001277.
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Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a frequently occurring event that has a strong and lasting impact on adult functioning. A significant percentage of adults who are sexually abused as children subsequently meet the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and demonstrate an increased vulnerability toward further traumatisation. Despite the likelihood that rehabilitation counsellors will encounter clients with this history, published literature on the contribution of rehabilitation counsellors to work with adults who were abused as children is limited. This report discusses ways rehabilitation counsellors can contribute to the inter-professional collaboration required to achieve a reduction in impact of disability and handicap associated with the long-term impact of CSA.
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Chu, Doris C. "The Links Between Religiosity, Childhood Sexual Abuse, and Subsequent Marijuana Use." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56, no. 6 (June 17, 2011): 937–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x11413560.
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A number of studies indicate that childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has a negative impact on later psychological well-being. It is well documented that experiences of CSA are associated with depression, self-destructiveness, and subsequent substance abuse or alcohol consumption. Compared with women who experienced no such sexual abuse in childhood, women who were victims of sexual abuse in childhood were more likely to be depressed and use drugs or consume alcohol in later life. Analyzing data of 1,569 females derived from the “Longitudinal Study of Violence Against Women,” this study examines whether the strain caused by sexual victimization leads to a higher level of subsequent marijuana use and whether religiosity moderates the negative effects of CSA. It was found that CSA was associated with an increased level of marijuana use in high school. However, more proximate sexual victimization (victimization in college) seemed to override the impact of CSA on subsequent marijuana use. Religiosity was found to moderate the effect of CSA on marijuana use in high school. Religiosity was negatively associated with marijuana use in high school as well as the second and fourth collegiate years. Policy implications and promising directions for future research are discussed.
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DINWIDDIE, S., A. C. HEATH, M. P. DUNNE, K. K. BUCHOLZ, P. A. F. MADDEN, W. S. SLUTSKE, L. J. BIERUT, D. B. STATHAM, and N. G. MARTIN. "Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin–control study." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 1 (January 2000): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799001373.
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Background. This study was designed to determine lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders among twins who reported childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and to compare these rates with those among non-abused co-twins. The contribution of familial and individual-specific factors to reported sexual abuse was also examined.Method. Information about lifetime psychopathology and substance use was obtained by structured telephone interviews with 5995 Australian twins. Twins who reported a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were contrasted on lifetime psychopathology with subjects without such a history; in addition, comparisons were made between same-sex twin pairs discordant for CSA.Results. A history of CSA was reported by 5·9% of the women and 2·5% of the men. In the sample as a whole, those reporting CSA were more likely to receive lifetime diagnoses of major depression, conduct disorder, panic disorder and alcoholism, and were more likely to report suicidal ideation and a history of suicide attempt. Abused women, but not men, were also more likely to report social phobia. When comparisons were restricted to non-abused co-twins, no differences in psychopathology were seen. However, rates of major depression, conduct disorder and suicidal ideation were higher if both co-twins were abused than if the respondent alone reported CSA. Model-fitting indicated that shared environmental factors influenced risk for reported CSA in women, but not in men.Conclusion. The association between CSA and psychopathology arises at least in part through the influence of shared familial factors on both risk of victimization and risk of psychopathology.
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Horgan, Ann, CE Cassidy, and Adrian Corrigan. "Childhood sexual abuse histories in women with drug and alcohol misuse disorders." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 15, no. 3 (September 1998): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700003773.
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AbstractObjectives: To audit the incidence of a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in women with diagnoses of drug and alcohol misuse disorders.Method: A definition of CSA encompassing the US National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect's definition of child sexual abuse was used. In the six month period of audit details of CSA were recorded from clinical data for all consecutive female new patients (n = 49) of the substance misuse service in St. Luke's Hospital, Armagh.Results: Of the 49 new patients, information on childhood sexual abuse was available for 44 subjects. Sixteen (36.36%) of 44 had a positive history of CSA.In 13 (81.25%) abuse occurred before the age of 16 years. Sexual intercourse was described by 50% and sexual contact by 50%. Only one patient had reported CSA to the police and only one patient had received counselling. There was a difference noted in the addiction profile of those with a history of CSA, 44% of this group had either alcohol dependence syndrome/harmful use of alcohol compared with 66% of the non-CSA group. The perpetrators were all male.Conclusions: Our audit confirmed other work which showed a high incidence of childhood sexual abuse histories in addicted women. This is one of the areas which may not be properly addressed by conventional addiction treatment programmes, which are male centred and male dominated. It adds to the growing body of evidence that suggests adaptations must be made as increasing numbers of women present for addiction problems.
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Yahaya, Ismail, Antonio Ponce De Leon, Olalekan A. Uthman, Joaquim J. F. Soares, and Gloria Macassa. "Childhood sexual abuse among girls and determinants of sexual risk behaviours in adult life in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 7, no. 2 (April 13, 2015): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-04-2014-0121.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between child sexual abuse and sexual risk behaviours as well as its potential mediators. Design/methodology/approach – This cross-sectional study used data from a cross-sectional study from 12,800 women between 15 and 49 years of age included in the 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to assess the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and sexual risk behaviours. Findings – The authors found that CSA was directly associated with sexual risk behaviours. In addition, the association between CSA and sexual risk behaviour was also partially mediated by alcohol and cigarette use. Research limitations/implications – The results show that being abused in childhood is important for the subsequent development of sexual risk behaviours in adulthood and the association is mediated by alcohol and cigarette use. Practical implications – The results may be helpful for policy makers and health care planners in designing cultural sensitive public health intervention that will reduce the burden of CSA, its long-term effects (sexual risk behaviours) and intervening mediators that increase the risks. Social implications – These findings suggest that to reduce sexual risks, interventions to address sexual abuse needs to include other social problems (smoking, alcohol) that victims result to when faced with trauma. Originality/value – The current study is the only one so far in sub-Saharan Africa to have explored the relation between CSA and sexual risk behaviours using SEM.
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DeLisi, Matthew, Anna E. Kosloski, Michael G. Vaughn, Jonathan W. Caudill, and Chad R. Trulson. "Does Childhood Sexual Abuse Victimization Translate Into Juvenile Sexual Offending? New Evidence." Violence and Victims 29, no. 4 (2014): 620–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00003.
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The cycle of violence thesis posits that early exposure to maltreatment increases the likelihood of later maladaptive and antisocial behaviors. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) specifically has been shown to increase the likelihood of sexual offending, although less is known about its linkages to other forms of crime. Based on data from 2,520 incarcerated male juvenile offenders from a large southern state, hierarchical logistic regression models suggested that CSA increased the likelihood of later sexual offending nearly sixfold (467% increase). However, CSA was associated with an 83% reduced likelihood of homicide offending and 68% reduced likelihood of serious person/property offending. These findings suggest further support for the cycle of violence where CSA promotes sexual offending but novel findings regarding the linkages between CSA and other forms of crime.
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Kong, Jooyoung, and Scott D. Easton. "Re-experiencing Violence Across the Life Course: Histories of Childhood Maltreatment and Elder Abuse Victimization." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 5 (March 26, 2018): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby035.
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Abstract Objectives This study primarily examines the associations between histories of childhood maltreatment (i.e., neglect, emotional, physical, and sexual abuse) and elder abuse victimization and explores whether gender moderates the associations. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis of 5,968 older adults (mean age = 71 years) based on data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (2010–2011). Using retrospective self-reports of childhood and current (past 12 months) victimization experiences, logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the effects of early-life adversities on the likelihood of elder abuse victimization. Results Results indicate that childhood emotional abuse and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were associated with greater risk of being abused as older adults, after controlling for childhood and adult background factors. We also found that the effect of CSA on elder abuse victimization was weaker for women than men. Discussion Findings suggest that the phenomenon of revictimization may occur not only in early and middle adulthood, but also in late life. To advance our understanding of victimization across the life course, future research on root causes of elder abuse should include histories of child abuse.
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NELSON, ELLIOT C., ANDREW C. HEATH, MICHAEL T. LYNSKEY, KATHLEEN K. BUCHOLZ, PAMELA A. F. MADDEN, DIXIE J. STATHAM, and NICHOLAS G. MARTIN. "Childhood sexual abuse and risks for licit and illicit drug-related outcomes: a twin study." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 10 (July 20, 2006): 1473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008397.
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Background. This study examined the relationships between self-reported childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and drug-related outcomes in an Australian twin panel.Method. A semi-structured psychiatric interview was conducted in 1996–2000 by telephone with young adult Australian twins (mean age 29·9 years). Data reported here are from 6050 twins who responded to both CSA and drug-related items.Results. A history of CSA was associated with significant risk for subsequently occurring regular smoking and use of each illicit drug class. Further CSA-associated risk was found among regular users, for nicotine and alcohol dependence, and among illicit drug users, for abuse/dependence of most drug classes. In same-sex discordant pairs, significant risk for regular smoking and illicit drug use was found in twins with a history of CSA compared to their non-abused co-twins. Similar analyses for abuse/dependence found significant risk for opioids, any illicit drug, and any non-cannabis illicit drug. CSA was associated with significantly earlier drug use. Despite the association of CSA with risk for early-onset cannabis use and regular smoking, risks for illicit drug outcomes associated with CSA and with either form of early-onset use combine in near-additive fashion.Conclusions. CSA is associated with risk for subsequently occurring regular smoking and illicit drug use and abuse/dependence. Risks for drug use are mildly attenuated with control for familial contributions; similar risks for abuse/dependence remain significant for opioids and for illicit drugs combined across classes. Although we found evidence of earlier onset drug use with CSA, risks associated with CSA and with early-onset use combine in a largely additive manner.
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Ogle, Christin M., Stephanie D. Block, Latonya S. Harris, Gail S. Goodman, Annarheen Pineda, Susan Timmer, Anthony Urquiza, and Karen J. Saywitz. "Autobiographical memory specificity in child sexual abuse victims." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412001083.
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AbstractThe present study examined the specificity of autobiographical memory in adolescents and adults with versus without child sexual abuse (CSA) histories. Eighty-five participants, approximately half of whom per age group had experienced CSA, were tested on the Autobiographical Memory Interview. Individual difference measures, including those for trauma-related psychopathology, were also administered. Findings revealed developmental differences in the relation between autobiographical memory specificity and CSA. Even with depression statistically controlled, reduced memory specificity in CSA victims relative to controls was observed among adolescents but not among adults. A higher number of posttraumatic stress disorder criteria met predicted more specific childhood memories in participants who reported CSA as their most traumatic life event. These findings contribute to the scientific understanding of childhood trauma and autobiographical memory functioning and underscore the importance of considering the role of age and degree of traumatization within the study of autobiographical memory.
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Williams, Corrine, Ulla Larsen, and Laura Ann McCloskey. "The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence on Sexually Transmitted Infections." Violence and Victims 25, no. 6 (December 2010): 787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.6.787.
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Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adult intimate partner violence (IPV) have both been found to be associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) independently, but studies of STIs have rarely looked at victimization during both childhood and adulthood. This paper examines the relationship between CSA, IPV and STIs using data from a nested casecontrol study of 309 women recruited from multiple health care settings. Overall, 37.3% of women experienced no violence, 10.3% experienced CSA only, 27.3% experienced IPV only, and 25.0% experienced both CSA and IPV. Having ever been diagnosed with an STI was associated with violence (CSA only, odds ratios [OR] = 2.8, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.0–7.5; IPV only, OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.0–4.9; CSA and IPV: OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.7–9.4), controlling for demographic characteristics. Women who experienced CSA were younger when they were first diagnosed. Understanding how both childhood and adult victimization are associated with diagnosis of STIs is important to reducing the incidence and prevalence of STIs, as well as the associated consequences of STIs.
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Goodman, Gail S., Simona Ghetti, Jodi A. Quas, Robin S. Edelstein, Kristen Weede Alexander, Allison D. Redlich, Ingrid M. Cordon, and David P. H. Jones. "A Prospective Study of Memory for Child Sexual Abuse." Psychological Science 14, no. 2 (March 2003): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.01428.
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Previous research indicates that many adults (nearly 40%) fail to report their own documented child sexual abuse (CSA) when asked about their childhood experiences. These controversial results could reflect lack of consciously accessible recollection, thus bolstering claims that traumatic memories may be repressed. In the present study, 175 individuals with documented CSA histories were interviewed regarding their childhood trauma. Unlike in previous studies, the majority of participants (81%) in our study reported the documented abuse. Older age when the abuse ended, maternal support following disclosure of the abuse, and more severe abuse were associated with an increased likelihood of disclosure. Ethnicity and dissociation also played a role. Failure to report CSA should not necessarily be interpreted as evidence that the abuse is inaccessible to memory, although inaccessibility or forgetting cannot be ruled out in a subset of cases.
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Moran, P., C. Coffey, A. Chanen, A. Mann, J. B. Carlin, and G. C. Patton. "Childhood sexual abuse and abnormal personality: a population-based study." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 6 (September 27, 2010): 1311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001789.
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BackgroundChildhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been shown to be a risk factor for personality disorder (PD). However, no previous studies have examined whether associations exist between sexual abuse and abnormal personality as measured both categorically and dimensionally. Such enquiry would more fully illuminate the impact of CSA on adult personality.MethodUsing a large nationally representative sample, we set out to examine associations between CSA and categorically defined PD. We also examined associations between CSA and the five dimensions of personality (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism). A total of 1520 young adults were interviewed to determine the prevalence of sexual abuse occurring before age 16 years. A dimensional measure of personality was completed by 1469 participants, and 1145 had an informant-based PD assessment.ResultsPD was independently associated with repeated CSA [fully adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–3.4]. Repeated sexual abuse was also associated with higher neuroticism and lower agreeableness (p values for both <0.001). Adjusting for the effects of potential confounders and mediators, including earlier symptoms of anxiety and depression, had little impact on the strength of associations.ConclusionsWe conclude that repeated CSA is independently associated with categorically defined PD, and also with higher neuroticism and lower agreeableness. Our findings suggest that if a dimensional classification of PDs is adopted in future classification systems, there might be meaningful continuity with previous aetiological research conducted using the current categorical system.
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Cong, E., Y. Li, C. Shao, J. Chen, W. Wu, X. Shang, Z. Wang, et al. "Childhood sexual abuse and the risk for recurrent major depression in Chinese women." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 2 (August 11, 2011): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001462.
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BackgroundStudies in Western countries have repeatedly shown that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for developing major depression (MD). Would this relationship be found in China?MethodThree levels of CSA (non-genital, genital, and intercourse) were assessed by self-report in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression and regression coefficients by linear or Poisson regression.ResultsAny form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD [OR 3.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.95–5.45]. This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.17–5.23), genital (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.32–5.83) and intercourse (OR 13.35, 95% CI 1.83–97.42). The association between any form of CSA and MD remained significant after accounting for parental history of depression, childhood emotional neglect (CEN), childhood physical abuse (CPA) and parent–child relationship. Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes and an increased risk for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.39–2.66) and dysthymia (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.52–3.09).ConclusionsIn Chinese women CSA is strongly associated with MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA. Depressed women with CSA have an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes and increased co-morbidity with GAD and dysthymia. Although reporting biases cannot be ruled out, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, as in Western countries, CSA substantially increases the risk for MD in China.
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Kaye-Tzadok, Avital, and Bilha Davidson-Arad. "The Contribution of Cognitive Strategies to the Resilience of Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Non-Abused Women." Violence Against Women 23, no. 8 (June 15, 2016): 993–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216652506.
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This study examines the contribution of four strategies—self-forgiveness, realistic control, unrealistic control, and hope—to the resilience of 100 women survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), as compared with 84 non-sexually abused women. The findings show that CSA survivors exhibited lower resilience, lower self-forgiveness, lower hope, and higher levels of posttraumatic symptoms (PTS). They also indicate that resilience was explained by the participants’ financial status, PTS severity, and two cognitive strategies—self-forgiveness and hope. Finally, PTS and hope mediated the relation between CSA and resilience.
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Friesen, M. D., L. J. Woodward, L. J. Horwood, and D. M. Fergusson. "Childhood exposure to sexual abuse and partnership outcomes at age 30." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 4 (August 5, 2009): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709990389.
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BackgroundIn this study, 30-year longitudinal data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS) were used to examine the associations between childhood exposure to sexual abuse and intimate relationship outcomes at age 30. In addition, a broad range of early childhood and family confounding factors were tested, and the role of intervening factors from adolescence was explored.MethodThe investigation analyzed data from a birth cohort of over 900 New Zealand adults studied to the age of 30. At ages 18 and 21 cohort members reported on any exposure to sexual abuse prior to age 16. This information, along with prospective data gathered in childhood and adolescence, was used to predict partnership outcomes at age 30.ResultsAfter adjustment for early childhood and family factors, exposure to more severe forms of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was associated with earlier and more frequent cohabitation, higher rates of perpetrated interpartner violence (IPV), and early parenthood, lower relationship satisfaction and investment. Several factors from adolescence partially or fully mediated these associations, notably a history of early consensual sexual intercourse, higher number of sexual partnerships, substance abuse problems, and self-esteem. After adjustment for intervening factors, exposure to CSA remained significantly associated with IPV.ConclusionsThe findings support a causal chain process, whereby early childhood and family factors place some individuals at risk for CSA. The extent of CSA exposure is related to adolescent risk taking, which in turn leads to early and more frequent cohabitation, risk of IPV, and lower relationship satisfaction and investment.
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Colangelo, James, and Kathleen Keefe-Cooperman. "Understanding the Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Women's Sexuality." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 14–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.34.1.e045658226542730.
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The relationship between child sexual abuse and adult sexual functioning is well-established. Given the documented high incidence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and negative consequences for adult sexuality, many mental health counselors will encounter and provide therapeutic services to members of this population. Counselors must have a good understanding of how sexual victimization during childhood impacts a woman's sexuality and sex life. We discuss the prevalence of CSA among women in different populations and the significant impact it has on women's sexuality. Generalized practice issues are applied using a case study and phase-oriented approach.
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Wyatt, Gail E., Tamra Burns Loeb, Katherine A. Desmond, and Patricia A. Ganz. "Does a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse Affect Sexual Outcomes in Breast Cancer Survivors?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 6 (February 20, 2005): 1261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.01.150.
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Purpose Little is known about a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in breast cancer survivors and its relationship to sexual functioning after cancer. As part of a larger survey study examining sexuality and intimacy in breast cancer survivors, we conducted in-person interviews with a subsample of participants. Methods A total of 147 women in Los Angeles, CA, and Washington, DC, completed a structured interview that addressed sexual socialization and a history of sexual abuse. Trained female interviewers conducted the interviews. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to examine the prevalence of CSA, and its potential impact on sexual health and functioning. Results One in three women reported at least one CSA incident. Among women who had experienced CSA, 71% reported a single incident, and 22% reported a penetrative form of sexual contact. In multivariate regression analyses examining physical and psychological aspects of sexuality and body image, CSA was not a significant predictor of physical discomfort. However, a history of penetrative CSA was a significant predictor of psychological discomfort (P = .02). Conclusion The prevalence of CSA in this sample was similar to the general population literature on this topic. In this small sample, a past history of CSA did not contribute significantly to the physical discomforts associated with sexual intimacy after breast cancer; however, our findings suggest that a past history of penetrative CSA is associated with increased psychological discomfort, and may warrant additional examination in future research.
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Hamdullahpur, Kevin, Kahá:wi J. Jacobs, and Kathryn J. Gill. "Mental Health Among Help-Seeking Urban Women: The Relationships Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Sexual Abuse, and Suicidality." Violence Against Women 24, no. 16 (March 26, 2018): 1967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218761602.
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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adult mental health were explored in a sample of urban Aboriginal ( n = 83) and non-Aboriginal ( n = 89) women. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was associated with negative home environments, teenage pregnancy, lifetime suicide attempts, and treatment seeking. Aboriginal women with CSA witnessed higher levels of physical/sexual abuse of family members. The severity of current psychological distress was associated with a history of childhood neglect. The results indicate that CSA rarely occurs in isolation, and that multiple ACEs are strongly associated with suicide attempts and treatment seeking in adulthood. Future studies should focus on the role of CSA in suicidality, as well as familial, community, and cultural protective factors.
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Hunt, Laura J. "Missions in the Context of Recovery from Childhood Sexual Abuse." Missiology: An International Review 38, no. 3 (July 2010): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182961003800307.
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Although survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) do not constitute a mission field in the geographical sense, current awareness of the impact of CSA provides data that allow Christians to reach out with compassion to that population. This paper connects studies on CSA with elements of trauma. It points out some of the factors needed for recovery from CSA to aid missionary awareness and includes an excursus on the concept of forgiveness as seen in the Gospels. Finally, it calls the church to provide communities that embody an effective mindset for mission outreach to this population.
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Langton, Calvin M., Zuwaina Murad, and Bianca Humbert. "Childhood Sexual Abuse, Attachments in Childhood and Adulthood, and Coercive Sexual Behaviors in Community Males." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 207–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215583853.
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Associations between self-reported coercive sexual behavior against adult females, childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and child–parent attachment styles, as well as attachment with adult romantic partners, were examined among 176 adult community males. Attachment style with each parent and with romantic partners was also investigated as a potential moderator. Using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, avoidant attachment with mothers in childhood (and also with fathers, in a second model) accounted for a significant amount of the variance in coercive sexual behavior controlling for scores on anxious ambivalent and disorganized/disoriented attachment scales, as predicted. Similarly, in a third model, avoidance attachment in adulthood was a significant predictor of coercive sexual behavior controlling for scores on the anxiety attachment in adulthood scale. These main effects for avoidant and avoidance attachment were not statistically significant when CSA and control variables (other types of childhood adversity, aggression, antisociality, and response bias) were added in each of the models. But the interaction between scales for CSA and avoidance attachment in adulthood was significant, demonstrating incremental validity in a final step, consistent with a hypothesized moderating function for attachment in adulthood. The correlation between CSA and coercive sexual behavior was .60 for those with the highest third of avoidance attachment scores (i.e., the most insecurely attached on this scale), .24 for those with scores in the middle range on the scale, and .01 for those with the lowest third of avoidance attachment scores (i.e., the most securely attached). Implications for study design and theory were discussed.
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O’Leary, Patrick, Scott D. Easton, and Nick Gould. "The Effect of Child Sexual Abuse on Men." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515586362.
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Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a trauma that affects males in substantial numbers, sometimes in ways that are gender-specific (e.g., compromised masculine identity, confusion regarding sexuality). Much of the identification of the male-specific outcomes has been derived from practitioner experience and small qualitative studies. The current study explores gender-specific outcomes and describes the development of a scale to measure the effects of CSA on men. First, qualitative interviews with 20 men who were sexually abused in childhood were thematically analyzed. The emergent themes of sexuality, self-concept, psychological and emotional well-being, and social functioning were used to construct a 30-item instrument which was later completed by 147 men with histories of CSA. The dimensionality of the 30 items was then assessed for suitability as scales using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The final instrument, the Male Sexual Abuse Effects Scale (MSAES), combines three subscales: Negative Identity, Guilt and Self-Blame, and Psychological and Emotional Well-Being. Items concerning masculine identity were shown to be valid in the scale. MSAES scores were compared with the General Health Questionnaire–28 (GHQ-28) and found to be significantly correlated. GHQ-28 clinical thresholds were applied to differentiate clinical from nonclinical cases; an independent-samples t test showed that the clinical cases from the GHQ-28 had high scores on the MSAES. The new scale has the potential to help clinicians and researchers identify men who have been severely affected by CSA and who should be of clinical concern.
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Lamis, Dorian A., Courtenay E. Cavanaugh, Maria H. Anastasiades, Amanda Garcia-Williams, Claudine Anderson, and Nadine J. Kaslow. "Intimate Partner Sexual Coercion Mediates the Childhood Sexual Abuse–Suicidal Ideation Link Among African American Women." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 3 (July 25, 2016): 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416644885.
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Suicide is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and intimate partner violence are significant risk factors for suicidal ideation among women. The purpose of this study was to examine the interrelationships among these three constructs and test if intimate partner sexual coercion may explain the CSA–suicidal ideation link. African American women ( N = 141) completed an assessment of childhood trauma, intimate partner sexual coercion, and suicide ideation. A significant positive correlation was found between CSA and sexual coercion, between CSA and suicidal ideation, and between sexual coercion and suicidal ideation. Also, intimate partner sexual coercion was found to mediate the relationship between CSA and suicidal ideation when controlling for covariates such as spiritual well-being, self-esteem, and barriers to services. The association between CSA and suicidal ideation may be explained by sexual revictimization in the context of an intimate relationship among African American women. Clinically, practitioners should engage in regular screening for suicide ideation among African American women who have experienced CSA and intimate partner sexual coercion.
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Emetu, Roberta E., William L. Yarber, Catherine M. Sherwood-Laughlin, and Alexis S. Brandt. "Self-Reported Sexual Behavioral Similarities and Differences Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men With Childhood Sexual Abuse Histories: A Qualitative Exploratory Study." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 4 (July 2020): 155798832094935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320949355.
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Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) have the highest burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a risk factor for high-risk sexual behavior and STI acquisition. Studies that have explored sexual behavior based on the type of reported sexual abuse are limited. This study aimed to further understand current sexual behaviors and perceptions among YMSM that have experienced different types of CSA. Sixteen YMSM who were survivors of CSA were interviewed utilizing a phenomenological conceptual framework and methodology. Thematic findings were divided into two parts. Part I gave an overview of the entire sample, and themes were as follows: unprotected oral sex used to evaluate penile abnormalities, trust promoting unprotected sex, and alcohol and other drugs not cited as the reason for casual sex. Part II demonstrated the differences among those with a history of CSA involving non-penile–anal intercourse and those with a history of CSA involving penile–anal intercourse. The major themes in Part II were that victims of CSA involving penile–anal intercourse reported the following: a hypersexual self-definition, an STI diagnosis and noncondom use history, and a third sexual partner during sexual activity. Based on the findings, early life experiences such as CSA should be considered when developing preventative sexual health strategies and individuals who experienced penetrative sexual abuse may have different needs which should be further explored.
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Nelson, Elliot C., Michael T. Lynskey, Andrew C. Heath, Pamela A. F. Madden, and Nicholas G. Martin. "A Family Study of Adult Twins with and without a History of Childhood Abuse: Stability of Retrospective Reports of Maltreatment and Associated Family Measures." Twin Research and Human Genetics 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.13.2.121.
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AbstractChildhood sexual abuse (CSA) and physical abuse (CPA) are well-established risk-factors for a wide of range of proximal and distal outcomes. The lack of availability of an optimal design for examining abuse and its consequences has resulted in the use of various approaches, each having its own limitations. We describe the Childhood Trauma Study, which ascertained families from a large young adult Australian twin cohort on the basis of twins' responses to screening questions assessing CSA and CPA. We report data from 3407 participants including twins, non-twin siblings, and their parents. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of using a comprehensive assessment to evaluate retrospective history of childhood abuse in an adult sample. We observed that risk for each form of abuse increased incrementally with the number of parents with alcohol problems. Psychometric properties of our measures of CSA and CPA including reasonable long-term stability, construct validity, and evidence of familial corroboration compare favorably with those of other reports in which samples were considerably younger and assessments were repeated over shorter intervals.
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Hulme, Polly A. "Childhood Sexual Abuse, HPA Axis Regulation, and Mental Health." Western Journal of Nursing Research 33, no. 8 (December 9, 2010): 1069–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945910388949.
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Adults who experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Animal studies suggest that dysregulated biological stress systems are a potential mechanism, but there are multiple challenges involved in conducting translational studies in humans. The purpose of this integrative literature review was to determine the state of the science of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulation in adults who experienced CSA, with a focus on the health outcomes of MDD and PTSD. A variety of methods for HPA axis measurement were used in the 10 reviewed studies. The results suggested that changes in HPA axis regulation are present in many adults who experienced CSA—with and without a current MDD or PTSD diagnosis. Further research is needed to verify these findings. The review results can help researchers determine research strategies that will optimize scarce subject and financial resources.
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Estévez, Ana, Nagore Ozerinjauregi, David Herrero-Fernández, and Paula Jauregui. "The Mediator Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Impulsive Symptoms in Female Survivors of CSA." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 4 (April 24, 2016): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516645815.
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Child abuse is a traumatic experience that may have psychological consequences such as dysfunctional beliefs. The aim of this study was to analyze the impulsive behaviors (alcohol abuse, gambling, drug abuse, eating disorders, Internet abuse, videogame abuse, shopping and sex addiction) in sexual abuse survivors and to study the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the appearance of impulsive behaviors in adult female victims. The sample consisted of 182 adult women who had suffered childhood sexual abuse (CSA), mostly referred by associations for the treatment of childhood abuse and maltreatment. Sexual abuse was found to be positively related to the domains of Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Autonomy. Moreover, these domains were significantly related to impulsivity and impulsive behaviors. Finally, the Disconnection/Rejection domain was found to mediate between CSA and eating disorders and alcohol abuse. These results may provide important guidance for clinical intervention.
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Abu-Rayya, Hisham M., Eli Somer, and Hikmat Knane. "Maladaptive Daydreaming Is Associated With Intensified Psychosocial Problems Experienced by Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Violence Against Women 26, no. 8 (May 3, 2019): 825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219845532.
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We measured maladaptive daydreaming (MD) and psychosocial indices among 194 participants, aged 18-56 years: 99 female survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and 95 control respondents with no reported history of sexual abuse. Our data show that survivors of CSA scored higher on MD compared to controls. Survivors of CSA with probable MD scored higher on psychological distress, social phobia, and social isolation compared to survivors of CSA without suspected MD, implying that MD might exacerbate the psychosocial problems linked with CSA. MD psychological screening of female survivors of CSA and the development of a treatment module for MD could improve the quality of clinical services provided to survivors.
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Lahav, Yael, Karni Ginzburg, and David Spiegel. "Post-Traumatic Growth, Dissociation, and Sexual Revictimization in Female Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors." Child Maltreatment 25, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559519856102.
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Background:Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors are at high risk of sexual revictimization. At the same time, some survivors report positive transformations resulting from the traumatic experience, a phenomenon known as post-traumatic growth (PTG). Although one might expect PTG to be related to reduced risk of revictimization, the link between PTG and revictimization has not been investigated. Furthermore, mixed findings regarding the associations between PTG and distress imply that the effects of PTG are multifaceted. One potential explanation may be that dissociation shapes the implications of PTG, making it more like denial than adaptive processing of traumatic experience. This longitudinal study explores (a) the associations between PTG and sexual revictimization and (b) the moderating role of dissociation within the associations between PTG and revictimization.Method:Participants were 111 female CSA survivors who participated in a 6-month efficacy trial evaluating the effectiveness of group psychotherapy for CSA survivors with HIV risk factors.Results:Dissociation moderated the associations between PTG and revictimization: Whereas PTG had nonsignificant effects on revictimization in participants with low dissociation, it predicted elevated levels of revictimization in participants with high dissociation.Conclusions:Reports of PTG among some CSA survivors might mirror dissociative beliefs that increase their risk of revictimization.
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Villagrá, Patricia, Paula Fernández, Elena García-Vega, and Ana González-Menéndez. "Dual Diagnosis in Prisoners: Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse as Predictors in Men and Women." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 6 (November 27, 2013): 960–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x13513560.
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The study aims to determine the rate of dual diagnosis (DD), examine the most common mental disorders, and determine whether a history of childhood sexual/physical abuse (CSA/CPA) is associated with this phenomenon. One-hundred and eighty inmates from a Spanish prison were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Addiction Severity Index–6. The data showed that 46.8% of the males and 65.1% of the females had a substance use disorder. With regard to CPA, similar percentages were found in both genders. Nevertheless, rates of CSA were highest in females. Logistic regression analysis was performed by gender. CPA was predictor of DD for males, and CSA was predictor of DD for females, showing the greatest weight. In addition, in both cases, the number of drugs of abuse was an adequate predictor. We can state that these forms of maltreatment are risk factors for the development of a broad range of psychopathological problems.
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HILL, J., R. DAVIS, M. BYATT, E. BURNSIDE, L. ROLLINSON, and S. FEAR. "Childhood sexual abuse and affective symptoms in women: a general population study." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 6 (November 2000): 1283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799003037.
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Background. Child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated, after controlling for other adversities, with a range of non-psychotic disorders in adult life. There is a need to clarify whether CSA contributes to risk of disorder in the absence of such adversities, and given that associations may be accounted for by genetic mechanisms, whether they are seen where the perpetrator of CSA is not a biological relative, and where there has been only one incident.Methods. A questionnaire-based study of a socio-economically representative sample of women age 25–36 (N = 862) was carried out. Parental care and control were assessed using the Parental Bonding Instrument, and CSA using a previously validated questionnaire. Current affective symptoms were assessed from the depression scale of the GHQ-28.Results. Low maternal and paternal care were associated with risk of abuse by a biologically unrelated perpetrator before the age of 11, but not during early adolescence. Low maternal care and CSA each made independent contributions to the prediction of affective symptoms. CSA by a non- relative was strongly associated with GHQ depression, as was CSA by a non-relative that had occurred only once.Conclusions. Quality of parental care probably influences risk of CSA by unrelated abusers in younger children, while there may be a combination of genetic and parental influences on the risk of abuse by a relative. The strong association of affective symptoms in adult life with CSA by a non- relative suggests an environmental effect. Studies, utilizing genetic designs, of the role of childhood trauma in relation to adult affective symptoms are needed.
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Lutz-Zois, Catherine J., Carolyn E. Roecker Phelps, and Adam C. Reichle. "Affective, Behavioral, and Social-Cognitive Dysregulation as Mechanisms for Sexual Abuse Revictimization." Violence and Victims 26, no. 2 (2011): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.2.159.
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Using a sample of 1,117 female college students, this study examined emotional, behavioral, and social-cognitive mechanisms of sexual abuse revictimization. It was hypothesized that numbing, alexithymia, alcohol problems, mistrust, and adult attachment dimensions would mediate the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adult sexual abuse (ASA). Aside from the close adult attachment dimension, the results indicated that all of the hypothesized mediators were associated with CSA. However, only alcohol problems and mistrust met the necessary conditions of mediation. The results with respect to mistrust are especially unique in that it is one of the first empirical demonstrations of a social-cognitive mechanism for sexual abuse revictimization. Thus, these results enhance our understanding of interpersonal mediators of the relationship between CSA and ASA and provide a new direction for future research.
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Van Den Bosch, Louisa M. C., Roel Verheul, Willie Langeland, and Wim Van Den Brink. "Trauma, Dissociation, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Female Borderline Patients With and Without Substance Abuse Problems." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 5 (October 2003): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01199.x.
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Objective: To examine the associations of childhood traumatic experiences and childhood neglect with dissociative experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a population of female borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients with and without substance abuse. Method: The sample included 64 female patients with BPD. Childhood traumatic experiences and childhood neglect were measured using the Structured Trauma Interview, dissociative experiences with the Dissociative Experiences Scale, and PTSD with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Results: In general, dissociation scores were higher among those with a history of childhood trauma and neglect, in particular among those who reported both sexual and physical abuse before age 16, more than one perpetrator and severe maternal dysfunction. The prevalence of PTSD was clearly associated with the severity of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in terms of the occurrence of penetration during CSA, intrafamilial CSA, a duration of CSA longer than 1 year and more than one perpetrator. Comorbid substance abuse problems modified the observed associations such that the associations mentioned above were also present or even more pronounced among those without substance abuse, whereas no associations were found in those with substance abuse. Conclusions: The results suggest a moderately strong association between childhood trauma and neglect with dissociation and PTSD. However, trauma-dissociation and trauma-PTSD links were only observed among BPD patients without addictive problems. The findings are largely consistent with the literature. Potential explanations for the lack of a trauma-dissociation and trauma-PTSD link in the addicted subgroup are discussed.
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Bulik, Cynthia M., Carol A. Prescott, and Kenneth S. Kendler. "Features of childhood sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 179, no. 5 (November 2001): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.5.444.
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BackgroundChildhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with an increased risk of subsequent psychiatric disorders.AimsTo explore the risk associated with features of CSA and examine whether specific associations exist between particular profiles of CSA and the development of specific syndromes.MethodIn a population-based sample of adult female twins, we used logistic regression to explore the association between features of CSA (reported by the twin and her co-twin) and lifetime major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder and alcohol and drug dependence.ResultsIn univariate and stepwise multiple regressions, patterns of predictors differed, although not significantly, across diagnoses. Greater risk was associated with attempted or completed intercourse, the use of force or threats, abuse by a relative, and a negative response by someone who was told about the abuse. Similar patterns were observed with co-twin reports.ConclusionsSpecific features of CSA differentially increase risk of later psychopathology; however, there do not appear to be unique predictive relationships between features of CSA and the emergence of specific psychiatric disorders.
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Sullivan, Patrick F., Cynthia M. Bulik, Frances A. Carter, and Peter R. Joyce. "The Significance of a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Bulimia Nervosa." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 5 (November 1995): 679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.5.679.
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BackgroundChildhood sexual abuse (CSA) is found to have occurred to a substantial minority of women with bulimia nervosa. Its clinical significance is unclear.MethodWe studied 87 bulimic women in a clinical trial. Structured interviews determined the presence of CSA, DSM–III–R disorders, global functioning, and depressive and bulimic symptoms.ResultsForty-four per cent reported a history of CSA. Bulimic women with CSA reported earlier onset of bulimia, greater depressive symptoms, worse global functioning and more suicide attempts, and were more likely to meet criteria for bipolar II disorder, alcohol and drug dependence, conduct disorder and avoidant personality disorder.ConclusionsAlthough those with CSA had greater comorbidity, it was not an important modifier of bulimic symptoms.
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Fuller-Thomson, Esme, and Senyo Agbeyaka. "A Trio of Risk Factors for Childhood Sexual Abuse: Investigating Exposure to Parental Domestic Violence, Parental Addiction, and Parental Mental Illness as Correlates of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Social Work 65, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/swaa019.
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Abstract Targeted screening for sexual abuse is needed for social workers to accurately identify those at risk. Drawing on a cumulative disadvantage framework, this study investigates how parental addictions, parental mental illness, and exposure to domestic violence, both individually and cumulatively, are associated with childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Two waves of regionally representative data were analyzed. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted using the 2010 Brief Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) (n = 9,241 men, n = 13,627 women) and replicated using the 2012 BRFSS (n = 11,656 men, n = 18,145 women). The 2010 data indicated that 8.5 percent of men who had endured all three childhood adversities reported that they had experienced CSA, compared with 0.6 percent of men who did not experience any of these adversities. Levels of CSA for women in 2010 were 28.7 percent for those experiencing all three risk indicators, and 2.1 percent for women with no risk indicators. Results were similar in the BRFSS 2012. Those with two or more risk factors had between five- and eightfold higher odds of CSA. Social workers may be able to decrease false positives if they screen for CSA based on the presence of two or more risk factors.
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Peleikis, Dawn E., Arnstein Mykletun, and Alv A. Dahl. "Current mental health in women with childhood sexual abuse who had outpatient psychotherapy." European Psychiatry 20, no. 3 (May 2005): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.01.004.
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AbstractPurposeThis study from Norway examines mental health status of women with child sexual abuse (CSA) who formerly had outpatient psychotherapy for anxiety disorders and/or depression. The relative contributions of CSA and other family background risk factors (FBRF) to aspects of mental health status are also explored.SubjectsAt a mean of 5.1 years after outpatient psychotherapy, 56 female outpatients with CSA and 56 without CSA were personally examined by an independent female psychiatrist. Systematic information about current mental health and functioning was collected by structured interview and questionnaires.ResultsAmong women with CSA 95% had a mental disorder, 50% had PTSD, and mean global assessment of functioning (GAF) score was 61.8 ± 10.6. In contrast, 70% of women without CSA had a mental disorder, 14% had PTSD, and mean GAF 71.2 + 8.5. GAF and trauma scale scores were mainly determined by CSA, while FBRF mainly influenced the global psychopathology and dissociation scores.DiscussionWe have little knowledge on the mental health status at long-term in women with CSA who had psychotherapy. This study found their mental status to be rather poor, and worse than that of women without CSA who had psychotherapy for the same disorders. From the broad spectrum of mental disorders associated with CSA, this study concerns only women treated as outpatients for anxiety disorders and/or non-psychotic depressions.ConclusionWomen with CSA showed poor mental health at long-term follow-up after treatment. The fitness of the psychodynamic individual psychotherapy given, or to what extent treatment can remedy the consequences of such childhood adversities, is discussed.